Capacity development and strengthening for energy policy

formulation and implementation of sustainable projects in Indonesia

CASINDO

DELIVERABLE NO. 17:

Development of Education Programs at Indonesian Universities

Mara Wijnker (Technische Universiteit Eindhoven)

Bilateral energy cooperation between Indonesia and the Netherlands BECIN

AUGUST 2011

Preface This report on the development of education programmes at Indonesian universities is deliverable No. 17 of the project ‘Capacity development and strengthening for energy policy formulation and implementation of Sustainable energy projects in INDOnesia (CASINDO)’. The CASINDO project aims to establish a self-sustaining and self-developing structure at both the national and regional level to build and strengthen human capacity to enable the provinces of North Sumatra, Yogyakarta, Central Java, West Nusa Tenggara and Papua to formulate sound energy policies and to develop and implement sustainable energy projects. The CASINDO project is funded by NL Agency and implemented by a consortium co-ordinated jointly by the Indonesian Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources and the Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), comprising the following organisations:

• Indonesian Ministry of Energy and Mineral Recourses, Jakarta.

• Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta.

• Diponegoro University, Semarang.

• University of Sumatra Utara, Medan.

• University of Mataram, Mataram.

• University of Cenderawasih, Jayapura.

• Institute of Technology of Bandung (ITB), Bandung.

• Technical Education Development Centre (TEDC), Bandung.

• Technical University Eindhoven, Eindhoven.

• ETC-Nederland, Leusden.

• MVV-Decon, Bonn

• Energy research Centre of the Netherlands ECN, Petten. This report has been prepared with assistance of contact persons at UNCEN; Mrs. Endang Hartinsinh, UMY; Mr. Tony K.Hariadi, UNDIP; Mr. Joko Windarto, USU; Mr. Soeharwinto and UNRAM; Mrs. Rosmaliati and Mrs. Ria Overwater, Mr. Patrick van Schijndel and Mr. Lex Lemmens at TU/e. With special thanks to Prof. M. Ashari of ITS Surabaya The sole responsibility for the content of this report lies with the author. It does not represent the opinion of NL Agency and NL Agency is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained herein.

Abstract All five Indonesian partner universities managed to develop and implement an education program within the timeline of the CASINDO project. UMY, UNRAM and UNCEN have chose to develop a certificate program. UNDIP and USU have both developed a master program in sustainable energy. UNDIP has already discussed the proposal of their master program with the Ministry of Education and will have to make some improvements. USU will first start the program as a specialisation within the Mechanical Engineering department and in some time continues to make it an independent master program. At all universities both contact persons and lecturers have put a lot of effort in developing the programs. They’ve succeeded in this. Additionally, through CASINDO a network of lecturers between the universities has developed, which will ease future co-operation, after the CASINDO project will have finished.

Contents 1.Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 4

2.UMY ................................................................................................................................... 6

3.UNDIP................................................................................................................................ 7

4.UNRAM .............................................................................................................................. 8

5.UNCEN .............................................................................................................................. 9

6.USU ................................................................................................................................. 10

7.Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 11

ANNEX 1: Curricula masterprograms at UNDIP and USU ................................................. 12

ANNEX II: Reports on education and research missions ..................................................... 14

1.Introduction As part of the CASINDO project, each of the five Indonesian partner universities has been given the opportunity to develop an education program in co-operation with Eindhoven University of Technology. The objective of development of these education programs is to make people more knowledgeable in the topics of sustainable energy and energy efficiency and to contribute in this way to the development of a more sustainable society with people who are aware of the depletion of resources and pressure on the environment and are therefore able to take action in this. Each university made a decision to develop either a master program or certificate program, depending on their possibilities and regional needs. In a newly developed master program, the students can be higher government personnel, lecturers, entrepreneurs and students. In a newly developed certificate programs, students can be lower government personnel, students and entrepreneurs. Next to the “formal” education programs, the universities are also planning to provide short courses to interested groups. This document provides an overview on the development and final status of the education programs at the end of the CASINDO project at the five partner universities. In general the development of the education programs can be divided into two main activities consisting of many small steps:

1. The development and agreement on the implementation of a chosen (form of) education program. This is a process which the University Board, management of faculties and staff members has to agree on. The implementation is therefore a process of formal and informal discussions leading to a formal decision. In case of a new master program at a public university, the Ministry of Education also has to approve of the curriculum, being part of a more complicated procedure.

2. The development of course material for the main courses that are developed as part of this education program. This is curriculum development and is mainly a task of the involved staff members although the complete curriculum has to be coordinated and agreed upon by higher management.

The activities described under the first heading have been finalized at each of the universities. Formal decisions have been taken at all universities concerning the form of the programs and the institutionalization, implementation, marketing etc. Concerning the second main activity, it was decided that of each Indonesian university would have their lecturers trained in topics of interest. This training took place partly in Eindhoven and partly at the universities in Indonesia. Of each university six lecturers visited TU/e for two weeks taking a course in their topic of interest. At the end of these two weeks, each lecturer made a set-up of their course. Afterwards the lecturers continued developing their course in Indonesia. In the development of their course they were still supported on distance by TU/e lecturers by means of e-mail and regular meetings on the development of education and research, organised in Indonesia. Each meeting would be held on a different topic and at a different university. For each topic a TU/e lecturer would visit the appointed university and discuss status, progress and plans with each Indonesian lecturer. Each Indonesian lecturer would give a presentation to which all other, present lecturers could comment. Topics were chosen dependent on the needs expressed by the Indonesian partner universities. In total eight meetings were held, dealing chronologically with the following topics: solar energy, wind energy, energy management, biomass, solar energy, hydropower, energy in the built environment and energy efficiency. Two reports of education and research missions are included as examples.

Additionally, development of the education programs has always been an important point of discussion at the TWG VI meeting. Within the TWG VI meetings the topics, education programs and courses in general were dealt with though, as normally the lecturers would not participate. In the summer of 2011, Prof. Ashari of ITS Surabaya has executed an evaluation of all education programs. Objective of this evaluation was not to judge on whether the programs have met the targets set by CASINDO, but to assist the universities and formulate recommendations which they could use to optimize their programs in the near future. His findings are also used as basis of this report. An important finding of his evaluation is that if all estimated figures of the universities are counted up, then approximately 500 people will be taught in sustainable energy and energy efficiency each year, starting in September 2011. These people will be a mixture of master students, bachelor students, entrepreneurs, government officials etc.

2.UMY At the start of the CASINDO project, UMY decided on the development of a certificate program which would be supported by three faculties; Faculty of Economics, Faculty of Engineering and Faculty of Agriculture. The certificate withholds that bachelor students take three to five courses in sustainable energy. Reason for differentiating in the number of necessary courses to earn the certificate is that the students of the faculties of Economics and Agriculture will else be forced to take additional courses in engineering to be able to pass the included engineering courses. At the faculty of Engineering the following courses were implemented: solar energy, wind energy and renewable energy sources. Additionally though, Renewable Energy Sources has been adapted to fit programs of the other faculties as well. As there has been a lot of interest of students of social sciences and political science, the responsible lecturer Mr. Tony Hariadi, adapted the course to fit this program as well. This certificate program has been agreed on by the Deans of the three Faculties by means of a MoU. Next to this the curriculum of Mechanical Engineering has been adapted to include the three courses out of which only renewable energy resources is a mandatory course for all students. Of this faculty therefore, all students will have basic knowledge of renewable energy sources. Six staff members of UMY were trained at TU/e in topics which they aimed to develop into courses. This table provides an overview of trained lecturers and their chosen topics. The topic of Energy and Consumers will be included in one of the other courses. As explained in the previous progress report, Mr. M. Ikshan will not be able to teach a full course on this topic. All other topics will be covered in a course carrying the same name.

Name lecturer Topic

Muhammed Ikshan Energy and consumers

Lilies Setiartiti Energy economics

Nadjib Solar energy

Novi Caroko Wind energy

Sri Atmaja Putra Energy in the built environment

Tony K. Hariadi Renewable Energy Sources

Material of the courses of Mr. Tony Hariadi and Ms. Lilies has been integrated in already existing courses, ensuring that students were already being taught newly, gained knowledge in this field. These adapted courses have already been taught in 2010 and spring of 2011. The certificate program, including courses on all of the new topics will start in September 2011. PUSPER, the organisation at UMY involved in stimulation of education, research and knowledge valorisation as well as consultancy in the field of sustainable energy and energy efficiency, will organise short term training in these topics upon request.

3.UNDIP UNDIP decided on the development of a master program in energy planning, next to the certificate program which has already been installed at the departments of Mechanical Engineering and Chemical Engineering in 2010. The implementation of a master program at a public university is a long procedure in which first the university has to decide on the exact planning and contents, after which the Ministry of Education has to be approached with an elaborate proposal. A master program usually consists of more interrelated mandatory and elective courses. In the energy field a multi-disciplinary approach is often applied meaning that several faculties have to agree on topics, workload, contents, relations between topics etc. At UNDIP this master program is a co-operation between the Faculty of Engineering and the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. Agreement between the faculties of UNDIP has been realised. A proposal for the Ministry of Education has been submitted and rejected. An improved proposal will be handed in December 2011. The curriculum of the master program is demonstrated in appendix I. The certificate program which already had been installed was supported by CASINDO through scholarships to eligible students with objective to promote the new certificate program and pave the way for the new master program. Students of Chemical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering could join the certificate program, consisting of a thesis research in the field of sustainable energy and four courses. This program will be continued. The following lecturers have been trained in Eindhoven as part of Casindo. Their courses will be part of the new master program.

Name lecturer Topic

Joko Windarto Renewable Energy Sources

Bambang Purwanggono Feasibility Studies

Tony Energy planning and policy

Muhammed Djaeni Biofuels

Sukamta Research methodology

Nazaruddin Sinaga Wind energy

4.UNRAM UNRAM has developed a certificate program which can be chosen in the final (fourth) year of the bachelor program of engineering. In the table below the lecturers who were trained in Eindhoven and the topics of their training are presented.

Name lecturer Topic

Rosmaliati Muchar Energy management

Wirahman Micro hydropower

Fery Citarsa Renewable Energy Sources

Arif Mulyanto Solar Energy

Basuki Prayitno Energy Economics

Yesung Biomass/biofuels

These lecturers will all be involved in teaching courses in the certificate program. This program will have started in September 2011. Courses which can be taken as part of the certificate are demonstrated here. 1. Introduction 2. Micro hydro 3. Biomass 4. Biogas 5. Solar energy 6. Wind energy The introduction is mandatory for each student and consists of feasibility studies, energy economics and renewable energy sources. Afterwards each student will choose two additional courses. Each course is covered by a team of lecturers of whom one is responsible for the overall contents. The topic of windenergy has been developed into a course by lecturers of UNRAM based on the knowledge of renewable energy sources as well as the education and research meeting on this topic. Next to this UNRAM offers a similar set of topics as short term training. Only difference will be the time expenditure. Short term training will be concentrated in 4 to 5 days. Comparatively, students will spend approximately six hours per week for three months to finalise the certificate program.

5.UNCEN UNCEN decided to start in October 2010 by teaching an integrated course consisting of four topics in which lecturers were trained at TU/e. This course consisted of the topics: “bio fuels, biomass, renewable energy sources and micro hydro technology”. Because of the rapid introduction of this course the batch of students of last year could immediately benefit of the effort done by their lecturers. Approximately 40 students finalised this course, which was provided on Saturdays for a complete semester. UNCEN has meanwhile used the past year to revise the curriculum. Now there are several possibilities for students to take courses in sustainable energy. Next to this, UNCEN also wishes to provide short term training. At Electrical Engineering an elective course will be taught in Semester 7 of the bachelor degree. This course is a combination of hydropower, solar power, biomass and wind power. In mechanical engineering students can take a Diploma (three years of undergraduate education) program as well as a bachelor degree. Within the program of the Diploma degree, a mandatory course consisting of roughly the same topics (but from a different perspective) has been included. In the bachelor degree; a similar, but elective course has been included. In civil engineering; the course will be provided as part of a survey and in chemical engineering the material is integrated into an existing course. PUSSDAE is a consultancy part of the university that will manage questions from public and possible short term training. The following lecturers were trained at TU Eindhoven.

Name lecturer Topic

Agustinus Fatem Energy management

Apolo Safanpo Microhydro technology

Duha Awalludin Renewable Energy Sources

Endang Hartingsinh Biofuels

Jonatan Numberi Biomass

Ekawati Ohee Solar Energy

Due to the PhD programs of Mr. Fatem and Mrs. Ohee in different cities, separating them from the team of lecturers, they are not yet able to contribute to the courses. Solar energy has been taken up by another lecturer. Course material in wind power has additionally been developed, based on the material presented during the education and research missions by TU/e and Indonesian partner universities.

6.USU At USU the decision was made to develop a new master program. Recently, it has been decided to place this new master program under the department of Mechanical Engineering, as it would have been difficult to develop a full, new program before September 2011 as the rules are quite extensive as explained for the situation at UNDIP. So, at first this will be a specialisation, amongst three other specialisations at the department of Mechanical Engineering. The Faculty of Engineering, as an actor involved in the CASINDO project on behalf of USU, has recently been added to the contract through a Memorandum of Understanding, which is necessary for the Faculty to be formally responsible for the implementation of the project. Ever since the Faculty of Engineering has been involved, the lecturers have been interested and enthusiastic. For this reason, USU has been making large steps in the development of the education program as well. The master program will consist of twelve mandatory courses and eight electives. The specialisation will be a combination of basic engineering courses (thermodynamics, heat transfer), energy management courses (quality management, economics) and specialised engineering courses (biomass & biogas, solar energy). This combination of courses is already a thorough specialisation. Technically therefore, it should be possible to change the specialisation into an independent master program. During the training in Eindhoven last year, five lecturers of USU were trained. For various reasons, explained in the second progress report of Casindo, three out of five lecturers are not developing and implementing their course material. Because of the problems in the number of staff members remaining involved in Casindo, an agreement had been made to set up a short, similar training program for four additional staff members of USU. These staff members, selected by the coordinator have been trained for two weeks in May 2011 at TU/e on the following topics: data acquisition systems, energy efficiency, tidal and wave energy and energy management. The start of the specialisation is planned for September 2011. The following lecturers have been trained at TU/e and are still involved in the development of the master program at USU. These lecturers will sometimes contribute through a mandatory and sometimes, elective course. Most courses are given by a team of lecturers.

Name lecturer Topic

Yeni Absah Energy economics

Irvan Physical Transport Phenomena

Nurzainah Ginteng Biofuels

Syahrul Haidi Solar Energy

Soeharwinto Data Acquisition Systems

Perwira Mulia Tidal and wave energy

Himsar Ambarita Energy Audit/Energy efficiency

Natsir Amin Energy management

7.Conclusions All universities have developed and implemented an education program. Some of the recently developed courses have even been taught during last year. The programs will fully start in September 2011. Next to the project leaders, especially lecturers of the universities have put a lot of additional effort in the development of these courses and the discussions on the curricula. As curriculum and research development was at the beginning of CASINDO considered to be part of the normal work of lecturers, no additional budget had been reserved for all work that have been invested in this. This did not hamper the development of the curriculum though. Some examples of lecturers can be mentioned who had to withdraw being part of the new curriculum for personal reasons, but fortunately most of the lecturers continued with much enthusiasm. An additional positive conclusion is that lecturers of the different universities working on the same topics have also been in contact with each other, because of their training in Eindhoven, but also because of the frequent contact, for example by means of the education and research missions. When the CASINDO project will have finalized, a network between the lecturers will remain.

ANNEX 1: Curricula masterprograms at UNDIP and USU Master program UNDIP Study load is 42 credits, comprising 18 compulsory credits, 17 elective credits, 6 credits for thesis and 1 credit for attending a seminar. Duration of the master program is four semesters. The six specialisations below were included in the first proposal, but it is considered to focus only on two specialisations, related to the department of Chemical and Mechanical Engineering. 1. Energy Planning 2. Solar Energy 3. Hydro and Wind Energy 4. Geothermal Energy 5. Bio Energy 6. Nuclear Energy The semesters are divided accordingly. Semester 1 Methodology Research 3 credits Sustainable Energy 3 credits Economic and Feasibility Study of Energy 3 credits Energy resources and Conversion Energy 3 credits Semester 2 Project Engineering 3 credits Electrical Power Eng and System Integration 3 credits Elective course 1-3 credits Elective course 2-3 credits Semester 3 Elective course 3-2 credits Elective course 4-3 credits Elective course 5-3 credits Elective course 6-3 credits Semester 4 Thesis 6 credits Seminar 1 credit

Curricula Structure Master program USU (final draft) Compulsory Subjects (Code) (Subject) (Credits) SEMESTER 1 TM 500 Technical Writing 0 TM 501 Manajemen Mutu (Quality Mangement) 2 TM 502 Metoda Numerik Terpakai (Applied Numerical Methods) 3 TM 503 Statistik Teknik (Engineering Statistics) 2 TM 505 Manajemen Penelitian (Research Management) 2 SET 501 Ekonomi dan Manajemen Energi (Energy Management & Economics) 2 SEMESTER 2 SET 502 Teknologi Sistem Pembangkit (Power System Technology) 2 SET 503 Perpindahan Panas Lanjut (Advanced Heat Transfer) 2 SET 504 Termodinamika Terapan (Applied Thermodynamics) 2 SET 505 Teknik Tenaga Air (Hydro Power Technology) 2 SET 506 Audit Energi (Energy Audit) 2 SEMESTER 3 SET 601 Energi Surya (Solar Energy) 2 SET 602 Energy Biomas dan Biogas 2 SET 6xx Matakuliah Pilihan 1 (Elective Subject 1) 2 SET 6xx Matakuliah Pilihan 2 (Elective Subject 2) 2 SET 6xx Matakuliah Pilihan 3 (Elective Subject 3) 2 SEMESTER 4 TM 620 Studium General (Guest Lecture) 1 SPs 601 Koloqium (Colloquium) 1 SPs 690 Seminar (Seminar) 1 SPs 699 Tesis/Proyek (Thesis/Project) 6 Total 40 SKS

Elective Subjects (Code) (Subject) (Credits) SET 610 Energi Ombak dan Pasang-surut (Wave and Tidal Energy) 2 SET 611 Teknologi Pengeringan (Drying Technology) 2 SET 612 Energi Angin (Wind Energy) 2 SET 613 Bioteknologi Lingkungan 2 SET 614 Manajemen Sumber Limbah (Waste Resource Management) 2 SET 615 Fuel Cell System 2 SET 616 Energy Efficiency 2 SET 617 Sistem Akuisisi Data (Data Acquisition System) 2

ANNEX II: Reports on education and research missions

CASINDO WP4: First Education and research mission Topic: Solar Energy Venue: Universitas Sumatera Utara: Fakultas Teknik

Date: 4th and 5

th of March 2010

Lecturers: Prof.Dr.Ir.M.C.M. van de Sanden & Dr.Ir.A.M.C.Lemmens Project leader: Mara Wijnker

1. Introduction 16 1.1 Background of mission 16

1.2 Objectives of mission 16

2. Presentation as introduction by Prof. Richard van de Sanden 17 2.1 Questions and answers based on presentation: 17

3. Presentations and discussions of lecturers of the five partner universities 17 3.1 UNCEN 17

3.2 UNRAM 18

3.3 UMY 18

3.4 UNDIP 18

3.5 USU 18

4. Demonstration project and research plan 19 5. Results related to objectives 19 6. Conclusions and recommendations 19 7. Annex 20 A. Programme of mission 20

B. List of participants 21

1. Introduction

As part of Work package 4 of the Casindo project, education and research missions are executed aiming to provide the specialists of the five Indonesian partner universities with material, discussions and advice on their topic of interest. In March 2010 the first two missions were organised by UMY in Yogyakarta and USU in Medan. At each of the locations the specialists of the five partner universities gathered for two days. Topics of these missions were wind energy in Yogyakarta and solar energy in Medan. Of the mission to Yogyakarta on wind energy a separate report has been made by wind energy specialist Gerrit Jacobs of ETC Energy. This report therefore only discusses the mission on solar energy in Medan. Program of these two days is included in the annex and demonstrates the set-up of this mission. Each of the specialists of the Indonesian universities was invited to present their ideas on the development of their subject and/or research to be able to start the discussion on content and direction.

1.1 Background of mission In the Casindo projects the five universities will develop education and research on sustainable energy to prepare students for future jobs related to SE and to, as a university, give backstopping for industry that want to make use or produce sustainable energy technologies. This mission is to discuss the possibilities and opportunities for research and education in solar cell technology.

1.2 Objectives of mission

• To assist the Indonesian universities in developing their knowledge on solar energy and advice them on which direction to head and which topics to include.

• To develop a draft outline of the subject on solar energy together with the Indonesian lecturers

• To make a draft research plan together with the Indonesian lecturers; including short analysis on kind of solar research, necessary material, necessary measurements, local circumstances and implications for research etc.

2. Presentation as introduction by Prof. Richard van de Sanden

A presentation was given. Major topics: Energy as one of the top 10 problems of humanity, Potential for solar energy, History, Different generations of PV, basic principles of these solar cell, research at TU/e: what and why.

2.1 Questions and answers based on presentation: a) What is the target price for solar? Price in Indonesia is 7 dollar per Wp. This is

quite high. It should be possible to have it at 2-3 dollar per Wp. In Italy solar cell can compete with traditional electricity so it should be possible also in Indonesia. Mind that PV was developed because of off grid possibilities in countries like Indonesia. It can’t be that the improved PV cannot be cost effective in Indonesia if they are cost effective in Southern Europe.

b) Why are solar cells in China cheaper? China is major producer what gives major scale advantages. In future China and Malaysia will be the major producers. By the way the silicon in China has better quality then the European material.

c) How thick should silicon layers be? The thickness for c-Si solar cell can be as thin as 1.5 micrometer if good light trapping is used. Note that the thickness which is used at the moment in c-Si technology (150-200 um) is only because of mechanical reason (breakage). Encapsulating the solar cells in modules is another very important issue since it determines the lifetime and with that the cost of the electricity generated with the solar cell module

d) What guarantee should one expect on PV? The lifetime of c-Si PV cells is easily 20-25 years depending on the manufacturer of the modules but contacting and encapsulates are more vulnerable. Also related equipment has a lower lifetime such as inverters. Thin film modules still need to prove the long lifetimes of c-Si technology. But using PV for on-grid connection gives new problems for electrical engineers. This is being solved by designing smart grids.

e) Is the lifetime dependent on weather? The 20-25 years is based on endurance test looking at heat and moisture. Although the maximum temperature would be something like 50 degree Celsius.

f) What is the price of grid electricity compared to P.V.? The price of grid electricity in the Netherlands is about 0, 25 eurocent versus 0.50-1.00 eurocent from PV.

3. Presentations and discussions of lecturers of the five partner

universities

3.1 UNCEN Presentation by Mr Yosef Lefaan What is meant by “Potential mapping”? This is mapping of where PV can play a role. based on an analysis of population density, solar availability, possible inclination etc. How do the students’ projects on PV look like? Typical projects include calculation of PV need for the required electricity, storage, inverters etc. Comment on the presentation: the panels positioning is too flat. This is

dependent on where you are and whether the sunlight is direct or dispersed. On the equator flat could be ok. Optimum inclination of the panels could be a nice topic of research. Another report of a student is discussed with respect to the capacity installed and the energy needed. It is clear that over dimension is needed to store energy in the battery to have energy that can be used in the night. How to decide between one panel of 100 Wp and 2 panels of 50Wp? If the two can work on one converter there is no difference. So then the price should be decisive. But you could also say that the system with two panels is less vulnerable since if one breaks you still have the other one.

3.2 UNRAM Presentation by Mr. Arif Mulyanto Question why is it expected that there is less time needed for drying tobacco when using solar drying with a storage system? A discussion follows but no clear conclusion is drawn. Some explanation is asked on student’s project on hybrid solar dryer with traditional fuel material like rice husks etc. Air is heated and blown through pipes in the drying chamber. At the same time air is also heated by burning these traditional fuels.

3.3 UMY Presentation is given by Mr. Nadjib Question on what UMY is going to do in the ‘house with renewable energy’ resources? It will include digestion, wind and solar. Why paraffin is researched as a medium in solar water heating? In first instance there is a need for storage. The advantage of paraffin over water is that you need less paraffin as water in the storage container. So the container on the top of the roof can be smaller and lighter. With the roof structures of the houses this is needed. Another advantage is that paraffin is less corrosive compared to water.

3.4 UNDIP The presentation is given by Mr. Joko What is preferred; mono crystalline or poly crystalline cells? Efficiency of first is higher so less square meters are needed. The second one however could be cheaper. What is the guarantee for the equipment that is intended for the research? Guaranteed lifetime of the PV module is ten years and for the batteries three years. The shelter with a PV-system is presented as a hybrid system, why? In fact is not really a hybrid system since the grid is used as backstopping.

3.5 USU Presentation is given by Mr. Ahri research on application of solar energy is there and further research is planned in the CASINDO programme. Mr Soeharwinto adds that fundamental research at USU is not yet well developed but that some applied research is already in place and plans for further applied research have been made, including pilot projects. As soon as funds will be found these will be implemented. Lex explains what can be considered as research and what would

be called a pilot project. In this phase of the cooperation between Indonesia and the Netherlands there are no pilot projects foreseen. Only equipment is provided that serves a combined goal of demonstration, practicals for students and equipment for research. Richard indicates that when the plans of USU to start activities in thin film technology materialize it would be good to have a staff member of USU visiting TU/e for a couple of months to see and practice with the equipment as to make it easier to start. This of course also holds for other universities and other topics. A discussion starts on the possibility of such visits. In the present programme there is little room for extra visits but based on good proposals TU/e can always try to find funds for such extra activities.

4. Demonstration project and research plan

During the mission it became clear that there are still more questions on education so it was decided to present the educational program at TU/e (by Lex Lemmens) and the structure and global content of the solar energy course as an example for the major courses in the programme (Richard van de Sanden). A lively discussion follows on different topics: choice between courses and theme’s (why not thermal solar or CSP), structure of the program, role of the master thesis project. Examples of the universities own choices and programmes are brought into the discussion. The presentation on the solar cells course leads to a further animated discussion on solar cells, their possibilities and the challenges.

5. Results related to objectives

The staff members of the five universities agree that the two days meeting has considerably assisted them on developing their knowledge on solar energy and to formulate more detailed plans on the education and research in solar cells. Based on this the plans already formulated will be further worked out in curricula and research plans. It is now clear what equipment has to be ordered and what research could be done. USU will now soon make a choice on which way to go ahead. An MSc programme as part of a department or a course offered by the post-academic education group. With respect to the key performance indicators as defined in the inception report USU has some worries and reservations. They seem to be put too high. Lex agrees that they are a challenge to meet but points out that the USU staff has itself formulated these goals as realistic. He indicates that we will have to try to reach them but meanwhile it is clear that because of changes in the USU-team there is some backlog which has to be taken into consideration.

6. Conclusions and recommendations

Richard concludes that he, in the last two days, has met with people that are enthusiastic for solar energy. He stresses that much emphasis on solar is a good choice for Indonesia. Indonesia has more than good potential for solar energy. This is also clear from the fact that when companies in the Netherlands started with PV activities they marketed on solar modules for Indonesia. He has the impression that his presentation was a bit too much oriented on the next generation PV where Indonesian university staff is more looking at the system level. For the staff members that come to the Netherlands we will involve people that have more experience and knowledge. He again stresses that TU/e will always look into the possibilities of having Indonesian staff for a few months in the Netherlands to interact in research. If

serious plans are there and requests will come, TU/e will try to secure funds to make such training available. With respect to the research plans presented and discussed he indicates that he has seen some very interesting projects from Indonesian side and he wants to stimulate them to go forward on the track chosen.

7. Annex

A. Programme of mission Thursday 4th of March Schedule Topic Involved

9h00-10h30 Overall Casindo activities WP 4 Medan

Mr. Soeharwinto (USU), Mr. Fahmi Alhamy (USU) and Mr. Lex Lemmens (TU/e)

10h30-10h45 Coffee break

10h45-11h45 Solar Energy; Research at TU/e and relations to industry

Prof. Richard van de Sanden (TU/e)

11h45-12h00 Questions

12h00-12h30 Solar energy at UNCEN Mr. Yosef Lefaan Mr. Ahri

12h30-13h00 Discussion on solar energy in Medan

All

13h00-14h00 Lunch

14h00-14h30 Solar energy at UNRAM (Mataram, Lombok)

Mr. Arif

14h30-15h00 Discussion on solar energy at Papua

All

15h00-15h30 Solar energy at UMY (Yogyakarta)

Mr. Nadjib

15h30-15h45 Coffee Break

15h45-16h15 Discussion on solar energy in Mataram

All

16h15-16h45 Solar energy at UNDIP (Semarang)

Mr. Joko

16h45-17h15 Discussion on solar energy in Yogyakarta

All

17h15-17h30 Concluding remarks on this day

Mr. Soeharwinto (USU) and/or Mr. Lex Lemmens (TU/e)

8. Friday 5

th March

Schedule Topic Involved

9h00-9h15 Opening of the day

9h15-9h45 Solar energy at USU (Medan) Mr. Ahri

9h45-10h15 Discussion on solar energy in Semarang

All

10h15-1030 Coffee break

10h30-11h00 Presentation on Sustainable Energy Technology (SET) master program at TU/e

Dr. Lex Lemmens and Prof. Richard van de Sanden

11h00-11h30 Suggestions on research and education activities at Indonesian universities

Dr. Lex Lemmens and Prof. Richard van de Sanden

11h30-12h00 Discussions on solar energy at Indonesian universities

All

12h00-14h00 Lunch and prayers

14h00-20h00 Indonesian lunch, tour through the old part of Medan and dinner

B. List of participants

4th March M. Nadijb nadijbar@yahoo.com UMY (Mech. Eng.) Endang H. endanghart@yahoo.com UNCEN Yosef Lefaan yosef.lefaan@yahoo.com UNCEN Joko W. jokowino@yahoo.com UNDIP T. Ahri Bahriun t.ahri@usu.ac.id USU Arif Mulyanto gaulkky@yahoo.co.id UNRAM Syahrul Humaidi humaidi2009@gmail.com USU Oki Novanda novanda@gmail.com USU Yulianto Siregar julianto_srg@yahoo.co.id USU Soeharwinto soeharwinto@usu.ac.id USU 5th March M. Nadijb nadijbar@yahoo.com UMY (Mech. Eng.) Endang H. endanghart@yahoo.com UNCEN Yosef Lefaan yosef.lefaan@yahoo.com UNCEN Joko W. jokowino@yahoo.com UNDIP T. Ahri Bahriun t.ahri@usu.ac.id USU Arif Mulyanto gaulkky@yahoo.co.id UNRAM Oki Novanda novanda@gmail.com USU Soeharwinto soeharwinto@usu.ac.id USU Yeni Absah abash.usu@usu.ac.id USU Syahrawardi kerabat165@gmail.com USU (Electr. Eng.)

CASINDO WP4: Education and research mission Topic: Biofuels and energy management Venue: Universitas Diponegoro Semarang & Universitas

Mataram Lombok

Date: 5 – 9 July 2010 Lecturers: Ir. A. Hoogendoorn & Dr.Ir. G. Verbong Project leader: Mara Wijnker

1. Introduction 3

a. Background of mission b. Objectives of mission

2. Presentation as introduction by ir. A. Hoogendoorn 5

3. Presentation as introduction by dr.ir. G.Verbong 6

4. Presentation and discussion of lecturers of the four partner universities

a. UNCEN 8 b. UNRAM 8 c. UNY 8 d. UNDIP 8

5. Site visit to biodiesel and jatropha plant in Purwodadi (Semarang) and biogas

in desa Side Karya 9

6. Results related to objectives 12

7. Conclusions and recommendations 12

8. Annex 13 a. Program of mission b. Listst of participants

9. Introduction

As part of Work package 4 of the Casindo project, education and research missions are executed aiming to provide the specialists of the five Indonesian partner universities with material, discussions and advice on their topic of interest. In July 2010 two missions were organised by UNDIP in Semarang and UNRAM in Lombok. At each of the locations the specialists of the four partner universities gathered for two days (Medan could not come due to fully booked air planes). Topics of these missions were biofuels and energy management at both UNDIP and UNRAM. During the second day in Semarang visits were made to a farmers collective jatropha biodiesel plant close to Purwodadi and also a short visit to the Waterland Jatropha biodiesel plant and Jatropha intercropping project in cooperation with the Ministry of Forests. During the first of the visit in Lombok also 2 small scale biogas digesters were visited. Some projects may be considered succesfull while others are not, as will be explained later.

Program of these two days is included in the annex and demonstrates the set-up of this mission. Each of the specialists of the Indonesian universities was invited to present their ideas on the development of their subject and/or research to be able to start the discussion on content and direction. Around 32 lecturers and students attended the meetings and site trip at UNDIP Semarang while the UNRAM meetings were attended by 12 lecturers. Quite some enthousiasm and effort was observed by the two Dutch lecturers. The interaction between all participants was good (with slightly more discussions at UNRAM).

1.1 Background of mission In the Casindo projects the five universities will develop education and research on sustainable energy to prepare students for future jobs related to SE and to, as a university, give backstopping for industry that want to make use or produce sustainable energy technologies. This mission is to discuss the possibilities and opportunities for research and education in the areas of biofuels and energy management.

1.2 Objectives of mission

• To assist the Indonesian universities in developing their knowledge on biofuels and energy management and advice them on which direction to head and which topics to include.

• To develop a draft outline of the subject on biofuels and energy management together with the Indonesian lecturers

• To make and discuss the ideas for master programmes at both universities visited and to discuss some of the biofuels draft research plans including short analysis of experimental set ups, materials needed etc.

• To discuss current local SE energy developments and projects with regard to technical aspects, successful implementation, business models, social aspects etc.

10. Presentation as introduction by Ir. A. Hoogendoorn

A presentation was given in both Semarang and Mataram. Major topics: Biogas full scale projects and biogas laboratory R&D, Gasification, Application and purification of animal for small scale electricity production.

g) 2.1 Main questions based on presentation and various discussions:

a. CO2 trading schedules, how does it work? b. Help with practical design of biogas + engine test set up (UNRAM) c. Lots of questions on practical design of digesters (mixing, getting

digestate out) d. Using others substrates to increase gas output e. Using waste from food industry for biogas f. C/N ratios of substrates into the digester g. how to use 2 different fuels in 1 engine h. practical design of a new Demo biogas digester in Side Karya for 50

cows i. request by M. Kismurtono of LIPI for possible support of new

bioenergy projects by PT Aciditama Solo (biggest chemical company of Solo) where already biogas and ethanol from molasses is being produced

j. discussion on the use of enzymes and bacteria from or inside termites for quicker biogas production (current desktop R&D by TU/e and Ingenia)

k. see also above; the addition of 5-10% waste cooking oil from a krupuk factory to f.i. double the biogas output.

Photograph the presentation of ir. Hoogendoorn at UNRAM (photo by Geert Verbong)

11. Presentations as introduction by Dr. Ir. G. Verbong

Two presentations have been given, one on biofuels in Semarang and one on energy management in Mataram. a) Semarang In the presentation at UNDIP, the topic of the lecture has been adapted to fit the program of the day. The focus has been on the introduction of biofuels in Europe and in particular in Sweden and the Netherlands (Ulmanen, Verbong and Raven, Renewable and sustainable energy review, 2009). Sweden has been particularly successful in developing and introducing biofuels. The Swedish government has adopted a more pro-active approach towards biofuels, compared to the reactive and reluctant position of the Dutch government towards biofuels. Moreover, Swedish policy not only supported R&D and pilot projects, but also actively developed the market for biofuels by encouraging the production of Flexible Fuel Vehicles and bi-fuel vehicles, giving privileges to the users of clean cars etc. Dutch policy has focused mainly on supporting R&D and blending biofuels into regular diesel and gasoline. However, all efforts to develop biofuels have been only possible because of tax exemptions and other forms of (political, financial) protection. The second part of the lecture has elaborated this notion of protection. A brief introduction on political sciences and governance has been given and used to analyse both Swedish and Dutch policy. Also, the food versus fuel issue has been discussed and the efforts to settle this issue by introducing certification schemes. Several questions have been answered and topics have been discussed, in particular on the differences between the European and the Indonesian situation and also on what such an analysis means for Indonesian practicioners to organise support for local biofuels projects. On the second day a brief visit to the vice rector of UNDIP has taken place. In the context of ASEAN, UNDIP is organizing a meeting on innovations in the field of renewable energy. Also, Pak Joko has submitted a proposal (together with TU/e) for a three month stay at Eindhoven or developing a course on innovation and innovation management at UNDIP as part of the master program on Energy. Details of the program have been discussed and dr.ir. G. Verbong has agreed to act as an advisor in this field.

b) Mataram At UNRAM, the topic has been Energy Management. The lecturer has in presented three different approaches to Energy Management. The first one was on Energy Management within companies or institutions. A general approach to Energy Management in practice, based on a method developed by EPA (USA) has been presented. This is perfectly comparable to the method presented by the representative of UNDIP. However, this method still has to be tested in practice. Therefore, several practical lessons and experiences with Energy Management in companies in the Netherlands have been put forward and discussed. The second approach was about new business models in relation to social entrepreneurship. This specific topic has been selected because developing new markets for renewable energy is also about increasing social wealth. A conceptual model of business models has been presented and several key factors have been discussed, in particular the role of the consumer, human resources, financial support, fit with the internal and external environment and legitimation. The role of thess key factors was amply demonstrated by several other presentations and the visit ot he biodiesel plat near Purwodadi (where human resources are one of the main problems). In other community oriented projects (Yogyakarta) one of the main aims has been the creation of new markets, creating local development and empowering women. In the third part of the lecture, the focus was on the question why it is so difficult to develop and create markets for new technologies lik renewable energy technologies.

For this purpose, the theory of Strategic Niche Management has been briefly introduced and the main concepts have been explained by giving examples. In this case the projects carried out (and presented the meeting) by Rosmaliati Muchar of UNRAM are particularly interesting. The projects of UNRAM focus on community development by providing energy (PV, biogas) to small local communities. The approach has been carefully designed in order to avoid the mistakes many development projects have suffered from (and still do). The monitoring and analyse of these projects can provide valuable lessons for other projects on Lombok. The theory of Strategic Niche Management offers a useful framework to carry out such an analysis. This also offers very good opportunities for closer co-operation with on going research by lecturers from the school of Innovation Sciences at TU/e (dr.ir. Raven, dr. H. Romijn and dr.ir. G. Verbong). This will be further explored in the next few months. The expectation is that dr. Muchar (or one of her colleagues will submit a paper for a worskhop on sustainability experiments in Asia that will be organised by TU/e, IHDP and APN next January. Another participant (Lilies Setiartiti) has already submitted a paper proposal for this workshop.

Photograph the presentation of dr.ir. Verbong at UNRAM (photo cortesy by Geert Verbong)

12. Presentations and discussions of lecturers and site visitsof

the five partner universities

3.1 UNCEN Presentation by Ms Libertina Ambari ST in Semarang on the application Sagu residues. The Sagu tree is of the order of Metroxylon Sp.. A lot of discussion took place on the actual process steps which are necessary to obtain the Sagu starch. Presentation by Petrus Bahtiar in Lombok on Public transportation and traffic jams in the city of Jayapura.

3.2 UNRAM Presentation by Mr. Yesung on pyrolysis of coconut flesh and biogas production by means of digestion and Fery Citarsa. The coconut pyrolyis oil had a very high LHV around 38 MJ/kg which suggests that is mainly the coconut oil inside the flesh which pyrolysed. The reason for the addition of methanol to the pyrolysis oil is not completely understood.

3.3 UMY Presentation is given by Indira Prabasari on PUSPER and small scale digestion of cow manure. The biogas is used for cooking and can be used in up to 10 houses. The investment cost for such a digestor can be 6 million rupiah (15 million for a bigger type of digester). Also some work was presented on the application and search for alternative (lignocellulosic) enzymes for the production of ethanol from waste biomass. A project proposal will be made in cooperation with FACT foundation. Enzymes from cassave fermentation were used and also some grinded termites (!). Presentation is given by Ms. Lilies on biogas in a village near Yogyakarta.

3.4 UNDIP Presentation is given by Mohamed Djaeni on Algae and other R&D at UNDIP The presentation is given by Mr. Joko on the energy planning in Middle Java (Java Tengah), biofuels (especially jatropha) and the draft master education programme.

Figure showing main electricity lines and (renewable) power stations in Central Java taken from presentation by Pak Joko.

Dieng

Garung

Temanggung

Secang

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Magelang

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Ke Krian

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Ke Kediri

Ke Tasikmalaya

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LAUT JAWA

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CENTRAL JAVAU

Copyright bpe kitring jateng

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13. Site visit to biodiesel and jatropha in Purwodadi

(Semarang) and biogas in desa Side Karya (Lombok)

5.1 Visit to farmers collective biodiesel plant KSU " DME Dian Groboban"

DME means “Desa Mandiri Energi” which is a governmental program where villages should be able to be energy self-sufficient for at least 60% of all energy applications including transportation fuels. A visit was made to a small biodiesel plant which was funded by the Indonesian government. Some current problems occurring at this project are:

• As the current cost of the biodiesel produced amounts to 25000 Rupiah/liter,

• a bigger scale biodiesel plant is installed but not functioning

• a (sound?) decision was made to switch from Jatropha to Nyamplung seeds

• no Nyamplung biodiesel is sold on the free market but is used in 750 kVA diesel gensets on site

• Nyamplung oil is black and contains more free fatty acids (FFA)

In total 11 billion Rupiah was invested (1 million Euro) in especially the big unused biodiesel plant and the project still needs operational support by the Indonesian government. The latin name for Nyamplung is "Callophyllum inophyllum" where 1 kg of Nyamplung fruit contains 250 gram of seeds. The seeds contain 60% of oil. The switch from Jatropha to Nyamplung was not really explained but may have to do with the maintaining of the plants (Jatropha may need more maintenance?). The business case for a Middle Javanese worker to collect jatropha seeds on the fields of somebody else seems very bad: a worker can collect 20 kg of seeds/day and receives only 1200 Rupiah/kg and needs to give half of that to the land owner (a typical Javanese worker in the rural area needs 40.000 Rupiah /day to support his family).

Photographs of the visit to DME Dian Groboban (photos by Geert Verbong), photograph below shows the not operational bigger biodiesel plant (2 m3 tanks each)

5.2 Visit Waterland biodiesel plant and Jatropha intercropping project

A short visit was made to the Waterland jatropha biodiesel project. The short meeting was with mr. Willem Vonk CFO of PT Waterland. Mr. Vonk presented the Waterland project and everything almost seemed to good to be true (already giving a means of living to 40.000 people in the Purwodadi, giving jatropha oil stoves (designed by Siemens), giving cell phones to the poor farmers, already paying for the planting to the farmers) but it must be said the business model of intercropping and the joint venture with the state owned forest company does need a lot more attention in the light of the Casindo project (!). The authors including Pak Joko are especially interested in the Waterland business model as one very interesting aspect of the Waterland model is that the cost for the land must be really low or perhaps even zero. At the same time it is known that Waterland BV in the Netherlands is a very smart and "for profit oriented" privaty equity high risk high return investor. Pak Joko thinks that the company does have a very good management, especially when compared to the other collective biodiesel project visited.

Photograph of Waterland Jatropha intercropping with corn on barren lands (photo by Pak Joko)

Photograph of Waterland Purwodadi Jatropha biodiesel reaction tanks (photo by Pak Joko)

5.3 Visit to 2 small scale cow dung digesters in desa Side Karya During the first of the visit in Lombok also 2 small scale biogas digesters were visited. One digester for 10 houses was out of operation (too far away from the cows and perhaps also some opposition by house owners who were not connected to the biogas) while the other seemed to be working properly. The project is also a result of the Governmental " 1 million cows in West Nusa Tengara in 2013" program where 3-5 cows are given to every poor rural family in Lombok and Sumbawa. After the cows gives birth to a calf, the calf has to given to the Government. The market price for a 2 year old cow amounts to 7-8 million Rupiah while the market price for a calf is only 2,5 million Rupiah. The site of a possible new and bigger digester for cow manure from 50 cows was also visited. It was recommended to use concrete canals ("goot" in bahasa) to shove the cow dung automatically to the digester.

Photographs of operational biogas system for cooking in desa Side Karya (Lombok)

Photograph of potential site for new and bigger biogas project in desa Side Karya (Lombok)

14. Results related to objectives

The objectives as stated in paragraph 1, have been met. The staff members of the four universities agree that the two days meeting has considerably assisted them on developing their knowledge on in the fields of biofuels and energy management. The Indonesian universities now have a good idea of what the most interesting directions of research and teaching are in the field of biofuels and energy management. More specifically:

• Draft outlines for research have been developed and discussed by Indonesian lecturers, in particular in the field of biogas research (experimental set up, resources)

• Several (parts of) master programmes have been discussed and suggestions for improvement have been articulated

• Local experiments and projects have been extensively discussed with regard to technical aspects, successful implementation, business models, social and cultural aspects etc.

15. Conclusions and recommendations

The general conclusion is that the visit has been successful. The discussions at the meetings have demonstrated that there are still gaps in knowledge at the Indonesian universities in the field of biofuels. Therefore, the exchange and dissemination of knowledge in this field is very useful in order to set up and improve research and teaching. The field of energy management (and innovation) is not well developed yet, but (some of ) the universities involved recognise the importance of this field. One specific point is that the projects and rsearch are carried by members of engineering departments. With the exception of a few economists, there have been no innovation specialists or social scientists involved in the project. For the development of teaching and research in this field, this point should be taken into account. Several opportunities for further cooperation with the School of Innovation Sciences in the field of research have been identified and will be further explored in the Academic year 2010-2011.