Can’t we all just get along?

Catholics at all levels recognized the need for church reform. The tide of Protestantism was turned back and Catholic zeal was renewed.

What reforms were made in the Catholic church?

What were the religious and social effects of the Counter Reformation?

What wars occurred as a result of the Counter-Reformation?

Counter-Reformation Jesuits Ignatius of Loyola Council of Trent Charles Borromeo Francis of Sales Teresa of Avila

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A series of reforms directed toward the Catholic Church by Catholics

Preached fiery sermons during the 1400s

He said the church should melt down their gold and silver ornaments to buy bread for the hungry and poor members of the church.

People were actually convinced to burn their jewelry and trinkets.

This practice was originally allowed by Pope Alexander

Eventually the Pope had him excommunicated

The Pope said that Savonarola’s ideas might be dangerous to the church.

1498 – Savonarola was executed

Renewed the church’s emphasis on spirituality and service

Society of Jesus By 1700 they had 669 colleges in

Europe. Influenced politics through their

presence in India, Japan, and China

Founder of the Jesuits Basque nobleman and soldier Emphasized obedience to the

church Jesuits focus on education as a

means of combating Protestant reform.

Recognized by the pope Established missions, schools

and universities

1545-1563 Examined protestant

criticisms and clarified Catholic teachings

Regulated the training of priests

Addressed financial abuse

Indulgences abolished

Rejected the Protestant’s emphasis on self-discipline and faith

Believed the Catholic Church could help believers achieve salvation through mysterious and magnificent ceremonies.

Austria, Poland and other parts of Europe returned to Catholicism

Catholic interpretation of the vulgate was the only possible true interpretation

Charles Borromeo – archbishop of Milan who oversaw the Council of Trent’s charge to build new schools for the education of priests

Francis of Sales – regained regions that had been lost to Calvinism

Women used to live in convents during the Middle Ages

Now women were doing more to help the poor, orphaned and sick.

Teresa of Avila was influential

Formed her own order because she felt that the rules of the convent were too lax

She created strict rules regarding fasting, prayer and sleep

Reformed the Carmelite order She had visions of Christ and

was deeply spiritual

The Roman Inquisition was formed in 1542 to combat Protestantism

Popes increased the power of the inquisition

Tried people who were accused of being Protestant, of practicing witchcraft, or breaking church law

Catholic advisor scientists said that the sun was immobile and that the Earth moves around it.

Galileo was suspected of heresy and died while under house arrest.

What was the name of his theory again? Heliocentrism Copernicus’s book was placed on the List

of Forbidden Books

1478 – harsh Imposed religious uniformity

especially on converted Jews, Muslims and eventually on Protestants

Heretics were strapped to a wheel while their bones were clubbed into shards.

Introduce a cloth into the mouth of the victim, and forcing them to ingest water spilled from a jar so that they had the impression of drowning.

suspend the victim from the ceiling by the wrists, which are tied behind the back. Sometimes weights were tied to the ankles, with a series of lifts and drops, during which the arms and legs suffered violent pulls and were sometimes dislocated.

Savonarola = confession

The rack. Dilocated joints. Often forced

other prisoners to watch.

Used pincers to tear the nails from fingers and toes

Warning from the church

People needed to stop reading books that were on the forbidden list or else they would lose their soul.

Torture and execution occurred

Seen as an abuse of the church’s power

What methods did the Catholic Church use to stop the spread of Protestantism?

Changes in religion Persecution and hysteria Political effects

Jesuits added a softening effect to the Catholic Church’s image

Martin Luther denounced the Anabaptists and Zwingli’s followers

Religious freedom brought varied interpretations and turmoil

Catholics and Protestants both viewed Jews and Muslims as heretics

Jews and Muslims were forced to convert or else they had to leave Spain

Jews that did stay lived in walled ghettoes and gates were locked closed in the evenings.

People feared witches Afraid that satanic witches were killing

children and cattle Fears increased in times of poor harvest Penalty for practicing witchcraft is death Peak of paranoia was 1580-1660 Most executions were poor women

Nationalism was rising Merchants and rulers wanted the church to be less involved in state and business affairs

Nations and churches still tried to align themselves with one another to increase their influence

How did religious turmoil affect society during the 1500s?

1494 – King Charles VIII of France invaded Italy

This begins the Italian Wars England gets involved along with

several popes Wars help to spread ideas of the

Renaissance from Italy to Europe Artists fled to the north

Holy Roman emperor

He was originally a Spaniard who sacked Rome

Culminating battle

Peasants were becoming unhappy with high taxes and a lack of power

Reformation preachers were preaching freedom sermons

1524 thousands of peasants stormed castles and monasteries

Humanist values led people to question church authority

Clergy were corrupt and poorly educated

Luther’s 95 thesis Printing press

Nobles suppressed uprising Luther was accused of being

responsible Luther denounced the peasant effort

proclaiming that they, “rob and rage and act like mad dogs.”

Determined to defeat Protestantism

Waged war against Lutheran princes in Germany

Peace of Augsburg was signed but Charles refused to attend the meeting

Prince could choose the religion that his subjects would practice

Only choices were Catholicism or Lutheranism

Subjects had no say in the matter

Protestant minority Fought Catholics for

years until their leader, Henry of Navarre converted to Catholicism.

Catholics accepted him as king

Henry’s Edict of Nantes granted religious freedom to Protestants

If you were to compare the spread of Lutheranism to the spread of Calvinism, what generalizations could be made?

This map illustrates the geographical patterns of the Protestant Reformation. Lutheranism spread through German-speaking areas along the Baltic Sea but rarely crossed the Rhine River. The spread of Calvinism defies linguistic explanations.

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Protestant sects developed Catholic Church was reformed Anti-Semitism increased Religious intolerance spread

across Europe

What effects led to the Peasant’s War?

Please get a book and turn to page 64. Let the primary resources speak for

themsleves.

Document 1a.Interpret ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b.Infer ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Document 2a.Describe ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b.Interpret ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Document 3a.Identify ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b.Compare ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Document 4a.Analyze ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b.Interpret ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Name: ________________________________ Date: ______________________

Document 1a.Interpret: How does Pope Innocent III’s description of humanity view the individual?b.Infer: Why was secular learning discouraged before the Renaissance?Document 2a.Describe: What subjects are the ambassadors interested in learning?b.Interpret: How might this painting be different from earlier paintings of important officials?Document 3a.Identify: Why does humanity have a special place in the universe, according to Mirandola?b.Compare: How has the view of the relationship between God and humanity changed in Mirandola’s eyes?Document 4a.Analyze: Why does Erasmus say humanists should study Christianity?b.Interpret: How does Erasmus equate spiritual and secular learning?

Document Based Essay Question:

The change in the view of humanity during the Renaissance was a subtle and gradual shift that would have a profound effect. What changes occurred in the view of the individual? Using the documents provided and information from class, note some changes. Then write an essay about how they may have affected the way people lived.