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TRANSCRIPT
Women's Rights Movement
Second Wave Feminism
Sparked by the progress of the Civil Rights Movement, in the 1960’s women began to demand equality between both men and women. In 1963, Betty Friedan published her controversial book ‘The Feminine Mystique’, beginning what we now refer to as ‘Second Wave Feminism’.
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In 1950 only 25% of all Bachelor of Arts degrees were held by Women. In 1970 it rose to 41%. Although women received higher education and in many circumstances were better qualified for positions of employment they were often denied due to the sexist belief that a woman's place was in the home.
Excerpt from "Let Me Alone!" from Love and Romance #4 (February 1972) from Charlton Comics
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Even when women were hired, they were often given clerical jobs, or jobs under their abilities. In 1963 women were paid 63 cents to every dollar earned by a man. In 1970 women were paid only 57 cents to every dollar earned by a man.
Excerpt from "Let Me Alone!" from Love and Romance #4 (February 1972) from Charlton Comics
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1975‘International Women’s Year’
Helen Reddy’s hit single ‘I am Woman’ is declared the anthem of the year by the U.N.
Average income for a woman: $4,000
Average Income for a man: $6,700
Native American Rights Movement
In 1961, the National Indian Youth Council (or NIYC) was created in order to encourage youth activism and to raise awareness across the county. This resurrected a sense of pride in many Native Americans and sparked a new wave of activism after almost 40 years of inactivity and stagnancy regarding
Native American Rights.
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The American Indian Movement (AIM) was a group of primarily urban Native Americans who believed in militant confrontation with the US Government. Their goal as an organization was to eradicate the the Tribes whom had organized their own Tribal Governments under the IRA in 1934. They believed that
these tribes were not legitimate because they no longer were grounded in traditional Native American ways.
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However, after a violent confrontation between AIM members and members of the Oglala Lakota Sioux of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota, the President of the reservation, Richard “Dick” Wilson banned AIM members from the reservation. This sparked over 200 AIM activists to take over the village of Wounded Knee, and declare themselves
independent from the US. The siege lasted 71 days, and was only broken when the US accepted the demands of the activist. The US agreed to convene a full investigation into all violations of treaties and to respond to their grievances appropriately.
Members of AIM escorting Federal Agents during the siege of Wounded Knee.http://peopleus.blogspot.com
In December of 1970, President Richard Nixon sacred Blue Lake to the Taos Pueblo Indians. A rare show of support from the president and National Government in general.
Like many other sacred lands, Blue Lake was given to the Taos Pueblos Indians in the treaty of Guadeloupe-Hidalgo. However up until 1970, the United States government choose to disregard the treaty and deny the Native Taos Pueblos’ the right to their own land.
In 1972, the Indian Education Act was passed, authorizing funding for bilingual and bicultural programs in schools making it easier and more popular for Native American children to receive a free education from the public school system.
The act also created the Office of Indian Education in the US Department of Education, whose focus lies in supporting the efforts of local educators and educational agencies. They also focus on non-continental American Indian groups such as the Native Americans of Alaska.
The Longest Walk
Officially beginning in San Francisco and leaf and organized by AIM, the Longest Walk was a Native American protest where a large group of Native Americans set out for Washington DC in order to symbolize the “forced removal of Indians from their ancestral homes”. Not only did they want to be
symbolic, they also wanted to draw attention to government backlash against any efforts made to support and protect the rights of the Native Americans.
Upon arrival in Washington DC, the protest was over 7,000 strong. Unfortunately the protestors were meet with coldness and brutality, and were ignored by President Jimmy Carter, and attacked by armed guards.
Despite all the oppression that the Native Americans meet in Washington DC, the US Government granted the Native Americans the right to use Peyote in religious acts.
The Government refused to discuss much of what the Native Americans had come to talk about, and the Government voted down a bill that would have allowed for any sort of change or review of treaties.
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African American Rights Movement
"When that white driver stepped back toward us, when he waved his hand and ordered us up and out of our seats, I felt a
determination cover my body like a quilt on a winter night.”
-Rosa Parks
“Strange Fruit” a poem written by Abel Meeropol and sung by Billie Holiday address the uncontrolled violence against African-American’s in the south in the early 20th century.
On February 1st, 1960 in Greensboro, N.C. four black students began a string of sit-in’s at diners and other places of practicing the segregation of whites and blacks. The first of these protests took place of the Woolworth Diner in Greensboro. (Left)
The March on Washington
On August 28, 1963 on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, on of the largest political rallies for human
rights was held. Drawing in over 300,000 activists and spectators, the March on Washington challenged the US
government to secure equality in the Job market and give African Americans freedom. One of the most
famous protests in history, it featured speeches from John Lewis, Philip Randolph, and most famously Rev.
Martin Luther King Jr.
In 1964, the Civil Rights Act of ‘64 is passed under President Lyndon Johnson. The Civil Rights Act ended segregation laws in public facilities such as restaurants, public toilets, and water fountains. With the new lifts on segregation the percent of registered African-American voters more than doubles.
It is important to note, however, that just because the Civil Rights Act was passed, it did not end segregation completely then, and still hasn’t now. Just because a law has been passed, it does not change the minds of the people so keen to keep things the way they were.
On March 7th, 1965, African-American residents of Selma, Alabama began to march to Montgomery, Alabama in support of voting rights. Upon arrival in Montgomery, the activist were met with police brutality like the country had never seen before. Dubbed “Bloody Sunday”, African-Americans were clubbed, whipped, beaten, sprayed with
fire hoses, and gassed with tear gas.
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On August 10th, 1965 the Voting Rights Act is passed.
The Orangeburg Massacre, which took place in Orangeburg, South Carolina, was when white highway patrol officers shot and killed 3 African-American men and wounded 27 others at a bowling alley where activist were protest for voting rights.
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On April 3rd, 1968, Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated in Memphis Tennessee while standing outside on the balcony his hotel room. He was in Memphis to lead a protest with city garbage workers.
On April 11th, 1968, President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Cilvil Rights Act of ’68, prohibiting discrimination against African-Americans in regards to sale, rental, and financing of housing.
On April 20th, 1970 The Supreme Court in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education upholds busing as a legitimate means for achieving integration of public schools.
“Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light
can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love
can do that.”-Martin Luther King, Jr.