CAPITAL CITIES DEVELOPMENT

‘Traditionalist’ Capital City

1.History

2.Revolution – Evolution

3.Conflict between the ruler of the country and the ruler of the city

4.Monuments and Regimes

PARIS

Ancient1.Ile De La City as a City Center (Ground Zero)

2.Fishing Village

3.Strategic Location for River Shipping and Commerce

4.Roman Settlements

5.Radial road structure

6.Walled City

7.Capital for Holy Roman Empire

705

Medieval1.Expanding of Walled City (New City Wall) – construction of Louvre

2.Notre dame at Ile De La City: Centre for Government & Religion

3.Left Bank (South of Seine): Learning district

4.Right Bank (North of Seine): Commerce district

5.Organic – radial pattern

6.First Covered Market: Les Halles

1180

1223

MedievalBastille Construction – New City Wall

1.Prison

2.To control population

1383

BastilleOld

Louvre

Renaissance1.Capture by England (1420)

2.Recapture of The City: Impose old Regime recapture authority

3.NEW CONSTRUCTION FOR GRADIOSE BUILDING & Secular Monuments

4.Population expanding (triplet by the end of 16th century)

1422-

1589

1589-

1643

1630

Palace of Versailles (1682)The Absolute Monarchy – Louis XIV

1705

1740

HAUSSMANNISATION OF PARIS (1852-82)

1.Led by Baron Haussmann (Seine Perfect)

2.Appointed by Emperor Napoleon III

3.STRICT URBAN PLANNING on center of Paris: Street & Boulevard, Facades of Buildings, Public Parks, Sanitation, Monuments

4.Destroy some part of 12th century (old city) planning.

BEFORE HAUSSMANN’S PLAN

1.Narrow, Organic, Interweaving Street Pattern

2.Building invaded and cramped the streets and traffics

3.Mediocre Sanitation health’s issue

4.Cholera Epidemic (1832)

5.Perfect Rambuteau: Let Men and Air Circulate

URBAN POLITICS BACKGROUND

1.Authoritarian Regime

2.SOCIETY COULD BE TRANSFORMED

3.POVERTY SHOULD BE REDUCED

4.ECONOMIC VOLUNTARISM Government play important role on economics, forcing economic sectors (banks) to finance the project for the good of the city.

5.Managed by state, carried out by private entrepreneurs, financed by banks – with loan backed by state

Bois de Boulogne

Bois de Vicenne

STRICT REGULATION1.Expropriation "for purposes of public interest": the city could acquire buildings placed along the avenues to be constructed

2.Those who owned buildings were required to clean and refresh the facades every ten years.

3.The levelling of the streets of Paris, the buildings' alignments and connections to the sewer were regulated.

4.The 1859 regulations for urban planning in Paris increased the maximum height of buildings from 17.55 meters (57.5 ft) to 20 meters (65.6 ft) in streets wider than 20 meters. The roofs needed to still have a 45 degree incline.

5.Construction along the new avenues had to comply with a set of rules regarding outside appearance. Neighbouring buildings had to have their floors at the same height, and the façades' main lines had to be the same. The use of quarry stone was mandatory along these avenues. Paris started to acquire the features of an immense palace.

LEGACY

1.A Network series of large avenue as a backbone of the city2.North-South, East-West Axis + Opening3.Rings Boulevard Completed4.Shortcut between Districts5.Scale: Squares at the boulevard crossroads (Place de l’Etoille, Place de la Republique)6.New Transport Hubs: Railway Stations (Gare du Nord, Gare du Lyon)7.New town halls for each of districts8.New Monuments9.Sanitation (Sewer System and aqueduct) 10.New Green Spaces, Each District has tree square, trees on avenues & boulevard.

CRITICS

1.Wide Streets = weapons against resilience = representation of an authoritarian regime

2.Provoke a rise in rents forcing poor families to move out from Paris

3.Lack of wealth distribution contribute imbalance between wealthy district (west) and poor district (east)

THIRD REPUBLIC’S CONTRADICTORY:

1.Unpopular Regime = political instability and corruption

2.GOLDEN AGE in culture

3.Construction of Eiffel Tower and underground train system (Metro)

Post War (World War 1&2)Le Corbusier

1.Against Haussmann’s Plan

2.Abandoning unbroken street side facades

3.Tripartition (circulation, accomodation, labour)

Pompidou's Radicalism

1.Centre Pompidou (Renzo Piano & Richard Rogers)2.New Modern Complex : La Villette 3.Destroying Les Halles into New Transport Hub4.Construction of Tour Montparnasse

Tour Montparnasse

Architect: Eugène Beaudouin, Urbain Cassan and Louis Hoym de Marien

Mitterrand’s Grand Projects

Opera Bastille – Carlos Ott (1983)

FUTURE GRAND PROJECTSNicolas Sarkozy’s Plan for Grand Paris

1.Expanding The City

2.New Links for Transport and Economic between city centre and suburb

3.Richard Rogers: to design new city boundary

4.Critics from the opposition

5.Regain Popularity