carbohydrate metabolsim. you will be able to… explain how carbs are digested & absorbed draw...
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Carbohydrate Metabolsim
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You will be able to…• Explain how Carbs are digested & absorbed
• Draw the steps involved in Glycolysis
• Compare and contrast aerobic respiration to two different types of fermentation
• Discuss the 3 possible fates of Pyruvate
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Mass composition data for the human body
Carbohydrates don’t make
the man or woman
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Carbs do run the man or woman:Carbohydrate recommendation is 45 to 65 percent of total calories.
Sugars and starches supply energy to the body as glucose.
Only energy source for red blood cells. Preferred energy source for brain & CNS
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Energy sources
Structuralmolecules
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Salivary glands secrete saliva which contains mucus, water, ions, and
amylase enzyme.
Food is only briefly in the mouth, so carbohydrate digestion just begins.
Starch polymers are broken down into smaller chains and into some
disaccharides: maltose, sucrose, lactose.
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Small intestine > 3 m long, 2 to 3 cm wide. Coils, folding, & villi give surface area of
500-600 m long tube. Upper part (duodenum) most active in digestion:
villi cells produce enzymes which complete digestion of carbohydrates.
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Plasma membrane of microvilli use these enzymes to complete digestion:
Disaccharidases: disaccharides converted
into monosaccharide subunits.
Maltase: hydrolyzes maltose into glucose.
Sucrase: hydrolyzes sucrose into glucose & fructose.
Lactase: hydrolyzes lactose into glucose & galactose.
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Common Disaccharides:
Milk sugar: galactose and glucose
connectedSucrose: -Glucose and -Fructose
, (12) glycosidic linkage
Maltose: (14) of two D-Glucose molecules
Lactose (14)
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Small intestine’s second job: Absorption Uses increased S.A. with folds projecting into lumen (plicae circulares), villi and microvilli.
Sugars into bloodstream: Fructose diffuses into villi, glucose & galactose absorbed by active transport.
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Summary of carbohydrate digestion in the human body.
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– Aerobic respiration• Requires molecular oxygen• Includes series of redox reactions
-Anaerobic respiration *Fermentation *Does not require oxygen
All are exergonic (occur spontaneously)Use a lot of coupled reactions
What to do with those sugars? Turn them into ATP = Cellular respiration
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Reaction Types in Cellular Respiration1. Dehydrogenation - Hydrogens transferred to a coenzyme (an energy carrier molecule).2. Decarboxylations - Carboxyl groups
(COO-) removed from substrates as carbon dioxide (CO2).
3. Preparation reactions - Molecules rearranged in preparation for dehydrogenation or decarboxylation.
4. Phosphorylation – phosphates added to provide energy or transform molecules.
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Four stages of aerobic respiration
Note location of each stage & amount of ATP formedProduct of one stage becomes reactant of next stage
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Glycolysis:Glyco = sugarLysis = to split
One 6 C glucose split into two 3 C pyruvates (eventually)
Substrate (organic molecule)
Phosphorylationof glucose occurs to make the
reactions exergonicAlso stops glucose from leaving the
cell.
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An overview of glycolysis.
6 C stages & 3 C stagesEnergy absorbingEnergy producing
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Glycolysis:energy investment
Phase:Phosphorylation
ATP kick start:Glucose turned into
Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
this turns eventually into 2 glyceraldehyde-3-
phosphate molecules
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Structural relationships among glycerol and acetone and the four
C3 intermediates in the process of glycolysis.This
converts intoThat
(isomers)
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Glycolysis: E capture phase
The two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphates
eventually turn into two pyruvates
(with what type of rxn?)
The end products of glycolysis include:
•2 molecules of pyruvate •2 molecules of NADH
•2 ATP molecules net gain
(4 made / 2 used)
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Glycolysis animation simplistic version
Glycolysis animation details
Glycolysis animation more detailed steps
Enzymes involved in glycolysis
Let’s go through the steps in detail: