Carbon Capture, Storage and Utilization

Shik Chi Edman TSANGedman.tsang@chem.ox.ac.uk

Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory

University of Oxford

Contents for This Seminar

•Why do we need CCS?1

Key Challenges of CCS3

2 •The magnitude of CCS

4 New CCS materials

Carbon Recycle and Utilization5

6. Summary and Outlook

1. Why do we need CCS ?

Business as usual

-total final consumption

Source: Shell 2006

Global carbon pools and fluxes. Modified from Lal (2008)

River Thames Picture

River Thames= 3 x 1015g H2O (10 times p.a.)Lock Ness = 7.4 x 1015g H2O (3 times p.a.)

2. The magnitude of CCS

The concept is to store carbon permanently and safely on the ground at large scale. The storage needs to be maintained and the responsibility for keeping the carbon out of the mobile carbon pool for a long time.

Amine Scrubbing for CO2 Capture

Gary T. Rochelle, et al. Science, 325, 1652 (2009)

Amine scrubbing has been used to separate carbon dioxide (CO2) from natural gas and hydrogen since 1930. It is a robust technology and is ready to be tested and used on a larger scale for CO2

capture from coal-fired power plants.

1. Inorganic PhysisorbentsAdsorbentsa. Zeolitesb. Activated carbons

2.Chemisorbentsa. Metal-based adsorbentsb. Hydrotalcite-like compounds

3. Organic and Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Adsorbents

Amines physically adsorbed on oxide supports; covalently tethered to oxide supports; on solid organic materials

4. Metal–Organic Frameworks: An Emerging Class of Materials

5. Ionic liquids

SiCl4 diluted in pentane + NH3 (g)

SixNy Hz (MSIN-X)

Precipitation-sublimation method:

Figure 1. (a) Typical TEM image of MSIN-673. (b) Nitrogen sorption isotherms for MSIN-673

and its pore size distribution centred at 2.3 nm (insert).

Table 2 CO2 capture capacities of different materials at 1 bar but various temperatures

Samples Capacity (mmol g-1) Qst (kJ mol-1) Ref.

298 K 373 K

MSIN-673 2.6 2.3 68.1 This work

AC 2.1 0.7 36.7 This work

Zeolite 13X 3.9 n.d. 34.4

Cu-BTC 4.7 0.5 30.0

MSIN-700 821 0.61 59.7

Figure 4. Cyclic tests of CO2 and N2 adsorptions on MSIN-673 at ambient temperature and pressure.

Scheme 1. For preparation of Mesoporous carbon nitride

Synthesis of mesoporous Carbon nitrides

Vinnu. A. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2008, 18, 816.

CO2 Utilisations

Yu, Curcic, Gabriel, Tsang ChemSusChem. (2008), 1, 893.

polyols: sugars / glycerol epoxides

CO / H2 CO2 / H2

H2

cyclic carbonates

The Chemical Fixation of Carbon

Yu, Curcic, Gabriel, Morganstewart, Tsang, J. Phys. Chem. A, DOI: 10.1021/jp906365g

Carbon Recycle (CO2 to Fuels)

Making a liquid fuel from CO2 will give us exciting opportunity to recycle the greenhouse gas to make the fuel that runs our engines, producing energy, and provides the basic chemical building blocks that run our industries.

(1) Catalytic fixing of CO2 + renewable H2 to hydrocarbons

(2) Catalytic fixing of CO2 + renewable H2 to methanol

(3) Photocatalytic fixing of CO2 + renewable carriers to hydrocarbons/alcohols

Catalyst CO2 Conversion/% CH3OH Selectivity/%

Rod ZnO/Cu/Al2O3 15.3 39.1

Plate ZnO/Cu/Al2O3 12.0 71.6

Table 1. Catalytic activity comparison of different ZnO mixed with copper in the synthesis of methanol though the

hydrogenation of CO2 Note: The reaction condition was fixed at 280oC and 4.5MPa (CO2/H2 volume ratio = 1:2.18) with 0.3g

catalysts (Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 weight ratio = 1/1/1) in a tube micro-reactor. The detailed calculations of methanol selectivity and

carbon conversion were list in supporting information.

CO2 + 3H2 = CH3OH + H2O

Tsang et al., Angew Chem, 2011, doi: 10.1002/anie.201007108.

catalytic interface:

Yu, Leung, Tsang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 129(20) (2007), 6360 – 6361

•CCS can offer possible way to reduce CO2 emission and has the potential to offset years of accumulative CO2 from atmosphere

•Cost of CCS must be reduced (new chemistry, new materials, novel engineering and separation)

•Lessons learned from small or large field projects will help deployment of CCS

•Ambient CCS should be addressed

•Recycling of carbon and utilization are more ideal than storage

•Educate people to be more energy conscious

6. Summary and Outlook

Acknowledgements

Abdullah Khan, Hongwei Yang, Dr Kerry Yu , Dr Connie Yeung, Dr Adam Kong, Dr.

Valarie Caps, Dr Eric Yu, Dr Nick Cailuo, Dr William Oduro, Karaked Tedsree, Dr Nadia

Acerbia (Oxford Chem)

Tong Li, Dr. Paul Bagot, Prof. Angus Kirkland , Prof. George Smith (Oxford Materials)

Drs Peter Bishop, Bene Thiebaut, James Cookson, David Thompsett , Janet Fischer and

Paul Collier (Johnson Matthey)

Dr Stan Glounski (Cardiff Univ.)

Professor R Burch, Professor Chris Hardacre (QUB Univ.)

Professor Heyong He, Prof. Xueqing Gong (Shanghai, China)