canada french exploration to the war of 1812. map showing imperial context in north america before...
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CanadaFrench Exploration to the War of 1812
Map Showing Imperial Context in North America before the 1763 Treaty of Paris
North America After 1763 Treaty of Paris
Map Showing Main Indian Groups in Contact with the French in the Great Lakes region
Map Showing Main Indian Groups in Contact with the
French in the St. Lawrence Valley
New France:“the history of an unfilled dream”
Inconsistent support from king Struggles to grow population 1534: Jacques Cartier leads first French
exploration 1608: Samuel de Champlain establishes
Quebec settlement First permanent European settlement: trading
post and embassy Champlain pushed settlement
Habitation at Quebec, built 1608
Coureurs des Bois/Voyageurs
Fur Trade: Beaver Hats
New France Religious presence: opportunity to
convert natives First Jesuits arrived in 1625 Supported by French crown and New France
authorities After 1665: renewed interest in
mercantilist potential of New France Focus on production of raw materials Bullion; protection; population Desire to compete with English colonies
Filles du Roi
Seigneurial System
Quebec Act 1764
American Revolution
Post American Revolution 1776-1867: colonies of modern Canada
known as “British North America” British question their attitude toward
democracy and colonies (having learned the folly of heavy taxes, too much democracy & economic development)
British Parliament debate:Whigs: Be generous, even increase colonial
autonomyRadicals: Get rid of colonial burdenTories (Conservatives): discourage democracy,
maintain empire The Result: Tories Prevail
Constitutional Act of 1791New plan to manage empire:
1. “Divide & Rule”- Keep colonies small and dependent; thus, Create new provinces
New Brunswick Nova Scotia (Cape Breton added in 1820) Prince Edward Island Lower Canada (future Quebec) Upper Canada (future Ontario)NOTE: Newfoundland still more of a territory
ruled by a separate governor
1. Divide and Rule: New ProvincesA. The Maritimes: Nova Scotia,
New Brunswick, Cape Breton and Prince Edward Isle. Divide Nova Scotia Many Loyalists (New Brunswick
created for Loyalists) Few new immigrants Naval, government posts,
privileged trading position Will be slow to resist British rule
The Maritimes
Cape Breton, Nova Scotia
Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia
1. Divide and Rule: New ProvincesB. Lower Canada (Modern Quebec): East and actually more North (It’s
the River!) French: kept French civil law,
privileges of Catholic Church, seigniorial tenure
Small farms British merchant minority Few new immigrants Growth by births
For Comparison: The U.S. 1800
1. Divide and Rule: New Provinces C. Upper Canada: (Modern Ontario)
West Thinly populated, but fastest growing New lands for new immigrants Loyalist- want English law and escape from
the seigniorial system “Poor Man’s Country”
York (present day Toronto), Upper Canada 1804York was founded in 1793
Constitutional Act of 1791 2. “Restrained Republicanism” Establish representative government
assemblies in each colony, but keep them weak
Strengthen the power of the crown appointed colonial executive appointed legislative council for each
colony
Constitutional Act of 1791 3. Establish a colonial aristocracy/
oligarchy to preserve traditional, conservative values. Relatives in office provide consistency Educated elite Civic minded Patronage creates loyalty Patriarchal- treat as children Thus….
The Family Compact (Upper Canada)Chateau Clique (Lower Canada) a popular name for a small clique of wealthy,
powerful men who dominated The Canadas from the late-18th to mid-19th century
English commercial class controlled the government monopolized political offices strongly influenced banking, land grant issues,
education, the courts, and Anglican church affairs
Constitutional Act 1791 4. Establish and support the Anglican Church
to preserve traditional, conservative ideals vs. radicalism
Clergy reserves in Upper Canada:1/7 of crown-public lands reserved for support of Protestant clergy
Anglican church powerful and state-endowed
Crown and Clergy Reserves: Map of Newtown, Upper Canada 1800 showing 1/7 of land held for clergy reserves and 1/7 to produce government revenue
Constitutional Act of 1791 5. Encourage disdain for U.S. and democracy.
“Rivalry” to build ties to England. At first all content Lower Canada: French used to authoritarian rule,
protected under British, feared alien Americans Upper Canada: Loyalists Weak condition of Canada After 1812 start to discourage U.S. immigration by
land ownership restrictions -7 year wait.