GLOBALLIVESTOCKHEALTHPOLICY

Robert F. Kahrs

Challenges, Opportunities,and Strategies for EffectiveAction

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GLOBALLIVESTOCKHEALTHPOLICY

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GLOBALLIVESTOCKHEALTHPOLICY

Robert F. Kahrs

Challenges, Opportunities,and Strategies for EffectiveAction

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ROBERT F. KAHRS worked on dairy farms as a boy; studied food science, animal husbandry, and veterinarymedicine at Cornell University; and received the DVM degree in 1954. He practiced veterinary medicine,specializing in dairy cattle, in rural New York State for seven years. He returned to Cornell, earned a PhDdegree, and taught epidemiology and infectious diseases to veterinary students, investigated disease out-breaks, and conducted research on bovine viral infections and vaccines.

Dr. Kahrs served on the faculties of veterinary medicine at Cornell University, the University ofFlorida, and the University of Missouri where he was dean for 10 years. He then spent seven years devel-oping animal health policies and negotiating international trade agreements for the U.S. Department ofAgriculture (USDA).

In 1990 he chaired a National Academy of Science Committee to evaluate the USDAs Meat InspectionSystem for Cattle. In 2000 he served on the International Information Committee of the National AnimalHealth Safeguarding Review. This study, commissioned by the National Association of State Departmentsof Agriculture, evaluated the disease exclusion, control, eradication, and information-sharing activities ofthe USDAs Veterinary Services.

Over the years, he has served on the American Veterinary Medical Associations Council on Researchand Council on Biological and Therapeutic Agents. He has been active in the U.S. Animal HealthAssociation serving on its committees on Biologics, Bluetongue and Retroviruses, Foreign and EmergingDiseases, Food Safety, Import-Export, and Infectious Diseases of Cattle, Bison, and Llama. He currentlyserves on the committees on Cattle Diseases and International Trade of the National Institute for AnimalAgriculture.

Dr. Kahrs has written over 100 professional articles and lectured widely on livestock vaccines; investi-gation of disease outbreaks; international trade in animals and animal products; and livestock health poli-cies. He is the author of Viral Diseases of Cattle, Second Edition (Iowa State University Press, 2001) and, several monographs on livestock health.

2004 Iowa State PressA Blackwell Publishing CompanyAll rights reserved

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Printed on acid-free paper in the United States of America

First edition, 2004

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Kahrs, Robert F., 1930Global livestock health policy : challenges, opportunities, and

strategies for effective action / Robert F. Kahrs1st ed.p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references (p. )ISBN 0-8138-0204-0 (alk. paper)1. LivetockDiseasesPrevention. 2. Animal healthGovernment policy. I. Title.

SF740.K35 2004636.089'45dc21 2003011367

The last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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www.iowastatepress.com

ContentsAcronyms, xiPreface, xv1. Livestock Health Policy: the Basics, 3

Introduction, 3What Are Global Livestock Health Policies? 4How Are Livestock Health Policies Developed? 4Driving Forces and Framers of Livestock Health Policies, 5Elements of the Global Livestock Health Policy Hierarchy, 9International Livestock Health Policies, 12Administration of Livestock Health Policies, 12Communication of Livestock Health Policies, 13Broad-Based Constituencies and Complex Issues Create Challenges, 13Complex Interactions Among Science, Politics, and Culture, 13Livestock Health Information Sources, 23The Crucial Role of Communication in Livestock Health Polices, 23Bibliography, 24

2. Twentieth Century Progress and Change in Livestock Health, 25Introduction, 25Changing Livestock Production and Management Systems, 26Advances in Livestock Breeding and Reproductive Efficiency, 27Advances in Diagnosis and Control of Metabolic Diseases, 30Advances in Diagnosis and Control of Toxicologic Diseases, 31Advances in Diagnosis and Control of Parasitic Diseases, 32Advances in Diagnosis and Control of Infectious Diseases, 33

v

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Emergence of Antimicrobials in Livestock Health, 35Advances in Immunology, 40Improved Vaccines for Livestock Diseases, 41Progress Toward Understanding Vector-Borne Diseases, 45Emergence of Growth Promotants, 45Mechanized Systems for Processing Meat, Poultry, and

Dairy Products, 48Improvements in Refrigeration and Transportation of

Perishable Foods, 50Importance of Animal Health to Livestock Profitability,

Human Health, and Food Safety, 50Twentieth Century Global Dynamics Impact on National Economies,

Livestock Health, and Human Health, 51Progress Produces Challenges and Presents Opportunities, 52Bibliography, 52

3. Thirty Years That Shaped Livestock Health Policy, 55Introduction, 55Impact of Outbreaks of FMD, 55Appearance of the TSEs, 60Increasing Attention to Emerging Diseases, 63New Disease-Control and Eradication Campaigns, 63Growing Importance of Captive and Free-Ranging Wildlife to

Livestock Health, 64Globalization Movement and Livestock Health Policies, 66Formation of the Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement of the

World Trade Organization (WTO) , 67Prerogatives Surrounding the WTO SPS Principles and

International Standards, 69Growing Public Concern About Animal Welfare, 69Growing Consumer Concern About Food Safety, 70Growing Concern About the Environment, 71Application of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis to Livestock

Health Disciplines, 72The Age of Information Technology (IT), 79Emergence of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), 79Bibliography, 80

4. Components of Effective Livestock Health Infrastructures, 83Introduction, 83Regulatory Organization, Authority, and Responsibility, 85Establishing a Permanent Presence of Vigilant Livestock Owners

vi CONTENTS

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and Veterinarians, 85Diagnostic Capacity, 89Diagnostic Laboratories in Exotic-Disease Exclusion, 93Disease-Control and Eradication Systems, 93Monitoring, Surveillance, and Reporting (MS&R) Systems, 95Credible International Livestock Health Reporting, 101Animal Health Information Systems, 106Animal Identification Systems, 107Biosecurity at National Borders, Subnational Boundaries, and

Individual Properties, 109Emergency Livestock Disease Management, 111Oversight of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products, 119Linking the Private and Public Sectors of Livestock Health Activities, 121Academic and Diagnostic Communities in Livestock Health

Infrastructures, 128User Fees and National Livestock Health Programs, 128Skillful Negotiators, 129Animal Science and Veterinary Medical Research, Education, and

Outreach Programs, 134Broad-Based Livestock Health Partnerships, 134Livestock Health Organizations, 135External Reviews of National Livestock Health Infrastructures, 135Positive Media Relations, 136Summary, 136Bibliography, 136

5. International Livestock Health Standards and Standard-SettingOrganizations, 139

Introduction, 139International Treaties, Trade Agreements, and Trading Blocs, 140International Standard-Setting Organizations, 144The WTO SPS Agreement, 149Dealing with Livestock Health Standards and Standard-Setting

Organizations, 163Bibliography, 165

6. Issues Surrounding Equitable Livestock Health Policies, 167 Introduction, 167Objectives of Livestock Health Policies, 168Livestock Health Policies and the Welfare of Consumers, 169Livestock Health and Food Safety, 169Livestock Health Policies and the Well-Being of Livestock, 171

CONTENTS vii

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Policies to Minimize the Impact of Domestic Livestock Diseases, 172Policies to Exclude Exotic Diseases, 173Assuring Safe and Effective Use of Livestock Drugs and Biologicals, 174Livestock Health Policies and the Prosperity of Livestock

Owners and Associated Industries, 174Livestock Health Policies and Maintenance and Expansion of

Global Markets, 175Characteristics of Competitive and Equitable Livestock Health Policies,

175Developing Competitive and Equitable Livestock Health Policies, 176The Ever-Increasing Complexity of Livestock Health Policies, 178Governmental Administration of Livestock Health Policies, 179Legislative and Executive Authority Over Livestock Health Policies, 182Role of Special Interests, 182Use of Expert Panels, 186Positioning, Compromise, and Cooperation in Development of Livestock

Health Policies, 187Bibliography, 187

7. Challenges Facing Livestock Health in the Twenty-First Century, 189Introduction, 189Challenges in Food Safety, 190Protecting the Environment and Preserving Ecosystems, 191Potential Loss of the Cherished Small-Farm