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Commissioning Editor: Oliver WalterDevelopment Editor: Laura BeaumontProduction Controller: Debbie Wyer
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Cardiac MappingThird Edition
EDITED BY
Mohammad Shenasa, MD, FACC,FAHA, FESC, FHRSAttending Physician
Department of Cardiovascular Services
O’Connor Hospital
San Jose, California, USA
Gerhard Hindricks, MDHead, Department of Electrophysiology
University Leipzig, Heart Center
Leipzig, Germany
Martin Borggrefe, MDDepartment of Medicine-Cardiology,
University Hospital of Mannheim,
Mannheim, Germany
Gunter Breithardt, MDProfessor of Medicine (Cardiology)
Head, Department of Cardiology and Angiology
Hospital of the University of Münster
Munster, Germany
FOREWORD BY
Douglas P. Zipes, MDProfessor of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
Editor-in-Chief, Heart Rhythm Journal
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
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C© This edition first published 2009, C© 2003, 2009 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishingprogram has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical and Medical business to formWiley-Blackwell.
Registered office: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex,PO19 8SQ, UK
Editorial offices: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UKThe Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA
For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how toapply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book, please see our website atwww.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell
The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance withthe Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, ortransmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording orotherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the priorpermission of the publisher.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in printmay not be available in electronic books.
Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. Allbrand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks orregistered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product orvendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritativeinformation in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisheris not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance isrequired, the services of a competent professional should be sought.
The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, anddiscussion only, and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promotinga specific method, diagnosis, or treatment by physicians for any particular patient. The publisher andthe author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of thecontents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any impliedwarranties of fitness for a particular purpose. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications,changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use ofmedicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the informationprovided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, amongother things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings andprecautions. Readers should consult with a specialist where appropriate. The fact that an organizationor website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further informationdoes not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or websitemay provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internetwebsites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was writtenand when it is read. No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for thiswork. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataCardiac mapping / edited by Mohammad Shenasa . . . [et al.]. – 3rd ed.
p. ; cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-1-4051-7572-21. Arrhythmia. 2. Electrocardiography. I. Shenasa, Mohammad.[DNLM: 1. Electrocardiography. 2. Electrophysiology. 3. Heart Diseases – physiopathology.
WG 140 C267 2009]RC685.A65C287 2009616.1′28–dc22
2008030334
ISBN: 9781405175722
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Set in 9.5/12pt Minion by Aptara R© Inc., New Delhi, India
Printed & bound in Singapore by Fabulous Printers Pte Ltd
1 2009
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This book is dedicated to those who paved the “roads of cardiac mapping” andto all who taught us: our mentors, colleagues, students and patients.We also dedicate this book to our wives, children, and parentsfor their continuous lifetime support and love
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The CD includes: A database of video clips
A search function
All video clips are referenced in the text where you see this icon.
CD-ROMA companion CD-ROM is included at the front of the book
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Contents
Acknowledgments x
Contributors xi
Preface to the Third Edition xvii
Preface to the Second Edition xviii
Preface to the First Edition xix
Foreword xxDouglas P. Zipes
Part I Historical Perspectives 1
1 Cardiac Activation Mapping: The AmsterdamYears 3Hein J. Wellens
Part II Methodological and TechnicalConsiderations 11
2 Construction and Interpretation ofEndocardial Maps: From BasicElectrophysiology to 3D Mapping 13Lars Eckardt, Gunter Breithardt
3 Cardiac Anatomy for InterventionalElectrophysiology and Mapping 27Siew Yen Ho, Jose Angel Cabrera, DamianSanchez-Quintana
4 Principles of Noncontact Endocardial CardiacMapping 37Kim Rajappan, Richard J. Schilling
5 Principles of NonfluoroscopicElectroanatomical and ElectromechanicalCardiac Mapping 49Yitzhack Schawrtz, Shlomo A. Ben-Haim
6 Principles of NavX Mapping 71Christopher Piorkowski, Gerhard Hindricks
7 Magnetic Navigation: Catheter Ablation 80Sabine Ernst
8 CT Angiography: Cardiac Anatomy forMapping and Ablation of Arrhythmias 86Jerold S. Shinbane, Daniel Goodwin, Leslie A.Saxon, Matthew J. Budoff
9 MRI Anatomy for Cardiac Mapping andAblation 101Aravindan Kolandaivelu, Henry R. Halperin,Albert C. Lardo
10 Challenges and Limitations ofElectroanatomical Mapping Technologies 117Jeff M. Hsing, Paul Zei, Henry H. Hsia, Paul J.Wang, Amin Al-Ahmad
Part III Mapping in ExperimentalModels of Cardiac Arrhythmias 127
11 Mapping of Atrial Neural Stimulation andImplications in Atrial Fibrillation 129Pierre Page, Rene Cardinal
12 Mapping of Neurally Based AtrialArrhythmias 141Guo-Dong Niu, Benjamin J. Scherlag, ZhibingLu, Jeffery Edwards, Eugene Patterson,Muhammad Ghias, Annerie Moers, Shu Zhang,Ralph Lazzara, Warren M. Jackman,Sunny S. Po
13 Electrophysiological Mapping of the Rightand Left Ventricle in Animals 152Jacques MT de Bakker, Jerome GM Jungschleger,Marc A. Vos
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viii Contents
Part IV Mapping of SupraventricularTachyarrhythmias 163
14 Endocardial Catheter Mapping in Patientswith Wolff–Parkinson–White Syndrome andVariants of Preexcitation 165Nikolaos Dagres, Hans Kottkamp
15 Cryomapping of the Perinodal Region: A Safeand Effective Technique for Ablation of the AVNodal Reentrant Tachycardia 183Mohammad R. Jazayeri
16 Mapping and Ablation of AVNRT andIts Subtypes 199Stephan Willems, Daniel Steven, BorisLutomsky, Imke Drewitz, Helge Servatius,Thomas Meinertz, Thomas Rostock
17 New Observations on Mapping and Ablationof Atrial Flutter 212Navinder S. Sawhney, Gregory K. Feld
18 Mapping of Macroreentrant AtrialTachycardias 233Mohammad Shenasa, Hossein Shenasa,Chrisopher Piorkowski, Gerhard Hindricks
19 Mapping of Focal Atrial Tachycardias 256Nitish Badhwar, Byron K. Lee, Jeffery E. Olgin
20 Interpretation of Atrial Electrograms DuringAtrial Fibrillation 267Sebastien Knecht, Rajesh Subbiah, MelezeHocini, Pierre Jaıs, Kang-Teng Lim, SeiichiroMatsuo, Leonardo Arantes, Mark D. O’Neill,Nicolas Derval, Frederic Sacher, AntoineDeplagne, Pierre Bordachar, Jacques Clementy,Michel Haıssaguerre
21 Different Mapping Approaches for AtrialFibrillation Ablation 277KR Julian Chan, Feifan Ouyang, Karl-HeinzKuck
22 Integration of NonelectrophysiologicalImaging Technologies into the Mapping ofAtrial Fibrillation 288Tamer S. Fahmy, J. David Burkhardt, AndreaNatale
Part V Mapping of VentricularTachyarrhythmias 299
23 Substrate Mapping for Ablation of VentricularTachycardia in Coronary Artery Disease 301John V. Wylie, Jr., Timothy W. Smith, Mark E.Josephson
24 Mapping of Unstable VentricularTachycardia 310Usha B. Tedrow, William Stevenson
25 Endocardial and Epicardial Mapping ofNonischemic Right and Left VentricularCardiomyopathy 323Mathew D. Hutchinson, Francis E. Marchlinski
26 Role of Mapping in Arrhythmogenic RightVentricular Cardiomyopathy 337Molly Sachdev, Hugh Calkins
27 Mapping of Idiopathic VentricularTachycardias: RV and LV Outflow and SeptalTachycardias 346Mohammad Ali Sadr-Ameli, Majid Haghjoo,Zahra Emkanjoo
28 Role of Different Stimulation Techniques(Pace Mapping, Entrainment Mapping) inDifferent Subset of VentricularTachycardias 357Frank Bogun, Fred Morady
29 Endocardial Catheter Pace Mapping ofVentricular Tachycardias 366Mithilesh K. Das, John C. Lopshire, DeepakBhakta, Anil V. Yadav, John M. Miller
30 Electrical and Anatomical Mapping ofDifferent Pathologies: Ischemic, Dilated, andHypertrophic Cardiomyopathies 376Arash Arya, Hans Kottkamp, ChristopherPiorkowski, Gerhard Hindricks
31 Mapping and Ablation of Tachyarrhythmias inPatients with Congenital Heart Disease 385Edward P. Walsh
32 Transthoracic Epicardial Mapping andAblation of Ventricular Tachycardia 401Andre d’ Avila, Mauricio Scanavacca, EduardoSosa
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Contents ix
Part VI New Frontiers 411
33 Mapping of Ventricular Tachycardia andFibrillation: Role of the Purkinje System 413Paul B. Tabereaux, Derek J. Dosdall, RaymondE. ldeker
34 Mapping Rotors in Animals and HumansDuring Atrial Fibrillation 423Omer Berenfeld, Jerome Khalifa
35 Role of Mapping in Channelopathies: BrugadaSyndrome, Long-QT Syndrome, andIdiopathic VF 434Sergio Richter, Pedro Brugada
36 Molecular Cardiovascular Imaging withSPECT and PET 454Michael Schafers, Gunter Breithardt, OtmarSchober
37 Optical Mapping: Its Impact onUnderstanding Arrhythmia Mechanisms 463Guy Salama, Bum-Rak Choi
38 The Kinetics of Intracellular Calcium andArrhythmogenesis in Ischemia/Reperfusion: ACalcium-Centric Mechanism ofArrhythmia 474Nabil El-Sharif, Gil Bub, Vikram Lakireddy
39 Role of Body Surface Mapping 485Christian Vahlhaus, Gunter Breithardt, LarsEckardt
40 Electrocardiographic Imaging of HeartFailure Patients with Left Bundle BranchBlock: Effects of Right Ventricular Pacingand Cardiac ResynchronizationTherapy 492Niraj Varma, Ping Jia, Yorum Rudy
41 How to Better Map and Future Directions inCardiac Mapping 501Mohammad Shenasa, Jafar Shenasa, JavadRahimian
Index 520
A CR-ROM with the video clips referred to in the text is included with this book.
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Acknowledgments
We wish to thank all the contributors for thesubstantial effort to deliver their state-of-the-artwork in a very timely fashion. We thank MonaSoleimanieh for her assistance from the beginningto the end of this project.
We appreciate the superb job of Gina Almond,Beckie Brand, Laura Beaumont, Oliver Walter, and
Blackwell Publishing who took on this project, andtheir continuous support toward the publicationof this third edition of Cardiac Mapping, the onlycomprehensive text on the subject.
Finally, I would like to personally thank my bro-ther, Dr. Hossein Shenasa, who freed me from mydaily clinical routine so I could finish this project.
The Editors
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Contributors
Amin Al-Ahmad, MDStandford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
Leonardo Arantes, MDHopital Cardiologique Du Haut-LevequeUniversite Victor Segalen Bordeaux IIBordeaux, France
Arash Arya, MDDepartment of ElectrophysiologyUniversity of Leipzig Heart CenterLeipzig, Germany
Andre d’Avila, MDCardiac Arrhythmia ServiceMassachusetts General HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
Nitish Badhwar, MBBSCardiac ElectrophysiologyDivision of CardiologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of California – San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, USA
Shlomo A. Ben-Haim, MD, DScCaesarea, Israel
Omer Berenfeld, PhDCenter for Arrhythmia ResearchUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA
Deepak Bhakta, MDKrannert Institute of CardiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA
Frank Bogun, MDDivision of CardiologyDepartment of Internal Medicine
University of Michigan Health SystemAnn Arbor, MI, USA
Pierre Bordachar, MDHopital Cardiologique Du Haut-LevequeUniversite Victor Segalen Bordeaux IIBordeaux, France
Martin Borggrefe, MDDepartment of Medicine-CardiologyUniversity Hospital of MannheimMannheim, Germany
Gunter Breithardt, MD, FESC, FACC,
FHRSDepartment of Cardiology and AngiologyHospital of the Westfalische WilhelmsUniversity of MunsterMunster, Germany
Pedro Brugada, MD, PhDHeart Rhythm Management CentreCardiovascular CentreFree University of Brussels (UZ Brussel) VUBBrussels, Belgium
Gil Bub, PhDState University of New YorkDownstate Medical CenterNew York Harbor VA Healthcare SystemBrooklyn, NY, USA
Matthew J. Budoff, MD FACCHarbor-UCLA Medical Center1000 West Carson StreetTorrance, CA, USA
J. David Burkhardt, MD, FACCStaff Cardiovascular MedicineAssociate Program DirectorCardiac Electrophysiology and PacingCleveland ClinicCleveland, OH, USA
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xii Contributors
Jose Angel Cabrera, MD, PhDHospital QuironMadrid, Spain
Hugh Calkins, MDDivision of CardiologyThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
Rene Cardinal, PhDCentre de RechercheHopital du Sacre-Cœur de MontrealMontreal, Canada
KR Julian Chun, MDDepartment of CardiologyAsklepios Klinik St. GeorgHamburg, Germany
Jacques Clementy, MDHopital Cardiologique Du Haut-LevequeUniversite Victor Segalen Bordeaux IIBordeaux, France
Nikolaos Dagres, MDUniversity of AthensSecond Cardiology DepartmentAttikon University HospitalAthens, Greece
Mithilesh K. Das, MDKrannert Institute of CardiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA
Jacques MT de BakkerDepartment of Experimental CardiologyAcademic Medical CenterAmsterdam, The Netherlands
Antoine Deplagne, MDHopital Cardiologique Du Haut-LevequeUniversite Victor Segalen Bordeaux IIBordeaux, France
Nicolas Derval, MDHopital Cardiologique Du Haut-LevequeUniversite Victor Segalen Bordeaux IIBordeaux, France
Derek J. Dosdall, PhDDepartment of Medicine, Division of CardiovascularDisease, Department of Physiology, andDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, AL, USA
Imke Drewitz, MDUniversity Heart Center HamburgDepartment of CardiologyHamburg, Germany
Lars Eckardt, MDDepartment of Cardiology and AngiologyHospital of the Westfalische WilhelmsUniversity of MunsterMunster, Germany
Jeffery Edwards, RNUniversity of Oklahoma Medical CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA
Nabil El-Sherif, MDState University of New YorkDownstate Medical CenterNew York Harbor VA Healthcare SystemBrooklyn, NY, USA
Zahra Emkanjoo, MDDepartment of Pacemaker and ElectrophysiologyRajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research CenterIran University of Medical SciencesTehran, Iran
Sabine Ernst, MDRoyal Brompton and Harefield HospitalNational Heart and Lung InstituteLondon, UK
Tamer S. Fahmy, MD, PhDAssociate Professor, Critical Care Medicine DepartmentCardiac Electrophysiology DivisionCo-director of Experimental Research LabCairo University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt
Gregory K. Feld, MDDivision of CardiologyClinical Cardiac Electrophysiology ProgramUniversity of California, San DiegoSan Diego, CA, USA
Muhammad Ghias, MDUniversity of Oklahoma Medical CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA
Daniel Goodwin, MD, FACCKeck School of MedicineDivision of Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of Southern California Keck School of MedicineLos Angeles, CA, USA
Majid Haghjoo, MDDepartment of Pacemaker and ElectrophysiologyRajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research CenterIran University of Medical SciencesTehran, Iran
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Contributors xiii
Michel Haıssaguerre, MDHopital Cardiologique Du Haut-LevequeUniversite Victor Segalen Bordeaux IIBordeaux, France
Henry R. Halperin, MD, MA,
FAHAJohns Hopkins UniversityDivision of CardiologyBaltimore, MD, USA
Gerhard Hindricks, MD, PhDDepartment of ElectrophysiologyUniversity of Leipzig Heart CenterLeipzig, Germany
Siew Yen Ho, PhDProfessor of Cardiac MorphologyImperial College LondonRoyal Brompton and Harefield NHS TrustLondon, UK
Meleze Hocini, MDHopital Cardiologique Du Haut-LevequeUniversite Victor Segalen Bordeaux IIBordeaux, France
Henry H. Hsia, MDStanford UniversityStanford, CA, USA
Jeff M. Hsing, MDStanford UniversityStanford, CA, USA
Mathew D. Hutchinson, MDUniversity of Pennsylvania Health SystemPhiladelphia, PA, USA
Raymond E. Ideker, MD,
PhDDepartment of MedicineDivision of Cardiovascular DiseaseDepartment of Physiology, andDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirmingham, AL, USA
Warren M. Jackman, MDUniversity of Oklahoma Medical CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA
Pierre Jaıs, MDHopital Cardiologique Du Haut-LevequeUniversite Victor Segalen Bordeaux IIBordeaux, France
Mohammad-Reza Jazayeri, MD,
FACC, FAHABellin Health Hospital CenterGreen Bay, WI, USA
Ping Jia, PhDCardiac Bioelectricity Research and Training CenterCase Western Reserve UniversityCleveland, OH, USA
Mark E. Josephson, MDHarvard-Thorndike Electrophysiology InstituteCardiovascular DivisionBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
Jerome GM JungschlegerDepartment of Cardiothoracic SurgeryMaastricht UniversityMaastricht, The Netherlands
Jerome Kalifa, MD, PhDCenter for Arrhythmia ResearchUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA
Sebastien Knecht, MDHopital Cardiologique Du Haut-LevequeUniversite Victor Segalen Bordeaux IIBordeaux, France
Aravindan Kolandaivelu, MDJohns Hopkins UniversityDivision of CardiologyBaltimore, MD, USA
Hans Kottkamp, MD, PhDDepartment of ElectrophysiologyClinic Hirslanden Heart CenterZurich, Switzerland
Karl-Heinz Kuck, MDDepartment of CardiologyAsklepios Klinik St. GeorgHamburg, Germany
Vikram Lakireddy, MDState University of New YorkDownstate Medical CenterNew York Harbor VA Healthcare SystemBrooklyn, NY, USA
Albert C. Lardo, PhD, FAHA, FACCJohns Hopkins UniversityDivision of CardiologyBaltimore, MD, USA
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xiv Contributors
Ralph Lazzara, MDUniversity of Oklahoma Medical CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA
Byron K. Lee, MDCardiac ElectrophysiologyDivision of CardiologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of California – San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, USA
Kang-Teng Lim, MDHopital Cardiologique Du Haut-LevequeUniversite Victor Segalen Bordeaux IIBordeaux, France
John C. Lopshire, MDKrannert Institute of CardiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA
Zhibing Lu, MDUniversity of Oklahoma Medical CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA
Boris Lutomsky, MDUniversity Heart Center HamburgDepartment of CardiologyHamburg, Germany
Francis E. Marchlinski, MDUniversity of Pennsylvania Health SystemPhiladelphia, PA, USA
Seiichiro Matsuo, MDHopital Cardiologique Du Haut-LevequeUniversite Victor Segalen Bordeaux IIBordeaux, France
Thomas MeinertzUniversity Heart Center HamburgDepartment of CardiologyHamburg, Germany
John M. Miller, MDKrannert Institute of CardiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA
Annerie Moers, MDUniversity of Oklahoma Medical CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA
Fred Morady, MDDivision of CardiologyDepartment of Internal Medicine
University of Michigan Health SystemAnn Arbor, MI, USA
Andrea Natale, MD, FACC, FHRSExecutive Medical Director of the Texas Cardiac ArrhythmiaInstituteSt. David’s Medical Center, Austin, TX;Consulting Professor, Division of CardiologyStanford University, Palo Alto, CA;Clinical Associate Professor of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityCleveland, OH, USA
Guo-Dong Niu, MDCardiovascular Institute & Fuwai HospitalBeijing, China
Jeffrey E. Olgin, MDCardiac ElectrophysiologyDivision of CardiologyDepartment of MedicineUniversity of California – San FranciscoSan Francisco, CA, USA
Mark D. O’Neill, MBBCh, DPhilHopital Cardiologique Du Haut-LevequeUniversite Victor Segalen Bordeaux IIBordeaux, France
Feifan Ouyang, MDDepartment of CardiologyAsklepios Klinik St. GeorgHamburg, Germany
Pierre Page, MDCentre de RechercheHopital du Sacre-Cœur de MontrealMontreal, Canada
Eugene Patterson, PhDUniversity of Oklahoma Medical CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA
Sunny S. Po, MD, PhDUniversity of Oklahoma Medical CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA
Christopher Piorkowski, MDDepartment of ElectrophysiologyUniversity of Leipzig Heart CenterLeipzig, Germany
Javad Rahimian, PhDSouthern California Permanente Medical GroupDepartment of Radiation OncologyLos Angeles, CA;Lecturer
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Contributors xv
University of California-Los AngelesDepartment of Radiation OncologyLos Angeles, CA, USA
Kim Rajappan, MD, MRCPThe Department of CardiologySt Bartholomew’s Hospital and Queen Mary CollegeUniversity of LondonLondon, UK
Sergio Richter, MDHeart Rhythm Management CentreCardiovascular CentreFree University of Brussels (UZ Brussel) VUBBrussels, Belgium
Thomas RostockUniversity Heart Center HamburgDepartment of CardiologyHamburg, Germany
Yoram Rudy, PhDCardiac Bioelectricity and Arrhythmia CenterWashington University in St. LouisSt. Louis, MO, USA
Molly Sachdev, MD, MPHDivision of CardiologyThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
Frederic Sacher, MDHopital Cardiologique Du Haut-LevequeUniversite Victor Segalen Bordeaux IIBordeaux, France
Mohammad Ali Sadr-Ameli, MDDepartment of Pacemaker and ElectrophysiologyRajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research CenterIran University of Medical SciencesTehran, Iran
Damian Sanchez-Quintana, MD, PhDUniversidad de ExtremaduraBadajoz, Spain
Navinder S. Sawhney, MDDivision of CardiologyClinical Cardiac Electrophysiology ProgramUniversity of California – San DiegoSan Diego, CA, USA
Leslie A. Saxon, MD FACCKeck School of MedicineDivision of Cardiovascular MedicineUniversity of Southern California Keck School of MedicineLos Angeles, CA, USA
Mauricio Scanavacca, MDArrhythmia ServiceHeart Institute (InCor)University of Sao Paulo Medical SchoolSao Paulo, Brazil
Michael Schafers, MDEuropean Institute of Molecular Imaging–EIMIUniversity of MunsterMunster, Germany
Benjamin J. Scherlag, PhDUniversity of Oklahoma Medical CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA
Richard J. Schilling, MD, FRCPThe Department of CardiologySt. Bartholomew’s Hospital and Queen Mary CollegeUniversity of LondonLondon, UK
Otmar Schober, MD, PhD, FESCDepartment of Nuclear MedicineUniversity of MunsterMunster, Germany
Yitzhack Schwartz, MDStructural Heart DiseasePediatric Cardiology, and GUCHRambam Healthcare CampusMeyer Children’s HospitalHaifa, Israel
Helge ServatiusUniversity Heart Center HamburgDepartment of CardiologyHamburg, Germany
Hossein Shenasa, MD, MSc, FACCDepartment of Cardiovascular ServicesO’Connor HospitalSan Jose, CA, USA
Jafar Shenasa, MScHeart and Rhythm Medical GroupSan Jose, CA, USA
Mohammad Shenasa, MD, FACC, FAHA,
FESC, FHRSDepartment of Cardiovascular ServicesO’Connor HospitalSan Jose, CA, USA