Candle

For other uses, see Candle (disambiguation).A candle is wax with an ignitable wick embedded that

Young Man with a Candle by Michel Gobin

Collection of modern synthetic candles

provides light, and in some cases, a fragrance. It can alsobe used to provide heat, or as a method of keeping time.A candle manufacturer is traditionally known as achandler.[1] Various devices have been invented to holdcandles, from simple tabletop candle holders to elaboratechandeliers.[2]

For a candle to burn, a heat source (commonly a nakedflame) is used to light the candle’s wick, which meltsand vaporizes a small amount of fuel (the wax). Oncevaporized, the fuel combines with oxygen in the atmo-

sphere to ignite and form a constant flame. This flameprovides sufficient heat to keep the candle burning via aself-sustaining chain of events: the heat of the flamemeltsthe top of the mass of solid fuel; the liquefied fuel thenmoves upward through the wick via capillary action; theliquefied fuel finally vaporizes to burn within the candle’sflame.As the mass of solid fuel is melted and consumed, thecandle becomes shorter. Portions of the wick that are notemitting vaporized fuel are consumed in the flame. Theincineration of the wick limits the exposed length of thewick, thus maintaining a constant burning temperatureand rate of fuel consumption. Some wicks require reg-ular trimming with scissors (or a specialized wick trim-mer), usually to about one-quarter inch (~0.7 cm), to pro-mote slower, steady burning, and also to prevent smoking.In early times, the wick needed to be trimmed quite fre-quently. Special candle-scissors, referred to as "snuffers"were produced for this purpose in the 20th century andwere often combined with an extinguisher. In moderncandles, the wick is constructed so that it curves over as itburns. This ensures that the end of the wick gets oxygenand is then consumed by fire—a self-trimming wick.[3]

1 Etymology

The word candle comes from Middle English candel,from Old English and from Anglo-Norman candele, bothfrom Latin candla, from candre, to shine.[4]

2 History

Main article: History of candle making

The earliest surviving candles originated in China around200 BC, and were made from whale fat. European can-dles of antiquity were made from various forms of natu-ral fat, tallow, and wax. In Ancient Rome, candles weremade of tallow due to the prohibitive cost of beeswax.[5]It is possible that they also existed in Ancient Greece, butimprecise terminology makes it difficult to determine.[5]

In the Middle Ages in Europe, tallow candles were themost common candle. By the 13th century, candle mak-ing had become a guild craft in England and France.The candle makers (chandlers) went from house to housemaking candles from the kitchen fats saved for that pur-

1

2 3 USE

pose, or made and sold their own candles from small can-dle shops.[6] Beeswax, compared to animal-based tallow,burned cleanly, without smoky flame. Rather than thefoul and terrible odor of tallow, it emits a fresh smell.Beeswax candles were expensive, and relatively few peo-ple could afford to burn them in their homes in medievalEurope. However, they were widely used for churchceremonies.[7]

In the 18th century, spermaceti, oil produced by thesperm whale, was used to produce a superior candle.[8]Late in the 18th century, colza oil and rapeseed oil cameinto use as much cheaper substitutes.

2.1 Modern era

Price’s Candles became the largest candle manufacturer in theworld by the end of the 19th century

The manufacture of candles became an industrializedmass market in the mid 19th century. In 1834, JosephMorgan, a pewterer from Manchester, England, patenteda machine that revolutionised candle making. It allowed

for continuous production of molded candles by using acylinder with a moveable piston to eject candles as theysolidified. This more efficient mechanized productionproduced about 1,500 candles per hour. This allowedcandles to become an easily affordable commodity forthe masses.[9]candlemakers also began to fashion wicksout of tightly braided (rather than simply twisted) strandsof cotton. This technique makes wicks curl over as theyburn, maintaining the height of the wick and thereforethe flame. Because much of the excess wick is incin-erated, these are referred to as “self-trimming” or “self-consuming” wicks.[10]

In the mid-1850s, James Young succeeded in distillingparaffin wax from coal and oil shales at Bathgate in WestLothian and developed a commercially viable method ofproduction.[11] Paraffin could be used to make inexpen-sive candles of high quality. It was a bluish-white wax,burned cleanly, and left no unpleasant odor, unlike tallowcandles. By the end of the 19th century, most candlesbeing manufactured consisted of paraffin wax and stearicacid.By the late 19th century, Price’s Candles, based in Lon-don, was the largest candle manufacturer in the world.[12]Founded byWilliamWilson in 1830,[13] the company pi-oneered the implementation of the technique of steamdistillation, and was thus able to manufacture candlesfrom a wide range of raw materials, including skin fat,bone fat, fish oil and industrial greases.Despite advances in candle making, the candle industrydeclined rapidly upon the introduction of superior meth-ods of lighting, including kerosene and lamps and the1879 invention of the incandescent light bulb. From thispoint on, candles came to be marketed as more of a dec-orative item.

3 Use

See also: Ceremonial use of lights § CandlesBefore the invention of electric lighting, candles and oil

Candle lighting in the Visoki Dečani monastery.

4.1 Wax 3

lamps were commonly used for illumination. In areaswithout electricity, they are still used routinely. Untilthe 20th century, candles were more common in north-ern Europe. In southern Europe and the Mediterranean,oil lamps predominated.In the developed world today, candles are used mainlyfor their aesthetic value and scent, particularly to set asoft, warm, or romantic ambiance, for emergency lightingduring electrical power failures, and for religious or rit-ual purposes. Scented candles are used in aromatherapy.Some have even gone so far as to make candles scentedwith racing two-stroke motorcycle oil.[14]

3.1 Other uses

With the fairly consistent and measurable burning of acandle, a common use of candles was to tell the time. Thecandle designed for this purpose might have time mea-surements, usually in hours, marked along the wax. TheSong dynasty in China (960–1279) used candle clocks.[15]

By the 18th century, candle clocks were being made withweights set into the sides of the candle. As the candlemelted, the weights fell off and made a noise as they fellinto a bowl.In the days leading to Christmas some people burn a can-dle a set amount to represent each day, as marked on thecandle. The type of candle used in this way is called theAdvent candle,[16] although this term is also used to referto a candle that decorates an Advent wreath.

4 Components

4.1 Wax

The hydrocarbon C31H64 is a typical component of paraffinwax,from which most modern candles are produced.

For most of recorded history candles were tallow andbeeswax until the mid 1800s at which point they weremade mainly from spermaceti (spurring larger demandfor whale oil), and purified animal fats (stearin). Today,most candles are made from paraffin wax.[17] Candles canalso be made from beeswax, soy, other plant waxes, andtallow (a by-product of beef-fat rendering). Gel candlesare made from a mixture of mineral oil and a polymer.[18]

The candle can be made of:

• paraffin wax (a product of petroleum refining);

• microcrystalline wax;

Unlit candles

• stearin[19][20] (now produced almost exclusivelyfrom palm waxes though initially manufacturedfrom animal fats);

• beeswax (a byproduct of honey collection);

• gel (a mixture of polymer and mineral oil);

• some plant waxes (generally palm, carnauba,bayberry, or soybean wax);

• tallow (rarely used since the introduction of afford-able and cheap wax alternatives);

• spermaceti (extracted from the head of a spermwhale).

The size of the flame and corresponding rate of burningis controlled largely by the candle wick.Production methods utilize extrusion moulding.[17] Moretraditional production methods entail melting the solidfuel by the controlled application of heat. The liquid isthen poured into a mould or a wick is repeatedly im-mersed in the liquid to create a dipped tapered candle.Often fragrance oils, essential oils or aniline-based dye isadded.

4 5 CHARACTERISTICS

4.2 Wick

Main article: Candle wick

A candle wick works by capillary action, drawing (“wick-ing”) the melted wax or fuel up to the flame. When theliquid fuel reaches the flame, it vaporizes and combusts.The candle wick influences how the candle burns. Im-portant characteristics of the wick include diameter, stiff-ness, fire-resistance, and tethering.A candle wick is a piece of string or cord that holds theflame of a candle. Commercial wicks are made frombraided cotton. The wick’s capillarity determines the rateat which themelted hydrocarbon is conveyed to the flame.If the capillarity is too great, the molten wax streamsdown the side of the candle. Wicks are often infused witha variety of chemicals to modify their burning character-istics. For example, it is usually desirable that the wicknot glow after the flame is extinguished. Typical agentsare ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate.[17]

5 Characteristics

5.1 Light

A room lit up in the glow of many candles

Based on measurements of a taper-type, paraffin waxcandle, a modern candle typically burns at a steady rateof about 0.1 g/min, releasing heat at roughly 80 W.[21]The light produced is about 13 lumens, for a luminousefficacy of about 0.16 lumens per watt (luminous effi-cacy of a source) – almost a hundred times lower than anincandescent light bulb.The luminous intensity of a typical candle is thus approx-imately one candela. The SI unit, candela, was in factbased on an older unit called the candlepower, which rep-resented the luminous intensity emitted by a candle madeto particular specifications (a “standard candle”). Themodern unit is defined in a more precise and repeatable

way, but was chosen such that a candle’s luminous inten-sity is still about one candela.

5.2 Temperature

See also: Combustion

The hottest part of the flame is just above the very dullblue part to one side of the flame, at the base. At thispoint, the flame is about 1,400 °C. However note thatthis part of the flame is very small and releases little heatenergy. The blue color is due to chemiluminescence,while the visible yellow color is due to radiative emissionfrom hot soot particles. The soot is formed through a se-ries of complex chemical reactions, leading from the fuelmolecule through molecular growth, until multi-carbonring compounds are formed. The thermal structure ofa flame is complex, hundreds of degrees over very shortdistances leading to extremely steep temperature gradi-ents. On average, the flame temperature is about 1,000°C.[22] The color temperature is approximately 1,000 K.

5.3 Candle flame

Candle flame with zones marked

A candle flame is formed because wax vaporizes on burn-ing. It has three distinct regions. The innermost zone,directly above the wick, contains wax that has been va-porized but that is unburnt. It is the darkest zone. The

5

middle zone is yellow and luminous. As it is an oxygendepleted zone, insufficient oxygen exists to burn all ofthe wax vapor. As such, partial combustion of wax takesplace. The zone also contains unburnt carbon vapor. Thetemperature in this region is hotter than the innermostzone, but cooler than the outer zone. The outer zone isthe area where the flame is the hottest and complete com-bustion of wax takes place. It is light blue in color and notnormally visible.[23]

The main determinant of the height of a candle flame isthe diameter of the wick. This is evidenced in TeaLightswhere the wick is very thin and the flame, which is formainly decorative purposes, is very small. Candles whosemain purpose is illumination use a much thicker wick.[24]

5.4 History of study

One of Michael Faraday's significant works was TheChemical History of a Candle, where he gives an in-depthanalysis of the evolutionary development, workings andscience of candles.[25]

6 Hazards

According to the U.S. National Fire Protection Associa-tion, candles are one of the leading sources of residentialfires in the U.S. with almost 10% of civilian injuries and6% of civilian fatalities from fire attributed to candles.[26]

A candle flame that is longer than its laminar smokepoint[27] will emit soot. Proper wick trimming will sub-stantially reduce soot emissions from most candles.The liquid wax is hot and can cause skin burns, but theamount and temperature are generally rather limited andthe burns are seldom serious. The best way to avoid get-ting burned from splashed wax is to use a candle snufferinstead of blowing on the flame. A candle snuffer is usu-ally a small metal cup on the end of a long handle. Plac-ing the snuffer over the flame cuts off the oxygen supply.Snuffers were common in the home when candles werethe main source of lighting before electric lights wereavailable. Ornate snuffers, often combined with a taperfor lighting, are still found in those churches which regu-larly use large candles.Glass candle-holders are sometimes cracked by thermalshock from the candle flame, particularly when the candleburns down to the end. When burning candles in glassholders or jars, users should avoid lighting candles withchipped or cracked containers, and stop use once 1/2 inchor less of wax remains.A former worry regarding the safety of candles was thata lead core was used in the wicks to keep them uprightin container candles. Without a stiff core, the wicks ofa container candle could sag and drown in the deep waxpool. Concerns rose that the lead in these wicks would va-

porize during the burning process, releasing lead vapors— a known health and developmental hazard. Lead corewicks have not been common since the 1970s. Today,most metal-cored wicks use zinc or a zinc alloy, whichhas become the industry standard. Wicks made from spe-cially treated paper and cotton are also available.

7 Regulation

Internationalmarkets have developed a range of standardsand regulations to ensure compliance, while maintainingand improving safety, including:

• Europe: GPSD, EN 15493, EN 15494, EN 15426,EN 14059, REACH, RAL-GZ 041 Candles (Ger-many), French Decree 91-1175

• USA: ASTM F2058, ASTM F2179, ASTM F2417,ASTM F2601, ASTM F2326, California Proposi-tion 65, CONEG

• China: QB/T 2119 Basic Candle, QB/T 2902 ArtCandle, QB/T 2903 Jar Candle, GB/T 22256 JellyCandle

8 Accessories

8.1 Candle holders

A candle in a candle stick

Decorative candleholders, especially those shaped as apedestal, are called candlesticks; if multiple candle ta-

6 10 REFERENCES

pers are held, the term candelabrum is also used. Theroot form of chandelier is from the word for candle, butnow usually refers to an electric fixture. The word chan-delier is sometimes now used to describe a hanging fixturedesigned to hold multiple tapers.Many candle holders use a friction-tight socket to keepthe candle upright. In this case, a candle that is slightlytoo wide will not fit in the holder, and a candle that isslightly too narrow will wobble. Candles that are too bigcan be trimmed to fit with a knife; candles that are toosmall can be fitted with aluminium foil. Traditionally, thecandle and candle holders were made in the same place,so they were appropriately sized, but international tradehas combined the modern candle with existing holders,which makes the ill-fitting candle more common. Thisfriction tight socket is only needed for the federals and thetapers. For tea light candles, there are a variety of candleholders, including small glass holders and elaboratemulti-candle stands. The same is true for votives. Wall sconcesare available for tea light and votive candles. For pillar-type candles, the assortment of candle holders is broad.A fireproof plate, such as a glass plate or small mirror, isa candle holder for a pillar-style candle. A pedestal of anykind, with the appropriate-sized fireproof top, is anotheroption. A large glass bowl with a large flat bottom andtall mostly vertical curved sides is called a hurricane. Thepillar-style candle is placed at the bottom center of thehurricane. A hurricane on a pedestal is sometimes soldas a unit.A bobèche is a drip-catching ring, which may also be af-fixed to a candle holder, or used independently of one.Bobèches can range from ornate metal or glass, to sim-ple plastic, cardboard, or wax paper. Use of paper orplastic bobèches is common at events where candles aredistributed to a crowd or audience, such as Christmas car-olers or people at other concerts/festivals.

8.2 Candle followers

These are glass or metal tubes with an internal stricturepartway along, which sit around the top of a lit candle. Asthe candle burns, the wax melts and the follower holds themelted wax in, whilst the stricture rests on the topmostsolid portion of wax. Candle followers are often delib-erately heavy or 'weighted', to ensure they move down asthe candle burns lower, maintaining a seal and preventingwax escape. The purpose of a candle follower is three-fold:

• To contain themeltedwax –making the candlemoreefficient, avoiding mess, and producing a more evenburn

• As a decoration – either due to the ornate natureof the device, or (in the case of a glass follower)through light dispersion or colouration

• And sometimes to shield the flame from wind.

Candle followers are often found in churches on altar can-dles.

8.3 Candle snuffers

Main article: Candle snuffer

Candle snuffers are instruments used to extinguish burn-ing candles by smothering the flame with a small metalcup that is suspended from a long handle, and thus depriv-ing it of oxygen. An older meaning refers to a scissor-like tool used to trim the wick of a candle. With skill,this could be done without extinguishing the flame. Theinstrument now known as a candle snuffer was formerlycalled an “extinguisher” or “douter”.

9 See also

• Candle-making

• Candle warmer

• Candelabra

• Julleuchter

• Rushlight

• Singing candle

• Tealight

• Trick candles

• Trudon

• Unity candle

10 References[1] “Chandler”. The Free Dictionary By Farlex. Retrieved

2012-05-19.

[2] “chandelier”. The Free Dictionary By Farlex. Retrieved2012-05-19.

[3] European Candle Association FAQ.

[4] “Candle”. The Free Dictionary By Farlex. Retrieved2012-05-19.

[5] Forbes, R J (1955). Studies in Ancient technology. pp.139–140. ISBN 9789004006263. Retrieved 7 November2014.

[6] “History of candles”. National Candle Association.Archived from the original on May 17, 2012. Retrieved2012-05-19.

[7] “history of candle”. national candle association.

7

[8] Shillito, M. Larry; David J. De Marle (1992). Value: ItsMeasurement, Design, and Management. Wiley-IEEE. p.33. ISBN 0-471-52738-6.

[9] Phillips, Gordon (1999). Seven Centuries of Light: TheTallow Chandlers Company. Book Production Consul-tants plc. p. 74. ISBN 1-85757-064-2.

[10] A Brief History of Candles

[11] Golan, Tal (2004). Laws of Men and Laws of Nature:The History of Scientific Expert Testimony in England andAmerica. Harvard University Press. pp. 89–91. ISBN0-674-01286-0.

[12] GeoffMarshall (2013). London’s Industrial Heritage. TheHistory Press.

[13] Ball, Michael; David Sunderland (2001). An EconomicHistory of London, 1800-1914. Routledge. pp. 131–132.ISBN 0-415-24691-1.

[14] Tushar Burman (December 20, 2013), Flying Tiger Mo-torcycles’ two stroke smoke puts you in the powerband,mo-tovore.com

[15] Whitrow, G. J. (1989). Time in History: Views of Timefrom Prehistory to the Present Day. Oxford UniversityPress. pp. 90–91. ISBN 0-19-285211-6. Archived fromthe original on June 10, 2015.

[16] Geddes, Gordon; Jane Griffiths. Christianity. Heinemann.p. 89. ISBN 0-435-30693-6.

[17] FranzWillhöft and Fredrick Horn “Candles” in Ullmann’sEncyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2000, Wiley-VCH,Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a05_029

[18] Camp, William R.; Vollenweider, Jeffrey L.; Schutz,Wendy J. (12 October 1999). “Scented candle gel”.United States Patent 5,964,905.

[19] “Using stearic acid or stearin in candlemaking”. hap-pynews.com. Retrieved 25 September 2014.

[20] “Stearic acid (stearin)". howtomakecandles.info. Re-trieved 25 September 2014.

[21] Hamins, Anthony; Bundy, Matthew; Dillon, Scott E.(November 2005). “Characterization of Candle Flames”(PDF). Journal of Fire Protection Engineering 15: 277.doi:10.1177/1042391505053163.

[22] On Fire – Background Essay, PBS LearningMedia,WGBH. Retrieved April 8,2015.

[23] National Council of Educational Research and Training.“Science: Textbook for Class VIII”. Publication Depart-ment, 2010, p.72.

[24] Sunderland, P.B.; Quintiere, J.G.; Tabaka, G.A.; Lian, D.;Chiu, C.-W. (6 October 2010). “Analysis and measure-ment of candle flame shapes” (PDF). Proceedings of theCombustion Institute 33: 2489–2496. Retrieved 2015-02-10.

[25] “Internet History Sourcebooks”. Fordham.edu. Retrieved2012-12-25.

[26] John Hall, NFPA 2009, http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files//PDF/Research/Fire_overview_2009.pdf.

[27] K.M. Allan, J.R. Kaminski, J.C. Bertrand, J. Head, PeterB. Sunderland, Laminar Smoke Points of Wax Candles,Combustion Science and Technology 181 (2009) 800–811.

11 External links• Media related to Candles at Wikimedia Commons

• National Candle Association of the U.S.

• The Chemical History of a Candle by Michael Fara-day

• Association of European Candlemakers(AECM)

• European Candle Association (ECA)

• Latin American Candle Manufacturers Association(ALAFAVE)

8 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

12.1 Text• Candle Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candle?oldid=686478397 Contributors: Wesley, David Merrill, Rmhermen, Ortolan88,

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12.2 Images 9

Scruu, Widr, Zakhalesh, Helpful Pixie Bot, JV057PANGESTIKA, Martin of Sheffield, Imacrazyperson, JohnSRoberts99, HMSSolent,Shane99999, Calabe1992, Lowercase sigmabot, BG19bot, Roberticus, SarThePhotographer, Cyberpower678, Who.was.phone, MusikAn-imal, Zew15, AlsoTr1v1aM0nth2o11, CitationCleanerBot, Samiamsuperman, Snow Blizzard, Tiby9899, The Editor4cheesepuffs, Jhan-vichoksi, Rytyho usa, Amitshah02, BattyBot, Hjg123, Cyberbot II, Tarheelfan905, The Illusive Man, ChrisGualtieri, Current123, Ali-wal2012, Ihavabigdick, CarrieVS, Khazar2, Apersonofnoimportance, Polymerase I, BuzyBody, Dexbot, FoCuSandLeArN, Pasheeba, We-bclient101, Morning jog Michael, Doggy23woggy4, Amywelsh97, Lugia2453, Isarra (HG), Doctorbass00, AndyTheMonster, SFK2, QS-lacks, Jonhope123, Elbe519, Reatlas, Yashrjpt77, Faizan, Epicgenius, Jabbar007, Crazy6f, Tenoy Thomas, Candlelight Obsession, Hell-bert, Ogle999, Colleen Ung, Turtles111111, DavidLeighEllis, Vicky6878, Christywong102, RastaPhoenix89, Noyster, Wikiweirdi, Rob-bie47765, Cwisnie1, Plarstic, Racer Omega, Bballer123456789321, Hello handle lovers, JaconaFrere, TinceyVince, Lolsmileface1234567,Melcous, Monkbot, Aaronwarp36, AkivanKemraj, Superpie55, Theundergroundnerd, Dfvdfvb, Theskynerd, Thefloornerd, Theleadernerd,Knight of the Square Table, Youkseo, Mchlclbro, Wowkool, Candlekath, Kethrus, Frewfrew, Sb2s3, Hide199925, Yo ugly mama, Anandpeter Kozhipat, SvenDM, Mchel787, JenelleCWilliams, Gggsjaksockxjs, TheIrishScot, Supdiop, KasparBot, 3 of Diamonds, Wgbhglenn,Ggajdv, DD123XD, BoltonandNupps, HistoryStory101, Xraysburn and Anonymous: 827

12.2 Images• File:7candles.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/7candles.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:

Own work Original artist: Jonathunder• File:Candle-flame_with_colour-shift_B_With_zones_marked.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/

Candle-flame_with_colour-shift_B_With_zones_marked.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: File:2006-02-25 candle-flame withcolour-shift B.jpg Original artist: With Modifications by JohnSRoberts99

• File:Candles.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Candles.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ?Original artist: ?

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• File:Gobin,_Michel_-_Young_Man_with_a_Candle_-_1681.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Gobin%2C_Michel_-_Young_Man_with_a_Candle_-_1681.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:Web Gallery of Art: <a href='http://www.wga.hu/art/g/gobin/candle.jpg' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='Inkscape.svg'src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inkscape.svg/20px-Inkscape.svg.png' width='20' height='20'srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inkscape.svg/30px-Inkscape.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Inkscape.svg/40px-Inkscape.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='60' data-file-height='60'/></a> Image <a href='http://www.wga.hu/html/g/gobin/candle.html' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='Information icon.svg'src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/20px-Information_icon.svg.png' width='20'height='20' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/30px-Information_icon.svg.png1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/40px-Information_icon.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='620' data-file-height='620' /></a> Info about artwork Original artist: Michel Gobin

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• File:Price’{}s_Palmitine_Candles00.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Price%27s_Palmitine_Candles00.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-the__argory_lighting__list.pdf Originalartist: Unknown

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