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CAOCS Section to hold dietary fat workshop

Healthand processing issues indietary fats will be the topic ofa special workshop in conjunc-

tion with the Canadian AOeS(CAGeS) Section's 1994 AnnualMeeting to be held during early OC\O-ber in Winnipeg. Manitoba.

The Oct. 3-4 workshop is beingplanned as a forum in which nutri-tionists. plant breeders, processorsand regulatory authorities can discussthe role of dietary fat, especially satu-rated fats, polyunsaturares and transfatty acids, in human nutrition. Invit-ed speakers will discuss currentknowledge, problems and potentialsolutions in four sessions, Nutrition,Plant Breeding and Biotechnology,Processing. and Regulatory Aspectsin Canada.

The workshop was suggested dur-ing the late September meeting of theCanadian Expert Committee on PlantProducts (ECPP) in Edmonton andendorsed by the Canadian ExpertCommittee on Fats. Oils and OtherLipids (ECFOl). Several members ofECFOl will participate in organizingthe workshop. Bob Ackman presentedthe ECPP's suggestion for coordinat-ing the workshop at the CAOeS 1993Annual Meeting in Saskatchewan inSeptember, and the CAGCS membersendorsed the plan.

tion with strains of Agrobacteriumtumafaciens to carry foreign genes.the use of tissue exptanrs. rmcrospore-derived embryos and protoplasts.Progress has been rnade in using thosetechnologies to produce 8rassicanopus tolerant to herbicides; \0 modi-fy oil and protein content. fatty acidcomposition and amino acid composi-tion; and to enhance tolerance to dis-eases and insect pests.

Flaxseed lines with low levels oflinolenic acid (Ct8:3) are now avail-able for use in food applicationsrequiring stability. reported GordonRowland of the University ofSaskatchewan. Linseed oil usuallycontains 55% of C18:3 and is used inproducts such as paints and linoleum.levels as low as 2% of Ct8:3 havebeen stabilized and. in 1993. the firstof these varieties. Lincla 947. wasregistered in Canada. Rowland alsoreported on progress in developinghigh palmitate and high palmitoleicflaxseed oil as an alternative to cocoabuller.

Sunola, a miniature sunfloweradapted for production in the shortgrowing season of Western Canada.has been developed with a very high-oleic acid (CI8:!) content. accordingto Dave Hutcheson of Western Grow-er Seed Corporation in Saskatoon. Hedescribed the breeding process used tostabilize high levels of oleic acid(87%) and low saturated fatty acids(6%), and he provided evidence indi-cating that low temperatures duringthe growing season increase the activ-ity of enzymes. such as oleate desat-urase. that enhance the desaturation ofoleic to linoleic acid. Breeding forhigh-oleic acid requires selection forlow activity of oleate desaturase undercool conditions.

Mustard seed (B. JUI/cea) with lev-els of erucic acid and gtucosinotereslow enough to meet the canola stan-dard is being developed in Canada,according to Gerhard Rakow of Agri-culture Canada in Saskatoon. Brassi-co junceo, a source of the familiarcondiment mustard. historically hasbeen grown on the Canadian prairiesbecause it is tolerant of heat and dry

CAOCS 1993Canadian scientists in fats and oilsgathered at the 9th Annual Meeting ofthe CAGCS 111 Saskatoon,Saskatchewan, on September 26 and27 to hear the latest developments inplant breeding. physiology andbiotechnology, analytical methods andsensory evaluation. and processing.utilization and nutrition. A total of 63delegates attended; there were 25 lec-ture presentations and 6 poster papers.

Breeding, biotechnology andphysiologyThe keynote address for the session on"Breeding, Biotechnology and Physi-ology" was presented by sessionchairperson Wilf Keller. He summa-rized recent progress in usingmicrospore culture. in vitro co-cultiva-

conditions. Development of canol aquality B. carinate. which has charac-teristics similar to 8. juncea, is anoth-er area of active research. Brassicacannata with zero erucic acid levelshas been developed: current emphasisis on reducing glucosinolates andincreasing the oi I content.

Meadowfoam. or limnanthes. hasa highly active gene (22: I-Co:lPAT)that may be used to modify 8. 1I0pUS

to allow incorporation of erucic acidonto the sn-2 position. reported DavidTaylor of the Plant BiotechnologyInstitute in Saskatoon. He is workingto develop B. nopus with ultra-higherucic acid content. High-erucic acidoils are used as high-temperaturelubricants and are base stocks in plas-tic films, industrial coatings andnylon-all high-value markets. Tayloris working on biosynthesis of erucicacid in rapeseed to achieve levelsabove 66%.

The session concluded with a his-torical overview of oilseed harvestsurveys conducted at the GrainResearch laboratory in Winnipeg.presented by Doug DeClercq. Hereviewed analytical methods. qualitydata and production statistics forcanota. flaxseed, soybeans and sun-flower.

Analytical methods, sensoryevaluationCanadian suppliers of crop protectionproducts should conduct Good labo-ratory Practice (GlP) studies, saidRobert MacDonald of Hoechst Cana-da in the keynote address of the ses-sion on Analytical Methods and Sen-sory Evaluation.

GlP regulations were issued in1989 by the Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA); Agriculture Canadahas developed draft guidelines that aresimilar to the EPA regulations.Although compliance to GlP regula-tions is not required by the CanadianPest Control Act. MacDonald urgedpesticide producers to use the GlP asguidelines in their studies to "helpguarantee the integrity and quality ofsubmitted data and. thus, assure thesafety and quality of food."

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INSIDEAoes

How green was the rapeseed? JimDaun of the Canadian Grain Commis-sion in Winnipeg reviewed experi-ments conducted 10 identify causes forvariations in the assessment of greenseed in the grading of canal a andrapeseed. Sampling errors and differ-ences among individuals' perceptionof "distinctly green" were identifiedas contributors 10 variations. He sug-gested the use of more seeds in thesample batches and the use of refer-ence colors or color photographs formore consistent assessment.

High-performance liquid chro-matography (HPLC) detects an aver-age of 1.4 limes more chlorophyll incanota seed and oil than does spec-rrcphorometry, Kerry Ward of theUniversity of Manitoba presented apaper that examined discrepanciesbetween the two methods. She sug-gested that spectrophotometry mayunderestimate total chlorophyll pig-ments because the instrument is cali-brated using only the chlorophyll-apigment. She also proposed mat therebe a standardized method of measur-ing chlorophyll pigment by HPLC.Ward is one of three graduate studentswho won travel bursaries to attend themeeting.

The quality of fresh oil may notalways indicate the quality of me fry-ing oil. Linda Malcolmson of me Uni-versity of Manitoba reported on apotato-chip-frying study comparinghigh- and low-quality canola oils andcottonseed oil from initial oil qualitythrough storage stability of the chips.The chips were analyzed for sensoryand chemical quality throughout a 12-day storage period at 4O"C in the pres-ence of light. Malcolmson reportedthat chips fried in cottonseed oil had"a higher potato chip score, lower ran-cid odor scores and a slower forma-tion of volatile components than eitherof the canola oils:' No differenceswere found in the formation ofvolatiles or in the sensory quality ofchips fried in the two canola oils.

Used frying oil, on the other hand.can be used as a predictor of the stor-age stability of potato chips. RomanPrzybylski of the University of Mani-toba studied the storage stability ofpotato chips fried in canol a oil andcottonseed oil. Oils used in comrner-

cial chip frying were heated and keptat 19O"C for 8 hours and then used forfrying chips. Used oils were thenstored at 40°C in the presence andabsence of light. Among oils stored inthe absence of light, rancid odordeveloped more quickly for canola oilthan cottonseed: in the presence oflight. both canota oil and cottonseedoil were similarly stable. When forma-tion of volatile compounds wasassessed, cottonseed oil was more sta-ble. In another study that Przybylskireported. the potato chips were friedin canola and cottonseed oils, and theused oil and chips were stored for 63days at 40°C in the presence andabsence of tight. Formation of volatilecompounds in stored oils and in chipswere similar.

Ninety-two consumers sniffedcanol a oil samples that had beenstored under various conditions. in astudy reported by Donna Ryland ofthe University of Manitoba, who alsodeveloped prediction equations toyield an average proportion of accep-tance (APA). Ryland reported that "anAPA of 0.5 yielded 12.5 days forcanota (CI8:3 = 12.5%) and 34.3 daysfor low-linolenic canola (ClS:3 =2.5%) based on odor acceptability toconsumers.

Extracts from groats and hulls ofNobel oats act as antioxidants in oils.AOCS President Pamela White ofIowa State University presented herresearch in the field. The extract fromgroats was tested in soybean and cot-tonseed oils held at 300C and at 60°Cin darkness and at 300 C in the light.During storage. the peroxide values(PV) of oils with extract were lowerthan those of oils with no extract andslightly higher then for oils containingTBHQ. Bread cubes were fried in oilswith extract and stored at 6QOCfor 14days. The cubes maintained PV as lowas. or lower than. cubes fried in oilscontaining TBHQ and exhibited PVsconsiderably lower than oils withoutextract or oils containing OMS.

Cows produce C10 Fatty acidvinyllc acid. reported Bob Ackman ofthe Technical University of Nova Sco-tia. In his research. Ackman usedAgN03 thin-layer chromography.recovered fatty acids of butterfat andexamined the samples using gas-liq-

uid chromatography. He reported thatall previously reported componentswere found. except for trans 18:ln-3.C1O:1 with .1.9. 10 bonds was identi-fied. suggesting that the animal pro-duced the fatty acid.

The chairperson of the analyticalmethods and sensory evaluation ses-sion was Ian McGregor of AgricultureCanada in Saskatoon. Saskatchewan.

Processing and utilizationThe use of commodity fats and oils inthe food industry will decline, andmore specialty oils with modifiedfauy acid profiles will be demanded,said keynote speaker Ted Mag ofCanAmera Foods in Toronto. Magreviewed changes in the edible oilsindustry over the past decade, such asnutritional concerns about total fatcomposition and Fatty acid profiles,health aspects of saturated fatty acidsleading to the use of hydrogenatedvegetable oils. the subsequent con-cerns about/rans fatty acids leading tothe search for alternatives to hydro-genated oils for frying. shortening andmargarine formulations. Mag said thathigh-oleic oils are a suitable alterna-tive for frying applications and thatfractionated and interesterified fats arealso being used. Natural tocopherolsappear to be acceptable to industryand consumers for stabilizing oilswithout using synthetic antioxidants.Mag said that it will continue to bedifficult for food processors to formu-late products with the quality charac-teristics and nutritional properties thatconsumers demand.

Deodorization temperatures influ-ence the chemical and sensory scoresdifferently in canota oils and soybeanoil stored under accelerated heat con-ditions or accelerated light conditions.Linda Malcolmson of the Universityof Manitoba reported on an assess-ment of the effect of deodorizing theoils at 240 and 260°C or oil stabilityunder accelerated heat conditions andaccelerated light conditions.

Liu Xu successfully used mem-brane processing to produce proteinisolates with low levels of glucosine-lares from Chinese rapeseed. The pro-cess involved a two-phase solventextraction system capable of produc-ing a soluble protein isolate (90-100%

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protein) and a meal residue with about25% protein. Xu received the"CAOeS Graduate Student Award,"cash and a plaque. Students werejudged on oral presentation. use ofvisual aids and ability 10 answer ques-tions.

Interesterificntion of IriacylglyceroJby lipase from Rbizpous delemarimmobilized with prcpolymer wasdescribed by Makota Fukarsu ofNihon University in Japan. Fukatsuexplained the process in detail andpresented data indicating the successof the reaction.

Activated bleaching eanh (ABE)can adversely affect the concentrationof chromophores in canota oil that isbleached with ABE and deodorized.David Chapman of W.R. Grace & Coin Columbia presented a method 10analyze pigments in the ABE·bleached and deodorized oils. Fatlyacid chromophores were identified asconjugated polyunsaturates and oxy-genated conjugated polyunsaturatedfatty acids.

Ron Bhatty of the University ofSaskatchewan presented a thoroughdescription of the composition of lin-seed meal, the by-product of flaxseedcrushing. Mucilage levels of 5.0--5.3%extracted from whole seed contained20-24% protein, 10% ash and about30% total carbohydrate. Trypsininhibitor activity was found to be42-51 units. Hydrocyanic acid con-centrations were shown to be influ-enced by growing location and seasonand. to a lesser extent. by cultivar.

The Chairperson for the processingand utilization technical session wasAlan McCurdy of the University ofSaskatchewan

NutritionStearic acid (CUl) and fatty acids con-taining 10 or less carbons have beenfound to be neutral in affecting serumcholesterol levels. Linoleic acid canreduce serum cholesterol levels inde-pendent of other dietary effects. Oleicacid appears to reduce serum choles-terol levels when substituted fordietary saturated fatty acids. Thoseresults were reported by Craig Hasselof the University of Minnesota. thekeynote speaker in the nutrition tech-nical session. In his paper. "Choles-

used to predict total LDL cholesterolresponses to diet. Hassel's group isstudying the hypotheses in a humanmetabolic study designed to assess thecholesterolemic effects of a high ratiovs. a low ratio ofCl8:2to Ct4:o.

Carrie Mullen reponed on ametabolic study of the plasma lipopro-teins and fatty acid composition ofplatelet phospholipids in men givendiets low, intermediate and high inlinolenic acid. The linoleic-to-linolenic ratios of the diets were 6.3,4.3 and 2.5%. The low-linolenic dietwas as effective as the other diets inreducing plasma total cholesterol andLDL cholesterol levels; it did decreaselong-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fattyacid levels of platelet phospholipids.which have been associated withantithrombogenic characteristics oftraditional canol a oils. Mullen wasone of three graduate students whowon travel bursaries to attend the

terolemic Effects of IndividualDietary Fatty Acids," Hassel gave anoverview of the hypercholesterolemiceffects of the saturated fatty acids lau-ric (CI2), myristic (CI4) and palmitic(Ct6) and trans fatty acids. Hasselpcinred OUI that the whole diet mustbe assessed when identifying hyperc-holesterolemic factors. Recentresearch indicates that palmitic acidalone, without additional effects ofeither dietary cholesterol or an indi-vidual's genetic predisposition tohypercholesterolemia. appears not 10increase serum cholesterol levels. Hepresented data suggesting that myris-tic acid raises serum cholesterol levelsby raising low-density lipoprotein(LDL) cholesterol levels through anincrease in the rate of LDL productionin the liver and by a reduction in theLDL-receptor-mediated clearancefrom the plasma. He proposed that thedietary ratio of CI8:2/CI4:0 can be

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University of Illinois School ofMedicine aI Peoria. He received his8.5. degree from Bradley Universityin Peoria in 1963 and his M.S. andPh.D. degrees from the University ofIowa in 1967 and 1969, respectively.

Emken is an associate editor forLipids and served on the AOCS Gov-erning Board in 1985-1986 and1991-1993. He has been active inAOCS technical programs.

The Bailey Award is named forAlton E. Bailey. a former AOCS pres-ident who was noted as a researcherand author.

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meeting. She is a student at the Uni-versity of Manitoba.

y-Linolcnic acid (GLA) from bor-age oil has attracted some scientificattention because of health concernsrelated to reductions in the activity ofthe .1.-6 desaturase enzyme noted insome individuals. Rick Kulow ofVitality Inc. in Saskatoon noted thatsuccessful markers in Europe andJapan, primarily in health food andpharmaceutical areas. have beendeveloped for GLA from boragegrown in Saskatchewan.

The use of putative early lesions ofcolon cancer designated as aberrantcrypt foci appears to be a promisingtool to study the effects of dietary fatin colon cancer. Bema Magnusson ofthe Saskatoon Cancer Center reported.The new technique can better identifythe role of various dietary componentsin colon cancer.

The chairperson of the nutritiontechnical session was Kelley Fitz-patrick of Western Grower Seed Cor-poration.

Canadian heritage social programAfter the technical sessions on Sunday.delegates took a bus trip toWanuskewin Heritage Park, which fea-tures a "buffalo jump site," restaurant.theater and museum. The museumchronicles the history of the NorthernPlains Indians. Delegates enjoyed awine-and-cheese reception that includ-ed Indian foods, such as fried bannockand stuffed mushroom caps. Dinnerfeatured duck and buffalo meat andother dishes native to Northern PlainsIndians. Entertainment included a slidepresentation on the history ofWanuskewin nnd lndinn people whoonce lived in the area, and an Indianhoop dancer who explained. lightheart-edly. the meaning of various steps.

Emken to receive1994 Bailey AwardEdward A. Emken, lead scientist forlipid metabolism and biochemistry inthe Food Quality and Safety ResearchUnit at U.S. Department of Agricul-ture's (USDA) National Center forAgricultural Utilization Research

(NCAUR) in Peoria. Illinois, has beenselected to receive the 1994 Ahon E.Bailey Award.

The award is scheduled to be pre-sented during an AOCS North CentralSection's meeting on Feb. 3. 1994, at

the WestinO'Hare Hotel inRosemont, 11li-nols.

Each year,the section pre-sents the awardto recognizeresearch and/orservice in thefield of oils. fatsand related disci-

plines. Emken was nominated for theaward by Timothy L. Mounts,research leader in the Food Qualityand Safety Research unit at the USDAfacility and a past recipient of theaward.

Emken was nominated chiefly forhis work to provide nutritional andmetabolic information about hydro-genated vegetable oils. His researchhas included human metabolic studieswith labeled fatty acid isomers, analy-sis of post-mortem human tissues andstudies of isolated live human hearttissue 10 determine the utilization ofisomeric fats for energy purposes."Based on the data obtained fromthese three lines of research, manyquestions about the safety and nutri-tional value of hydrogenated soybeanoil have been answered," Mountswrote in his letter of nomination.

Emken's development of a multi-ple-label stable isotope procedure forevaluating the metabolic fate ofdietary fats in humans and their fuuyacid components "constitutes a quan-tum leap in technology from previoustechniques using radioisotope-labelexperiments with animals or compar-isons of single stable-isotope labelexperiments with humans," Mountswrote, noting "It is Dr. Emken's cre-ativity and leadership of his multidis-ciplinary team that is recognized asthe moving force in his research pro-gram."

Emken became an AOCS memberin 1973 and has been at the USDAresearch facility in Peoria since 1960.He also is an adjunct professor at the

Emken

Names in the newsAOCS member Lars Wiedermannhas retired as country director for theAmerican Soybean Association inJapan and returned to the UnitedStates. His address is 23142 SomersetCircle, Dana Point. CA 92629. wie-dermann is a recipient of the AOCSAward of Merit and has been a mem-ber since 1953. serving as generalChairperson for the 1976 nationalmeeting in Chicago and the 1988world conference in Singapore.

AOCS member Lars Reimannm,senior vice president for Woodson-Tenent Laboratories in Memphis, Ten-ncssee. has been elected to a one-yearterm as head of the microbiology/ana-lytical Chemistry section of the Ameri-can Council of Independent Laborato-ries. He helped found the section in1990.

ObituariesConstance KiesConstance V. Kies. 58, professor ofnutritional science and dietetics since1963 at the University of Nebraska.died Nov. 30, 1993, following a diag-nosis of cancer in August.

A native of Blue River. Wisconsin,she received her bachelor's degree in1955 from Wisconsin State Co1Jege inPlatteville (now the University of Wis-ccnsin-Platteville). an M.S. degree in1960 and a doctorate in 1963 from the

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nons. the American Association ofCereal Chemists. the American Soci-ety for Enteral and Parenteral Nutri-tion. the American Chemical Society.the Society for Nutrition Educationand the Institute of Food Technolo-gies. She received the Borden Awardfrom the American Home EconomicsAssociation for outstanding researchin 1973.

She is survived by three sisters.

D.L. LogsdonDavid L. Logsdon. a retired vice pres-ident and plant manager for C&TRefinery Inc. in Charlotte. Nonh Car-olina. died Nov. 17. 1993. He was 58.

Mr. Logsdon had been an AOCSmember since 1974. Mr. Logsdon hadworked for the Durkee Famous Foodsorganization from 1956 until 1973 invarious capacities. including costaccounting. production supervisor.industrial salesman and refinery

University of Wisconsin-Madison.Dr. Kies had been an AOCS mem-

ber since 1982 and was a member-at-large of the AOCS Health and Nutri-tion Division board of directors at thetime of her death. Dr. Kies had pub-lished over 100 refereed journal ani-c1es and 33 book chapters and waseditor of four books. She was knownnationally and internationally for herresearch conducted at the Universityof Nebraska centering on proteinrequirements of human. Most recently,her research focused on protein andmineral interactions.

Approximately 175 M.S. and 32doctoral students completed their pro-grams under her direction.

Dr. Kies also was a member of theAmerican and Nebraska DieteticAssociations. the American Instituteof Nutrition. the American Society forClinical Nutrition. the American andNebraska Home Economics Assccia-

department head. In 1973 he joinedC&T as refinery superintendent andplant manager.

He received a degree in accountingin 1966 from Bellarmine College inLouisville. Kentucky. while workingfor Durkee.

Mr. Logsdon also was a member ofthe Institute of Food Tehnologists. theNational Institute of Oil Processors.and the Charlotte Chamber of Com-merce. He was an active member atSt. Gabriel Catholic Church and hadbeen a hospice volunteer. He served inthe U.S. Air Force during the KoreanWar.

Survivors include his wife. Mary: ason: two daughters: a brother: and asister. Memorials may be made 10 theSt. Gabriel Catholic Church, St. Vin-cent de Paul Society. 3016 ProvidenceRd.. Charlotte. NC 28211, or to Hos-pice at Charlotte, 1420 E. 71h 51..Charlotte. NC 28204. •

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