car washing
TRANSCRIPT
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REVERSE OSMOSIS DRINKING WATER SYSTEMS
Reverse osmosis is a high pressure energy efficient water separation process. It is a method
of extracting essentially pure and fresh water from polluted or salt water by forcing the water
under pressure against a semi-permeable membrane, which passes the pure water molecules,
but filters out salts and other dissolved impurities.
In the DWTPL RO System, the water is treated at the molecular level by the reverse osmosis
process thus ensuring the removal of all impurities such as excessive salts, micro-organisms,
and other products left behind by disinfection products and chemical toxins.
This principle is also used in our Desalination Plants for extracting pure and fresh water from
sea water.
FEATURES-
The DWTPL R. O. System is a viable economic alternative as compared
to other conventional distillation processes due to the multiple benefits it offers..
1. Requires less than 50 % of energy as against Thermal Plants.
2. Operates at Ambient Temperature.
3. Uses non-corrosive Polymer Materials.
4. Compact sized, requiring very small place for installation.
5. Quick start-up and shut down.
6. Easy to operate with minimal operator training.
7. Any layman can be trained to operate the plant within few days.
8. Only one person is enough to operate the plant.
9. Operating cost is negligible.
10. Ready availability of spares at low cost.
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STP (Sewage Treatment Plant)
The Sewage Treatment Plant Incorporates the following operating procedure :
Initial Screening & Oil/Grease Trap
Equalization
Sludge Return Process Bio Reactor Settling
Two Step Media Filtration.
Sludge Storage Tank with Aeration Provision
Sludge Transfer from Settler to Tank & Tank to Out.
Features of the Sewage Treatment Plant :
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All the treatment steps are incorporated in underground RCC tank. (Except Filtration)
No Separate Septic Tank Required
No Open Sludge Handling & nuisance on that account.
Optional Sludge Dewatering System can be Incorporated before storing the Sludge.
Single Panel with all switches for on-off operation at easy to access location. Optional Mechanical Oil Skimmer can be incorporated to ensure removal of separated
oil.
All Pumps & Blowers are provided with “standby” to ensure easy switching i f required.
Dry run protection for centrifugal pumps.
C type ladders in tanks to ensure easy access.
Continuous visits by our engineers during civil work to ensure “Correct Integration”.
Operation & Maintanence and Service Support :
DWTPL Service Team provides Prompt Service Support to the Customers. Our
Engineers/Technicians visit the site within a couple of hours of the assistance call.
We recommend our O & M Service which is unmatched in the industry. We offer
complete O & M Service at very competitive prices.
DWTPL offer Integrated Facility Management O & M Services for STP, WTP, Softener,
RO Plants, Pumping Systems, Fire Hydrant Systems & Swimming Pool Filtration System.
A truly One-Stop-Shop approach to avoid deployment of Multiple agencies.
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------ The DWTPL Sewage Treatment Plants work on either of the following technologies :
A] Conventional Technology based on biological process -
1. Suspended Media Bio Reactor (SMBR) : The effluent is passed through a Bar Screen,
Oil & Grease Trap and Equalization tank to the Suspended Media Bio Reactor. In this the
Oxygen from air is transferred to the liquid with the help of Air Grid or Diffusers. A specially
designed plastic media is filled in the tank to the required level. This media facilitates attached
growth during the treatment and also ensures that the required MLSS are maintained at
required concentration (3500 – 5000 ppm). After the Solid Liquid separation in SMBR reactor,
the liquid is taken in the Settling Chamber in which the suspended solids accumulate at the
bottom and are removed by a sludge pump and sent to the sludge holding tank. The water
from the settling chamber is passed through two filters in series. The first filter has a specific
combination of media like Gravels, Pebbles, Filtration Sand to ensure proper filtration. The next
filter has Activated Carbon media of high Iodine Value. The Carbon bed also ensures further
reduction of BOD. Chlorine dosing is done at the outlet of the Carbon Filter.
2. Sludge Return Bio Reactor (SRBR) :
The effluent is passed through a Bar Screen, Oil & Grease Trap and Equalization tank to the
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Sludge Return Bio Reactor. In this the Oxygen from air is transferred to the liquid with the help
of Air Grid or Diffusers. This also ensures that the required MLSS are maintained at required
concentration (3500 – 5000 ppm). The residence time of the reactor tank is considered in such
a way that there is enough time for treatment in the reactor. A blower is provided to supply air
to the Grid / Diffusers. After the Solid Liquid separation in SRBR, the liquid is taken in the
Settling Chamber in which the suspended solids accumulate at the bottom and are removed bya sludge pump and returned partially to the aeration tank as per the requirement to maintain
MLSS and the excess sludge is sent to the sludge holding tank.The water from the settling
chamber is passed through two filters in series. The first filter has a specific combination of
media like Gravels, Pebbles, Filtration Sand to ensure proper filtration. The next filter has
Activated Carbon media of high Iodine Value. The Carbon bed also ensures further reduction of
BOD. Chlorine dosing is done at the outlet of the Carbon Filter.
B] Advanced oxidation Process -
Advanced oxidation process is the latest technology adapted by DWTPL. This technology is a
physio-chemical process and offers many advantages over the conventional biological
processes, such as requirement of very less area, independece of environmental conditions like
temperature, humidity etc., flexible of batch/continuous operations, absence of bad odour and
no secondary sludge generation. Besides, the treated sewage in this case does not require any
polishing treatment and can be directly used for gardening and flushing.
The process mainly consists of the following unit operations :
1. Sewage collection, homogenization
2. Coagulation and filtration of suspended matter
3. Dosing of conventionaloxidants
4. Energy activation, detoxification and oxidation of pollutants to carbon di oxide andwater
5. Adsorption of residual oxidant and partially treated contaminants through Activated
Carbon Filter
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DWTPL GREY WATER RECYCLING PLANTS
What is Greywater?
In a housing complex or similar establishment the Fresh/Municipal water is used for purposeslike Drinking & Cooking, Bathing, Toilet Flushing, Floor Washing, Washing Machines, Gardening
etc.
The used Water from Sources other than Sewage & Kitchen Waste is termed as Greywater.
Greywater from Washing Machine & Bathing is approx. 40 to 45% of Total Fresh Water taken
in.
Why Recycle Greywater?
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Recycle and Reuse of Grey Water has to direct advantage that there will be a direct reduction of
@ 40-45% in the quantity of Fresh Water required daily. Some of the advantages are as
follows:
Most Municipal Bodies are shifting towards “Metered Billing” from lumpsum billing hence
there shall beContinual Savings in Water bills year after year. Due to Scarcity of Fresh Water the availability shall become a question mark in times to
come. Greywater Recycling will reduce the impact to a great extent.
The Load on Common/Municipal Sewage Treatment Plant shall be reduced. Hence need
for Expansion/New Sewage Treatment Plants shall also be reduced.
Where to Use Recycled Greywater?
Toilet Flushing
Floor Washing
Gardening
Economics of Greywater Recycle & Reuse
Consider a Complex with say 100 Residential Units. Each unit has say 4 persons. Average
consumption of Freshwater is @ 100 ltrs/day/person.
Hence Total Freshwater required shall be 100 x 4 x 100 = 40000 litres/day.
The cost of Municipal water is say 30 Rs/1000 litres ( It is increasing day by day. At
Chennai it is already 60 Rs/1000 litres)
Daily Water Bill = 40000 x 30/1000 = Rs. 1200/day. Which is Rs. 4,38,000/ year. At 60
Rs/1000 litres this will be Rs. 8,76,000/year.
There will be charges for Disposal (Disposal Cess) of Sewage soon. The reduction inDisposal Volume will save this on ongoing basis.
Savings in Sewage Treatment Plant Cost (Capital as well as Operating Cost ). If
Greywater Recycling system is installed, Smaller Sewage Treatment plant shall suffice.
What is required for Greywater Treatment & Reuse?
It is best done for the New Complexes at planning stage. Can be done for existing
complexes also.
Modification in Piping, Storage & Pumping equipment. Marginal additional Capital Cost
which is One Time.
Installation of Greywater Recycle System specifically developed by Deccan Water
Treatment Pvt. Ltd.
For Enquiry :
Tel : +91-20-65311482 ; +91-20-64100065
Fax : +91-20-27032693
E-mail : [email protected]
Website :www.deccanwatertreatment.com
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CAR WASH
EFFLUENT
TREATMENT &
REUSE SYSTEM
Car Wash Effluent Treatment & Recycle System, A state of Art offering
from Deccan Water Treatment Pvt. Ltd.
CAR WASH EFFLUENT :
A typical facility carrying out Servicing/Cleaning of Cars/Vehicles has a
Washing System. Most Modern Car Wash Systems use low Hardness
Water to Prevent Staining. The use of Soaps & Detergents is also
common. Hence the Car Wash Effluent has following impurities:
Mud & Dirt
Oil & Grease
Organic Matter causing smell
WHY TREAT CAR WASH EFFLUENT & REUSE?
Savings in Fresh Water Intake (Almost 95%)
Drastically Reduced Discharge to Drains
Environment Friendly
HIGHLIGHTS OF CAR WASH TREATMENT SYSTEM FROM DECCAN
WATER TREATMENT PVT LTD A car wash treatment has to ensure that the treated water should not
cause damage to Car paint, damage to cleaning system, Odor nuisance.
Our System has following features to address the above requirements:
2 Stage Odor & Organic Control treatment- Gas based
2 Stage Oil Removal Treatment
2 Stage Filtration with Special Media
Compatible to underground RCC tanks
Around 95% Water is Reused
Around 15 to 20 Cycles of Reuse before discard
Easy to Operate & Maintainence
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This unit is a compact coagulation sedimentation unit that was developed toseparate the solids from waste liquid. ELEPON's unique coagulatingsedimentation method provides excellent processing capacity and employs avariety of new mechanisms, such as an automatic sludge removal unit and anautomatic pH regulator unit.
PD-1200/1600/2000/2600/3000
Features The processing capacity made possible by our unique coagulating sedimentation method is
superior at efficiently removing s.s.
An automatic sludge removal unit is employed to allow the sludge removal amount and removal
time to be freely set.
The compact design reduces the required installation space.
Automatic unit makes operation and management easy.
pH automatic control is standardized, so the optimum pH for coagulation can be set to match the
effluent.
Applications Metal surface treatment plants
Stone, slate, concrete plants, ceramics, glass polishing effluent
Civil engineering construction site effluent treatment equipment
Landfill drainage treatment equipment
Scrubber effluent, car wash effluent treatment equipment
Test chamber, laboratory effluent treatment equipment
Other industrial effluent
<Models and Specifications>
PD-1200 PD-1600 PD-2000 PD-2600 PD-3000
*Standard processing capacity 1 2 4 8 12
Reaction tank capacity ( ) 300 600 1200 1800 3000 Coagulation tank capacity ( ) 200 400 600 1000 1500
Sedimentation tank capacity (m3) 1.4 3 5.5 12 18
Coagulate tank ( ) 100 300 500 1000 1000
Caustic soda tank ( ) 100 300 500 1000 1000
Polymer coagulate tank ( ) 200 500 1000 1500 2000
Power consumption (kW) 1.3 1.75 3.1 3.55 5
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Equipment weight (t) 1.3 2 2.8 5.4 7
Weight during operation (t) 3.7 7.2 12.4 24 34.2
*The standard processing amount is the reference water processing amount when the metal ion's fine
oxide flocking is roughly flocked by the polymer coagulate. Therefore, the processing capacity
varies depending on the water quality of the raw water.
Currently, industrial effluenttreatment system technologyemploys not only stand-aloneequipment and facilities, but alsototal systems that function undera comprehensive concept.Such concepts include pHneutralization processing,coagulating sedimentationtreatment, pressure floatationtreatment, bio oxidationprocessing, and filtering andabsorption processing.ELEPON E.C.A.P.CORPORATION is amanufacturer of completeindustrial effluent treatmentsystems with the mission of saving the environment fromdestruction and returning theearth back to its naturalcondition.
Inorganic Effluent Treatment Systems Organic Effluent Treatment System Sludge Dehydration Treatment System
Inorganic Effluent Treatment Systems
For inorganic-based effluent treatment systems, users can select screens, oil
removers, neutralization, oxidation, reduction, coagulating sedimentation, pressurefloatation, filtering, adhesion, dehydration, and drying, and incineration of sludge
to match the effluent condition and use them independently or in combination toform a single piece of effluent treatment equipment.In addition, unitized equipment, such as a neutralization processing unit,
coagulating sedimentation treatment equipment, coagulating pressure floatation
treatment equipment, dehydrator, and dirty water processing equipment.
Neutralization processing unit Model
PB/Model PG
Coagulating sedimentation treatment unit
Applications
Metal surface treatment effluent
Electronic component plant, printed circuit
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Model PD
Coagulating pressure floatation treatment unit
Model PAL
Dehydrator Models EKS/F/PC
Dirty water processing unit Model EKRD
Sand filter Models R/AR
Activated carbon absorption tower ModelsRC/ARC
board effluent
Glass polishing effluent
Test chamber, laboratory effluent
Construction and civil engineering site effluent
Ready-mix concrete and secondary product
effluent
Other factory effluent
TOP
Organic Effluent Treatment System
Most organic-based effluent is processed by microorganisms.
Users can select screens, oil removers, coagulating sedimentation, pressurefloatation, standard activated sludge, methane fermentation, nitrification, filtering,adhesion, dehydration, and drying, and incineration of sludge to match the effluent
condition and use them independently or in combination to form a single piece of
effluent treatment equipment.ELEPON provides two types of stand-alone contact oxidation units, one
employing the continuous cleaning fixed bio-membrane method, and the other
employing the oscillating fixed bed method.
Continuous cleaning fixed bio-membrane
method contact oxidation unit Model ERT
Continuous cleaning fixed bio-membrane
method contact oxidation unit Models P/F
Sand filter Models R/ARActivated carbon absorption tower Models
RC/ARC
Methane fermentation processing unit Model
EAZ
Applications
Foodstuff effluent
Husbandry effluent
Dyeing effluent
Aquaculture processing effluentKitchen effluent
Other factory effluent
TOP
Sludge Dehydration Treatment System
For sludge generated from inorganic-based effluent treatment and organic-based
effluent treatment, users can select filter presses, screw presses, and vacuum
dehydrators to remove the water to match the amount and condition of the sludge.Dehydration agents are sometimes added as preprocessing depending on the
qualities of the sludge. In addition, both stand-alone and standard units are
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provided.
Screw press Model EKS
Filter press Models F/FS/FM/KDA Applications
<Screw Press Model EKS>
Bio processing extra sludge
Kitchen effluent sludge
Oil scum, such as effluent containing oil
Coagulating sedimentation sludgeRaw vegetable matter
Other types of sludges
<Filter Press Models F/FS/FM/KDA>
Metal surface treatment effluent processing
sludge
Chemical plant effluent processing sludge
Dyeing effluent processing sludge
Civil engineering site effluent processing
sludge
Other
http://www.elepon.co.jp/english/outline/erp_3.htm
The ZCL car wash interceptor protects municipal storm
drain and sewer systems by effectively capturing sand,
grit, soap and free oil residue from car wash drainage.
Particles as small as 150 microns are captured in
a multi-chamber system that directs sand and
grit to the bottom of the tank, while at the
same time trapping floating products at the
surface. Contaminants in the wastewater are minimized, preventing serious
problems in sewer systems and the
environment.
Highly Effective Capture
of Car Wash Settleable Solids Key Features 4 Long life, proven ‘integral rib’ design, maintenance free fibreglass reinforced
plastic (FRP) construction
4 Rust proof, watertight, not affected by soaps, alkalis and corrosives
4 Designed for conveyor, roll over or self serve car washes
4 Efficient multi-chamber design in single wall or double wall construction 4 Light weight tank makes for a quicker and easier installation
4 Cylindrical cross section promotes collection of solids at the bottom
centreline for ease of removal
4 Multiple pump out access ports allow for fast, no entry vacuum removal of
sludge and solids
4 Multiple, easy access manways facilitate tank entry if required
4 Includes FRP inlet and PVC outlet, FRP baffles
4 Optional equipment: anchoring system, water tight risers and internal piping
4 Can be adapted for water recycling systems
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4 Custom designs can be accommodated to meet functional requirements
The Corrosion Free Advantage That’s Easy to Install The car wash interceptor from ZCL simply will not rust. 100% FRP
construction provides long term, corrosion free service that is not affected by
soaps, alkalis and other corrosives common in runoff wastewater. No heavy
equipment is required for lifting and placement as the ZCL interceptor is
substantially lighter than pre-cast concrete tanks.http://www.zcl.com/products/petroleum-products/car-wash-interceptors.html
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5
CARWASH WASTEWATERS: CHARACTERISTICS, VOLUMES, AND
TREATABILITY BY GRAVITY OIL SEPARATION
AGUAS RESIDUALES DE LAVADO-ENGRASADO AUTOMOTRIZ:
CARACTERÍSTICAS, VOLÚMENES Y TRATABILIDAD
C. Fall
*
, C. M. López-Vázquez, M. C. Jiménez-Moleon, K.M. Bâ,
C. Díaz-Delgado, D. García-Pulido and M. Lucero-Chavez
Centro Interamericano de Recursos del Agua (CIRA), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México (UAEM),
Apdo. postal 367, Toluca, C.P. 50091, Estado de México, México.
Received 12 March 2007; Accepted 12 July 2007
Abstract The aim of this research was to determine the characteristics, volumes and treatability of Full-service carwash
wastewaters in Toluca (Mexico State). The average water use for Exterior-only wash was 50 L per small-size car
and 170 L per medium-size vehicle (pick up, van or light truck). The Full-service wash (exterior, engine and
chassis) required 170 L per small-size car and 300 L per light truck. Wastewaters were generally emulsified and
contained high contaminant loads (in average, 1100 mg/L oil and grease, 4500 mg/L COD and 3500 mg/L Total
Suspended Solids). Gravity oil separators used in the car washing facilities were able to reduce the pollutant loads
(showing a 80 % efficiency) but usually not enough to meet the sewer discharge standards or reuse requirements.
The data provided by the study are useful for screening the applicable technologies and setting the design capacity
of the reclaim systems that are needed in the Mexican car washing sector. Keywords: vehicle; wastewaters; washing; water use; oil-water separator.
Resumen
El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar las características, volúmenes y tratabilidad de las aguas residuales
procedentes de talleres de lavado-engrasado en Toluca (Estado de México). Los resultados mostraron que se gastan
en promedio, 50 L de agua en el lavado de carrocerías de vehículos compactos y subcompactos, frente a 170 L,
para camionetas y vans. En el servicio completo de lavado-engrasado (carrocería, motor y chasis), los volúmenes
de agua requeridos fueron en promedio de 170 L para autos chicos y 300 L para camionetas. Las aguas residuales
son generalmente emulsionadas y contienen altas cargas contaminantes (en promedio, 1100 mg/L de aceites y
grasas, 4500 mg/L DQO y 3500 mg/L de sólidos suspendidos totales). Los separadores convencionales de aceite y
grasas que se utilizan en los talleres de lavado son capaces de reducir las cargas contaminantes (eficiencia de 80
%), pero no siempre esta disminución fue suficiente para llegar a producir un efluente conforme a los límites de
descarga en el alcantarillado o satisfacer un objetivo de calidad para el re-uso del agua. Los datos que provea el
estudio son útiles para ayudar a seleccionar las tecnologías aplicables y tamaño de procesos de tratamiento que se
requieren en el sector de lavado-engrasado en México.
Palabras clave: vehículos; aguas residuales; lavado-engrasado; tasa de uso de agua; separador de aceites.
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1. Introduction
Studies carried out in different parts of the
world have shown that the car service and
maintenance sector constitutes a potential source of
soil, water and air pollution (US-EPA 1991; Duke
and Chung 1995; WEF 1995; Paxéus 1996). Based
on the experience gathered from reported cases in the
U.S.A, a survey of car wash facilities was initiated in
Toluca (Mexico State) to evaluate the environmental
conditions of these small businesses, more specially
with respect to the wastewaters. As far as we know,
there is not any published paper in the currently and
reasonably accessible literature that focused on
studying the characteristics of the carwash
wastewaters in Mexico.
According to reports from the National
Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics of
Mexico (INEGI 1999) there were 148682 centers for
repair and maintenance of automobiles and trucks in
Mexico in 1999, among those, 1506 centers were
located in the municipality of Toluca (capital of the
State of Mexico, with 670000 inhabitants). In the
same year, there were 8595 Full-service car wash
facilities in the country and 97 in Toluca.
Within the car service sector, carwash shops
are growing environmental concerns according to the
public perception. Because of water use, car washing
constitutes a highly visible activity which is
scrutinized by public and policy makers, especially
during periods of droughts or water shortages
(Brown 2002a). Since 1999, the International
Carwash Association (ICA, Chicago, IL.) has
undertaken several studies to determine the average
water consumption per vehicle washed (Brown
2002b), characteristics of the discharges (Brown
2002a) and water conservation and reclaim
techniques (Brown 1999) in the US professional
carwash industry. The average water consumption
per vehicle washed reported by Brown (2002b) is 57
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frequently encountered in the carwash sector in
Mexico, it is pertinent to evaluate the limits of this
technology with respect to the sewer discharge
standard (NOM 02: DOF 1998) and for reuse
scenarios.
The results reported in the present study are
part of a larger research whose objective was to carry
out an environmental evaluation of car repair and
maintenance services in Mexico. In that broad
research, more than 150 visits to car shops were
made in Toluca. A sample of 60 facilities of all types
(general mechanics, transmission, car wash, tire
repair, change of oil, batteries, dismantling and
resale of used parts, etc.) was submitted to a detailed
environmental evaluation based on a questionnaire
(US-EPA 2003) and a software program (EcoTaller)
developed for this purpose (Garduño and Morales
2003).
The results presented in this paper focus on
the car washing sector. The specific objective was to
determine the characteristics, volumes, and
treatability of carwash wastewaters. The aim was to
highlight the environmental problematic and provide
basic data required for the development of pollution
control technologies needed in the sector.
2. Methodology.
2.1 Defining the sample of facilities evaluated
Due to the great similarity in the modus
operandi of each type of facility, it was decided to
select a non random sample of 13 representative
carwash shops, based on the most common practices,
geographical location, willingness of owners and
managers to cooperate and budget limits.
For the car cleaning sector (Table 1), the
sample was composed by Exterior-only wash shops
and Full-service wash facilities (engine, chassis and
exterior, locally known as wash-lubricating services).
The interest to study these sites was to quantify the
flow rate of the washing systems (hoses and high
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pressure trigger guns) that are used, estimate the
length and average water consumption per vehicle,
characterize the discharges and evaluate the
efficiency of the pretreatment systems (oil-water
separators). Not all the previous mentioned activities
were done in each facility, but at least, three samples
from three different shops were collected and
analyzed to determine the average reported values.
The individual reported measurement from each
shop (e.g. water use per vehicle) was obtained by
calculating the arithmetic mean of different
replicates (3 to 4) while the physico-chemical
characteristics were obtained based on a composite
sample collected when a car was being washed (1 L
per 2 min).
2.2 Measurement of the average water use per
vehicle
The operation modes followed in these
facilities may be grouped in two main categories,
according to the way how water is provided: 1) use
of buckets to throw water to the cars (“bucket-fulls"),
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Granulation-Fluidized Bed Technology for Waste-waterTreatmentphysicsAdd comments
Aug042011
First, the background of sewage treatment in China is an arid countries water affected
2.8 trillion cubic meters of fresh water resources, 6% per cent of global water resources, second
only to Brazil, and Russia and Canada, ranking fourth in the world, but only 2,300 cubic meters per
capita, only for the world’s average level of one-fourth, United States of one-fifth, ranked 121 in the
world, is the world’s 13 per capita water resources are one of the poorest countries.
According to the monitoring, present in most cities across the country subject to a certain
degree of dot and the surface contamination of groundwater, and there is increasing year by year
trend. Increasingly serious water pollution not only reduces the use of water features, further
increasing the contradiction of water shortage, a serious impact on China is implementing the
strategy of sustainable development, but also a serious threat to drinking water safety and the health
of the people of the city residents.
XI, for example, in 2000 to 187k the built-up area of XI, population 3.26 million. According to the
drainage plan of XI (1995), XI ‘ an City Center is divided into six sewage collection system in the
urban areas, present sewage emissions of about 800,000/d, sewage treatment rate of about 34%.
Status of XI and drainage services an area of about 152.2k, drainage pipes subject to
Confluence, North East part of the old town and outside, the rest mainly to triage system. Drainage
tube network total long about 835.4km. which sewage pipeline 490km (including status confluence
tube), penetration 67%, rain tube Canal 345.4km, penetration 45%, tube Canal density about5.5km/k. currently sewage tube network accepted city sewage volume about 800,000/d, has built city
sewage processing factory two seat, total processing ability 270,000/d, sewage processing rate
34%, which North stone bridge sewage processing factory 150,000/d, Deng home village sewage
processing factory 120,000/d.
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Meanwhile, XI is a lack of water resources of cities, the city’s per capita use of surface water
resources quantity less than 350, only for the country and the world average per capita share of and
one-sixth, well below the internationally recognized to maintain a social and economic environment
in the required 1000 threshold, with the accelerated process of modernization in the future, water
shortage will affect the city’s water supply. Sewage is a stable and reliable, renewable use of water
resources, is an important way to solve water shortage in cities, sewage after advanced treatment
can be used for industrial and mining enterprises, such as landscaping and urban sanitation, urban
river landscape.
Second, the present situation of sewage treatment technology
Now generally conventional sewage treatment process of wastewater treatment, using
flocculation sedimentation and sand filter systems, design and addition of ferric chloride pesticides in
A2/O system in final clarifier distributor box, enhanced biological phosphorus removal, reduction of
end phosphorus in effluent concentrations. Precipitation water by lifting pump station to sand filter,
air-water backwash filter, filtered water to clean water tank, pressure entering the water pipe
network. XI Deng’s home village wastewater treatment plant, sewage purification Center North stone
bridge of XI, XI an textile city wastewater treatment plant in Xian dianzicun wastewater treatment
plant are basically used in the wastewater treatment system.
Conventional sewage treatment system, sewage coagulation sedimentation pool, it cannot form
a particle condensation of a good condition, cannot generate aggregate flocs, solid-liquid separation
efficiency is very low.
Third, the sewage treatment technologies –granulation-fluidized bed wastewater treatment
technology
1, the basic concepts of the fluidized bed
When a fluid at different speeds up through granular layer, these situations might occur. -When
a fixed-bed fluid at lower speeds, flow of fluid through the gap between static particles, this bed is
known as fixed-bed, as shown in figure a. Initial or critical flow of bed –Dang fluid of velocity
increases to must degree Shi, particles began loose, particles location also in must of interval within
for adjustment, bed layer slightly has expansion, but particles still cannot free movement, then bed
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layer is initial or critical flow of State, following figure b by shows; flow of bed –if fluid of velocity rise
to all particles just suspended in up flow of gas or liquid in the and can do random of movement, at
this time particles and fluid Zhijian of friction chah with net gravity equilibrium. Thereafter bed height l
with increased velocity increases. This bed is called a fluidized bed. As shown in Figure c\d; –dilute
phase conveying bed if velocity after the rise to a certain limit values, fluidized-bed interface
disappears, dispersion is suspended in the air and air flow away, this bed is called dilute phase
conveying bed. As shown in Figure e.
When different velocity change of the bed (a) fixed bed (b) initial critical fluidized bed or (c)
fluidized bed (d) poly-fluidized bed (e) transport bed
2, characteristics of the fluidized bed
Gas-solid in the fluidized bed is like the boiling of liquid motion, and demonstrated in many ways
similar to the nature of the liquid. Fluidized bed with flow like a liquid, solid particles from the hole out
of the container wall. And like liquid as, from a container inflow another a container; then as, than
bed layer density small of objects can is easy of push into bed layer, and a release, it on bomb up
and floating in bed layer surface Shang; Dang container tilt Shi, bed layer of Shang surface keep
level, and Dang two a bed layer connected Shi, they of bed surface itself adjustment to same level
surface; bed layer in the arbitrary two section between of pressure changes generally equal to this
two section between units area bed layer of gravity.
3, granulation-fluidized bed wastewater treatment technology
Self-granulation-fluidized bed is by quasi-steady-state operation in chemical engineering
principle and reaction engineering theory, combined with coagulation and engineering experience in
the practice of a new water treatment technology. The technology of main technical indicators are as
follows:
§ Preliminary chemical coagulation reactions in complete hydraulic mixer, hydraulic retention
time below 1 min;
§ Self granulation on reaction to the current mechanical mixing equipment complete, mixing
mechanical strength (G-value) at about 30s-1, hydraulic retention time of 10-20 min;
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§ Solid-liquid separation in self-granulation-fluidized bed in the upper part of the solid-liquid
separation area complete hydraulic retention time of 5-10 min;
§ Sludge separation while automating the concentration process, mainly by inorganic
suspended particle system, separation of sludge moisture content of up to 80%~85%, organic and
inorganic suspended coexistence system, separation of sludge moisture content to 90~95%;
§ Separate SS concentration of water is typically less than 5mg/L, isolation areas strengthened
after the separation of auxiliary devices separate SS concentration of water is typically less than 1
mg/L;
Scope of application of §: water (sewage, waste water) 1,000-20,000 mg/L,COD SS
concentration not greater than 1,000 mg/L.
The integration of technology in design of special equipment to be made. Its main feature is the
hydraulic retention time is short, small, small footprint, wide applicability, flexible, efficient, solid-liquid
separation and sludge thickening can be completed simultaneously.
This technology is widely used in high turbidity water treatment, silts concentration, water plant and
wastewater treatment and reuse of municipal sewage sludge concentration, builders waste water
treatment, water treatment and other disaster relief.
4, granulation-fluidized bed wastewater treatment technology of industrialization prospect
In the active implementation of the national ecological environment construction in the process
of planning, regeneration of comprehensive utilization of water resources, water resources and water
pollution is a particularly important aspect. Water treatment equipment market will significantly
increase capacity, suitability and price competition will be the technical level, competition in the
market. Using the technology series devices with advanced technology, small volume, low cost
characteristics, and can be produced in accordance with user requirements, environmental
protection equipment will have strong competitiveness in the market. The primary user of the device
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is small and medium-sized industrial enterprises of industrial water treatment, wastewater treatment,
industrial water recycling, urban medium to the water treatment, sewage sludge treatment.
The item technology has in Zhengzhou Yellow River huayuankou (high turbidity water
treatment), and Xian Deng home village sewage processing factory (digestive sludge dehydration),
and Shaanxi lueyang Mills (gas washing wastewater and dressing wastewater processing), and
Shenzhen water works company (precipitation pool row slurry processing) for has half productive
experimental, this Foundation Shang repeatedly for device improved, application has efficient solid
liquid separation Manager under invention patent, currently has smooth through invention patent real
trial, technology get national patent office of finds and protection. The Xijiao power plant at Xian to
date of patent technology for ash wastewater reclamation and reuse process, in the North of XI
Ishibashi sewage purification Center for activated sludge separation of mixed liquid and sludge
thickening, XI ‘ an curved River plant, Shandong zaozhuang municipal water supply company,
Shandong binzhou city water company for the production of wastewater reclamation and reuse
process, achieved a good practical application. Therefore, this technology has a huge market and
the prospect of industrialization.
Four, granulation-fluidized bed technology for wastewater treatment: current status
In recent years, self-granulation-fluidized bed in application in water treatment processes are
developed, especially for sludge dewatering and high turbidity raw water with high concentration of
solid-liquid separation of waste for the purpose of pelleting fluidized bed research caused concern in
the water sector at home and abroad. Abroad there are many experts and scholars began
conducted an in-depth study on the technology, there are a lot of research results. At home,
however the technology is relatively late, there is need to continue to improve!
Granulation-fluidized bed technology for research have two main areas, one is from
experimental research or practice, mainly for pelleting fluidized bed technology applied to the
practice of research. For example, Wang xiaochang Professor of self made grain type flow of bed in
the particles flow state of test determination under and Pan Yongzhang of made grain flow of bed
technology in wash car wastewater back with processing in the of experimental research under,;
another is for theory research, main is convection of bed in the particles flocculation coagulation
mechanism of research and convection of bed of in the solid liquid flow for simulation calculation,.
For example, Professor Huang Ting-Lin of the fluidized bed movement of balance, knot groups, and
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the Kinetic study of Professor Wang xiaochang fluidized pellet bed process. Such as the
Development of a mathematical model. However, overal l, China’s research on the technology or
stay in experimental research.
Five, granulation-fluidized bed technology for wastewater treatment applications
As granulation-fluidized-bed technology with high efficient solid-liquid separation, it is widely
used in high turbidity water treatment, silts concentration, water plant and wastewater treatment and
reuse of municipal sewage sludge concentration, builders waste water treatment, water treatment
and other disaster relief.
Use of granulation of high efficient solid-liquid separation technology of silts concentration
industrial wastewater is superior to traditional process in the following aspects:
(1) processing efficiency high, effect good. efficient solid liquid separation device main device of
hydraulic stay time for 9min around, plus front pump and pipeline mixed, total hydraulic stay time in
10min within, far than traditional processing technology by required of stay time short. by such short
of processing time, device water turbidity has meet industrial back with water quality requirements.
and need of inorganic coagulant cast volume below traditional mixed coagulation precipitation
technology.
(2) separation of sludge moisture content low, without special enrichment processing. efficient
solid-liquid separation device for separation and sludge dewatering performance is very good, stay
in the storage area above 1h, sludge moisture content below 85%, without special enrichment for
final sludge treatment.
(3) operational flexibility and can meet different needs, efficient solid-liquid separation device not
only for waste water treatment, but also for batch processing, and resist the load capacity, in the
case of exceeding the rated load 50% are basically guaranteed to address water.
Following granulation-fluidized-bed technology and its application in car-washing wastewater
treatment for example introduction of fluidized bed application in industrial wastewater treatment:
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As the people’s standard of living continues to improve, the number of cars is also on the rise,
so the car wash industry has a huge market demand. Now, different sizes of car wash across the
country, but most car wash place no waste water processing and recycling equipment, car wash only
after simple precipitation of water is directly discharged into the municipal pipeline, not only a waste
of water resources, but also caused some pollution on urban water environment.
In view of the current car wash industry present situation of water pollution and waste of water
resources, on the market in recent years a variety of vehicle washing waste-water reuse equipment.
Based on multi-media filter, adsorption ceramic filters, interception, adsorption, screening of ultra-
filtration system principles to achieve after the car-washing waste-water reuse; some conventional oil
sedimentation, filtration, disinfection isolation methods. Although the treated effluent from these
devices can achieve the car-washing waste-water quality requirements, but their common
shortcoming is an area of large, construction and operation costs are relatively high, put on the
market when faced with many difficulties.
However, the use of pelleting fluidized bed technology for treatment of car-washing wastewater,
car-washing wastewater by fluidized bed device processing, effluent discharge standard of water
quality car wash water can be achieved. Granulation by fluidized-bed water content of the sludge
produced significantly lower than in the sludge generated by conventional coagulation-
sedimentation, does not need to set the sludge thickening equipment. And granulation by fluidized
bed with conventional treatment process comparison, has a small footprint, equipment simple
structure, low investment and running costs, therefore be used in the car-washing waste-water
reuse, have broad market prospects.
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Abstract: The car washing wastewater that contains oil,
sediment, surface active agents and other dissolved
organic matter. Due to the size of the different car wash
car washing wastewater treatment and reuse technology,
there is a big difference. Introduced at home and abroad
sizes car wash wastewater treatment and reuse of the
main process, summarized and compared in point of car
washing car washing wastewater reuse plant in major
technical, analysis of the current small-
scale recycling plant problems in the current car washWastewater Treatment introduced, and the direction
of development were also expected.
Keywords: car washing wastewater; treatment
process; recycling
Keywords:: TB Abstract: A Article ID :1672-3198 (2008)
09-0378-02
A car wash waste water
Car driving the process very susceptible to
contamination, body and glass is mainly dirt by adhesion
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of dust, soot incomplete combustion of fuel and air in a
variety of floating pArticles. Chassis and wheel dirt
adhesion is mainly sand, road asphalt, coal tar and burning
oil. They repeat the contaminated or mixed pollution, will
form a strong adhesion of dirt. Mainly from motor fuel in
the dirt. As the adhesion of the various pArts car dirt
types, used in cleaning detergents and cleaning methods
there are differences. The detergent component, the main
constituent of alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether and other
non-ionic surfactant, as well as play the role of lubricationand light anionic surfactants, commonly used for the alkyl
sulfate and phosphate salt, vinegar, etc. . It can be seen
washing the major pollutants in wastewater oil dirt,
sediment, detergent. Due to the different types of clean
vehicles (small cars and large trucks), car wash lines of
different functions (a simple combination of car washing
and vehicle washing), washing in different ways
(mechanical car washing and Artificial high-pressure water
washing), car wash wastewater pollutant composition
vary. However, car washing water quality is essentially the
same. In some cases, car wash waste water may also
contain heavy metals. The on-site measurement and
reference studies, typical conditions, such as car washing
water quality as shown in Table 1.
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2 car wash wastewater treatment and
reuse technology
2.1 The market for large vehicles to car washing
wastewater treatment
2.1.1 Traditional Craft
With precipitation - oil removal - filtration treatment
process. Transport vehicles more than the market for
vehicle washing wastewater after the wastewater and
washing oily wastewater mixture of water, usually water
is relatively large. Chengdu Depot's car, such as
wastewater treatment plant, its processing flow shown in
Figure 1. In this treatment process, the setting sand tank,
grating main function is to conduct the initial passenger
car wash effluent precipitation will be large pArticulate
matter, Shen Yu setting sand bath, a large suspended
solids in the water grid was blocked. Inclined Plate grease
traps are used to dealing with large floating oil and
sediment particles, used oil collection device to collect
floating oil, transported to an oil storage tank. By
adjusting the sedimentation tanks to regulate water
quantity and quality right after the floatation tank to
remove water in the emulsified oil and suspended solids.
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Throughout the treatment process of sludge generated
was pumped to sludge drying field drying. This traditional
treatment process applied to an ordinary car wash
wastewater treatment, but because the process has
specialized Sand, degreasing process, covers an area of
greater water to meet the wastewater discharge standards
but the total E. coli, turbidity and other indicators does not
necessarily satisfy the "The People's Republic of China
Miscellaneous Domestic Water Quality Standards" (GJ25.1-
89) for recycling car wash water requirements. Therefore,For reuse is also need depth of more stringent treatment
process.
Figure 1 oil-water mixed with washing oily
wastewater and wastewater treatment process
In addition to the above-mentioned conventional
treatment, there is the use of biological contact oxidation
pool, membrane filtration technologies, there are some use
of electrolytic methods to pairs of car wash wastewater
treatment. Tianjin seven trucks to transport washing
wastewater, for example, the waste water for the washing
machine repair and clean-up trucks and venue of
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wastewater. waste water can be used to deal with this
gravity separation and adsorption coalescence method, but
it covers an area of large, and the treatment effect is not
very satisfactory. The transport field processing method
using electrolytic cell washing wastewater treatment. The
treatment process shown in Figure 2.
2.2 mini-car wash car washing wastewater reuse lineprocess
2.2.1 Membrane Bioreactor
Membrane Bioreactor for Treatment of car washing
wastewater process shown in Figure 3. Car wash
wastewater and domestic sewage effluent setting sand
mixed into the grease traps, sewage removal of a large
proportion of inorganic sand and the oil slick is conducive
to the follow-up treatment of membrane bio-reactor, the
reactor membrane modules main function is to carry out
the mud sludge mixture separation, filter out the treated
water. This method can be used a higher sludge
concentration (≥ 10g / L), the remaining sludge emissions
reach a minimum, a very long sludge age and thus enable
the generation of a long cycle of bacteria (such as the
nitrifying bacteria) in the reactor can be interception and
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reproduction, and make the water was very low metabolite
levels, water quality and stability; area is small, operation
and management simple and easy to automate. But it must
be in continuous operation mode in order to maintain the
activity of activated sludge, such as the interruption for a
long time, the tank body will lose activity in activated
sludge. Membrane bio-reactor and when the influent water
temperature less than 8 ℃, the activity of activated sludge
will also be affected to some degree, which will surely lead
to the deterioration of the water. Moreover, the processshould pay attention to avoid micro-organisms can inhibit
the metabolism of disinfectant mixed system, otherwise
the normal physiological function micro-organisms will be
destroyed, but also make the water worse.
elsewhere in theResearch Papers
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2.2.2 Physical treatment methods
Physical treatment methods - membrane filtration
method, applied to the small quantity of large changes in
water quality. In general is to allow the sewage through a
series of filter media, allowing the sewage contains large
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particles of silt and other material and part of the
mechanism of organic matter can be removed by filtering.
The filter media commonly used quartz sand, activated
carbon, ceramic and so on. Process shown in Figure 4.
Among them, multi-media filter can be equipped with a
quartz sand filter material to filter water, mud, sand, rust,
oil, etc.; activated carbon is used to water the variousodor, color, detergent, soap, etc. adsorption removal;
precision filter can be in the water residual mud, sand,
rust, oil filter, etc., in order to ensure the final effluent
water quality; film will be in the water molecule
compounds, clay, pigments, minerals, latex particles,
microorganisms, grease, detergents as well as oil, water
emulsion removal. This method is the use of filtration,
adsorption, and other physical principles of the removal of
pollutants in water, the water good effect; equipment
installation is simple, soft and hard tubes can; area is
small, the use of economic and so on. However, the
process requires frequent backwashing, activated carbon
used for a period of time required to sophisticated filters in
the filter regeneration also need regular replacement. And
the need for better water quality, otherwise the process
will shorten the life.
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2.3 The car wash wastewater treatment
in research on
Stephen, Fan Yuehua, Department Raymond Wong,
Wei-eddy current electro-coagulation - floatation - contact
filtration combined process of car washing wastewater
were studied to discuss the operating voltage (U), current
intensity (I), electrolysis time (t ), pH values and other
factors on treatment effect, results showed that the
optimal experimental conditions in U for the 25V, I is 0.6A,t for 10min, pH value of 7 ~ 7.5, the water quality of the
concentration of CODcr from 144.45mg / L down to
60.96mg / L, turbidity from 39.06NTU reduced to 4.61NTU,
CODcr and turbidity removal rate, respectively 57.8% and
88.2%, deal with the water quality standards for
wastewater discharge of a discharge standard. The
process will also process and chemical coagulation were
compared with experiment and found that the treatment
effect of the process is better than chemical coagulation.
Pan Yong-zhang, Xie Xiaomin using a magnetic filter
magnetic kinds of car washing wastewater treatment
method to achieve the purpose of wastewater reuse.
Examined the magnetic seed dosage, coagulant dosage,
the magnetic field intensity and magnetic filtration velocity
on the impact of water turbidity, and under the best
conditions of the actual wastewater treatment. The results
showed that magnetic seed dosage of 80mg / L,
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polymerization grasp Aluminum dosage 45mg / L, the
magnetic field strength 2000Gs, magnetic filtration
velocity 80m / h under the conditions of life to achieve
effluent water quality requirements of the standard
miscellaneous (CJ25. 1-89).
2.4 The car washing wastewater treatment sludge
disposal
For the car wash wastewater treatment not only toconsider the water treatment, while also considering car
washing wastewater treatment sludge disposal. As the
process of driving the car a lot of contaminated soil,
cleaning of vehicles during the deposition of a
considerable amount of sludge. Li Yang as such that car
wash sludge in the mineral oil content is very low by the
degradation, no adverse effects on crops. Chromium and
lead were much lower than the national control standards.
Sludge can be used for land reclamation, planting crops,
sludge can also be used with new soil, improving soil, thick
soil layer. Lead-contaminated sludge car wash is best used
for tree planting, planting flowers, or for burning bricks.
3 Conclusions and Outlook
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Car washing wastewater reuse, the present, there are
some defects in a variety of processes are using only the
water coagulation effect is difficult to guarantee; using
sand filtration or activated carbon adsorption treatment
filtration operation cost is high; use of flotation product
cost is high; used when the operation of membrane
bioreactor not flexible, the product poor adaptability. Find
treatment effect is good, cost of operation and low costprocess needs further exploration and research.
My car washing wastewater reuse in the future
direction of the following three: ① the emergence of
new technology, can significantly reduce
the recycling costs, improve water quality, it is mainly for
small devices, a large car wash less constrained by space,
the craft are more maturity; ② With the price of water rose
further standardize the market, small car washing point
toward the joint, forming a large car wash, car washing
wastewater to achieve large-scale treatment facilities with
a centralized manner, reduce unit costs and processing
costs, at present, car wash wastewater are more
successful with a large car wash can prove this point; ③
washing with water or rain water in order to reduce the
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References
[1] -trillion. Chengdu Depot Design of oily
wastewater treatment works. Railway Standard Design,
1994, (2) :27-
[2] and so on. Locomotives and rolling stock
manufacturing industry wastewater treatment. Locomotive& Rolling Stock technology, 2005,10 (5) :14-16.
Reposted elsewhere in the Research Papers
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S E W A G E T R E A T I N G
AUTOBASE-5T sewage treating equipment
AUTOBASE -Sewage Water Recycle Equipment:
» It adopts the most advanced biologic film separation technology in the world.
» This product uses the most advanced biologic film separation technology in the world. It is
unnecessary to add other chemical treatment substances during sewage disposal. This system uses
complete physical separation technology and has the advantages such as long service life, no any
wastage, and clear treating water quality, etc. and is recognized and used according to the highest
requirements in car washing industry.
» Physical filtering system with novelty meaning provides economic water treatment effect without
using any chemical additive.
» It combines the characteristics of cost effectiveness and novelty and even uses no flocculating agent
during water circulation through filtering, which can form ideal treatment effect. Auto wash is an important
breakthrough of water treatment system whose novel system fills up the blank that physical water
circulation uses no chemical additive completely. The process water completely complying with the car
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cleaning requirements can be obtained by using the system. Any dirt particle in the dirty water can be
filtered and removed effectively so that the cleaning water can be recycled completely. The pure biologic
water treatment system is based on Bio film process and is the best method recognized for treating car
cleaning system.
Structure Characteristics:
» It needn’t collecting pool or facility with large volume. It does the filtering ,suspending and biological
treatment work in a tank.
» Sludge treatment is simple. Non-error, completely recyceled and none-drainage.
» The effect of discoloration and filtering is perfect. It can filter the negetive ion surfactant thoroughly.
» It can save manpower dues to fully automatic control system.
» Simple operation, convenience maintenance, easy installation and move.
Specifications of AUTOBASE sewage treating equipment Model Dimesions（mm） Electricity Power（kw） Delivery (m) Suction (m) Aparture(mm) Rem
3T 900*500*1600 220 1.8 30 8 32 5T 900*700*1600 220/380 1.8 40 10 40 7T 900*700*1600 220/380 1.8 40 10 40 10T 1000*850*1600 380 3.6 40 10 40
Description of the Basic Functions for Sewage Treating Equipment
a) Biomembrane Group
reclaimed water after proposal is clear to the bottom and conforms to the international environmental
demands. This product has obtained many patents of invention. Its birth symbolizes the global sewage
treating equipment reaches a new height. It is applied to hospital water treatment, school reclaimed water
treatment, greening water treatment and so on.
b) Control Board:
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Clear control board has reduced the operational difficulty and can be controlled through two-way choice
by hand or automatically..
c) Sewage Valve
Sewage output valve made by the material of UPVC has the advantage of solid structure as well as easy
to operate and so on.
d) Flow Meter
The observable flow meter made of glass material is the unique design of TEPO-AUTO. It can observe
the water quality and flow after treating clearly. This will set the minds of our clients at rest more to our
sewage treating equipment.
e) Water Pump
Sewage treatment pump adopts high pressure centrifugal pump compatible for cold and hot water. Wide
scope of application and none-noise work are the most remarkable advantages. Power of 0.9 KW
guarantees the stable work.
f) Associated Line
That constructed by the UPVC material, clear to see and durable has reached the highest requirement of
AUTOBASE. It need not care within the service life for 10 years. Moreover, it is convenient to install and
easy to maintain.
g) Structural Framing
Main structural framing made of stainless steel can extend the service life. The greatest strength for this
equipment is the area of 1.2 square meter.
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Industrial Wastewater treatment system
A group of unit processes designed to separate, modify, remove, and destroy undesirable substancescarried by wastewater from industrial sources. United States governmental regulations have beenissued that involve volatile organic substances, designated priority pollutants; aquatic toxicity asdefined by a bioassay; and in some cases nitrogen and phosphorus. As a result, sophisticated
technology and process controls have been developed for industrial wastewater treatment.
Wastewater streams that are toxic or refractory should be treated at the source, and there are anumber of technologies available. For example, wet air oxidation of organic materials at hightemperature and pressure (2000 lb/in. or 14 kilopascals and 550°F or 288°C) is restricted to very highconcentrations of these substances. Macroreticular (macroporous) resins are specific for the removal of particular organic materials, and the resin is regenerated and used again. Membrane processes,particularly reverse osmosis, are high-pressure operations in which water passes througha semipermeable membrane, leaving the contaminants in a concentrate. See also Hazardouswaste; Membrane separations.
Pretreatment and primary treatment processes address the problems of equalization, neutralization,removal of oil and grease, removal of suspended solids, and precipitation of heavy metals. See
also Electrochemical process; Ion exchange; pH; Sedimentation (industry).
Aerobic biological treatment is employed for the removal of biodegradable organics. Anaerated lagoon system is applicable (where large land areas are available) fortreating nontoxic wastewaters, such as generated by pulp and paper mills. Fixed-film processes includethe trickling filter and the rotating biological contactor. In these processes, a biofilm is generated on asurface, usually plastic. As the wastewater passes over the film, organics diffuse into the film, wherethey are biodegraded. Anaerobic processes are sometimes employed before aerobic processes for thetreatment of high-strength, readily degradable wastewaters. The primary advantages of the anaerobicprocess is low sludge production and the generation of energy in the form of methane (CH4) gas. Seealso Biodegradation; Sewage disposal; Sewage treatment.
Biological processes can remove only degradable organics. Nondegradable organics can be present inthe influent wastewater or be generated as oxidation by-products in the biological process. Many of these organics are toxic to aquatic life and must be removed from the effluent before discharge. Themost common technology to achieve this objective is adsorption on activated carbon. Seealso Activated carbon; Adsorption.
In some cases, toxic and refractory organics can be pretreated by chemical oxidation using ozone, catalyzed hydrogen peroxide, or advanced oxidation processes. In this case the objective is notmineralization of the organics but detoxification and enhanced biodegradability.
Biological nitrogen removal, both nitrification and denitrification, is employed for removalof ammonia from wastewaters. While this process is predictable in the case of municipal wastewaters,many industrial wastewaters are inhibitory to the nitrifying organisms.
Volatile organics can be removed by air or steam stripping. Air stripping is achieved by using packed ortray towers in which air and water counterflow through the tower. In steam stripping, the liquideffluent from the column is separated as an azeotropic mixture. See also Azeotropicmixture; Stripping.
Virtually all of the processes employed for industrial wastewater treatment generate a sludge thatrequires some means of disposal. In general, the processes employed for thickening and dewatering arethe same as those used in municipal wastewater treatment. Waste activated sludge is usually stabilized
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by aerobic digestion in which the degradable solids are oxidized by prolonged aeration. Seealso Sewage solids.
Most landfill leachates have high and variable concentrations of organic and inorganic substances. Allmunicipal and most industrial landfill leachates are amenable to biological treatment and can betreated anaerobically or aerobically, depending on the effluent quality desired. Activated carbon has
been employed to remove nondegradable organics. In Europe, some plants employ reverse osmosis toproduce a high-quality effluent. See also Water pollution.
Industrial wastewater treatment covers the mechanisms and processes used to treat waters that have
been contaminated in some way by anthropogenic industrial or commercial activities prior to its
release into the environment or its re-use.
Most industries produce some wet waste although recent trends in the developed world have been to
minimise such production or recycle such waste within the production process. However, many
industries remain dependent on processes that produce wastewaters.
Contents
1 Sources of industrial wastewater
o 1.1 Agricultural waste
o 1.2 Iron and steel industry
o 1.3 Mines and quarries
o 1.4 Food industry
o 1.5 Complex organic chemicals industry
o 1.6 Nuclear industry
o 1.7 Water treatment
2 Treatment of industrial wastewater
o 2.1 Solids removal
o 2.2 Oils and grease removal
o 2.3 Removal of biodegradable organics
2.3.1 Activated sludge process
2.3.2 Trickling filter process
o 2.4 Treatment of other organics
o 2.5 Treatment of acids and alkalis
o 2.6 Treatment of toxic materials
3 See also
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4 References
5 External links
Sources of industrial wastewater
Agricultural waste
Main article: Agricultural wastewater treatment
Iron and steel industry
The production of iron from its ores involves powerful reduction reactions in blast furnaces. Cooling
waters are inevitably contaminated with products especially ammonia and cyanide. Production of coke
from coal in coking plants also requires water cooling and the use of water in by-products separation.
Contamination of waste streams includes gasification products such
as benzene, naphthalene,anthracene, cyanide, ammonia, phenols, cresols together with a range of
more complex organic compounds known collectively as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH).
The conversion of iron or steel into sheet, wire or rods requires hot and cold mechanical
transformation stages frequently employing water as a lubricant and coolant. Contaminants
include hydraulic oils, tallow and particulate solids. Final treatment of iron and steel products before
onward sale into manufacturing includes pickling in strong mineral acid to remove rust and prepare the
surface for tin orchromium plating or for other surface treatments such as galvanisation or painting.
The two acids commonly used are hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. Wastewaters include acidic rinse
waters together with waste acid. Although many plants operate acid recovery plants, (particularly
those using Hydrochloric acid), where the mineral acid is boiled away from the iron salts, there
remains a large volume of highly acid ferrous sulfate or ferrous chloride to be disposed of. Many steel
industry wastewaters are contaminated by hydraulic oil also known as soluble oil.
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Mines and quarries
Mine wastewater effluent with neutralized pH from tailing runoff. Taken in Peru.
The principal waste-waters associated with mines and quarries are slurries of rock particles in water.
These arise from rainfall washing exposed surfaces and haul roads and also from rock washing and
grading processes. Volumes of water can be very high, especially rainfall related arisings on large sites.
Some specialized separation operations, such ascoal washing to separate coal from native rock
using density gradients, can produce wastewater contaminated by fine
particulate haematite and surfactants. Oils and hydraulic oils are also common contaminants.
Wastewater from metal mines and ore recovery plants are inevitably contaminated by the minerals
present in the native rock formations. Following crushing and extraction of the desirable materials,
undesirable materials may become contaminated in the wastewater. For metal mines, this can include
unwanted metals such as zinc and other materials such as arsenic. Extraction of high value metals such
as gold and silver may generate slimes containing very fine particles in where physical removal of
contaminants becomes particularly difficult.
Food industry
Wastewater generated from agricultural and food operations has distinctive characteristics that set it
apart from common municipal wastewater managed by public or private wastewater treatment plants
throughout the world: it is biodegradable and nontoxic, but that has high concentrations of biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD) and suspended solids(SS).[1] The constituents of food and agriculture wastewater
are often complex to predict due to the differences in BOD and pH in effluents from vegetable, fruit,
and meat products and due to the seasonal nature of food processing and postharvesting.
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Processing of food from raw materials requires large volumes of high grade water. Vegetable washing
generates waters with high loads of particulate matter and some dissolved organics. It may also contain
surfactants.
Animal slaughter and processing produces very strong organic waste from body fluids, such as blood,
and gut contents. This wastewater is frequently contaminated by significant levels of antibiotics and
growth hormones from the animals and by a variety of pesticides used to control external parasites.
Insecticide residues in fleeces is a particular problem in treating waters generated in wool processing.
Processing food for sale produces wastes generated from cooking which are often rich in plant organic
material and may also contain salt, flavourings, colouring material and acids or alkali. Very significant
quantities of oil or fats may also be present.
Complex organic chemicals industry
A range of industries manufacture or use complex organic chemicals. These
include pesticides, pharmaceuticals, paints and dyes, petro-chemicals, detergents, plastics, paper
pollution, etc. Waste waters can be contaminated by feed-stock materials, by-products, product
material in soluble or particulate form, washing and cleaning agents, solvents and added value
products such as plasticisers. Treatment facilities that do not need control of their effluent typically
opt for a type of aerobic treatment, i.e. Aerated Lagoons.[2]
Nuclear industry
The waste production from the nuclear and radio-chemicals industry is dealt with as Radioactive waste.
Water treatment
Water treatment for the production of drinking water is dealt with elsewhere. (See water
purification.) Many industries have a need to treat water to obtain very high quality water for
demanding purposes. Water treatment produces organic and mineral sludges
from filtration and sedimentation. Ion exchange using natural or synthetic resins
removes calcium, magnesium and carbonate ions from water, replacing them
with hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. Regeneration of ion exchange columns with strong acids and alkalis
produces a wastewater rich in hardness ions which are readily precipitated out, especially when inadmixture with other wastewater.
Treatment of industrial wastewater
The different types of contamination of wastewater require a variety of strategies to remove the
contamination.[3][4]
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Solids removal
Most solids can be removed using simple sedimentation techniques with the solids recovered
as slurry or sludge. Very fine solids and solids with densities close to the density of water pose special
problems. In such case filtration or ultrafiltration may be required. Although, flocculation may be used,
using alum salts or the addition of polyelectrolytes.
Oils and grease removal
Main article: API oil-water separator
A typical API oil-water separator used in many industries
Many oils can be recovered from open water surfaces by skimming devices. Considered a dependableand cheap way to remove oil, grease and other hydrocarbons from water, oil skimmers can sometimes
achieve the desired level of water purity. At other times, skimming is also a cost-efficient method to
remove most of the oil before using membrane filters and chemical processes. Skimmers will prevent
filters from blinding prematurely and keep chemical costs down because there is less oil to process.
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Because grease skimming involves higher viscosity hydrocarbons, skimmers must be equipped with
heaters powerful enough to keep grease fluid for discharge. If floating grease forms into solid clumps or
mats, a spray bar, aerator or mechanical apparatus can be used to facilitate removal.[5]
However, hydraulic oils and the majority of oils that have degraded to any extent will also have a
soluble or emulsified component that will require further treatment to eliminate. Dissolving or
emulsifying oil using surfactants or solvents usually exacerbates the problem rather than solving it,
producing wastewater that is more difficult to treat.
The wastewaters from large-scale industries such as oil refineries, petrochemical plants, chemical
plants, and natural gas processing plants commonly contain gross amounts of oil and suspended solids.
Those industries use a device known as an API oil-water separator which is designed to separate the oil
and suspended solids from their wastewater effluents. The name is derived from the fact that such
separators are designed according to standards published by the American Petroleum
Institute (API).[4][6]
The API separator is a gravity separation device designed by using Stokes Law to define the rise velocity
of oil droplets based on their density and size. The design is based on the specific gravity difference
between the oil and the wastewater because that difference is much smaller than the specific gravity
difference between the suspended solids and water. The suspended solids settles to the bottom of the
separator as a sediment layer, the oil rises to top of the separator and the cleansed wastewater is the
middle layer between the oil layer and the solids.[4]
Typically, the oil layer is skimmed off and subsequently re-processed or disposed of, and the bottom
sediment layer is removed by a chain and flight scraper (or similar device) and a sludge pump. The
water layer is sent to further treatment consisting usually of a Electroflotation module for additional
removal of any residual oil and then to some type of biological treatment unit for removal of
undesirable dissolved chemical compounds.
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A typical parallel plate separator[7]
Parallel plate separators[7] are similar to API separators but they include tilted parallel plate assemblies
(also known as parallel packs). The parallel plates provide more surface for suspended oil droplets to
coalesce into larger globules. Such separators still depend upon the specific gravity between the
suspended oil and the water. However, the parallel plates enhance the degree of oil-water separation.
The result is that a parallel plate separator requires significantly less space than a conventional API
separator to achieve the same degree of separation.
Removal of biodegradable organics
Biodegradable organic material of plant or animal origin is usually possible to treat using extended
conventional wastewater treatment processes such as activated sludge or trickling filter.[3][4] Problems
can arise if the wastewater is excessively diluted with washing water or is highly concentrated such as
neat blood or milk. The presence of cleaning agents, disinfectants, pesticides, or antibiotics can have
detrimental impacts on treatment processes.
Activated sludge process
Main article: Activated sludge
A generalized, diagram of an activated sludge process.
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Activated sludge is a biochemical process for treating sewage and industrial wastewater that uses air
(or oxygen) and microorganisms to biologically oxidize organic pollutants, producing a waste sludge
(or floc) containing the oxidized material. In general, an activated sludge process includes:
An aeration tank where air (or oxygen) is injected and thoroughly mixed into the wastewater.
A settling tank (usually referred to as a "clarifier" or "settler") to allow the waste sludge to settle.
Part of the waste sludge is recycled to the aeration tank and the remaining waste sludge is
removed for further treatment and ultimate disposal.
As a general process for most of the Industrial waste water the following Technologies are used.
1. ASP : Activated Sludge process 2. SAFF system of Submerged aerobic fixed film system 3. MBBR :
Moving bed bio reactor ( Anox invented this now is considered generic technology) 4. MBR : Membrane
Bioreactor 5. DAF clarifiers 6. TBR : Turbo bioreactor Technology ( A patented technology of
Wockoliver) 7. Filtration technologies More information about above can be found on variouscommercial manufactures like WOIL
Trickling filter process
Main article: Trickling filter
Image 1: A schematic cross-section of the contact face of the bed media in a trickling filter
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A typical complete trickling filter system
A trickling filter consists of a bed of rocks, gravel, slag, peat moss, or plastic media over which
wastewater flows downward and contacts a layer (or film) of microbial slime covering the bed
media. Aerobic conditions are maintained by forced air flowing through the bed or by natural
convection of air. The process involves adsorption of organic compounds in the wastewater by the
microbial slime layer, diffusion of air into the slime layer to provide the oxygen required for the
biochemical oxidation of the organic compounds. The end products include carbon dioxide gas, water
and other products of the oxidation. As the slime layer thickens, it becomes difficult for the air to
penetrate the layer and an inner anaerobic layer is formed.
The components of a complete trickling filter system are: fundamental components:
A bed of filter medium upon which a layer of microbial slime is promoted and developed.
An enclosure or a container which houses the bed of filter medium.
A system for distributing the flow of wastewater over the filter medium.
A system for removing and disposing of any sludge from the treated effluent.
The treatment of sewage or other wastewater with trickling filters is among the oldest and most well
characterized treatment technologies.
A trickling filter is also often called a trickle filter , trickling biofilter , biofilter , biological
filter or biological trickling filter .
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Treatment of other organics
Synthetic organic materials including solvents, paints, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, coking products and
so forth can be very difficult to treat. Treatment methods are often specific to the material being
treated. Methods include Advanced Oxidation Processing, distillation,
adsorption, vitrification, incineration, chemical immobilisation or landfill disposal. Some materials such
as some detergents may be capable of biological degradation and in such cases, a modified form of
wastewater treatment can be used.
Treatment of acids and alkalis
Acids and alkalis can usually be neutralised under controlled conditions. Neutralisation frequently
produces a precipitate that will require treatment as a solid residue that may also be toxic. In some
cases, gasses may be evolved requiring treatment for the gas stream. Some other forms of treatment
are usually required following neutralisation.
Waste streams rich in hardness ions as from de-ionisation processes can readily lose the hardness ions
in a buildup of precipitated calcium and magnesium salts. This precipitation process can cause
severe furring of pipes and can, in extreme cases, cause the blockage of disposal pipes. A 1 metre
diameter industrial marine discharge pipe serving a major chemicals complex was blocked by such salts
in the 1970s. Treatment is by concentration of de-ionisation waste waters and disposal to landfill or by
careful pH management of the released wastewater.
Treatment of toxic materials
Toxic materials including many organic materials, metals (such as zinc, silver, cadmium, thallium, etc.)
acids, alkalis, non-metallic elements (such as arsenic or selenium) are generally resistant to biological
processes unless very dilute. Metals can often be precipitated out by changing the pH or by treatment
with other chemicals. Many, however, are resistant to treatment or mitigation and may require
concentration followed by landfilling or recycling. Dissolved organics can be incinerated within the
wastewater by Advanced Oxidation Process.
See also
Sustainable development portal
Aerated lagoon
ATP Test
Best management practice for water pollution (BMP)
Dark fermentation
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Electrocoagulation
List of waste water treatment technologies
Maceration (sewage)
Peak water
Rotating biological contactor
Sedimentation (water treatment)
References
1. ^ European Environment Agency. Copenhagen, Denmark. "Indicator: Biochemical oxygen
demand in rivers (2001)."
2. ^ Tannery Wastewater Treatment by the Oxygen Activated Sludge Process Mamoru Kashiwaya
and Kameo Yoshimoto Journal (Water Pollution Control Federation), Vol. 52, No. 5 (May,
1980), pp. 999-1007 (article consists of 9 pages) Published by: Water Environment Federation
3. ^ a b Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F.L., and Stensel, H.D. (2003). Wastewater Engineering
(Treatment Disposal Reuse) / Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Book
Company. ISBN 0-07-041878-0.
4. ^ a b c d Beychok, Milton R. (1967). Aqueous Wastes from Petroleum and Petrochemical
Plants (1st ed.). John Wiley & Sons. LCCN 67019834.
5. ^ Water and Wastewater News, May 2004 <http://wwn-online.com/articles/50898/>
6. ^ American Petroleum Institute (API) (February 1990). Management of Water Discharges:
Design and Operations of Oil-Water Separators (1st ed.). American Petroleum Institute.
7. ^ a b Beychok, Milton R. (December 1971). "Wastewater treatment". Hydrocarbon Processing:
109–112. ISSN 0818-8190.
External links
Water Environment Federation - Professional society
[1] for industrial wastewater treatment based on DAF system
[2] for industrial wastewater treatment based on Package treatment plant or on MBBR technology.
Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/industrial-wastewater-treatment#ixzz1il6uiJJi
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Highly efficient removal of grit particles at variable flow rates
Low energy costs
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Low headloss (less than 1/4 inch)
Low Maintenance
Durable and rugged construction
Standard Chambers handle flows up to 70 MGD
All stainless steel construction standard with carbon steel options
Design parameters for settling tank
Types of settlingOverflow rate
m3m2 /day
Solids loading
kg/m2 /dayDepth
Detentiontime
Average Peak Average Peak
Primary settling only 25-30 50-60 - -2.5-3.5
2.0-2.5
Primary settling followed bysecondary treatment
35-5060-120
- -2.5-3.5
Primary settling withactivated sludge return
25-35 50-60 - -3.5-4.5
-
Secondary settling for
trickling filters15-25 40-50 70-120 190
2.5-
3.51.5-2.0
Secondary settling for
activated sludge (excludingextended aeration) 15-35 40-50 70-140 210
3.5-
4.5 -
Secondary settling forextended aeration
8-15 25-35 25-120 1703.5-4.5
-