Carbon CompoundsCarbon Compounds

Essential QuestionsEssential Questions

1.1. What makes food “nutritious”?What makes food “nutritious”?2.2. What are the building blocks of What are the building blocks of

cells?cells?

Q: What’s the difference between an atoms Q: What’s the difference between an atoms and molecules? Elements and compounds?and molecules? Elements and compounds?

A:A: Molecules are made up of two or more atoms joined together.

Compounds are made up of two or more elements.

B. What is everything made of? 

• Element – Substance that can’t be broken down to any simpler substance, e.g. ____________, _____________, ______________

• Atom – Basic unit of matter, smallest particle of an _______________.

• Compound – Pure substance made of two or more elements, e.g. ______________ _______________________

• Molecule – Particle made of two or more __________ joined together. Smallest particle of a __________________

carbon oxygen hydrogen

element

water (H2O) carbon dioxide (CO2)

atomscompound

1. The author states that “no other element even comes close to matching carbon’s versatility.” (p. 44). Describe three different things carbon can do that makes it useful to living things.

Can join with other elements: oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, etc.

Can join with other carbon atoms to form chains, rings Key ingredient in proteins, nucleic acids

2. What are the four groups of organic compounds found in living things?

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

3. What chemical elements make up carbohydrates?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

4. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about carbohydrates:

a. Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates.

b. Living things use them as their main source of energy.

c. Sugar molecules are made up of starch molecules joined together in chains.

d. Plants and some animals use them for strength and rigidity.

5. Single sugar molecules are also called __________________

monosaccharides

6. Circle the letter of each monosaccharide.

a. galactose b. glycogen c. glucose d. fructose

7. What are polysaccharides?

Chain of monosaccharides, also known as starch.

8. How do animals and plants store excess sugar? Animals store as glycogen (chain of glucose molecules) in the

liver Plants store excess sugar as starch

9. What elements are lipids mostly made of?

Carbon and hydrogen (some oxygen too)

10. What are three common categories of lipids?

a. ________________ b. ______________ c. _____________Fats oils waxes

11. Circle the letter of each way that fats are used in living things:

a. As parts of biological membranesb. To store energyc. To give plants rigidityd. As chemical messengers

12. What elements are nucleic acids made up of?

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus

13. What is the function of nucleic acids in living things?Store genetic information, traits passed from parents to offspring.

14. What are two kinds of nucleic acids? DNA and RNA

15. What chemical elements make up proteins?

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

16. Proteins are made of smaller molecules called ____________

amino acids.

17. What are four roles that proteins play in living things?

a. ____________________________________________

b. ____________________________________________

c. ________________________________

d. ________________________________

Control rate of chemical reactions (enzymes)

Make muscle, bone, cells, and tissues

Transport things in and out of cells

Help fight diseases (antibodies)

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins

Elements

Categories/Forms

Functions

Food Sources

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Starches, sugars

Main source of energy

Breads, cereals, rice, pasta, potato, dairy

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Fats, oils

Store energy

Meat, dairy, fried foods

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Enzymes, antibodies, etc.

Form cells & tissues, control rates of chem rxns, fight disease

Meat, fish, eggs, nuts, dry beans

Questions?Questions?

PolymersPolymers Monomer = __Monomer = __oneone____ unit molecule____ unit molecule Polymer = molecule made of ____Polymer = molecule made of ____many__ many__ unitsunits

Fatty AcidsFatty Acids SaturatedSaturated

Found in animal fats, usually s____________ at Found in animal fats, usually s____________ at room temperatureroom temperature

UnsaturatedUnsaturated Found in plants, usually l______________ at room Found in plants, usually l______________ at room

temperature. temperature.

Fatty AcidsFatty Acids SaturatedSaturated

Found in animal fats, usually _Found in animal fats, usually _solidsolid_______ at _______ at room temperatureroom temperature

UnsaturatedUnsaturated Found in plants, usually l______________ at room Found in plants, usually l______________ at room

temperature. temperature.

Fatty AcidsFatty Acids SaturatedSaturated

Found in animal fats, usually Found in animal fats, usually _solid_______ _solid_______ at at room temperatureroom temperature

UnsaturatedUnsaturated Found in plants, usually __Found in plants, usually __liquid______ liquid______ at room at room

temperature. temperature.

Which fatty acids are less Which fatty acids are less healthy for you, saturated or healthy for you, saturated or

unsaturated?unsaturated? __________________________________________________________________ Why? ____________________________ Why? ____________________________

_________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

Which fatty acids are less Which fatty acids are less healthy for you, saturated or healthy for you, saturated or

unsaturated?unsaturated? ____________saturatedsaturated__________________________________ Why? ____________________________ Why? ____________________________

_________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

Which fatty acids are less Which fatty acids are less healthy for you, saturated or healthy for you, saturated or

unsaturated?unsaturated? ____________saturatedsaturated__________________________________ Why? ____Why? ____saturated fats are solid at saturated fats are solid at

room temp., easier to form clots and room temp., easier to form clots and clog clog arteries.___________________________ arteries.___________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________

Clogged arteriesClogged arteries

How do living things use How do living things use lipids?lipids?

Fat, storage of Fat, storage of energy.energy.

Makes up cell Makes up cell membranesmembranes

Why are lipids good molecules for cell membranes?

Why are lipids good molecules for cell Why are lipids good molecules for cell membranes?membranes?

They don’t mix with water, keeps membrane from dissolving in water

oil

water

What foods are good sources of What foods are good sources of lipids?lipids?

____________________________________________________________Meat, dairy, fried foodsMeat, dairy, fried foods

ProteinsProteins

Made of Made of carbon, carbon, hydrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and oxygen, and n__________.n__________.

Polymer Polymer made up of made up of a______ acidsa______ acids

ProteinsProteins

Made of Made of carbon, carbon, hydrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and oxygen, and nitrogennitrogen___.___.

Polymer Polymer made up of made up of a______ acidsa______ acids

ProteinsProteins

Made of Made of carbon, carbon, hydrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and oxygen, and nitrogennitrogen___.___.

Polymer Polymer made up of made up of amino__ amino__ acidsacids

Amino Acids: Building Blocks Amino Acids: Building Blocks of P____________of P____________

20 different amino acids are incorporated 20 different amino acids are incorporated into proteins.into proteins.

Amino Acids: Building Blocks Amino Acids: Building Blocks of __of __ProteinsProteins__________

20 different amino acids are incorporated 20 different amino acids are incorporated into proteins.into proteins.

Amino AcidsAmino Acids

How do living things use How do living things use proteins?proteins?

1. Control rate of chemical reactions, 1. Control rate of chemical reactions, e.g. digestive e________________.e.g. digestive e________________.

How do living things use How do living things use proteins?proteins?

1. Control rate of chemical reactions, 1. Control rate of chemical reactions, e.g. digestive e.g. digestive enzymesenzymes__________.__________.

How do living things use How do living things use proteins?proteins?

2. 2. Building Building materials for materials for all cells and all cells and tissues, e.g. tissues, e.g. skin, bone, skin, bone, m___________m___________

How do living things use How do living things use proteins?proteins?

2. 2. Building Building materials for materials for all cells and all cells and tissues, e.g. tissues, e.g. skin, bone, skin, bone, __musclemuscle____________

How do living things use How do living things use proteins?proteins?

3. Transport 3. Transport oxygen in blood, oxygen in blood, e.g. e.g. h______________h______________

4. Fight infections, 4. Fight infections, e.g. e.g. a______________a______________

How do living things use How do living things use proteins?proteins?

3. Transport 3. Transport oxygen in blood, oxygen in blood, e.g. e.g. hemoglobinhemoglobin__________

4. Fight infections, 4. Fight infections, e.g. e.g. a______________a______________

How do living things use How do living things use proteins?proteins?

3. Transport 3. Transport oxygen in blood, oxygen in blood, e.g. e.g. hemoglobinhemoglobin__________

4. Fight infections, 4. Fight infections, e.g. e.g. antibodiesantibodies______________

How do living things use How do living things use proteins?proteins?

5. Movement, e.g. m_____________ cells 5. Movement, e.g. m_____________ cells

How do living things use How do living things use proteins?proteins?

5. Movement, e.g. 5. Movement, e.g. musclemuscle________ cells ________ cells

How do living things use How do living things use proteins?proteins?

6. Control what goes in and out of cells 6. Control what goes in and out of cells through cell m___________________through cell m___________________

How do living things use How do living things use proteins?proteins?

6. Control what goes in and out of cells 6. Control what goes in and out of cells through cell _through cell _membranesmembranes______________________

Protein StructureProtein Structure

The structure of proteins is The structure of proteins is fundamental for their function (i.e. fundamental for their function (i.e. what they look like determines what what they look like determines what they can do)they can do)

Proteins have four levels of structure:Proteins have four levels of structure: Primary (1Primary (1stst level) level) Secondary (2Secondary (2ndnd level) level) Tertiary (3Tertiary (3rdrd level) level) Quaternary (4Quaternary (4thth level) level)

Levels of Protein StructureLevels of Protein Structure

Primary StructurePrimary Structure

Order of amino acids joined together in Order of amino acids joined together in polypeptide chain.polypeptide chain.

The polypeptide chain below is made up of The polypeptide chain below is made up of amino acids glycine, isoleucene, valine, amino acids glycine, isoleucene, valine, cysteine, etc. bonded together.cysteine, etc. bonded together.

Secondary StructureSecondary Structure 2-dimensional folding patterns formed by 2-dimensional folding patterns formed by

polypeptide chain. Like what a bunch of polypeptide chain. Like what a bunch of string would look like laid flat on a table…..string would look like laid flat on a table…..

α-Helix

β-Pleated Sheet

Tertiary StructureTertiary Structure

3D structure of 3D structure of polypeptide chainpolypeptide chain

Like what a coil of Like what a coil of copper wire looks copper wire looks like in 3-like in 3-dimensional space.dimensional space.

Quaternary StructureQuaternary Structure Sum of all Sum of all

polypeptide polypeptide chains joined chains joined together to together to form whole form whole protein protein molecule.molecule.

Each different Each different color section = color section = 1 polypeptide1 polypeptide

What foods are good sources of What foods are good sources of protein?protein?

____________________________________________________________Meat, poultry, fish, dairy, nuts, eggs, dry beansMeat, poultry, fish, dairy, nuts, eggs, dry beans

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and p____________________nitrogen, and p____________________

Used by living things to store and Used by living things to store and transmit hereditary information, i.e. transmit hereditary information, i.e. characteristics passed on from characteristics passed on from parents to offspringparents to offspring

Most common forms: _____________ Most common forms: _____________ and _______________and _______________

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and nitrogen, and phosphorusphosphorus______________________

Used by living things to store and Used by living things to store and transmit hereditary information, i.e. transmit hereditary information, i.e. characteristics passed on from characteristics passed on from parents to offspringparents to offspring

Most common forms: _____________ Most common forms: _____________ and _______________and _______________

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and nitrogen, and phosphorusphosphorus______________________

Used by living things to store and Used by living things to store and transmit hereditary information, i.e. transmit hereditary information, i.e. characteristics passed on from characteristics passed on from parents to offspringparents to offspring

Most common forms: ______Most common forms: ______DNADNA____ ____ and ______and ______RNARNA____________

NucleotidesNucleotides

Building blocks Building blocks of nucleic acidsof nucleic acids

3 parts:3 parts: 5 carbon sugar5 carbon sugar Phosphate Phosphate

groupgroup Nitrogenous Nitrogenous

basebase

DNADNA

DeoxyribonucleiDeoxyribonucleic acidc acid

U_____________ U_____________ genetic codegenetic code

Genetic Genetic blueprintblueprint

Contains info Contains info needed to make needed to make proteins, to build proteins, to build a new body.a new body.

DNADNA

DeoxyribonucleiDeoxyribonucleic acidc acid

UniversalUniversal_______ _______ genetic codegenetic code

Genetic Genetic blueprintblueprint

Contains info Contains info needed to make needed to make proteins, to build proteins, to build a new body.a new body.