cambridge preterm intensive ancient greek language pack · cambridge preterm intensive ancient...

Cambridge Preterm Intensive Ancient Greek language pack This language pack has been designed to help you get a good grasp of the basics of Ancient Greek before coming to Cambridge. It is based on the vocabulary and grammar of Reading Greek Sections 1–10. Please read this letter carefully. You will be assessed on your comprehension of this material when you arrive at Cambridge. You will be expected to: • identify any Greek word from the Reading Greek list included here • write down from memory any word-table (or paradigm, also included here) as specified

on page three of this document (you will be given a starter form) • write down from memory the principal parts of the verbs in the list included here (you

will be given a starter form) • translate into English some sentences exhibiting this vocabulary and grammar (you will

find a checklist of grammatical topics on page three of this pack) This assessment is not designed to intimidate and does not count toward any final grade: it is merely meant to give you something concrete to work on between now and then, and to assist your Director of Studies and us in ensuring that we have got the right people in the right groups from the start. Everything you need for the assessment is here. As far as supplementing your studies and preparing yourself for term you will find the following resources helpful. We strongly recommend that you purchase a proper reference grammar. H. W. Smyth’s Greek Grammar (revised by G. M. Messing) (ISBN 0-674-36250-0) is the most extensive one-volume grammar in English; it can be found new or used for between £25 and £30; try to find a hardcover version as this will last better. Alternatively, W. W. Goodwin’s Greek Grammar is easily available new (ISBN 1-85399-522-3) for about £20, though second-hand copies can be found for as cheap as £5 on amazon.co.uk and bookfinder.com. Again, hardcovers are much less likely to fall apart than a paperback edition. (Avoid the Elementary version of this grammar; you can in fact download the entire correct version for free from charlieslanguagepage.com, archive.org or textkit.com.) There are other, perhaps more user-friendly, school grammars out there (e.g. Abbot and Mansfield or Morwood’s Oxford Grammar) but bear in mind that they are not proper reference grammars and simply do not have enough information to help you understand Ancient Greek at the level required by your set texts (e.g. you will find very little help with advanced syntax or the language of Homer in these). If you want a nicely laid-out and handy presentation of the word-tables (or paradigms) to supplement your grammar (though all the forms will be found in Smyth and Goodwin), then we recommend H. J. K. Usher’s Outline of Greek Accidence. We will, however, provide many paradigms here in this pack and in our Faculty classes and you will find a variety of supplementary online materials at charlieslanguagepage.com.

In order to deal more ably with the grammatical concepts we will meet in our classes you may find these volumes helpful: • A Student’s Introduction to English Grammar, by Rodney Huddleston (ISBN 0-521-612888) • English Grammar for Students of Latin, by Norma Goldman (ISBN 0-93-403434-6) As far as dictionaries go, we strongly recommend H. G. Liddell and R. Scott’s Abridged Greek Lexicon (ISBN 0199102074); the Intermediate version of this Lexicon has longer entries but it has no more entries than the Abridged version and is bulkier and more expensive. The Abridged lexicon also has many entries that are meant to help beginners; these are omitted from the Intermediate version. The massive, £150 Greek-English ‘LSJ’ is a research-standard lexicon and unnecessary for normal reading purposes, though you can download it for free via a PC and Mac application called ‘Diogenes’ that’s online (just search for it) and even load it into an iPhone or iPad via an app called ‘Ancient Greek’ (by Paul Hudson) from the Apple App Store. Both the Abridged and the LSJ are available on charlieslanguagepage.com. Android has recently begun to display Polytonic Greek correctly; you can find Ben Linksey’s serviceable ‘Ancient Greek Lexicon & Syntax’ in the Google Play store (inter alia), and any browser should be able to display the version of LSJ at philolog.us. The full LSJ and the Intermediate version are searchable on Perseus. You will find in this pack:

• a checklist of grammatical topics covered in Reading Greek 1–10 • a vocabulary list consisting of all the words in Reading Greek 1-10 • most of the paradigms presented in Reading Greek 1-10 (plus much more additional information) • a list of verb principal parts in Reading Greek 1–10

We have created three online activities to complement the pack:

• https://quizlet.com/_2eq6u4 (vocabulary tester) • http://www.quia.com/jg/1994849.html (vocabulary tester) • http://www.quia.com/jg/1994893.html (principal parts tester)

Good luck with your studies and see you soon!

checklist of grammar topics for Intensive Greek students On arriving at Cambridge you will be assessed on the following topics. The assessment will fall into four parts (in each part you will be given some

choice): Section A: Vocabulary: you will be expected to know the vocbulary from Reading Greek 1–10 (supplied here)

Section B: Accidence: you will be expected to write down from memory any word-table (or paradigm) of any word listed on this page (you will be given a starter form—no dual forms are expected): N.B. not every paradigm required has been supplied n the pack

Section C: Principal Parts: you will be expected write down from memory the principal parts of the verbs in the list included in this pack (you

will be given a starter form) Section D: Syntax: you will be expected to translate from Greek into English a few sentences that exhibit the points of syntax as specified below

The assessment will take form as an hour-long online test. Many elements of the test will be generated randomly by computer, so each test will be unique. Some elements will be very simple and some will be more challenging. The test will be marked out of 100 points and only you and your Director of Studies will be given the results. The test is merely designed as a diagnostic tool and will not count towards any final mark or grade at all.

adjectives and nouns, etc. • understanding of gender, case, and number in nouns and adjectives

• declension and use of the definite article • noun and adjective declension of all three patterns of the words that appear in the Reading Greek vocabulary list (complete list and some tables

supplied in this pack)

• form and use of demonstratives, !"# and !$#, %&'("#, and )&!*# • form and use of personal, reflexive, and relative pronouns • form and use of comparatives, including irregulars for +,)-*#, .).*#, .)/*#, 01,)#, and 2%/3#

verbs • understanding of person, number, tense, voice, and mood in verbs

• understanding of verbal ‘aspect’ • conjugation of thematic (-4) verbs (e.g. /34) in the present, imperfect, aorist, and future (indicative, imperative, and optative only—no subjunctive),

active and middle, including participles and infinitives (supplied in pack)

• conjugation of contract verbs in the present and imperfect indicative, active and middle, including participles and infinitives (supplied in pack) • conjugation of (50" ‘be’, (60$ ‘shall go’, and %6') ‘know’ in the present, past, and future; optative and imperative (no subjunctive), including participles

and infinitives (supplied in pack)

• understanding of contract futures, e.g. 0174 fut. 0(78 • understanding of 1st (= sigmatic) and 2nd aorists (thematic e.g. 9:)/%7 and athematic [= root] e.g. 9:;7) • root aorists 9:;7 and 9,747, plus infinitives and participles

• conjugation of <;0", '37)0)$, =2">!)0)$, and '"'40$, plus infinitives and participles

syntax • understanding of prepositions as occasioned in the Reading Greek vocabulary list (supplied in pack) • constructions with comparative adjectives • form and use of participles; understanding of participles used adverbially (= circumstantially)

• understanding of verbs that take participles, e.g. !?,@A74 • understanding of verbs that take infinitives , e.g. :%3/%0)$ • understanding of indirect speech and indirect question

• understanding of optative + B7 N.B. You are not responsible for every form that appears in the tables supplied in the language pack (e.g. dual forms of any word or aorist passives or

the poetic forms of (50" ), only those forms covered by the descriptions above. The tables are meant to be fairly comprehensive and of use for future reference (e.g. when reading Homer). Note too that you will find many words printed with both iota subscript (e.g. C) and adscript (4$) forms as an aid to recognition; sometimes long (e.g. D) and short (E) marks have been printed over vowels as an aid in distinguishing certain elements.

conspectus of key Ancient Greek paradigms

substantives 1. alpha stems (5 paradigms): τέχνη, ἡμέρα, θάλαττᾰ, ναύτης, νεανίας 2. omicron stems (5): ἄνθρωπος, δῶρον, νοῦς, κανοῦν, νεώς 3. consonant stems (15): ἐλπίς, γέρων, πρᾶγμα, ῥήτωρ, ἀγών, ἀνήρ, τριήρης, γένος, γέρας, ἥρως, πόλις,

ἄστυ, ἰχθύς, βασιλεύς, ναῦς 4. adjectives (13): ἀγαθός, ἄξιος, ἵλεως, χρυσοῦς, ἀληθής, εὔελπις, βελτίων, ἡδύς, μέλας, χαρίεις, πᾶς,

μέγας, πολύς 5. comparatives (10): ἀγαθός, κακός, καλός, μέγας, μίκρος, ὀλίγος, πολύς, ῥᾴδιος, ταχύς, φίλος 6. participles (8): λύων, λύσας, λυθείς, διδούς, δεικνύς, λελυκώς, τιμῶν, ποιῶν 7. pronouns (13): ἐγώ, αὐτός, ἐμαυτόν, ἐμός, ἀλλήλους, ὁ, ὅδε, οὗτος, ἐκεῖνος, τίς & τις, ὅς, ὅστις 8. adverbs 9. correlatives

verbs εἰμί, εἶμι, οἶδα

10. εἰμί sum (7): pres. ind., inf., ptc., subj., opt. impv., impf. 11. εἶμι ibo (5): ‘—’ 12. οἶδα (7): ‘—’

-ω verbs: λύω

13. λύω present tense stem (10): active & middle/passive, etc. 14. λύω aorist tense stem (ἔλυσα: first aorists) (12): active, middle, and passive 15. λύω perfect tense stem (λέλυκα: first perfects [+ periphrastics]) (28=14x2): act. and m./p. 16. λύω future simple tense (λύσω) (6): active, middle, and passive

contract verbs

17. τιμάω: alpha contract verbs (10): active & middle/passive 18. ποιέω: epsilon contract verbs (10): active & middle/passive 19. δηλόω: omicron contract verbs (10): active & middle/passive 20. irregular contracts 1 (15: ζάω 5, χράομαι 5, and ῥιγόω 5) 21. irregular contracts 2 (10: πλέω 5 + δέομαι 5)

root forms, etc.

22. thematic root aorists: ἔλιπον (10=5x2) 23. athematic root aorists: ἔβην 4, ἔγνων 4, and ἔδυν 4 (12=3x4) 24. second perfects: ἵστημι + δέδοικα (10=2x5) 25. consonant stem perfects: λέλειμμαι κτλ (12=6x2)

-μι verbs: the ‘big four’ & varia

26. δίδωμι pres. (10): active & middle/passive 27. ἔδωκα aor. (12): active, middle, and passive

28. τίθημι pres. (10): active & middle/passive 29. ἔθηκα aor. (12): active, middle, and passive

30. ἵστημι pres. (10): active & middle/passive 31. ἔστησα aor. (16): active (1st and 2nd aor.), middle, and passive

32. ἵημι pres. (10): active & middle/passive 33. ἧκα aor. (12): active, middle, and passive

34. δείκνυμι (10): active & middle/passive 35. ἦμαι, κάθημαι, and κεῖμαι present stem forms (13=3+5+5) 36. φημί and ἠμί present stem forms (6=5+1) TOTAL 364 key paradigms

first or !-stem declension nouns: five paradigms

! "#$%& (Attic & for '-stem =Reading Greek 1a) ‘craft’

sing. dual pl. nom. "#$%& "#$%' "#$%() voc. "#$%& "#$%' "#$%() acc. "#$%&% "#$%' "#$%'* gen. "#$%&* "#$%()% "+$%,% dat. "#$%- / "#$%&) "#$%()% "#$%()*

! !.#/' (' stem =RG 1b) ‘day’ (N.B. Ionic shows & for these words: !.#/&)

sing. dual pl. nom. !.#/' !.#/' !.#/() voc. !.#/' !.#/' !.#/() acc. !.#/'% !.#/' !.#/'* gen. !.#/'* !.#/()% !.+/,% dat. !.#/0 / !.#/() !.#/()% !.#/()*

! 123(""4 (4 stem =RG 1c) ‘sea’

sing. dual pl. nom. 123(""4 1(32""' 123(""() voc. 123(""4 1(32""' 123(""() acc. 123(""4% 1(32""' 1(32""'* gen. 1(32""&* 1(32""()% 1(3("",% dat. 1(32""- / 1(32""&) 1(32""()% 1(32""()*

5 %(6"&* (Attic & for '-stem masculine =RG 1d) ‘sailor’

sing. dual pl. nom. %(6"&* %(6"' %(7"() voc. %(7"4 %(6"' %(7"() acc. %(6"&% %(6"' %(6"'* gen. %(6"89 %(6"()% %(9",% dat. %(6"- / %(6"&) %(6"()% %(6"()*

5 %+'%:'* ('-stem masculine =RG 1d [sic]) ‘young man’

sing. dual pl. nom. %+'%:'* %+'%:' %+'%:() voc. %+'%:' %+'%:' %+'%:() acc. %+'%:'v %+'%:' %+'%:'* gen. %+'%:89 %+'%:()% %+'%),% dat. %+'%:0 / %+'%:() %+'%:()% %+'%:()*

N.B. '-stem contracts such as ! ;< (< ;+'- ‘earth’), ! .%= (< .%('- ‘mina’), 5 >/.<* (< >/.+'- ‘Hermes’), and 5 ?8//=*

(< ?8/+'-) decline like "#$%&, !.#/', %(6"&*, and %+'%:'* respectively yet show final circumflex in all cases.

second or !-stem declension nouns: five paradigms

!/" #$%&'()* (=RG 2a) ‘man’, ‘woman’, ‘human being’

sing. dual pl. nom. #$%&'()* +$%&,(' #$%&'()- voc. #$%&'(. +$%&,(' #$%&'()- acc. #$%&'()$ +$%&,(' +$%&,()/* gen. +$%&,()/ +$%&,()-$ +$%&,('$ dat. +$%&,(0 / +$%&,('- +$%&,()-$ +$%&,()-*

12 34&)$ (=RG 2b) ‘gift’

sing. dual pl. nom. 34&)$ 3,&' 34&5 voc. 34&)$ 3,&' 34&5 acc. 34&)$ 3,&' 34&5 gen. 3,&)/ 3,&)-$ 3,&'$ dat. 3,&0 / 3,&'- 3,&)-$ 3,&)-*

! $)6* (contracted from $7)-*) ‘mind’ (8.9. Ionic generally has the uncontracted forms.)

sing. dual pl. nom. $)6* (< $7)-*) $, (< $7') $): (< $7)-) voc. $)6 (< $7.) $, (< $7') $): (< $7)-) acc. $)6$ (< $7)-$) $, (< $7') $)6* ($7)/*) gen. $)6 (< $7)/) $):$ (< $7)-$) $4$ (< $7'$) dat. $; / $4- (< $7'-) $):$ (< $7)-$) $):* (< $7)-*)

12 <5$)6$ (contracted from <5$=)-$) ‘basket’ (8.9. Ionic generally has the uncontracted forms.)

sing. dual pl. nom. <5$)6$ (< <5$=)-$) <5$, (< <5$=') <5$> (< <5$=5) voc. <5$)6$ (< <5$=)-$) <5$, (< <5$=') <5$> (< <5$=5) acc. <5$)6$ (< <5$=)-$) <5$, (< <5$=') <5$> (< <5$=5) gen. <5$)6 (< <5$=)/) <5$):$ (< <5$=)-$) <5$4$ (< <5$='$) dat. <5$; / <5$4- (< <5$='-) <5$):$ (< <5$=)-$) <5$):* (< <5$=)-*)

! $.,* (so-called ‘Attic declension’ because peculiar to Attic [and not Koine]) ‘temple’

sing. dual pl. nom. $.,* (Ionic $?7-*) $., (Ion. $?,) $.@ / $.,- (Ion. $?)A) voc. $.,* (no special form) $., (Ion. $?,) $.@ / $.,- (Ion. $?)A) acc. $.,$ (Ion. $?7-$) $., (Ion. $?,) $.,* (Ion. $?)B*) gen. $., (Ion. $?)6) $.@$ / $.,-$ (Ion. $?):$) $.,$ (Ion. $?4$) dat. $.@ / $.,- (Ion. $?;) $.@$ / $.,-$ (Ion. $?):$) $.@* / $.,-* (Ion. $?):*)

similar words: ! C.$=D.'*, " E'* ‘dawn’ (Ion. F,*), ! D.,* ‘people’ (Ion. DG7*), ! <HD'* ‘cable’ (Ion. <HD)*)

third or consonant-stem declension nouns

three key stop stems: ‘stops’ are labials (π, β, φ), palatals (κ, γ, χ), and dentals (τ, δ, θ)

ἡ ἐλπίς (ἐλπιδ-) ‘hope’ (=RG 3a ἡ νύξ)

ὁ γέρων (γεροντ-) ‘old man’

τὸ πρᾶγμα (πρᾱγματ-) ‘thing’ (=RG 3b) sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. nom. ἐλπίς ἐλπίδε ἐλπίδες γέρων γέροντε γέροντες πρᾶγμα πράγματε πράγματα voc. ἐλπί ἐλπίδε ἐλπίδες γέρον γέροντε γέροντες πρᾶγμα πράγματε πράγματα acc. ἐλπίδα ἐλπίδε ἐλπίδας γέροντα γέροντε γέροντας πρᾶγμα πράγματε πράγματα gen. ἐλπίδος ἐλπίδοιν ἐλπίδων γέροντος γερόντοιν γερόντων πράγματος πραγμάτοιν πραγμάτων dat. ἐλπίδι ἐλπίδοιν ἐλπίσι(ν) γέροντι γερόντοιν γέρουσι(ν) πράγματι πραγμάτοιν πράγμασι(ν)

Cf. ἡ θρίξ ‘hair’: θρίξ, θρίξ, τρίχα, τριχός, τριχί, etc. and ὁ / ἡ ὄρνῑς ‘bird’: ὄρνῑς, ὄρνῑ, ὄρνῑν, ὄρνῑθος, ὄρνῑθι, etc. (similarly ἡ χάρις ‘grace’). three key liquid (λ, ρ) & nasal (ν) stems

ὁ ῥήτωρ (ῥητορ-) ‘speaker’

ὁ ἀγών (ἀγων-) ‘contest’ (=RG 3a ὁ λιμήν)

ὁ ἀνήρ (ἀνερ- or ἀνδρ-) ‘man’ sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. nom. ῥήτωρ ῥήτορε ῥήτορες ἀγών ἀγῶνε ἀγῶνες ἀνήρ ἄνρδε ἄνδρες voc. ῥῆτορ ῥήτορε ῥήτορες ἀγών ἀγῶνε ἀγῶνες ἄνερ ἄνρδε ἄνδρες acc. ῥήτορα ῥήτορε ῥήτορας ἀγῶνα ἀγῶνε ἀγῶνας ἄνδρα ἄνρδε ἄνδρας gen. ῥήτορος ῥητόροιν ῥητόρων ἀγῶνος ἀγώνοιν ἀγώνων ἀνδρός ἀνδροῖν ἀνδρῶν dat. ῥήτορι ῥητόροιν ῥήτορσι(ν) ἀγῶνι ἀγώνοιν ἀγῶσι(ν) ἀνδρί ἀνδροῖν ἀνδράσι(ν)

three key sigma stems (stems in –ες and –ας with intervocalic σ disappearing; Ν.Β. Ionic generally has the uncontracted forms.)

ἡ τριήρης (τριηρεσ-) ‘trireme’ (=RG 3d)

τὸ γένος (γενεσ-) ‘kind’ (=RG 3c τὸ πλῆθος)

τὸ γέρας (γερασ-) ‘prize’ sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. nom. τριήρης τριήρει (<εε) τριήρεις (<εες) γένος γένει γένη (<εα) γέρας γέρᾱ (<αε) γέρᾱ (<αα) voc. τριῆρες τριήρει τριήρεις γένος γένει γένη γέρας γέρᾱ γέρᾱ acc. τριήρη (<εα) τριήρει τριήρεις γένος γένει γένη γέρας γέρᾱ γέρᾱ gen. τριήρους (<εος) τριήροιν τριήρων (<εων) γένους γενοῖν γενῶν γέρως (<αος) γερῷν / γερῶιν γερῶν dat. τριήρει τριήροιν τριήρεσι(ν) (<εσσι) γένει γενοῖν γένεσι(ν) γέραι γερῷν / γερῶιν γέρασι(ν)

Ν.Β. Σωκράτης like τριήρης yet Περικλῆς, Περίκλεις, Περικλέᾱ, Περικλέους, Περικλεῖ: stem is Περικλε(ϝ)εσ-. N.B. ἡ αἰδώς ‘shame’ is the only –ος stem in Attic: αἰδώς, αἰδώς, αἰδῶ (<οα), αἰδοῦς (<οος), αἰδοῖ (similarly Ionic ἡ ἠώς ‘dawn’).

six key semivowel stems

! "#$% (&#$ϝ-) ‘hero’

& '()*% ('+)*-) ‘city’ (=RG 3e)

,- ./,0 (1/,0-) ‘town’ (=RG 3f)

sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. nom. "#$% "#$2 "#$2% / "#$% '()*% '()2* '()2*% ./,0 ./,2* ./,3

voc. "#$% "#$2 "#$2% / "#$% '()* '()2* '()2*% ./,0 ./,2* ./,3

acc. "#$4 / "#$ / "#$5 "#$2 "#$4% / "#$% '()*5 '()2* '()2*% ./,0 ./,2* ./,3

gen. "#$+% / "#$ &#6+*5 &#6$5 '()2$% (-+% Trag.) '+)7+*5 '()2$5 ./,2$% 1/,7+*5 ./,2$5

dat. "#$* / "#8 / "#$* &#6+*5 "#$/*(5) '()2* '+)7+*5 '()2/*(5) ./,2* 1/,7+*5 ./,2/*(5)

! 9:;<% (9:;0-) ‘fish’ (=RG 3h =>#<%)

! ?4/*)2<% ‘king’ (=RG 3g)

& 54@% ‘ship’

sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. nom. 9:;<% 9:;<2 9:;<2% ?4/*)2<% ?4/*)A ?4/*)A% / ?4/*)2B% later 54@% 5A2 5A2%

voc. 9:;< 9:;<2 9:;<2% ?4/*)2@ ?4/*)A ?4/*)A% / ?4/*)2B% later 54@ 5A2 5A2%

acc. 9:;<5 9:;<2 9:;@% ?4/*)7C ?4/*)A ?4/*)7C% / ?4/*)2B% later 54@5 5A2 54@%

gen. 9:;<+% 9:;<+*5 9:;<$5 ?4/*)7$% ?4/*)7+*5 ?4/*)7$5 526% 52+B5 52D5

dat. 9:;<E 9:;<+*5 9:;</*(5) ?4/*)2B ?4/*)7+*5 ?4/*)2@/*(5) 53F 52+B5 540/G(5)

N.B. stems in –+*: & '2*;6 ‘persuasion’: '2*;6, '2*;+B, '2*;6, '2*;+@%, '2*;+B; similarly & H:6 ‘echo’ and I4'>6; duals and plurals are second declension.

some Homeric forms (red forms not Attic [these will appear gray on a non-colour printer])

'()*%

?4/*)2<%

54@% sing. pl. sing. pl. sing. pl. nom. '()*% '()*2% / -32% ?4/*)2<% ?4/*)A2% / -72% Hdt. 53@% 572% voc. '()* '()2*% ?4/*)2@ ?4/*)A% / ?4/*)2B% 54@ 5A2% acc. '()*5 '()J% /-*4% /-34% ?4/*)A4 / -7K ?4/*)A4% 5A4 / 574 5A4% / 574% gen. '()*+% / -3+% '+)G$5 ?4/*)A+% / -7+% ?4/*)7$5 53(% / 52(% 53D5 dat. '()J / -*E / -3* '()*/*(5) / -G2//*(5) ?4/*)A* / -7E ?4/*)L2//* 53F 530/G(5) / 5L2//*(5) / 572//*(5)

three irregular nouns

& M05L ‘woman’

! 0N(% (0[N]+-, 0[N]2-, 0N-) ‘son’ (exclusively Homeric forms in red)

! O2<%

sing. dual pl. sing. dual pl. sing. nom. M05L M054BP2 M054BP2% (Com. M054G) 0N(% / 0N7+% 0N6 / 0N2B / 0Q2 0(N)+G / 0(N)2B% / 0N72% / 0Q2% O2<%

voc. M<54* M054BP2 M054BP2% 0N7 0N6 / 0N2B / 0Q2 0(N)+G / 0(N)2B% / 0N72% / 0Q2% O2@

acc. M054BP4

(Com. M05L5) M054BP2 M054BP4% (Com. M05R%) 0N(5 / 0N74 / 0Q4 0N6 / 0N2B / 0Q2 0(N)+<% / 0(N)2B% / 0N74% / 0Q4% SG4 (OA54)

gen. M054*P(% M054*P+B5 M054*PD5 0(N)+@ / 0(N)7+% / 0Q+% 0N+B5 / 0N7+*5 0(N)D5 / 0(N)7$5 S*(% (O35(%)

dat. M054*PG M054*P+B5 M054*TG(5) 0(N)U / 0(N)2B / 0N7E / 0Q* 0N+B5 / 0N7+*5 0(N)+B% / 0(N)7/*(5) / 0NR/*(5) S*F (O35G)

adjectives: 13 key paradigms

!"#$%& ' %( ‘good’

singular

dual

plural m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n.

nom. !"#$%& !"#$' !"#$%( !"#$) !"#$* !"#$) !"#$+, !"#$#, !"#$* voc. !"#$- !"#$' !"#$%( !"#$) !"#$* !"#$) !"#$+, !"#$#, !"#$* acc. !"#$%( !"#$'( !"#$%( !"#$) !"#$* !"#$) !"#$+.& !"#$*& !"#$* gen. !"#$+/ !"#$0& !"#$+/ !"#$+1( !"#$#1( !"#$+1( !"#$2( !"#$2( !"#$2(

dat. !"#$3 / !"#$24

!"#$5 / !"#$04

!"#$3 / !"#$24 !"#$+1( !"#$#1( !"#$+1( !"#$+1& !"#$#1& !"#$+1&

674+& 8 +( ‘worthy’ nom 674+& !7,8 674+(

!7,9 !7,8 !7,9

674+4 674#4 674# voc. 674: !7,8 674+( !7,9 !7,8 !7,9 674+4 674#4 674# acc. 674+( !7,8( 674+( !7,9 !7,8 !7,9 !7,+;& !7,8& 674# gen. !7,+; !7,8& !7,+; !7,+4( !7,#4( !7,+4( !7,9( !7,9( !7,9(

dat. !7,< / !7,94

!7,= / !7,#4

!7,< / !7,94 !7,+4( !7,#4( !7,+4( !7,+4& !7,#4& !7,+4&

>?:9& 9( ‘propitious’ (‘Attic declension’) m.&f. n.

m.&f. n.

m.&f. n. nom. >?:9& >?:9( >?:9 >?:9 >?:< / >?:94 >?:# voc. >?:9& >?:9( >?:9 >?:9 >?:< / >?:94 >?:# acc. >?:9( >?:9( >?:9 >?:9 >?:9& >?:# gen. >?:9 >?:9 >?:<( / >?:94( >?:<( / >?:94( >?:9( >?:9( dat. >?:< / >?:94 >?:< / >?:94 >?:<( / >?:94( >?:<( / >?:94( >?:<& / >?:94& >?:<& / >?:94& N.B. similar adjectives @2& ‘safe’ (also @2+&) and A?-9& ‘full’; A?-9& has three endings: A?-9& A?-8 A?-9( BC?.

DEF@+/& 0 +/( ‘golden’ (contract adjectives in –:+& and –++&; Ionic preserves the uncontracted form)

nom. DEF@+/& DEF@0 DEF@+/(

DEF@) DEF@G DEF@)

DEF@+1 DEF@#1 DEF@G voc. DEF@+/& DEF@0 DEF@+/( DEF@) DEF@G DEF@) DEF@+1 DEF@#1 DEF@G acc. DEF@+/( DEF@0( DEF@+/( DEF@) DEF@G DEF@) DEF@+/& DEF@G& DEF@G gen. DEF@+/ DEF@0& DEF@+/ DEF@+1( DEF@#1( DEF@+1( DEF@2( DEF@2( DEF@2(

dat. DEF@3 / DEF@24

DEF@5 / DEF@04

DEF@3 / DEF@24 DEF@+1( DEF@#1( DEF@+1( DEF@+1& DEF@#1& DEF@+1&

N.B. similar adjectives !E".E:+& ‘silver’, @4H'E:+& ‘iron’, :I(++& ‘well disposed’, and JA?%+& ‘simple’.

!?K$'& -& ‘true’ (sigma stem with intervocalic @ disappearing; Ionic preserves the uncontracted form) nom. !?K$'& !?K$-&

!?K$:1 (:@-:)

!?K$:1& (:@-:&) !?K$0 (:@-#) voc. !?K$-& !?K$-& !?K$:1 !?K$:1& !?K$0 acc. !?K$0 (:@-#) !?K$-& !?K$:1 !?K$:1& !?K$0 gen. !?K$+/& (:@-+&) !?K$+/& !?K$+1( !?K$2( !?K$2( dat. !?K$:1 (:@-4) !?K$:1 !?K$+1( !?K$-@4(() !?K$-@4(()

:I:?A4& 4 ‘hopeful’ nom. :I:?A4& :I:?A4

:L-?A4H:

:L-?A4H:& :L-?A4H# voc. :I:?A4 :I:?A4 :L-?A4H: :L-?A4H:& :L-?A4H# acc. :I:?A4( :I:?A4 :L-?A4H: :L-?A4H#& :L-?A4H# gen. :L-?A4H+& :L-?A4H+& :L:?A,H+4( :L:?A,H9( :L:?A,H9( dat. :L-?A4H4 :L-?A4H4 :L:?A,H+4( :L-?A4@4(() :L-?A4@4(()

!"#$%&' (' ‘better’ nom. !"#$%&' !)#$*('

!"#$%('"

!"#$%('"+ / !"#$%(,+ !"#$%('- / !"#$%& voc. !)#$*(' !)#$*(' !"#$%('" !"#$%('"+ / !"#$%(,+ !"#$%('- / !"#$%& acc. !"#$%('- / !"#$%& !)#$*(' !"#$%('" !"#$%('-+ / !"#$%(,+ !"#$%('- / !"#$%& gen. !"#$%('(+ !"#$%('(+ !"#$*.'(*' !"#$*.'&' !"#$*.'&' dat. !"#$%('* !"#$%('* !"#$*.'(*' !"#$%(/*(') !"#$%(/*(')

012+ "34 2 ‘pleasant’ nom. 012+ 01"3- 012

01)" 01"%5 01)"

01"3+ 01"3-* 01)- voc. 012 01"3- 012 01)" 01"%5 01)" 01"3+ 01"3-* 01)- acc. 012' 01"3-' 012 01)" 01"%5 01)" 01"3+ 01"%5+ 01)- gen. 01)(+ 01"%5+ 01)(+ 01)(*' 01"%-*' 01)(*' 01)&' 01"*6' 01)&'

dat. 01"3 01"%7 / 01"%-* 01"3 01)(*' 01"%-*' 01)(*' 01)/*(') 01"%-*+ 01)/*(')

8)#5+ -*'4 -' ‘black’ nom. 8)#5+ 8)#-*'- 8)#-'

8)#-'" 8"#-%'5 8)#-'"

8)#-'"+ 8)#-*'-* 8)#-'- voc. 8)#-' 8)#-*'- 8)#-' 8)#-'" 8"#-%'5 8)#-'" 8)#-'"+ 8)#-*'-* 8)#-'- acc. 8)#-'- 8)#-*'-' 8)#-' 8)#-'" 8"#-%'5 8)#-'" 8)#-'-+ 8"#-%'5+ 8)#-'- gen. 8)#-'(+ 8"#-%'9+ 8)#-'(+ 8"#:'(*' 8"#-%'-*' 8"#:'(*' 8"#:'&' 8"#-*'6' 8"#:'&'

dat. 8)#-'* 8"#-%'; / 8"#-%'9* 8)#-'* 8"#:'(*' 8"#-%'-*' 8"#:'(*' 8)#-/*(') 8"#-%'-*+ 8)#-/*(')

N.B. adjectives in -9', -"*'4, -"' decline similarly (e.g. $)<9', $)<"*'-, $)<"' [gen. $)<"'(+, $"<"%'9+ =$#] ‘tender’).

>-<%"*+ "//4 "' ‘graceful’ (stems in '$) nom. >-<%"*+ >-<%"//- >-<%"'

>-<%"'$" >-<*)//5 >-<%"'$"

>-<%"'$"+ >-<*)//-* >-<%"'$- voc. >-<%"' >-<%"//- >-<%"' >-<%"'$" >-<*)//5 >-<%"'$" >-<%"'$"+ >-<*)//-* >-<%"'$- acc. >-<%"'$- >-<%"//-' >-<%"' >-<%"'$" >-<*)//5 >-<%"'$" >-<%"'$-+ >-<*)//5+ >-<%"'$- gen. >-<%"'$(+ >-<*)//9+ >-<%"'$(+ >-<*)'$(*' >-<*)//-*' >-<*)'$(*' >-<*)'$&' >-<*"//6' >-<*)'$&'

dat. >-<%"'$* >-<*)//; / >-<*)//9* >-<%"'$* >-<*)'$(*' >-<*)//-*' >-<*)'$(*' >-<%"/*(') >-<*)//-*+ >-<%"/*(')

N.B. adjectives in -."*+ and -?"*+ decline similarly (e.g. 8"#*$."*+ ‘honied’ and @&'?"*+ ‘voiced’; they can contract: 8"#*$(A+).

BC+ BC/4 BC' ‘all’ nom. BC+ BC/- BC'

dual not attested in Classical Greek

B:'$"+ BC/-* B:'$- voc. BC+ BC/- BC' B:'$"+ BC/-* B:'$- acc. B:'$- BC/-' BC' B:'$-+ B:/5+ B:'$- gen. B-'$.+ B:/9+ B-'$.+ B:'$&' B-/6' B:'$&' dat. B-'$% B:/; / B:/9* B-'$% BC/*(') B:/-*+ BC/*(')

8)D-+ 8"D:#9 8)D- nom. 8)D-+ 8"D:#9 8)D-

8"D:#& 8"D:#5 8"D:#&

8"D:#(* 8"D:#-* 8"D:#- voc. 8"D:#" 8"D:#9 8)D- 8"D:#& 8"D:#5 8"D:#& 8"D:#(* 8"D:#-* 8"D:#- acc. 8)D-' 8"D:#9' 8)D- 8"D:#& 8"D:#5 8"D:#& 8"D:#(,+ 8"D:#5+ 8"D:#- gen. 8"D:#(, 8"D:#9+ 8"D:#(, 8"D:#(*' 8"D:#-*' 8"D:#(*' 8"D:#&' 8"D:#&' 8"D:#&'

dat. 8"D:#E / 8"D:#&*

8"D:#; 8"D:#9*

8"D:#E / 8"D:#&* 8"D:#(*' 8"D:#-*' 8"D:#(*' 8"D:#(*+ 8"D:#-*+ 8"D:#(*+

B(#2+ B(##? B(#2 nom. B(#2+ B(##? B(#2

dual not attested

B(##(% B(##-% B(##: voc. B(#2 B(##? B(#2 B(##(% B(##-% B(##: acc. B(#2' B(##?' B(#2 B(##(2+ B(##:+ B(##: gen. B(##(A B(##F+ B(##(A B(##6' B(##6' B(##6'

dat. B(##G / B(##6*

B(##H / B(##F*

B(##G / B(##6* B(##(3+ B(##-3+ B(##(3+

comparative adjectives

regular comparative forms:

positive comparative superlative

e.g. -!" -#$%!" -#&#!"

important irregular comparative forms:

'(&)*" good '+$,-.- /%01#!" aptitude or worth

2$3#,.- 243#01#!" virtue 5%$,11.- 5%6#01#!" superiority

378.- (Att. 39.-) 3:1#!" desirability (3.;#$%!" poet.)

5&5*" bad 5&5,.- 56501#!" cowardice

<$,%.- <$,%01#!" insufficiency

=11.- =501#!" (can also go with +05%*" and >3,(!")

(rare yet adv. =501#& common)

5&3*" beautiful 5&33,.- 563301#!"

+4(&" great +$,?.- +4(01#!"

+05%*" small +05%*#$%!" +05%*#&#!"

@3611.- @36<01#!" size or quantity +$,.- (+$A1#!" rare) (can also go with >3,(!")

>3,(!" little (>3$,?.- rare) >3,(01#!"

>30(7#$%!" (late)

B!3C" much B3$,.- B3$A1#!"

also B34.-

DEF0!" easy DE.- DG1#!"

#&<C" quick )611.- #6<01#!" (#&<C1#&#!")

H,3!" dear (H,3#$%!" poet.) H,3#&#!"

H03&,#$%!" H03&,#&#!"

(H03,.- Hom.)

the declension of 2$3#,.- (watch carefully for alternate forms):

m./f. sing. neut. sing. m./f. pl. neut. pl.

nom. 2$3#,.- 243#0!- 2$3#,!-$" 2$3#,!-&

2$3#,!I" 2$3#,.

acc. 2$3#,!-& 243#0!- 2$3#,!-&" 2$3#,!-&

2$3#,. 2$3#,!I" 2$3#,.

gen. 2$3#,!-!" 2$3#,!-!" 2$3#0*-.- 2$3#0*-.-

dat. 2$3#,!-0 2$3#,!-0 2$3#,!10(-) 2$3#,!10(-)

participles: 8 key paradigms

!"#$, !"%&'(, !)%$: present active participle of !"#

singular

dual


nom. !"#$ !"%&'* !)%$ !"%$+, !&%"'- !"%$+, !"%$+,. !"%&'*/ !"%$+*

voc. !"#$ !"%&'* !)%$ !"%$+, !&%"'- !"%$+, !"%$+,. !"%&'*/ !"%$+*

acc. !"%$+* !"%&'*$ !)%$ !"%$+, !&%"'- !"%$+, !"%$+*. !&%"'*. !"%$+*

gen. !"%$+%. !&%"'0. !"%$+%. !&1$+%/$ !&%"'*/$ !&1$+%/$ !&1$+#$ !&%&'2$ !&1$+#$

dat. !"%$+/ !&%"'3 / !&%"'0/ !"%$+/ !&1$+%/$ !&%"'*/$ !&1$+%/$ !"%&'/($) !&%"'*/. !"%&'/($)

!"'*., !"'*'(, !)'*$: aorist active participle of !"#

singular

dual

plural

m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n.

nom. !"'*. !"'*'* !)'*$ !"'*$+, !&'4'- !"'*$+, !"'*$+,. !"'*'*/ !"'*$+*

voc. !"'*. !"'*'* !)'*$ !"'*$+, !&'4'- !"'*$+, !"'*$+,. !"'*'*/ !"'*$+*

acc. !"'*$+* !"'*'*$ !)'*$ !"'*$+, !&'4'- !"'*$+, !"'*$+*. !&'4'*. !"'*$+*

gen. !"'*$+%. !&'4'0. !"'*$+%. !&'4$+%/$ !&'4'*/$ !&'4$+%/$ !&'4$+#$ !&'*'2$ !&'4$+#$

dat. !"'*$+/ !&'4'3 / !&'4'0/ !"'*$+/ !&'4$+%/$ !&'4'*/$ !&'4$+%/$ !"'*'/($) !&'4'*/. !"'*'/($)

!&5,6., !&5,7'(, !&58$: aorist passive participle of !"# (so +/5,6., pres. act. ptcp. of +6509/)

singular

dual

plural

m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n.

nom. !&5,6. !&5,7'* !&58$ !&58$+, !&5,6'- !&58$+, !&58$+,. !&5,7'*/ !&58$+*

voc. !&5,6. !&5,7'* !&58$ !&58$+, !&5,6'- !&58$+, !&58$+,. !&5,7'*/ !&58$+*

acc. !&58$+* !&5,7'*$ !&58$ !&58$+, !&5,6'- !&58$+, !&58$+*. !&5,6'*. !&58$+*

gen. !&58$+%. !&5,6'0. !&58$+%. !&58$+%/$ !&5,6'*/$ !&58$+%/$ !&58$+#$ !&5,/'2$ !&58$+#$

dat. !&58$+/ !&5,6'3 / !&5,6'0/ !&58$+/ !&58$+%/$ !&5,6'*/$ !&58$+%/$ !&5,7'/($) !&5,6'*/. !&5,7'/($)

:/:%"., :/:%)'(, :/:1$: present active participle of :6:#9/ (so :%"., aor. act. ptcp. of :6:#9/) singular

dual

plural

m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n.

nom. :/:%". :/:%)'* :/:1$ :/:1$+, :/:%"'- :/:1$+, :/:1$+,. :/:%)'*/ :/:1$+*

voc. :/:%". :/:%)'* :/:1$ :/:1$+, :/:%"'- :/:1$+, :/:1$+,. :/:%)'*/ :/:1$+*

acc. :/:1$+* :/:%)'*$ :/:1$ :/:1$+, :/:%"'- :/:1$+, :/:1$+*. :/:%"'*. :/:1$+*

gen. :/:1$+%. :/:%"'0. :/:1$+%. :/:1$+%/$ :/:%"'*/$ :/:1$+%/$ :/:1$+#$ :/:%&'2$ :/:1$+#$

dat. :/:1$+/ :/:%"'3 / :/:%"'0/ :/:1$+/ :/:1$+%/$ :/:%"'*/$ :/:1$+%/$ :/:%)'/($) :/:%"'*/. :/:%)'/($)

!"#$%&', !"#$%()*, !"#$%&%: present active participle of !"+$%,-# (so .&', 2nd aor. act. ptcp. of .&/)

singular

dual

plural

m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n.

nom. !"#$%&' !"#$%()0 !"#$%&% !"#$%&%1" !"#$%&)2 !"#$%&%1" !"#$%&%1"' !"#$%()0# !"#$%&%10

voc. !"#$%&' !"#$%()0 !"#$%&% !"#$%&%1" !"#$%&)2 !"#$%&%1" !"#$%&%1"' !"#$%()0# !"#$%&%10

acc. !"#$%&%10 !"#$%()0% !"#$%&% !"#$%&%1" !"#$%&)2 !"#$%&%1" !"#$%&%10' !"#$%&)0' !"#$%&%10

gen. !"#$%&%13' !"#$%&)4' !"#$%&%13' !"#$%&%13#% !"#$%&)0#% !"#$%&%13#% !"#$%&%1/% !"#$%,)5% !"#$%&%1/%

dat. !"#$%&%1# !"#$%&)6 / !"#$%&)4# !"#$%&%1# !"#$%&%13#% !"#$%&)0#% !"#$%&%13#% !"#$%()#(%) !"#$%&)0#' !"#$%()#(%)

7"7,$8', 7"7,$,9*, 7"7,$:': perfect active participle of 7&/ singular

dual

plural

m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n.

nom. 7"7,$8' 7"7,$,90 7"7,$:' 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$,+2 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$:1"' 7"7,$,90# 7"7,$:10

voc. 7"7,$8' 7"7,$,90 7"7,$:' 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$,+2 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$:1"' 7"7,$,90# 7"7,$:10

acc. 7"7,$:10 7"7,$,90% 7"7,$:' 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$,+2 7"7,$:1" 7"7,$:10' 7"7,$,+0' 7"7,$:10

gen. 7"7,$:13' 7"7,$,+0' 7"7,$:13' 7"7,$:13#% 7"7,$,+0#% 7"7,$:13#% 7"7,$:1/% 7"7,$,#5% 7"7,$:1/%

dat. 7"7,$:1# 7"7,$,+; / 7"7,$,+0# 7"7,$:1# 7"7,$:13#% 7"7,$,+0#% 7"7,$:13#% 7"7,$:)#(%) 7"7,$,+0#' 7"7,$:)#(%)

1#-5%, 1#-5)*, 1#-5%: present active participle of 1#-</

singular

dual

plural

m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n.

nom. 1#-5% 1#-5)0 1#-5% 1#-5%1" 1#-8)2 1#-5%1" 1#-5%1"' 1#-5)0# 1#-5%10

voc. 1#-5% 1#-5)0 1#-5% 1#-5%1" 1#-8)2 1#-5%1" 1#-5%1"' 1#-5)0# 1#-5%10

acc. 1#-5%10 1#-5)0% 1#-5% 1#-5%1" 1#-8)2 1#-5%1" 1#-5%10' 1#-8)0' 1#-5%10

gen. 1#-5%13' 1#-8)4' 1#-5%13' 1#-8%13#% 1#-8)0#% 1#-8%13#% 1#-8%1/% 1#-/)5% 1#-8%1/%

dat. 1#-5%1# 1#-8)6 / 1#-8)4# 1#-5%1# 1#-8%13#% 1#-8)0#% 1#-8%13#% 1#-5)#(%) 1#-8)0#' 1#-5)#(%)

=3#5%, =3#3()*, =3#3(%: present active participle of =3#>/ (so !475%, pres. act. ptcp. of !47:/)

singular

dual

plural

m. f. n. m. f. n. m. f. n.

nom. =3#5% =3#3()0 =3#3(% =3#3(%1" =3#3&)2 =3#3(%1" =3#3(%1"' =3#3()0# =3#3(%10

voc. =3#5% =3#3()0 =3#3(% =3#3(%1" =3#3&)2 =3#3(%1" =3#3(%1"' =3#3()0# =3#3(%10

acc. =3#3(%10 =3#3()0% =3#3(% =3#3(%1" =3#3&)2 =3#3(%1" =3#3(%10' =3#3&)0' =3#3(%10

gen. =3#3(%13' =3#3&)4' =3#3(%13' =3#3&%13#% =3#3&)0#% =3#3&%13#% =3#3&%1/% =3#3,)5% =3#3&%1/%

dat. =3#3(%1# =3#3&)6 / =3#3&)4# =3#3(%1# =3#3&%13#% =3#3&)0#% =3#3&%13#% =3#3()#(%) =3#3&)0#' =3#3()#(%)

pronouns: 13 key paradigms

personal pronoun !"#

singular

dual

plural 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

nom. !"# $% ———— &# $'# $'() Hom. *+),- .+),- $'),- acc. !+/ / +) $/ / $) 0 / 1 &# $'# $'() Hom. *+2- .+2- $'2- gen. !+34 / +35 $34 / $35 36 / 3. &7& $'7& $'(8& Hom. *+9& .+9& $'9& dat. !+3: / +3; $3: / $3; 3< / 3= &7& $'7& $'(8& Hom. *+,& .+,& $',&

N.B. The singular enclitic forms are unemphatic; the third singulars are rare in Attic prose. Att. >?@A& = Hom. +;& Trag. &;&.

intensive pronoun >?@A-

singular

dual


nom. >?@A- >?@B >?@A >?@# >?@C >?@# >?@3: >?@>: >?@C acc. >?@A& >?@B& >?@A >?@# >?@C >?@# >?@3%- >?@C- >?@C gen. >?@34 >?@D- >?@34 >?@3,& >?@>,& >?@3,& >?@9& >?@9& >?@9&

dat. >?@7 /

>?@9; >?@E /

>?@D; >?@7 /

>?@9; >?@3,& >?@>,& >?@3,& >?@3,- >?@>,- >?@3,-

F.G. >?@A- as adjective (in predicate w.o. w/ def. art.) = ipse, in attributive w.o. w/ def. art. = idem, as an oblique pronoun = is.

reflexive pronoun !+>5@A& (no dual)

singular

plural 1 2 3 1 2 3

acc. !+>5@A&, B& $)>5@A&, B& ($>5@A&) 1>5@A&, B&, A (>.@A&) *+2- >?@3%-, C- .+2- >?@3%-, C- $'2- >?@3%-, C- or

1>5@3%- (>.@3%-)

gen. !+>5@34, D- $)>5@34, D- ($>5@34) 1>5@34, D-, 34 (>.@34) *+9& >?@9& .+9& >?@9& $'9& >?@9& or

1>5@9& (>.@9&)

dat. !+>5@7, E /

!+>5@9;, D; $)>5@7, E ($>5@7) /

$)>5@9;, D; ($>5@9;) 1>5@7, E, 7 / (>.@7)

1>5@9;, D;, 9; (>.@9;) *+,& >?@3,-, >,- .+,& >?@3,-, >,- $':$;& >?@3,-, >,- or

1>5@3,- (>.@3,-)

possessive pronoun !+A- (no dual), declines like H">IA-

singular

plural m. f. n. m. f. n.

1 !+A- !+B !+A& *+/@)J3- *+)@/JK *+/@)J3&

2 $A- $B $A& .+/@)J3- .+)@/JK .+/@)J3& 3 L- or 1A- Hom. M or 1B Hom. L& or 1A& Hom. $'/@)J3- $')@/JK $'/@)J3&

F.G. L- or 1A- can refer to the first and second person in Homer.

reciprocal pronoun HNNBN35- (no singular)

dual

plural m. f. n. m. f. n.

acc. HNNBN( HNNBNK HNNBN( HNNBN35- HNNBN>- ONNPN>

gen. HNNBN3;& HNNBN>;& HNNBN3;& HNNBN(& HNNBN(& HNNBN(& dat. HNNBN3;& HNNBN>;& HNNBN3;& HNNBN3;- HNNBN>;- HNNBN3;-

definite article Q

singular

dual


nom. Q * @A @# @# @# 3= >= @C acc. @A& @B& @A @# @# @# @3%- @C- @C gen. @34 @D- @34 @3,& @3,& @3,& @9& @9& @9& dat. @7 / @9; @E / @D; @7 / @9; @3,& @3,& @3,& @3,- @>,- @3,-

N.B. @C and @>,& are very rare in the feminine dual.

demonstrative pronoun !"# (iste): can take deictic suffix -$: %"& singular

dual


nom. !"# '"# ()"# (*"# (*"# (*"# +,"# -,"# (."# acc. ()/"# (0/"# ()"# (*"# (*"# (*"# (+12"# (.2"# (."# gen. (+3"# (42"# (+3"# (+5/"# (+5/"# (+5/"# (6/"# (6/"# (6/"#

dat. (7"# / (68"#

(9"# / (48"#

(7"# / (68"# (+5/"# (+5/"# (+5/"# (+52"# (-52"# (+52"#

N.B. other demonstratives built on !"#: (+2)2"# ‘so much’ (tantus), (+8)2"# ‘such’ (talis), (:;8<)2"# ‘of such an age’.

demonstrative pronoun +=(+> (hic): can take deictic suffix -$: +?(+2& singular

dual


nom. +=(+> -@(: (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A +=(+8 -=(-8 (-3(- acc. (+3(+/ (-1(:/ (+3(+ (+1(A (+1(A (+1(A (+1(+B> (-1(-> (-3(- gen. (+1(+B (-1(:> (+1(+B (+1(+8/ (+1(+8/ (+1(+8/ (+1(A/ (+1(A/ (+1(A/

dat. (+1(C / (+1(A8

(-1(D / (-1(:8

(+1(C / (+1(A8 (+1(+8/ (+1(+8/ (+1(+8/ (+1(+8> (-1(-8> (+1(+8>

N.B. other demonstratives built on +=(+>: (+2+3(+> ‘so much’ (tantus), (+8+3(+> ‘such’ (talis), (:;8<+3(+> ‘of such an age’.

demonstrative pronoun E<#5/+> (ille) singular

dual


nom. E<#5/+> E<#&/: E<#5/+ E<#&/A E<#&/A E<#&/A E<#5/+8 E<#5/-8 E<#5/- acc. E<#5/+/ E<#&/:/ E<#5/+ E<#&/A E<#&/A E<#&/A E<#&/+B> E<#&/-> E<#5/- gen. E<#&/+B E<#&/:> E<#&/+B E<#&/+8/ E<#&/+8/ E<#&/+8/ E<#&/A/ E<#&/A/ E<#&/A/

dat. E<#&/C / E<#&/A8

E<#&/D / E<#&/:8

E<#&/C / E<#&/A8 E<#&/+8/ E<#&/+8/ E<#&/+8/ E<#&/+8> E<#&/-8> E<#&/+8>

interrogative pronoun (&> (quis)

singular

dual

plural m. & f. n. m. & f. & n. m. & f. n.

nom. (&> (& (&/# (&/#> (&/- acc. (&/- (& (&/# (&/-> (&/- gen. (&/+> or (+3 (&/+> or (+3 (&/+8/ (&/A/ (&/A/ dat. (&/8 or (7 / (68 (&/8 or (7 / (68 (&/+8/ (&28(/) (&28(/)

indefinite pronoun (8> ([ali]quis): an enclitic (the accents printed are those that may occur in a sentence—freq. it has none)

singular

dual

plural m. & f. n. m. & f. & n. m. & f. n.

nom. (F> (F (8/G (8/G> (8/. (sts H((-) acc. (8/. (F (8/G (8/.> (8/. (sts H((-) gen. (8/)> or (+3 (8/)> or (+3 (8/+5/ (8/6/ (8/6/ dat. (8/& or (7 / (68 (8/& or (7 / (68 (8/+5/ (82&(/) (82&(/)

relative pronoun !> (qui)

singular

dual

plural m. f. n. m. & f. & n. m. f. n.

nom. !> ' ! I +, -, J acc. !/ '/ ! I +@> J> J gen. += K> += +L/ M/ M/ M/ dat. N / M8 O / K8 N / M8 +L/ +L> -L> +L>

indefinite relative pronoun !2(8> (quicumque): o3/, "0, or "0P+(# may be added: e.g. %/(8/--":-P+(-+3/

singular

dual

plural m. f. n. m. & f. & n. m. f. n.

nom. !2(8> '(8> ! (8 (sts !(8) I(8/# +,(8/#> -,(8/#> J(8/- (sts J((-) acc. !/(8/- '/(8/- ! (8 (sts !(8) I(8/# +@2(8/-> J2(8/-> J(8/- (sts J((-) gen. +=(8/+> or !(+B K2(8/+> +=(8/+> or !(+B +L/(8/+8/ M/(8/A/ or !(A/ M/(8/A/ M/(8/A/ or !(A/

dat. N(8/8 / M8(8/8 or !(C / !(A8

O(8/8 / K8(8/8

N(8/8 / M8(8/8 or !(C / !(A8 +L/(8/+8/ +L2(828(/) or !(+8> -L2(828(/) +L2(828(/) or !(+8>

table of correlatives

interrogative indefinite demonstrative relative indefinite relative

or indirect interrogative

τίς (quis) ‘who?’

τις ([ali]quis) ‘somone’

ὁ Homeric ὅς Homeric (is) ὅδε (iste) ‘this’ οὗτος (hic) ἐκεῖνος (ille)

ὅς (qui) ‘who’

ὅστις (quisquis or quicumque) ‘whoever’

πότερος (uter) ‘which of two?’

πότερος also spelled ποτερός (uter[cumque])

ἕτερος (alter) ὁπότερος ὁπότερος (uter[cumque])

πόσος (quantus) ‘how much?’ ποσός (aliquantus)

τόσος poetic τοσόσδε or τοσοῦτος (tantus)

ὅσος (quantus)

ὁπόσος (quantuscumque)

ποῖος (qualis) ‘of what sort?’ ποιός (qualis)

τοῖος poetic τοιόσδε or τοιοῦτος (talis)

οἷος (qualis)

ὁποῖος (qualiscumque)

πηλίκος (quotus) ‘of what age?’ πηλίκος

τηλίκος poetic τηλικόσδε or τηλικοῦτος (totus)

ἡλίκος ὁπηλίκος

ποῦ (ubi) ‘where?’ που (alicubi)

ἔνθα poetic (eō) ἐνθάδε (istō, hīc) ἐνταῦθα (hīc, illīc, ibi) ἐκεῖ (illīc)

ἔνθα poetic οὗ (quō)

ὅπου (quōcumque)

πόθι (ubi) ‘at what place?’ ποθί (alicubi)

τόθι (ibi) ἔνθα poetic (eō) ἐνθάδε (istō, hīc) ἐνταῦθα (hīc, illīc, ibi) ἐκεῖ (illīc)

ὅθι οὗ (quō)

ὁπόθι (quōcumque)

πόθεν (unde) ‘from what

place?’ ποθεν (alicunde)

τόθεν ἔνθεν poetic (hinc) ἐνθένδε (hinc) ἐντεῦθεν (hinc, illinc) ἐκεῖθεν (illinc)

ἔνθεν poetic ὅθεν (unde)

ὁπόθεν (undecumque)

ποῖ (quō) ‘to what place?’ ποι (aliquō)

ἔνθα poetic (istūc, hūc) ἐνταῦθα (hūc, illūc) ἐκεῖσε (illūc)

ἔνθα poetic οἷ (quō)

ὅποι (quōcumque)

πότε (quando) ‘when?’ ποτε (aliquando) τότε (tum, tunc) ὅτε

(quando) ὁπότε

(quandocumque)

πηνίκα ‘exactly when?’ ————

τηνίκα poetic τηνικάδε τηνικαῦτα

ἡνίκα ὁπηνίκα

πῇ (quā) ‘by what way?’ πῃ (aliquā)

τῇ poetic (eā) τῇδε (istā, hāc) ταύτῃ (hāc, illā) ἐκείνῃ (illā)

ᾗ (quā) ὅπῃ (quācumque)

πῶς (quō, quī) ‘how?’

πως (aliquō, aliquī)

ὥς poetic (eō) τώς poetic (eō) ὧδε (istō, hōc) οὕτω(ς) (hōc, illō) ἐκείνως (illō)

ὡς (quō, quī)

ὅπως (quōcumque)

ποσάκις (quotie[n]s)

‘how frequently?’

ποσάκις (aliquotie[n]s)

τόσακις (totie[n]s)

ὁσάκις (quotie[n]s)

ὁποσάκις (quotienscumque)

adverbs (see Smyth §§341–345) 1. Adverb-forms are often based on old case-forms, e.g.:

nominative: !"#, $!%#, &'%()# accusative: (very common) !*+,-', !-.", (/0*1', ,2(3*-', !-..4 genitive: !-5, -6, %7,-5, 8#9:, ;0!-<=', ;(!-<=' dative: !>, ,><3, ,%",?, <@(-A)B, 0-/'>, .4C*B locative: -D0-/, !-E, FAC(-E, C"*%A/, GC2'@A/, !4.%/, ;03E, !%'<@(3E instrumental: H'I, 04,I, -J!I, K<3, 0*LM9, .4C*N ablative: O:, -P,I:, 8,Q*I:

2. Typical adverb endings:

-I:: </0%)I:, 0%.+: -%: $(%, (4.%, ,4R%, S0%, TR% -%0/:: !-..40/:, (L*/40/:, <3040/: -<@': </%**2<@', AL..2U<@', H<@', !%*%U.2<@' -<-': V'<-', ARQ<-', &(M%<1', ,%L*@<1' -,/, -A,/: ;C3.-',), W..@'/A,)

3. Place-adverbs:

place where place from place towards -/, -C/, -A/ or -oL -C3' -<3, -X3, -A3 -D0-/, -D0-C/ -D0-C3' -D0%<3, -Y01'<3 H..-C/, &..%R-5 H..-C3', &..%R1C3' H..-A3, &..%R1A3 &(M-,Q*IC/ &(M-,Q*IC3' &(M-,Q*IA3 !%',%R-E !%',%R1C3' !%',%R1A3 %7,-5 %7,1C3' %7,1A3 Z(-5 Z(1C3' Z(1A3 GC2'@A/ GC2'@C3' GC2'%X3 [.L(!)%A/ [.L(!)%C3' [.L(!)%X3

4. Comparative adverbs are based on neuter singular forms, superlatives on neuter plurals: 0%.+: 04../-' 04../A,% (4.% (\..-' (4./A,% 3] H(3/'-' H*/A,% A-M+: A-M=,3*-' A-M=,%,% H'I &'I,Q*I &'I,4,I !1**I !-**I,Q*I !-**I,4,I

prepositions

accusative genitive dative taking 3 cases

!"#$ round about, near concerning about (poetic) %&$ to, toward, for on on "'() after with among, in (Epic) &*+) to, contrary to from chez, apud &'+$ round about, concerning about, because of concerning &+,- to, toward on the side of at, besides, in addition to .&, under by, under under, by taking 2 cases

!/) up along, through upon (poetic) 01) because of through 2*() along, over, down from, against according to .&3+ over, beyond above, on behalf of taking 1 case

!/($ opposite to, in return for !&, from, away from '4- (%-) into, to %2, %5 out, out of, from, from within %/ in &+, before, for 67/ (57/) with

case usage in Ancient Greek and Latin: some major categories For the fullest accounts in English see Smyth and Woodcock (fuller than the just adequate Goodwin and Kennedy), if you have even a little German see Schwyzer vol. 2 for Ancient Greek and Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr for Latin. This list is not meant to cover specific words that govern particular cases e.g. plenus with the genitive or ablative or καταγιγνώσκω with acc. rei (‘accusative of the matter’) and gen. pers. (‘genitive of the person’). accusative can be said to fall into four major uses:

1. direct object (and also as subject of noun clauses, e.g. in Indirect Speech) 2. marking motion or extent (of time or place): Romam, quattor dies 3. cognate accusative: vitam vivo, δίκας δικάζομαι (a.k.a. figura etymologica) 4. adverbial accusative (≈ accusative of respect): quid, τι: ‘somewhat’, ‘in respect of something’; quid?, τί: ‘why?’

genitive (= Eng. ‘of’) N.B. Schwyzer’s Gk categories: 1. ABLATIVE 2. PARTITIVE 3. OF BELONGING (‘Pertinentiv’) 4. SYNCRETISTIC 1. ‘adnominals’ are any genitives that ‘qualify’ or depend on nouns: fratris mors = mors fraterna 2. ‘adverbials’ are e.g. genitive of the charge, memory (and forgetting), source of emotion 3. possessive: τὸ βίβλιον αὐτοῦ; N.B. hominis errare est, ἀνδρὸς ἀγαθοῦ περὶ τῶν μεγίστων συμβουλεύειν 4. subjective: amor Dei (= amat Deus) 5. objective: amor Dei (= amamus Deum) 6. partitive: tantum pecuniae, εἰς τοσοῦτον ὕβρεως 7. of definition (‘appositional’): Τροίης ἱερὸν πτολίεθρον, virtus iustitiae (Eng. ‘the city of London’ but Lat. urbs Roma) 8. of description: homo eius modi 9. of price and value: magni facio, (περί) πολλοῦ ἂν τοῦτο ποιησαίμην 10. ‘time within which’: anni, ἐνιαυτοῦ or ἔτους 11. ‘of the sphere’ or ‘respect’: ὦ δυστάλαινα τῆς ἐμῆς αὐθαδίας Eur. Med. 1028 (does this cover ‘verbs of forgetting’, etc.?) 12. Gk only: of separation (Lat. abl.) (normally with prepositions or prepositional prefixes) 13. Gk only: of comparison (Lat. abl.) dative (= Eng. ‘to’ and ‘for’) N.B. Schwyzer’s Gk categories: 1. ‘TRUE’ DATIVE 2. LOCATIVE 3. INSTRUMENTAL 4. SYNCRETISTIC

1. of the indirect object: librum mihi da 2. of reference or advantage (or disadvantage): me tibi exorno 3. of agent: mihi faciendum est (only with gerundives) or πεποίηταί μοι (Gk perfects only) 4. ethic: quid mihi Celsus agit? ‘Tell me, what is Celsus up to?’ (cf. Gk τοι ‘I tell you’—freq. in Homer and Plato) 5. of possession: est mihi liber: we normally find esse or εἶναι here (or implied), but not always 6. predicative or purpose + reference: LARGELY SPECIAL TO LATIN: saluti urbi fuit, praesidio mihi es

7. Gk only: of instrument (Lat. abl.) 8. Gk only: of degree of difference: πολλῷ μείζων (Lat. abl.) 9. Gk only: of time and place (Lat. abl.) 10. Gk only: comitative: χρόνῳ ‘with time’ (Lat. abl.) (n.b. special idiom w/ dat. αὐτός) 11. Gk only: of manner: σπουδῇ, σιγῇ (Lat. abl.) 12. Gk only: of cause: νόσῳ ἀποθανεῖν (Lat. abl.) 13. Gk only: of specification (or respect) (Lat. abl.) ablative (= Eng. ‘from’, ‘with’, ‘by’, ‘in’) N.B. L-H-S’s Lat. categories: 1. ‘TRUE’ ABLATIVE 2. INSTRUMENT 3. LOCATIVE 1. of separation or ‘true’ ablative (Gk gen.): libera me metu 2. of agent: with ab in Latin (= ὑπό in Greek) 3. of material (with ex or de in Classical Latin) 4. of comparison: be sure NOT to use quam or ἤ as well! (Gk gen.) 5. of cause: morbo perire (Gk dat. and gen.) 6. of association (or ‘comitative’): normally with cum: this is the origin of abl. abs. (Gk dat. and gen.), a.k.a. ‘attendant circumstance’ 7. of instrument: distinguish carefully from agent (Gk dat.) 8. of description: vir magna sapientia (compare the genitive of description) 9. of specification (or respect): mirabile dictu, umero saucius 10. of degree of difference: multo maior (Gk dat.) 11. of manner: magno (cum) studio (Gk dat.) 12. of place or time: die tertio (Gk dat.) Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr Lateinische Grammatik (1965/1972) Schwyzer, E. Griechische Grammatik5 (1988) Woodcock, E. A new Latin syntax (1959)

conspectus of the key Ancient Greek verb paradigms

A B C D E F G H I J

key term tense voice indicative infinitive participle subjunctive optative imperative past form

1 !"#$ sum pres. !"#$ !%&'( )& * !+,& +-.( /

2 fut. 0-1#'( 0-!-.'( 2-3#!&14 2-1$#,&

3 !%#( ibo pres. !%#( "5&'( "6& +7 +1(#( +.( 8'

4 1%9' pres. 1%9' !"95&'( !"964 !"9: !"9!$,& +-.( ;9,

5 fut. !+-1#'( !+-!-.'( !"-3#!&14 !"-1$#,&

6 thematic verbs pres. act. <=7 <=!(& <=7& <=7 <=1(#( <>! 0<?1&

7 pres. mid./pass. <=1#'( <=!-.'( <?3#!&14 <=7#'( <?1$#,& <=1? 2<?3#,&

8 1st aorists

(< -!(&7 @A<)

(< -'(&7 @A<)

aor. act. 0<?-' <>-'( <=-'4 <=-7 <=-'(#( <>-1&

9 aor. mid. 2<?-B#,& <=-'-.'( <?-B#!&14 <=-7#'( <?-'$#,& <>-'(

10 aor. pass. 2<=.,& <?.C&'( <?.!$4 <?.: <?.!$,& <=.,A(

11 aor. act. 0@A!(&' @A!D&'( @A!$&'4 @A!$&7 @A!$&'#( @A!D&1&

12 aor. act. 0E,&' EC&'( EF&'4 EF&7 EF&'(#( EC&1&

13 1st perfects perf. act. <5<?@' <!<?@5&'( <!<?@64 [<!<=@7] [<!<=@1(#(] <5<?@! 2<!<=@,

14 perf. mid./pass. <5<?#'( <!<=-.'( <!<?#5&14 [<!<=7#'(] [<!<?1$#,&] <5<?-1 2<!<=#,&

15 fut. perf. act. [<!<=G7] [<!<=G!(&] [<!<=G7&] [<!<=G1(#(]

16 fut. perf. mid./pass. [<!<=-1#'(] [<!<=-!-.'(] [<!<?-3#!&14] [<!<?-1$#,&]

17 future fut. simple act. <=-7 <=-!(& <=-7& <=-1(#(

18 fut. simple mid. <=-1#'( <=-!-.'( <?-3#!&14 <?-1$#,&

19 fut. simple pass. <?.F-1#'( <?.F-!-.'( <?.,-3#!&14 <?.,-1$#,&

20 alpha contracts pres. act. A(#B7 A(#H& A(#:& A(#: A(#I,& A$#' 2A$#7&

21 pres. mid./pass. A(#B1#'( A(#H-.'( A(#6#!&14 A(#:#'( A(#I#,& A(#: 2A(#6#,&

22 epsilon contracts pres. act. J1(57 J1(!D& J1(:& J1(: J1(1$,& J1$!( 2J1$1?&

23 pres. mid./pass. J1(51#'( J1(!D-.'( J1(1=#!&14 J1(:#'( J1(1$#,& J1(1> 2J1(1=#,&

24 omicron contracts pres. act. 9,<37 9,<1>& 9,<:& 9,<: 9,<1$,& 9F<1? 29,<1>&

25 pres. mid./pass. 9,<31#'( 9,<1>-.'( 9,<1=#!&14 9,<:#'( 9,<1$#,& 9,<1> 29,<1=#,&

26 irregular contracts KB7, LMB1#'(, N(O37, J<57, 951#'( 27 thematic root aorists aor. act. 0<(J1& <(J!D& <(J6& <$J7 <$J1(#( <$J!

28 aor. mid. 2<(J3#,& <(J5-.'( <(J3#!&14 <$J7#'( <(J1$#,& <(J1>

29 athematic root aorists aor. act. 0P,& PC&'( PB4 P: P'$,& PC.(

30 aor. act. 09?& 9>&'( 9=4 9=7 *9?$,& 9>.(

31 aor. act. 0O&7& O&:&'( O&1=4 O&: O&1$,& O&:.(

32 2nd perfects perf. act. 959(' 9!9(5&'( 9!9(64 *9!9$7 *9!9(!$,& 959(.( 29!9$,

33 consonant stems m./p. <5<!(##'(, J5J!(-#'(, J5JM'O#'(, 2<F<!O#'(, QOO!<#'(, J5E'-#'( 34 9$97#( pres. act. 9$97#( 9(93&'( 9(91=4 9(9: 9(91$,& 9$91? 29$91?&

35 097@' aor. act. 097@' 91>&'( 91=4 9: 91$,& 934

36 A$.,#( pres. act. A$.,#( A(.5&'( A(.!$4 A(.: A(.!$,& A$.!( 2A$.,&

37 0.,@' aor. act. 0.,@' .!D&'( .!$4 .: .!$,& .54

38 R-A,#( pres. act. R-A,#( S-AB&'( S-AB4 S-A: S-A'$,& R-A, R-A,&

39 0-A,-' 1st aor. act. 0-A,-' -AC-'( -AF-'4 -AF-7 -AF-'(#( -AC-1&

40 0-A,& 2nd aor. act. 0-A,& -AC&'( -AB4 -A: -A'$,& -AC.(

41 R,#( pres. act. R,#( S5&'( S!$4 S: S!$,& R!( R,&

42 !T@' aor. act. !T@' !T&'( !R4 U !R,& V4

43 9!$@&?#( pres. act. 9!$@&?#( 9!(@&=&'( 9!(@&=4 9!(@&=7 9!(@&=1(#( 9!$@&? 29!$@&?&

44 irregular athematics W#'(, @B.,#'(, @!D#'(, E,#$ & X#$

forms in [ ] are normally found in the periphrastic, e.g. <!<?@Y4 * for perfect subjunctive <!<=@7

* = form rare or hypothetical

!"#$ sum present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !"#$ — %&#'(

!"#'( Ion.

1 ) *+ Ion.

— )#!( 1 !,-( *./#/ Ep.

— !,-#!( prose

!0#!( poet., Pl. *./#!( Ep.

2 ,&1/ *&&. Hom.

*&2.( *&2!

2 !0 %&&$ Hom. !03 Ion.

%&24( %&2' 2 53 / 6/3 *73 Hom.

62.( 62! 2 !,-3 *./3 Hom.

!,-2.( !02.( Pl.

!,-2! prose

!02! poet., Pl.

3 *&2+ *&2+( *&2+( *&2+&8( Pl., Dem. 9(2+( Pl., inscrr.

3 %&2$(() %&24( !"&$(() *8&/(() Hom.

3 5 / 6/ *7 Hom. *7&/(() Hom. 5&/(() Hom. :2+ late

62.( )&/(() *+&/(() Ion.

3 !,- *./ Hom.

!";2-( !,2-( Pl.

!,-&8( prose

!0!( prose & poet., Pl.

INFINITIVE !0(8/ *##!(8/, *##!(, *#!(8/, *#!( Hom. PARTICIPLE <(, .=&>, 9( %?(, %.@&8, *.( Ion. imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 6 6( later 68, *.(, *&A.( Hom. *8 Ion. :#-( late

— 6#!( :#!18 late

1 *&.#8/ *&&.#8/ Hom.

not attested %&4#!18 %&.$#-( not attested %&.$#!18

2 6&18 63 rare 6&183 rare *-&18 Ion. *&A!3 Ep. *83 Hdt. 6&. late

6&2.( 62! 6&2! rare *82! Hdt.

2 *&!/ *&7 / *&-/

*&!&1.( *&!&1! *&./. *&./&1.( *&./&1!

3 6( 6!(, *-(, :-(, *&A!(() Hom. 6&2. late

:&2-( 6&8( *&A.( Ion. *&8( Hom.

3 *&28/ *&!28/ Hom. *&&!28/ Hom. %&&!B28/ Hom.

*&!&1.( *&.(28/ *&./2. %&.$&1-( *&./(2.

INFINITIVE *&!&18/ *&&!&18/ Hom. PARTICIPLE %&4#!(.3, --, -.( %&&4#!(.3 Hom.

!"#$ ibo present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 !"#$ — %#!& 1 %' — %'#!& %(#!& Hom.

1 %($#$ )(*+&

— %($#!& 2 %,$ %-(& %-!

2 !" !".,/ Hom. !"0 Hesiod

%-(& %-! 2 %10 / %+$0 %1.,/ Hom.

%+-(& %+-! 2 %($0 %($-(& %($-! 3 %-' %-'& )2&-'& %-'./& Xen. Pl.

3 !".$(&) %-(& %/.$(&) 3 %1 / %+$ %1.$(&) Hom.

%+-(& %'.$(&) 3 %($ )(*-+& %($!&

INFINITIVE )3&/$ %#!&/$ %#!& Hom. PARTICIPLE )4& )(5.6 )2& imperfect (indicative only) singular dual plural 1 7/ / 8$/ older

9!$& / :$!$& later :;/ Ion.

— 7#!& / 8$#!& 9!$#!& v. late 9(#!& Hom.

2 9!$.,/ / :$!$.,/ older 9!$0 / :$!$0 later :;!0 Hom.

7-(& / 8$-(&

7-! / 8$-! 9!$-! v. late

3 9!$(&) / :$!$(&) older 9!$ / :$!$ later :;!(&), 7!(&), %!(&) Hom.

9-+& / :$-+& %-+& Hom.

7./& / 8$./& 9!./& / :$!./& prose :;./&, %./&, :;(& Hom.

!"#$ present INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !"#$ — %&'()

!%#$'() Ion. %#'() Ion.

1 (*#+ (*#,- Ion. *#,- Hom. (%#- Hom.

— (*#+'() (*#,-'() Ion. (%#!'() Hom.

1 (*#(./) — (*#(0'() poetry & prose (*#(./'() prose

only

2 %&12 %&3!) %&3(

2 !"&1$ !"#$4 Ion. and

late !"&1$4 Comedy

%&3!) !%#$3!) Ion. and

late

%&3( !%#$3( Ion.

and late

2 (*#54 / (*#624

(*#63!) (*#63( (%#(3( Hom.

2 (*#(./4 (*#(03!) (*#(03( poetry & prose (*#(./3( prose only

3 %&3- %&3-) %&3-) %&3-&$)

late

3 !"#(()) %&3!) !%#$3!) Ion. and

late

%&$&2()) !%#$&2()) Ion.

and late

3 (*#5 / (*#62

(*#63!) (*#+&2()) (*#,-&2()) Ion.

3 (*#(./ (*#(.3/) (*#(0() poetry & prose (*#(./&$) prose

only

INFINITIVE (*#,)$2 %#'()$2, %#'() Hom. PARTICIPLE (*#74, (*#809, (*#:4 *#80$ Hom. imperfect (indicative only) future (indicative and optative only) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 ;#/ ;#(2) later ;#($ Ion. <(.#(2) Ep.

— =&'() ;#(2'() late ;#('() rare

1 (%&!'$2 (*#>&- Ion.

not attested (*&:'(1$ (*#>&!'() Ion.

(*&!.'/) not attested (*&!.'(1$

2 ;#/&1$ ;#(24 later ;#(2&1$ Attic? <(.#/4 Hom.

=&3!) =&3( ;#(23( late ;#(3( rare ?#,$3( Ion.

2 (%&(2 (%&@ / (%&/2 (*#>&(24 Ion.

(%&(&1!) (%&(&1( (*#>&(3( Ion.

(%&!2! (%&!2&1!) (%&!2&1(

3 ;#(2()) ;#((()) Ion. <(.#/ Hom.

;&3/) =&$) ;#(&$) ;#(2&$) late %&$) Ep.

3 (%&(3$2 (*#>&(2 Ion.

(%&(&1!) (%&!)3$2 (*#>&!8&2()) Ion.

(%&!23! (*&!.&1/) (%&!2)3!

INFINITIVE (%&(&1$2 (*#>&(2) Ion., (*#>&('() Hom. PARTICIPLE (*&:'()!4, -/, -!)

!"# present stem forms

active

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT

singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 !"# — !"$%&'

1 !"#

— !"#%&' 1 !"$(%( — !"$(%&'

2 !)& !"&*$' !"&*& 1 +!,$' — -!"$%&'

2 !"&(.

!"&*$' !"&*& 2 !"/. /

!"0(.

!"0*$' !"0*& 2 !"$(.

!"$(*$' !"$(*& 3 !,1*# !,1*#' !,2'*#' /

!,1*#34'

2 +!,&. -!"&*$' -!"&*&

3 !"&( !"&*$' !"$,3((') 3 !"/ /

!"0( !"0*$' !"#3((') 3 !"$( !,$5*0' !"$(&'

3 +!,&(') -!,1*0' +!,$'

INFINITIVE !"&('

PARTICIPLE !"#', !"$,36, !)$'

middle/passive



1 !"$%4( !,2%&7$' !,2%&74

1 !"#%4(

!,8%&7$' !,8%&74 1 !,$5%0' !,$5%&7$' !,$5%&74

2 !"$, !"&37$' !"&37& 1 -!,2%0' -!,2%&7$' -!,2%&74

2 !"&( /

!"/ /

!"0(

!"&37$' !"&37& 2 !"/ /

!"0(

!"037$' !"037& 2 !"$($

!"$(37$' !"$(37& 3 !,137# !,137#' !,137#' /

!,137#34'

2 -!"$, -!"&37$' -!"&37&

3 !"&*4( !"&37$' !"$'*4( 3 !"0*4( !"037$' !"#'*4( 3 !"$(*$ !,$5370' !"$('*$ 3 -!"&*$ -!,1370' -!"$'*$

INFINITIVE !"&374(

PARTICIPLE !,2%&'$. 0 $'

!"# aorist stem forms

active

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE

singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 $!%&' — (!"&')*+

1 !"&#

— !"&#)*+ 1 !"&',), — !"&',)*+

2 !-&.+ !"&'/.+ !"&'/* INFINITIVE !-&',

2 $!%&'0

(!"&'/.+ (!"&'/* 2 !"&10 /

!"&2,0

!"&2/.+ !"&2/* 2 !"&',0 /

!"&*,'0

!"&',/.+ !"&',/* 3 !%&3/# !%&3/#+ !%&3+/#+

PARTICIPLE !"&'0

!"&4&5

!-&5+

3 $!%&*(+) (!%&3/2+ $!%&'+ 3 !"&1 /

!"&2, !"&2/.+ !"&#&,(+) 3 !"&', /

!"&*,*(+)

!%&'6/2+ !"&',*+ /

!"&*,'+

middle



1 (!%&3)2+ (!%&3)*7.+ (!%&3)*7'

1 !"&#)',

!%&8)*7.+ !%&8)*7' 1 !%&'6)2+ !%&'6)*7.+ !%&'6)*7'

2 !-&', !"&'&7.+ !"&'&7*

INF. !"&'&7',

2 (!"&#

(!"&'&7.+ (!"&'&7* 2 !"&1 /

!"&2,

!"&2&7.+ !"&2&7* 2 !"&',. !"&',&7.+ !"&',&7* 3 !%&3&7# !%&3&7#+ !%&3&7#+

PT. !%&3)*+.0

2 .+

3 (!"&'/. (!%&3&72+ (!"&'+/. 3 !"&2/', !"&2&7.+ !"&#+/', 3 !"&',/. !%&'6&72+ !"&',+/.

passive



1 (!"72+ — (!"72)*+

1 !%79

— !%79)*+ 1 !%7*62+ — !%7*:)*+ /

!%7*62)*+

2 !"72/, !"72/.+ !"72/*

INF. !%7;+',

2 (!"720

(!"72/.+ (!"72/* 2 !%7<0 /

!%7;,0

!%7;/.+ !%7;/* 2 !%7*620 !%7*:/.+ /

!%7*62/.+

!%7*:/* /

!%7*62/*

3 !%7=/# !%7=/#+ !%7>+/#+

PT. !%7*60

!%7*:&5

!%7>+

3 (!"72 (!%7=/2+ (!"72&'+ 3 !%7< /

!%7;,

!%7;/.+ !%79&,(+) 3 !%7*62 !%7*6/2+ /

!%7*,=/2+

!%7*:*+ /

!%7*62&'+

!"# perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) (N.B. These are first [or kappatic] perfect forms; second perfect forms [e.g. $%$&'( < $)$'&*(+] do not show the ,; otherwise

they are identical to first perfects.)

active

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare in simple OPTATIVE rare in simple IMPERATIVE rare in simple


1 !%!-,( — !.!",(*.'

1 !.!",#

— !.!",#*.' 1 !.!",&+*+ /

!.!-,&)/'

— !.!",&+*.'

2 !%!-,. !.!",.0&' !.!",.0.

2 !%!-,(1 !.!",(0&' !.!",(0. 2 !.!",21 /

!.!",/+1

!.!",/0&' !.!",/0. 2 !.!",&+1 /

!.!-,&)/1

!.!",&+0&' !.!",&+0. 3 !.!-,%0# !.!-,%0#' !.!-,3'0#' /

!.!-,%0#4('

3 !%!-,.(') !.!",(0&' !.!",54+(') 3 !.!",2 /

!.!",/+ !.!",/0&' !.!",#4+(') 3 !.!",&+ /

!.!-,&)/

!.!-,&)0/' !.!",&+.'

periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic

!.!-,61 .7*+ ,0! !.!-,81 9 ,0! !.!-,81 .:/' ,0! !.!-,81 :4;+ ,0!

INFINITIVE !.!-,%'(+

PARTICIPLE !.!-,61, !.!-,-<(, !.!-,31

PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple

singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 =!.!",/ /

=!.!",.+'

— =!.!",.*.' /

=!.!",.+*.'

1 !.!">#

— !.!">&*.' 1 !.!">&+*+ — !.!">&+*.'

2 =!.!",/1 /

=!.!",.+1

=!.!",.0&' /

=!.!",.+0&'

=!.!",.0. /

=!.!",.+0.

2 !.!">.+1 !.!">.0&' !.!">.0. 2 !.!">&+1 !.!">&+0&' !.!">&+0.

3 =!.!",.+ =!.!-,%0/' /

=!.!-,.)0/'

=!.!",.4(' /

=!.!",.+4('

3 !.!">.+ !.!">.0&' !.!">&-4+(') 3 !.!">&+ !.!->&)0/' !.!">&+.'

periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic

!.!-,81 ? ,0! !.!-,81 @4&*(+ ,0! !.!-,81 =4&)*/'

INFINITIVE !.!">.+', !.!-,81 @4.4;(+

PARTICIPLE !.!">#'

λύω perfect stem forms (simple and periphrastic) middle/passive

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)

OPTATIVE very rare in simple (mainly for κέκτημαι and μέμνημαι)

IMPERATIVE rare in simple

singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 λέλυμαι λελύμεθον λελύμεθα

1 λελύωμαι

λελυώμεθον λελύωμεθα

1 λελυοίμην / λελυίμην

λελυοίμεθον / λελυίμεθον

λελυοίμεθα / λελυίμεθα

2 λέλυσο λέλυσθον λέλυσθε

2 λέλυσαι λέλυσθον λέλυσθε 2 λελύῃ / λελύηι

λελύησθον λελύησθε 2 λελύοιο / λελύῑο

λελύοισθον / λελύῑσθον

λελύοισθε / λελύῑσθε

3 λελύσθω λελύσθων λελύσθων

3 λέλυται λέλυσον λέλυνται

3 λελύηται

λελύησθον λελύωνται 3 λελύοιτο / λελύῑτο

λελυοίσθην / λελυίσθην

λελύοιντο / λελύῑντο

periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος εἰμί κτλ λελυμένος ὦ κτλ λελυμένος εἴην κτλ λελυμένος ἴσθι κτλ

INFINITIVE λελύσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυμένος η ον

PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE rare in simple FUTURE PERFECT OPTATIVE rare in simple singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλελύμην ἐλελύμεθον ἐλελύμεθα

1 λελύσομαι

λελυσόμεθον λελυσόμεθα 1 λελυσοίμην λελυσοίμεθον λελυσοίμεθα

2 ἐλέλυσο

ἐλέλυσθον ἐλέλυσθε 2 λελύσει / λελύσῃ / λελύσηι

λελύσεσθον λελύσεσθε 2 λελύσοιο λελύσοισθον λελύσοισθε

3 ἐλέλυτο ἐλελύσθην ἐλέλυντο 3 λελύσεται λελύσεσθον λελύσονται 3 λελύσοιτο λελυσοίσθην λελύσοιντο

periphrastic periphrastic periphrastic λελυμένος ἦ κτλ λελυμένος ἔσομαι κτλ λελυμένος ἐσοίμην κτλ INFINITIVE λελύσεσθαι, λελυμένος ἔσεσθαι PARTICIPLE λελυσόμενος η ον

λύω future tense forms active INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 λύσω — λύσομεν

1 λύσοιμι — λύσοιμεν

INFINITIVE λύσειν

2 λύσεις

λύσετον λύσετε 2 λύσοις

λύσοιτον λύσοιτε PARTICIPLE λύσων λύσουσᾰ λῦσον

3 λύσει λύσετον λύσουσι(ν) 3 λύσοι λυσοίτην λύσοιεν

middle INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 λύσομαι λυσόμεθον λυσόμεθα

1 λυσοίμην λυσοίμεθον λυσοίμεθα

INFINITIVE λύσεσθαι

2 λύσει /

λύσῃ / λύσηι

λύσεσθον λύσεσθε 2 λύσοιο

λύσοισθον λύσοισθε PARTICIPLE λυσόμενος η ον

3 λύσεται λύσεσθον λύσονται 3 λύσοιτο λυσοίσθην λύσοιντο

passive (N.B. These are first future passive forms, based on the first aorist passive stem. Second future passives, e.g. βληβήσομαι < βλάπτω, do not show the θ; otherwise they are identical.) INDICATIVE OPTATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 λυθήσομαι λυθησόμεθον λυθησόμεθα 1 λυθησοίμην λυθησοίμεθον λυθησοίμεθα

INFINITIVE λυθήσεσθαι

2 λυθήσει /

λυθήσῃ / λυθήσηι

λυθήσεσθον λυθήσεσθε 2 λυθήσοιο

λυθήσοισθον λυθήσοισθε PARTICIPLE λυθησόμενος η ον

3 λυθήσεται λυθήσεσθον λυθήσονται 3 λυθήσοιτο λυθησοίσθην λυθήσοιντο

!"#$% present stem forms

active

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE common forms bold IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT


1 !"#&

('-%)

— !"#&#()

('-*#())

1 !"#&

('-%)

— !"#&#()

('-%#())

1 !"#+,) /

!"#-",)

('-*",))

or

!"#.#" /

!"#&"#" ('-*"#")

— !"#+,#() /

!"#-",#()

('-*",#())

or

!"#.#() /

!"#&"#()

('-*"#())

2 !/#0

('-()

!"#1!*)

('-(!*))

!"#1!(

('-(!()

1 2!/#%)

('-*))

— 2!"#&#()

('-*#())

2 !"#34 /

!"#1"4

('-("4)

!"#1!*)

('-(!*))

!"#1!(

('-(!()

2 !"#34 /

!"#1"4

('-54)

!"#1!*)

('-,!*))

!"#1!(

('-,!()

2 !"#+,4 /

!"#-",4

('-*",4)

or

!"#.4 /

!"#&"4

('-*"4)

!"#+,!*) /

!"#-",!*)

('-*",!*))

or

!"#.!*) /

!"#&"!*)

('-*"!*))

!"#+,!( /

!"#-",!(

('-*",!()

or

!"#.!( /

!"#&"!(

('-*"!()

3 !"#$!%

('-(!%)

!"#$!%)

('-(!%))

!"#-)!%)

('-*)!%)) /

!"#$!%6')

('-(!%6'))

2 2!/#04

('-(4)

2!"#1!*)

('-(!*))

2!"#1!(

('-(!()

3 !"#3 /

!"#1" ('-(")

!"#1!*)

('-(!*))

!"#&6"())

('-*76") 3 !"#3 /

!"#1" ('-5)

!"#1!*)

('-,!*))

!"#&6"())

('-%6") 3 !"#+, /

!"#-",

('-*",)

or

!"#. /

!"#&" ('-*")

!"#89!,) /

!"#%"9!,)

('-*",!,))

or

!"#+!,) /

!"#-"!,)

('-*"!,))

!"#+,6') /

!"#-",6')

('-*",6'))

or

!"#.() /

!"#&"()

('-*"())

3 2!/#0

('-()

2!"#$!,)

('-(!,))

2!/#%)

('-*))

INFINITIVE !"#1) ('-("))

PARTICIPLE !"#&) ('-%)), !"#&6: ('-*76:), !"#&) ('-*))

middle/passive



!"#&#'" ('-*#'")

!"#-#(;*)

('-*#(;*))

!"#-#(;'

('-*#(;')

1 !"#&#'" ('-%#'")

!"#-#(;*)

('-%#(;*))

!"#-#(;'

('-%#(;')

1 !"#+#,)/

!"#-"#,)

('-o"#,))

!"#+#(;*)/

!"#-"#(;*)

('-*"#(;*))

!"#+#(;'/

!"#-"#(;'

('-*"#(;')

2 !"#&

('-*7)

!"#16;*)

('-(6;*))

!"#16;(

('-(6;()

1 2!"#-#,)

('-*#,))

2!"#-#(;*)

('-*#(;*))

2!"#-#(;'

('-o#(;')

!"#3 /

!"#1" ('-("/5)

!"#16;*)

('-(6;*))

!"#16;(

('-(6;()

2 !"#3 /

!"#1" ('-5)

!"#16;*)

('-,6;*))

!"#16;(

('-,6;()

2 !"#.* /

!"#&"*

('-*"*)

!"#.6;*) /

!"#&"6;*)

('-*"6;*))

!"#.6;( /

!"#&"6;(

('-*"6;()

3 !"#$6;%

('-(6;%)

!"#$6;%)

('-(6;%))

!"#$6;%)

('-(6;%)) /

!"#$6;%6')

('-(6;%6'))

2 2!"#&

('-*7)

2!"#16;*)

('-(6;*))

2!"#16;(

('-(6;()

!"#1!'" ('-(!'")

!"#16;*)

('-(6;*))

!"#&)!'" ('-*)!'")

3 !"#1!'" ('-,!'")

!"#16;*)

('-,6;*))

!"#&)!'" ('-%)!'")

3 !"#.!* /

!"#&"!*

('-*"!*)

!"#+6;,)/

!"#-"6;,)

('-*"6;,))

!"#.)!* /

!"#&")!*

('-*")!*)

3 2!"#1!*

('-(!*)

2!"#$6;,)

('-(6;,))

2!"#&)!*

('-*)!*)

INFINITIVE !"#16;'" ('-(6;'")

PARTICIPLE !"#-#()*4 , *) ('-*#()*4)


active



1 !"#&

('-%)

— !"#"()'*

('-")'*)

1 !"#&

('-%)

— !"#&)'*

('-%)'*)

1 !"#"+,*

('-"#,*)

or

!"#"-)# ('-"#)#)

— !"#"+,)'*

('-"#,)'*)

or

!"#"-)'*

('-"#)'*)

2 !"+'# ('-')

!"#'-."*

('-'."*)

!"#'-.'

('-'.')

1 /!"+"0*

('-"*)

— /!"#"()'*

('-")'*)

2 !"#'-1

('-'#1)

!"#'-."*

('-'."*)

!"#'-.'

('-'.')

2 !"#21 /

!"#3#1

('-41)

!"#3."*

('-,."*)

!"#3.'

('-,.')

2 !"#"+,1

('-"#,1)

or

!"#"-1

('-"#1)

!"#"+,."*

('-"#,."*)

or

!"#"-."*

('-"#."*)

!"#"+,.'

('-"#,.')

or

!"#"-.'

('-"#.')

3 !"#'+.%

('-'.%)

!"#'+.%*

('-'.%*)

!"#"5*.%*

('-"*.%*) /

!"#'+.%67*

('-'.%67*)

2 /!"+'#1

('-'1)

/!"#'-."*

('-'."*)

/!"#'-.'

('-'.')

3 !"#'- ('-'#)

!"#'-."*

('-'."*)

!"#"(6#(*)

('-"06#) 3 !"#2 /

!"#3# ('-4)

!"#3."*

('-,."*)

!"#&6#(*)

('-%6#) 3 !"#"+,

('-"#,)

or

!"#"- ('-"#)

!"#"#8.,*

('-"#,.,*)

or

!"#"+.,*

('-"#.,*)

!"#"+,67*

('-"#,67*)

or

!"#"-'*

('-"#'*)

3 /!"+'# ('-')

/!"#'+.,*

('-'.,*)

/!"+"0*

('-"*)

INFINITIVE !"#'-* ('-'#*)

PARTICIPLE !"#&* ('-%*), !"#"(69 ('-"069), !"#"(* ('-"*)

middle/passive



!"#"()7#

('-")7#) !"#"5)':"*

('-")':"*)

!"#"5)':7

('-")':7)

1 !"#&)7# ('-%)7#)

!"#;)':"*

('-%)':"*)

!"#;)':7

('-%)':7)

1 !"#"+),*

('-o#),*)

!"#"+)':"*

('-"#)':"*)

!"#"+)':7

('-"#)':7)

2 !"#"(

('-"0)

!"#'-6:"*

('-'6:"*)

!"#'-6:'

('-'6:')

1 /!"#"5),*

('-"),*)

/!"#"5)':"*

('-")':"*)

/!"#"5)':7

('-o)':7)

!"#'- /

!"#2 /

!"#3# ('-'#/4)

!"#'-6:"*

('-'6:"*)

!"#'-6:'

('-'6:')

2 !"#2 /

!"#3# ('-4)

!"#36:"*

('-,6:"*)

!"#36:'

('-,6:')

2 !"#"-"

('-"#")

!"#"-6:"*

('-"#6:"*)

!"#"-6:'

('-"#6:')

3 !"#'+6:%

('-'6:%)

!"#'+6:%*

('-'6:%*)

!"#'+6:%*

('-'6:%*) /

!"#'+6:%67*

('-'6:%67*)

2 /!"#"(

('-"0)

/!"#'-6:"*

('-'6:"*)

/!"#'-6:'

('-'6:')

!"#'-.7# ('-'.7#)

!"#'-6:"*

('-'6:"*)

!"#"(*.7# ('-"*.7#)

3 !"#3.7# ('-,.7#)

!"#36:"*

('-,6:"*)

!"#&*.7# ('-%*.7#)

3 !"#"-."

('-"#.")

!"#"+6:,*

('-"#6:,*)

!"#"-*."

('-"#*.")

3 /!"#'-."

('-'.")

/!"#'+6:,*

('-'6:,*)

/!"#"(*."

('-"*.")

INFINITIVE !"#'-6:7# ('-'6:7#)

PARTICIPLE !"#"5)'*"1 , "* ('-")'*"1)


active



1 !"#&

('-%)

— !"#'()*+

('-')*+)

1 !"#&

('-%)

— !"#&)*+

('-%)*+)

1 !"#',"+

('-'-"+)

or

!"#'.)- ('-'-)-)

— !"#',")*+

('-'-")*+)

or

!"#'.)*+

('-'-)*+)

2 !/#'0

('-*)

!"#'(1'+

('-*1'+)

!"#'(1*

('-*1*)

1 2!/#'0+

('-'+)

— 2!"#'()*+

('-')*+)

2 !"#'.3

('-*-3)

!"#'(1'+

('-*1'+)

!"#'(1*

('-*1*)

2 !"#'.3

('-43)

!"#&1'+

('-"1'+)

!"#&1*

('-"1*)

2 !"#',"3

('-'-"3)

or

!"#'.3

('-'-3)

!"#',"1'+

('-'-"1'+)

or

!"#'.1'+

('-'-1'+)

!"#',"1*

('-'-"1*)

or

!"#'.1*

('-'-1*)

3 !"#'51%

('-*1%)

!"#'51%+

('-*1%+)

!"#'5+1%+

('-'+1%+) /

!"#'51%67+

('-*1%67+)

2 2!/#'03

('-*3)

2!"#'(1'+

('-*1'+)

2!"#'(1*

('-*1*)

3 !"#'. ('-*-)

!"#'(1'+

('-*1'+)

!"#'(6-(+)

('-'06-) 3 !"#'.

('-43)

!"#&1'+

('-"1'+)

!"#&6-(+)

('-%6-) 3 !"#',"

('-'-")

or

!"#'. ('-'-)

!"#'-/1"+

('-'-"1"+)

or

!"#',1"+

('-'-1"+)

!"#',"67+

('-'-"67+)

or

!"#'.*+

('-'-*+)

3 2!/#'0

('-*)

2!"#'51"+

('-*1"+)

2!/#'0+

('-'+)

INFINITIVE !"#'(+ ('-*-+)

PARTICIPLE !"#&+ ('-%+), !"#'(68 ('-'068), !"#'(+ ('-'+)

middle/passive



!"#'()7- ('-')7-)

!"#'5)*9'+

('-')*9'+)

!"#'5)*97

('-')*97)

1 !"#&)7- ('-%)7-)

!"#:)*9'+

('-%)*9'+)

!"#:)*97

('-%)*97)

1 !"#',)"+

('-o-)"+)

!"#',)*9'+

('-'-)*9'+)

!"#',)*97

('-'-)*97)

2 !"#'(

('-'0)

!"#'(69'+

('-*69'+)

!"#'(69*

('-*69*)

1 2!"#'5)"+

('-')"+)

2!"#'5)*9'+

('-')*9'+)

2!"#'5)*97

('-o)*97)

!"#'. ('-*-/4)

!"#'(69'+

('-*69'+)

!"#'(69*

('-*69*)

2 !"#'. ('-4)

!"#&69'+

('-"69'+)

!"#&69*

('-"69*)

2 !"#'.'

('-'-')

!"#'.69'+

('-'-69'+)

!"#'.69*

('-'-69*)

3 !"#'569%

('-*69%)

!"#'569%+

('-*69%+)

!"#'569%+

('-*69%+) /

!"#'569%67+

('-*69%67+)

2 2!"#'(

('-'0)

2!"#'(69'+

('-*69'+)

2!"#'(69*

('-*69*)

!"#'(17- ('-*17-)

!"#'(69'+

('-*69'+)

!"#'(+17- ('-'+17-)

3 !"#&17- ('-"17-)

!"#&69'+

('-"69'+)

!"#&+17- ('-%+17-)

3 !"#'.1'

('-'-1')

!"#',69"+

('-'-69"+)

!"#'.+1'

('-'-+1')

3 2!"#'(1'

('-*1')

2!"#'569"+

('-*69"+)

2!"#'(+1'

('-'+1')

INFINITIVE !"#'(697- ('-*697-)

PARTICIPLE !"#'5)*+'3 " '+ ('-')*+'3)

irregular contract verbs 1: long vowel stems

!"# (similarly $%&"#, '("#, ("#, )*%("#, +,"#, -."#, &"#)



1 !/ — !/,*(

1 !/ — !/,*(

1 !0,% / !/%,%

or

!12( / !3%2(

— !0,*( / !/%,*(

or

!12,*( / !3%2,*(

2 !4

!45% late

!467( !46* 1 8!#( /

8!2(

v. rare

— 9!/,*(

2 !:; /

!4%;

!467( !46* 2 !:; /

!4%;

!467( !46* 2 !0; / !/%;

or

!12; / !3%2;

!067( / !/%67(

or

!1267( / !3%267(

!06* / !/%6*

or

!126* / !3%26*

3 !<6# !<6#( !3(6#( /

!<6#+=(

2 8!2; 8!267( 9!46*

3 !: /

!4%

!467( !/+%(() 3 !: /

!4%

!467( !/+%(() 3 !0 / !/%

or

!12 / !3%2

!162( / !162(

or

!><62( / !#%<62(

!0*( / !/%*(

or

!12+=( / !3%2+=(

3 8!2 9!<62( 8!#(

INFINITIVE !4(

PARTICIPLE !/(, !/+?, !/(

-."7,=%



-./,=% -.3,*57( -.3,*5=

1 -./,=% -.3,*57( -.3,*5=

1 -.1,2( /

-.3%,2(

-.1,*57( /

-.3%,*57(

-.1,*5= /

-.3%,*5=

2 -./ -.4+57( -.4+5* 1 9-.3,2( 9-.3,*57( 9-.3,*5=

-.: /

-.4%

-.4+57( -.4+5* 2 -.: /

-.4%

-.4+57( -.4+5* 2 -.07 /

-./%7

-.0+57( /

-./%+57(

-.0+5* /

-./%+5*

3 -.<+5# -.<+5#( -.<+5#( /

-.<+5#+=(

2 9-./ 9-.4+57( 9-.4+5*

-.46=% -.4+57( -./(6=% 3 -.46=% -.4+57( -./(6=% 3 -.067 /

-./%67

-.1+52( /

-.3%+52(

-.0(67 /

-./%(67

3 9-.467 9-.<+52( 9-./(67

INFINITIVE -.4+5=%

PARTICIPLE -.3,*(7; 2 7(

@%AB# (can conjugate as @%A#- or @%A7- [i.e. like $2C7-]; similarly D$.B#)



@%A/ — @%A/,*( /

@%A7E,*(

1 @%A/ — @%A/,*( 1 @%A0,% / @%A12(

or

@%A7F,% / @%A7G2(

— @%A0,*( / @%A12,*(

or

@%A7F,*( / @%A7G2,*(

2 @%A/ /

@%A7E

@%A/67( /

@%A7E67(

@%A/6* /

@%A7E6*

1 9..GA#( /

9..GA7H(

— 9..%A/,*( /

9..%A7E,*(

@%A0; /

@%A7F;

@%A/67( /

@%A7E67(

@%A/6* /

@%A7E6*

2 @%A0; /

@%A7F;

@%A/67( @%A/6* 2 @%A0; / @%A02;

or

@%A7F; / @%A7G2;

@%A067( / @%A1267(

or

@%A7F67( / @%A7G267(

@%A06* / @%A126*

or

@%A7F6* / @%A7G26*

3 @%A36# /

@%A7I6#

@%A36#( /

@%A7I6#(

@%A3(6#( /

@%A36#+=(

or

@%A7I(6#( /

@%A7I6#+=(

2 9..GA#; /

9..GA7H;

9..%A/67( /

9..%A7E67(

9..%A/6* /

9..%A7E6*

@%A0 /

@%A7F

@%A/67( /

@%A7E67(

@%A/+%(() /

@%A7E+%(()

3 @%A0 /

@%A7F

@%A/67( @%A/+%(() 3 @%A0 / @%A02

or

@%A7F / @%A7G2

@%A162( / @%A><62(

or

@%A7G62( / @%A7%<62(

@%A0*( / @%A12+=(

or

@%A7F*( / @%A7G2+=(

3 9..GA# /

9..GA7H

9..%A362( /

9..%A7I62(

9..%A/+=( /

9..%A7E+=(

INFINITIVE @%A/( / @%A7E(

PARTICIPLE @%A/(, @%A/+?, @%A/( / @%A/(, @%A7E+=, @%A7E(

irregular contract verbs 2: monosyllabic -! stems (no contraction with " or #)

$%&# (so '(&#, (&# 2 [‘need’, not ‘bind’], )&#, *&#, +&#, ,&#, -.&#, /&#)



INF. $%!0+

1 $%&#

— $%&"1!+

1 $%&#

— $%&#1!+ 1 $%&"212 — $%&"21!+

2 $%!0 $%!0-"+ $%!0-!

2 $%!03

$%!0-"+ $%!0-! 2 $%&43 /

$%&523

($%63 rare)

$%&5-"+ $%&5-! 2 $%&"23 $%&"2-"+ $%&"2-! 3 $%!7-# $%!7-#+

$%!8+-#+ /

$%!7-#9:+

PT. $%&#+

$%&";9<

$%&"+

3 $%!0 $%!0-"+ $%&";92(+) 3 $%&4 /

$%&52 ($%6 rare)

$%&5-"+ $%&#92(+) 3 $%&"2 $%!"7-5+ $%&"2!+

IMPERFECT

singular dual plural

1 =$%!"+ — >$%&"1!+

2 =$%!23 >$%!0-"+ >$%!0-!

3 =$%!2 >$%!7-5+ =$%!"+

(&"1:2 2 (‘need’, ‘request’, so +&"1:2)



INF. (!09*:2

(&"1:2 (!81!*"+ (!81!*:

1 (&#1:2

(!?1!*"+ (!?1!*: 1 (!"715+ (!"71!*"+ (!"71!*:

2 (&"; (!09*"+ (!09*!

(&!2 or

(&4 / (&52

(!09*"+ (!09*!

((@9*! Com.)

2 (&4 /

(&52

(&59*"+ (&59*! 2 (&"2" (&"29*"+ (&"29*! 3 (!79*# (!79*#+

(!79*#+ /

(!79*#9:+

PT. (!81!+"3 5

"+

(!0-:2 (!09*"+ (&"+-:2 3 (&5-:2 (&59*"+ (&#+-:2 3 (&"2-" (!"79*5+ (&"2+-"

IMPERFECT


1 >(!815+ >(!81!*"+ >(!81!*:

2 >(&"; >(!0*9"+ >(!09*!

3 >(!0-" >(!79*5+ >(&"+-"

ἔλιπον (< λείπω): thematic root aorist stem forms (so ἔβαλον, ἔδακον, ἔδαρθον, ἔδρακον, ἔδραμον, ἔθανον, εἶδον, εἷλον, εἶπον, ἔκαμον, ἔκιχον, ἔλαβον, ἔλαθον, ἔλαχον, ἔμαθον, ἔμολον, ἔπαθον, ἔπεσον, ἔπιθον, ἔπιον, ἔπορον, ἔπραθον, ἔσχον, ἔταμον, ἔτεκον, ἔτεμον, ἔτραγον, ἔτραπον, ἔτυχον, εὗρον [also ηὗρον], ἔφαγον, ἔφυγον, ἤγαγον [dupl. root], ἦλθον, ἤνεγκον, ἥμαρτον, ἤμπλακον, ἤραρον, ἤριπον, ὤφελον, ὦφλον κτλ: these forms conjugate just as ἔλυον < λύω but show stationary accents in the infinitive and participle)

active INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἔλιπον — ἐλίπομεν

1 λίπω

— λίπωμεν 1 λίποιμι — λίποιμεν

2 λίπε λίπετον λίπετε

2 ἔλιπες

ἐλίπετον ἐλίπετε 2 λίπῃς /

λίπηις

λίπητον λίπητε 2 λίποις

λίποιτον λίποιτε 3 λιπέτω λιπέτων λιπόντων / λιπέτωσαν

3 ἔλιπε(ν) ἐλιπέτην ἔλιπον 3 λίπῃ / λίπηι

λίπητον λίπωσι(ν) 3 λίποι λιποίτην λίποιεν

INFINITIVE λιπεῖν PARTICIPLE λιπών, λιποῦσᾰ, λιπόν

middle (so ἐγενόμην, ἐπτόμην, ἐπυθόμην, ἑσπόμην, ἠγρόμην, ᾐσθόμην, ἠρόμην, ἱκόμην, ὑπεσχόμην, ὠλόμην κτλ)

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ἐλιπόμην ἐλιπόμεθον ἐλιπόμεθα

1 λίπωμαι

λιπώμεθον λιπώμεθα 1 λιποίμην λιποίμεθον λιποίμεθα

2 λιποῦ λίπεσθον λίπεσθε

2 ἐλίπου

ἐλίπεσθον ἐλίπεσθε 2 λίπῃ /

λίπηι

λίπησθον λίπησθε 2 λίποιο

λίποισθον λίποισθε 3 λιπέσθω λιπέσθων λιπέσθων / λιπέσθωσαν

3 ἐλίπετο ἐλιπέσθην ἐλίποντο 3 λίπηται λίπησθον λίπωνται 3 λίποιτο λιποίσθην λίποιντο INFINITIVE λιπέσθαι PARTICIPLE λιπόμενος α ον

!"#$, !%&$, and !'$($: three key root aorist athematic stem forms !"#$ < ")*$( (so !+,#$ < +,-$( & !./#$ < 0./#12 3/4) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2# forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !"#$ — !"#15$

1 "6

— "615$ 1 ")*#$ — ")715$ /

")*#15$ 2 "8,2

-"9 Poet. "8/:$ "8/5 INFINITIVE "8$)2

2 !"#;

!"#/:$ !"#/5 2 "<; /

"82;

"8/:$ "8/5 2 ")*#; ")7/:$ / ")*#/:$

")7/5 / ")*#/5

3 "=/( "=/($ "-$/($ / "=/(.)$

PARTICIPLE "-; ">.? "-$

3 !"# @"=/#$ !"#.)$ 3 "< / "82

"8/:$ "6.2($) 3 ")*# ")*/#$ / ")2=/#$

")75$ / ")*#.)$

A.B. Homer shows short-stem forms, e.g. "-/#$ (3 d.) and !")$ (3 pl.).

N.B. Homer shows forms such as "=C (uncontracted) and "5*:15$.

!%&$ < %D( (so !+&$ < +D() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2 regularly lost) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !%E$ — !%E15$

1 %D(

— %D(15$ 1 %D#$

[%E*#$] — %F15$

[%D215$] 2 %F,2 %F/:$ %F/5 INFINITIVE %F$)2

2 !%E;

!%E/:$ !%E/5 2 %DC; /

%D#2;

%D#/:$ %D#/5 2 %D#; [%E*#;]

%F/:$ [%D2/:$]

%F/5 [%D2/5]

3 %D/( %D/($ %D$/($ / %D/(.)$

PARTICIPLE %D; %F.? %D$

3 !%E @%D/#$ !%E.)$ !%E$ Poet.

3 %DC / %D#2

%D#/:$ %D(.2($) 3 %D# [%E*#]

%D/#$ [%E*/#$]

%F5$ [%D25$]

!'$($ < '2'$G.3( (so H-4($ < I4*.3:1)2 and @"*($ < "2J() INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (2# forms in prose) IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !'$($ — !'$(15$

1 '$6

— '$615$ 1 '$:*#$ — '$:715$ /

'$:*#15$ 2 '$6,2 '$6/:$ '$6/5 INFINITIVE '$6$)2

2 !'$(;

!'$(/:$ !'$(/5 2 '$K; /

'$62; '$6/:$ '$6/5 2 '$:*#; '$:7/:$ /

'$:*#/:$ '$:7/5 / '$:*#/5

3 '$G/( '$G/($ '$J$/($ / '$G/(.)$

PARTICIPLE '$:D; '$:F.? '$J$

3 !'$( @'$G/#$ !'$(.)$ 3 '$K / '$62

'$6/:$ '$6.2($) 3 '$:*# '$:*/#$ / '$:2=/#$

'$:75$ / '$:*#.)$

N.B. Homer shows forms such as '$GL (uncontracted) and '$G:15$.

2nd perfect stem forms

!"#$%& (1st perfect '"#$() (#* used in singular; +,"#-($ (#* in pluperfect singular)

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (&$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT


1 — — '"#)%+.

1 /"#0 — /"#0%+. 1 /"#)1$. — /"#)2%+. /

/"#)1$%+.

2 '"#)3& '"#)#4. '"#)#+ 1 — — '"#)%+.

2 —

'"#)#4. '"#)#+ 2 /"#56 /

/"#7&6

/"#7#4. /"#7#+ 2 /"#)1$6

/"#)2#4. /

/"#)1$#4.

/"#)2#+ /

/"#)1$#+

3 /"#8#9 /"#8#9. /"#8.#9. /

/"#8#9").

2 — '"#)#4. '"#)#+

3 — '"#)#4. '"#:"&(.) 3 /"#5 /

/"#7& /"#7#4. /"#0"&(.) 3 /"#)1$ /"#)1#$. /

/"#)&-#$.

/"#)2+. /

/"#)1$").

3 — /"#8#$. '"#)").

INFINITIVE /"#8.)&

PARTICIPLE /"#;6, /"#0"<, /"#=6

>?>&) (1st perfect >?>4&() (#* freq. in singular; @>+>41($ (#* in pluperfect singular) (similarly forms of A.9B), C&CD;"(9, C)1.9, B1B.4%)&, >89, @B+1D9,

EDF4%)&, 3.G"(9, E4&(), (D8H9, %?%4.), I8"F9, I+139, I1I#9, #*89 (#*)

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE not attested IMPERATIVE PLUPERFECT

singular dual plural singular dual plural (hypothetically >+>&+1$. (#*) singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 >?>&) — >?>&%+.

1 >+>19 — >+>19%+. 2 >?>&3& — >?>&#+ 1 @>+>1$ /

@>+>1+&.

— @>?>&%+. /

@>?>+&%+.

2 >?>&)6

>?>&#4. >?>&#+ 2 >+>1J6 /

>+>1$&6

>+>1$#4. >+>1$#+ 3 >+>1#9 — — 2 @>+>1$6 /

@>+>1+&6

@>?>&#4. /

@>?>+&#4.

@>?>&#+ /

@>?>+&#+

3 >?>&+(.) >?>&#4. >+>1)"&(.) 3 >+>1J /

>+>1$& >+>1$#4. >+>19"&(.)

3 @>+>1+& @>+>1#$. /

@>+>+1#$.

@>?>&"). /

@>?>+&").

INFINITIVE >+>&?.)&

PARTICIPLE >+>&;6, >+>&K2<, >+>&=6

consonant stem perfect middle/passives !"!#$%&$ < !#'(): stems ending ( * + (‘labials’; subj. and opt. always periphrastic) (so ,(-), *.(-), *!.(-), /0.+), 1.(-), 2!"(-), 23(-), 204(-), ("%(), 5.(-), 5'(-), 62"(-7%&$, 628(-), 629(-), -0"(), -0'*), -4(-) 2-!) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !"!#$%%&$

!#!#'%%#17: !#!#'%%#1& 2 !"!#$;7 !"!#$+17: !"!#$+1#

INFINITIVE !#!#<+1&$

2 !"!#$;&$ !"!#$+17: !"!#$+1# 3 !#!#'+1) !#!#'+1): !#!#'+1): / !#!#'+1)6&:

PARTICIPLE !#!#$%%":7= > 7:

3 !"!#$(-&$ !"!#$+17: *!#!#'+&-&$

("(#$6%&$ < (#'1): stems ending - ? 1 (‘dentals’; subj. and opt. always periphrastic) (so 6(":?), +0.@), ;#4?) 2-!) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ("(#$6%&$

(#(#'6%#17: (#(#'6%#1& 2 ("(#$67 ("(#$617: ("(#$61#

INFINITIVE (#(#<61&$

2 ("(#$6&$ ("(#$617: ("(#$61# 3 (#(#'61) (#(#'61): (#(#'61): / (#(#'61)6&:

PARTICIPLE (#(#$6%":7= > 7:

3 ("(#$6-&$ ("(#$617: *(#(#'6&-&$

("(0&/%&$ < (0.--): stems ending / 2 A (‘palatals’; subj. and opt. always periphrastic) (so B/), C!!.--), D2:"7%&$, (!"2), -&0.--), -.--), +#4/), +E!.--) 2-!) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ("(0&/%&$

(#(0./%#17: (#(0./%#1& 2 ("(0&F7 ("(0&A17: ("(0&A1#

INFINITIVE (#(0GA1&$

2 ("(0&F&$ ("(0&A17: ("(0&A1# 3 (#(0.A1) (#(0.A1): (#(0.A1): / (#(0.A1)6&:

PARTICIPLE (#(0&/%":7= > 7:

3 ("(0&2-&$ ("(0&A17: *(#(0.A&-&$

H!8!#/%&$ < H!"/A): stem ending /A (subj. and opt. always periphrastic) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 H!8!#/%&$

H!>!"/%#17: H!>!"/%#1& 2 H!8!#/F7 H!8!#/A17: H!8!#/A1#

INFINITIVE H!>!"/A1&$

2 H!8!#/F&$ H!8!#/A17: H!8!#/A1# 3 H!>!"/A1) H!>!"/A1): H!>!"/A1): / H!>!"/A1)6&:

PARTICIPLE H!>!#/%":7= > 7:

3 H!8!#/2-&$ H!8!#/A17: *H!>!"/&-&$

I//#!%&$ < C//"!!): stems ending ! 0 (‘liquids’; subj. and opt. always periphrastic) (so &J0), H/#'0), (7$2'!!), 6-"!!), 6+.!!), -'!!) 2-!) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 I//#!%&$

K//"!%#17: K//"!%#1& 2 I//#!67 I//#!17: I//#!1#

INFINITIVE K//"!1&$

2 I//#!6&$ I//#!17: I//#!1# 3 K//"!1) K//"!1): K//"!1): / K//"!1)6&:

PARTICIPLE K//#!%":7= > 7:

3 I//#!-&$ I//#!17: *K//"!&-&$

("+&6%&$ < +&':): stems ending % : (‘nasals’; subj. and opt. always periphrastic) (so 1#0%&':), !#&':), !E%&':7%&$, %&0&':), %$&':), %)0&':), F&':), F>0&':), (#0&':), (7$%&':), 5E(&':), 6>%&':), L+&':) 2-!) INDICATIVE IMPERATIVE singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 ("+&6%&$

(#+.6%#17: (#+.6%#1& 2 ("+&:67 ("+&:17: ("+&:1#

INFINITIVE (#+.:1&$

2 ("+&:6&$ ("+&:17: ("+&:1# 3 (#+.:1) (#+.:1): (#+.:1): / (#+.:1)6&:

PARTICIPLE (#+&6%":7= > 7:

3 ("+&:-&$ ("+&:17: *(#+.:&-&$

* These forms are not attested for these particular words but are common for similar words, e.g. -#-.A&-&$ 3 pl. < -.--).

!"!#$% present stem forms

active

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (%& forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT


1 !"!#$% — !"!'$()

1 !%!*

— !%!*$() 1 !%!'"&) — !%!'+$() /

!%!'"&$()

2 !"!', !"!'-') !"!'-( 1 .!"!',) — .!"!'$()

2 !"!#/

!"!'-') !"!'-( 2 !%!0/ /

!%!*%/

!%!*-') !%!*-( 2 !%!'"&/

!%!'+-') /

!%!'"&-')

!%!'+-( /

!%!'"&-(

3 !%!1-# !%!1-#) !%!1)-#) /

!%!1-#23)

2 .!"!',/ .!"!'-') .!"!'-(

3 !"!#2%()) !"!'-') !%!142%()) 3 !%!0 /

!%!*% !%!*-') !%!*2%()) 3 !%!'"& !%!'"-&) /

!%!'%5-&)

!%!'+() /

!%!'"&23)

3 .!"!', .!%!1-&) .!"!'23)

INFINITIVE !%!1)3%

PARTICIPLE !%!'6/, !%!'728, !%!1)

middle/passive



!"!'$3% !%!1$(9') !%!1$(93

1 !%!*$3%

!%!:$(9') !%!:$(93 1 !%!'"$&) !%!'"$(9') !%!'"$(93

2 !"!'2' !"!'29') !"!'29( 1 .!%!1$&) .!%!1$(9') .!%!1$(93

!"!'23%

!"!'29') !"!'29( 2 !%!0 /

!%!*%

!%!*29') !%!*29( 2 !%!'+'

!%!'+29') !%!'+29( 3 !%!129# !%!129#) !%!129#) /

!%!129#23)

2 .!"!'2' .!"!'29') .!"!'29(

!"!'-3% !"!'29') !"!')-3% 3 !%!*-3% !%!*29') !%!*)-3% 3 !%!'+-' !%!'"29&) !%!'+)-' 3 .!"!'-' .!%!129&) .!"!')-'

INFINITIVE !"!'293%

PARTICIPLE !%!1$()'/ & ')

!"!#$% aorist stem forms

active (2nd aorist: stem !&-)

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (%' forms in prose) IMPERATIVE


1 (!#)* — (!&$+,

1 !-

— !-$+, 1 !&"', — !&.$+, /

!&"'$+,

2 !/0 !/1&, !/1+ INFINITIVE !&2,*%

2 (!#)*0

(!&1&, (!&1+ 2 !30 /

!-%0

!-1&, !-1+ 2 !&"'0 !&.1&, /

!&"'1&,

!&.1+ /

!&"'1+

3 !/1# !/1#, !/,1#, /

!/1#4*,

PARTICIPLE !&50

!&246

!/,

3 (!#)+(,) 7!/1', (!&4*, 3 !3 /

!-% !-1&, !-4%(,) 3 !&"' !&"1', /

!&%81',

!&.+, /

!&"'4*,

middle (2nd aorist: stem !&-)



INF. !/49*%

1 7!/$', 7!/$+9&, 7!/$+9*

1 !-$*%

!:$+9&, !:$+9* 1 !&"$', !&"$+9&, !&"$+9*

2 !&2 !/49&, !/49+

2 (!&;

(!&49&, (!&49+ 2 !3 /

!-%

!-49&, !-49+ 2 !&.& !&.49&, !&.49+ 3 !/49# !/49#, !/49#, /

!/49#4*,

PT. !/$+,&0 '

&,

3 (!&1& 7!/49', (!&,1& 3 !-1*% !-49&, !-,1*% 3 !&.1& !&"49', !&.,1&

passive (1st aorist: stem + 9': !& + 9', like 7-<5-9'-,)

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (%' forms in prose) IMPERATIVE


INF. !&9=,*%

7!/9', — 7!/9'$+,

1 !&9-

— !&9-$+, 1 !&9+"', — !&9+.$+, /

!&9+"'$+,

2 !/9'1% !/9'1&, !/9'1+

7!/9'0

7!/9'1&, 7!/9'1+ 2 !&9>0 /

!&9=%0

!&9=1&, !&9=1+ 2 !&9+"'0 !&9+.1&, /

!&9+"'1&,

!&9+.1+ /

!&9+"'1+

3 !&981# !&981#, !&9?,1#, /

!&981#4*,

PT. !&9+"0

!&9+.46

!&9?,

7!/9' 7!&981', 7!/9'4*, 3 !&9> /

!&9=%

!&9=1&, !&9-4%(,) 3 !&9+"' !&9+"1', /

!&9+%81',

!&9+.+, /

!&9+"'4*,

!"#$%& present stem forms

active

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (&$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT


1 !"#$%& — !"#'%'(

1 !&#)

— !&#)%'( 1 !&#'"$( — !&#'*%'( /

!&#'"$%'(

2 !"#'& !"#'!+( !"#'!' 1 ,!"#$( — ,!"#'%'(

2 !"#$-

!"#'!+( !"#'!' 2 !&#.- /

!&#/&-

!&#/!+( !&#/!' 2 !&#'"$-

!&#'*!+( /

!&#'"$!+(

!&#'*!' /

!&#'"$!'

3 !&#0!1 !&#0!1( !&#0(!1( /

!&#0!123(

2 ,!"#'&- ,!"#'!+( ,!"#'!'

3 !"#$2&(() !"#'!+( !&#042&(() 3 !&#. /

!&#/& !&#/!+( !&#)2&(() 3 !&#'"$ !&#'"!$( /

!&#'&5!$(

!&#'*'( /

!&#'"$23(

3 ,!"#'& ,!&#0!$( ,!"#'23(

N.B. +& for '& here is rare but Classical.

INFINITIVE !&#0(3&

PARTICIPLE !&#'"-, !&#'*26, !&#0(

middle/passive



!"#'%3& !&#0%'#+( !&#0%'#3

1 !&#)%3&

!&#7%'#+( !&#7%'#3 1 !&#'"%$( !&#'"%'#+( !&#'"%'#3

2 !"#'2+ !"#'2#+( !"#'2#' 1 ,!&#0%$( ,!&#0%'#+( ,!&#0%'#3

!"#'23&

!"#'2#+( !"#'2#' 2 !&#. /

!&#/&

!&#/2#+( !&#/2#' 2 !&#'*+

!&#'*2#+( !&#'*2#' 3 !&#02#1 !&#02#1( !&#02#1( /

!&#02#123(

2 ,!"#'2+ ,!"#'2#+( ,!"#'2#'

!"#'!3& !"#'2#+( !"#'(!3& 3 !&#/!3& !&#/2#+( !&#)(!3& 3 !&#'*!+ !&#'"2#$( !&#'*(!+ 3 ,!"#'!+ ,!&#02#$( ,!"#'(!+

N.B. +& for '& here is rare but Classical.

INFINITIVE !"#'2#3&

PARTICIPLE !&#0%'(+- $ +(

!"#$%& aorist stem forms

active (2nd aorist: stem #'-)

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (&$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE


1 (#$)* — (#'%'+

1 #,

— #,%'+ 1 #'"$+ — #'-%'+ /

#'"$%'+

2 #./ #.!0+ #.!' INFINITIVE #'-+*&

2 (#$)*/

(#'!0+ (#'!' 2 #1/ /

#2&/

#2!0+ #2!' 2 #'"$/ #'-!0+ /

#'"$!0+

#'-!' /

#'"$!'

3 #.!3 #.!3+ #.+!3+ /

#.!34*+

PARTICIPLE #'"/

#'-45

#.+

3 (#$)'(+) 6#.!$+ (#'4*+ 3 #1 /

#2& #2!0+ #,4&(+) 3 #'"$ #'"!$+ /

#'&7!$+

#'-'+ /

#'"$4*+

middle (2nd aorist: stem #'-)



INF. #.4#*&

1 6#.%$+ 6#.%'#0+ 6#.%'#*

1 #,%*&

#8%'#0+ #8%'#* 1 #'"%$+ #'"%'#0+ #'"%'#*

2 #09 #.4#0+ #.4#'

2 (#0:

(#'4#0+ (#'4#' 2 #1 /

#2&

#24#0+ #24#' 2 #'-0 #'-4#0+ #'-4#' 3 #.4#3 #.4#3+

#.4#3+ /

#.4#34*+

PT. #.%'+0/ $

0+

3 (#'!0 6#.4#$+ (#'+!0 3 #2!*& #24#0+ #,+!*& 3 #'-!0 #'"4#$+ #'-+!0

N.B. 0& for '& here is rare but Classical.

passive (1st aorist: stem + #$: #' + #$, like 6-;<-#$-+; #' deaspirates to !' before #$ by Grassmann’s law)



INF. !'#2+*&

1 6!.#$+ — 6!.#$%'+

1 !'#,

— !'#,%'+ 1 !'#'"$+ — !'#'-%'+ /

!'#'"$%'+

2 !.#$!& !.#$!0+ !.#$!'

2 6!.#$/

6!.#$!0+ 6!.#$!' 2 !'#1/ /

!'#2&/

!'#2!0+ !'#2!' 2 !'#'"$/ !'#'-!0+ /

!'#'"$!0+

!'#'-!' /

!'#'"$!'

3 !'#7!3 !'#7!3+ !'#.+!3+ /

!'#7!34*+

PT. !'#'"/

!'#'-45

!'#.+

3 6!.#$ 6!'#7!$+ 6!.#$4*+ 3 !'#1 /

!'#2&

!'#2!0+ !'#,4&(+) 3 !'#'"$ !'#'"!$+ /

!'#'&7!$+

!'#'-'+ /

!'#'"$4*+

!"#$%& present stem forms

active

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE (&$ forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT


1 !"#$%& — !"#'%()

1 *"#+

— *"#+%() 1 *"#',$) — *"#'-%() /

*"#',$%()

2 !"#$ !"#'#.) !"#'#( 1 !"#$) — !"#'%()

2 !"#$/

!"#'#.) !"#'#( 2 *"#0/ /

*"#1&/

*"#1#.) *"#1#( 2 *"#',$/

*"#'-#.) /

*"#',$#.)

*"#'-#( /

*"#',$#(

3 *"#2#3 *"#2#3) *"#2)#3) /

*"#2#3"')

2 !"#$/ !"#'#.) !"#'#(

3 !"#$"&()) !"#'#.) *"#4"&()) 3 *"#0 /

*"#1& *"#1#.) *"#+"&()) 3 *"#',$ *"#',#$) /

*"#'&5#$)

*"#'-() /

*"#',$"')

3 !"#$ *"#2#$) !"#'"')

INFINITIVE *"#2)'&

PARTICIPLE *"#2/, *"#4"6, *"#2)

middle/passive (so 78'%'&, 9:)'%'&, ;<,"#'%'&, =>'%'&, ?>@%'%'&, <>,'%'& ?#A though these verbs show recessive accents in the subjunctive and optative)



!"#'%'& *"#2%(B.) *"#2%(B'

1 *"#+%'&

*"#C%(B.) *"#C%(B' 1 *"#',%$) *"#',%(B.) *"#',%(B'

2 !"#'". !"#'"B.) !"#'"B( 1 *"#2%$) *"#2%(B.) !"#'%(B'

!"#'"'&

!"#'"B.) !"#'"B( 2 *"#0 /

*"#1&

*"#1"B.) *"#1"B( 2 *"#'-.

*"#'-"B.) *"#'-"B( 3 *"#2"B3 *"#2"B3) *"#2"B3) /

*"#2"B3"')

2 !"#'". !"#'"B.) !"#'"B(

!"#'#'& !"#'"B.) !"#')#'& 3 *"#1#'& *"#1"B.) *"#+)#'& 3 *"#'-#. *"#',"B$) *"#'-)#. 3 !"#'#. *"#2"B$) !"#')#.

INFINITIVE !"#'"B'&

PARTICIPLE *"#2%()./ $ .)

!"#$%& aorist stem forms

1st aorist active (stem "#$"'-, like ()"'- in *()"' < (+,, transitive: ‘make to stand’)



1 *"#$"' — -"#."'%/0

1 "#.",

— "#.",%/0 1 "#."'&%& — "#."'&%/0 2 "#1"20 "#."'#20 "#."'#/ INFINITIVE "#1"'&

2 *"#$"'3

-"#."'#20 -"#."'#/ 2 "#."43 /

"#."$&3

"#."$#20 "#."$#/ 2 "#."'&3 /

"#."/&'3

"#."'&#20 "#."'&#/ 3 "#$"5#, "#$"5#,0 "#$"50#,0 /

"#$"5#,"'0

PARTICIPLE "#."'3

"#."'"6

"#1"'0

3 *"#$"/(0) -"#$"5#$0 *"#$"'0 3 "#."4 /

"#."$& "#."$#20 "#.","&(0) 3 "#."'& /

"#."/&/(0)

"#$"'7#$0 "#."'&/0 /

"#."/&'0

2nd aorist active (stem "#$-/"#'-, intransitive: ‘stand’)



1 *"#$0 — *"#$%/0

1 "#8

— "#8%/0 1 "#'7$0 — "#'9%/0 /

"#'7$%/0

2 "#1:& "#1#20 "#1#/ INFINITIVE "#10'&

2 *"#$3

*"#$#20 *"#$#/ 2 "#;3 /

"#1&3

"#1#20 "#1#/ 2 "#'7$3 "#'9#20 /

"#'7$#20

"#'9#/ /

"#'7$#/

3 "#.#, "#.#,0 "#50#,0 /

"#5#,"'0

PARTICIPLE "#53

"#<"6

"#50

3 *"#$ -"#.#$0 *"#$"'0 3 "#; /

"#1& "#1#20 "#8"&(0) 3 "#'7$ "#'7#$0 /

"#'&.#$0

"#'9/0 /

"#'7$"'0

middle (1st aorist, like -()"5%$0, transitive: ‘make to stand’)



INF. "#."'":'& 1 -"#$"5%$0 -"#$"5%/:20 -"#$"5%/:'

1 "#.",%'&

"#$"=%/:20 "#$"=%/:' 1 "#$"'7%$0 "#$"'7%/:20 "#$"'7%/:'

2 "#1"'& "#."'":20 "#."'":/

2 -"#.",

-"#."'":20 -"#."'":/ 2 "#."4 /

"#."$&

"#."$":20 "#."$":/ 2 "#."'&2 "#."'&":20 "#."'&":/ 3 "#$"5":, "#$"5":,0

"#$"5":,0 /

"#$"5":,"'0

PT. "#$"5%/023

$ 20

3 -"#."'#2 -"#$"5":$0 -"#."'0#2 3 "#."$#'& "#."$":20 "#.",0#'& 3 "#."'&#2 "#$"'7":$0 "#."'&0#2

passive (1st aorist: stem + :$: "#' + :$, like --(+-:$-0)



INF. "#':10'& 1 -"#5:$0 — -"#5:$%/0

1 "#':8

— "#':8%/0 1 "#':/7$0 — "#':/9%/0 /

"#':/7$%/0

2 "#5:$#& "#5:$#20 "#5:$#/

2 -"#5:$3

-"#5:$#20 -"#5:$#/ 2 "#':;3 /

"#':1&3

"#':1#20 "#':1#/ 2 "#':/7$3 "#':/9#20 /

"#':/7$#20

"#':/9#/ /

"#':/7$#/

3 "#':.#, "#':.#,0 "#':>0#,0 /

"#':.#,"'0

PT. "#':/73

"#':/9"6

"#':>0

3 -"#5:$ -"#':.#$0 -"#5:$"'0 3 "#':; /

"#':1& "#':1#20 "#':8"&(0) 3 "#':/7$ "#':/7#$0 /

"#':/&.#$0

"#':/9/0 /

"#':/7$"'0

!"#$ present stem forms

active

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($" forms in prose) IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT


1 !"#$ — !%#%&

1 '(

— '(#%& 1 '%)"& — '%*#%& /

'%)"#%&

2 !%$ !%+,& !%+% 1 !"& — !%#%&

2 !"- /

!%$-

!%+,& !%+% 2 '.- /

'/$-

'/+,& '/+% 2 '%)"-

'%*+,& /

'%)"+,&

'%*+% /

'%)"+%

3 '0+1 '0+1& '0&+1& /

'0+123&

2 !%$- !%+,& !%+%

3 !"2$(&) !%+,& '42$(&) 3 '. /

'/$ '/+,& '(2$(&) 3 '%)" '%)+"& /

'%$5+"&

'%*%& /

'%)"23&

3 !%$ '0+"& !%23&

N.B. ,$ for %$ here is rare but Classical.

INFINITIVE '0&3$

PARTICIPLE '%)-, '%*26, '0&

middle/passive



!%#3$ '0#%7,& '0#%73

1 '(#3$

'8#%7,& '8#%73 1 '%)#"& '%)#%7,& '%)#%73

2 !%2, !%27,& !%27% 1 '0#"& '0#%7,& !%#%73

!%23$

!%27,& !%27% 2 '. /

'/$

'/27,& '/27% 2 '%*,

'%*27,& '%*27% 3 '0271 '0271& '0271& /

'027123&

2 !%2, !%27,& !%27%

!%+3$ !%27,& !%&+3$ 3 '/+3$ '/27,& '(&+3$ 3 '%*+, '%)27"& '%*&+, 3 !%+, '027"& !%&+,

N.B. ,$ for %$ here is rare but Classical.

INFINITIVE !%273$

PARTICIPLE '0#%&,- " ,&

!"#$ aorist stem forms (in prose these forms appear only with prepositional prefixes)

active (2nd aorist: stem %-)

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($" forms in prose) IMPERATIVE


1 &'( — )*#)+

1 ,

— ,#)+ 1 )!"+ — )*#)+ /

)!"#)+

2 -. -/0+ -/) INFINITIVE )*+($

2 &'(.

)*/0+ )*/) 2 1. /

&$.

&/0+ &/) 2 )!". )*/0+ /

)!"/0+

)*/) /

)!"/)

3 -/2 -/2+ -+/2+ /

-/23(+

PARTICIPLE )!.

)*34

-+

3 &')(+) )!/"+ )*3(+ 3 1 /

&$ &/0+ ,3$(+) 3 )!" )!/"+ /

)56/"+

)*)+ /

)!"3(+

middle (2nd aorist: stem %-)



INF. -37($

1 )!#"+ )!#)70+ )!#)7(

1 ,#($

8#)70+ 8#)7( 1 )!#"+ )!#)70+ )!#)7(

2 09 -370+ -37)

2 )*30

)*370+ )*37) 2 1 /

&$ &370+ &37) 2 )*0 )*370+ )*37) 3 -372 -372+

-372+ /

-3723(+

PT. -#)+0. "

0+

3 )*/0 )!37"+ )*+/0 3 &/($ &370+ ,+/($ 3 )*/0 )!37"+ )*+/0

passive (1st aorist: stem + 7": % + 7", like :-;<-7"-+)

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE ($" forms in prose) IMPERATIVE


INF. %7=+($

1 )!7"+ — )!7"#)+

1 %7>

— %7>#)+ 1 %7)?"+ — %7)@#)+ /

%7)?"#)+

2 -7"/$ -7"/0+ -7"/)

2 )!7".

)!7"/0+ )!7"/) 2 %7A. /

%7=$.

%7=/0+ %7=/) 2 %7)?". %7)@/0+ /

%7)?"/0+

%7)@/) /

%7)?"/)

3 %76/2 %76/2+ %7B+/2+ /

%76/23(+

PT. %7)?.

%7)@34

%7B+

3 )!7" )576/"+ )!7"3(+ 3 %7A /

%7=$

%7=/0+ %7>3$(+) 3 %7)?" %7)?/"+ /

%7)$6/"+

%7)@)+ /

%7)?"3(+

!"#$%&'( present stem forms (so )*%+'(, !,#%+'(, "-.*%+'(, /%%+'(, 0"1*%+'(, 02%%+'(, $".3%%+'(, $4.5%%+'(, $."'3%%+'(, $6#%%+'(, '#*%+'(, 47*%+'(, 899+'(, 8'%+'(, :';.*%+'(,

<"63%%+'(, <=*%+'(, >=*%+'(, >2%%+'(, ?@5%%+'(, ?$"!3%%+'(, ?6;.%+'(, ?6.2%%+'(, A2%%+'( $69)

active



INF. !"($%1%,(

1 !"#$%+'( — !"#$%+'"%

1 !"($%1B

— !"($%1B'"% 1 !"($%14('( — !"($%14('"%

2 !"#$%& !"#$%+64% !"#$%+6"

2 !"#$%+C

!"#$%+64% !"#$%+6" 2 !"($%1DC /

!"($%1E(C

!"($%1E64% !"($%1E6" 2 !"($%14(C !"($%14(64% !"($%14(6" 3 !"($%16B !"($%16B%

!"($%1%6B% /

!"($%16B?,%

PT. !"($%1C

!"($%F?G

!"($%1%

3 !"#$%+?((%) !"#$%+64% !"($%1,?((%) 3 !"($%1D /

!"($%1E(

!"($%1E64% !"($%1B?((%) 3 !"($%14( !"($%+4#6E% !"($%14("%

IMPERFECT


1 H!"#$%+% — H!"#$%+'"%

2 H!"#$%+C H!"#$%+64% H!"#$%+6"

3 H!"#$%+ H!"($%16E% H!"#$%+?,%

middle/passive (so ,7%+',(, ).%+',(, *3%+',(, 63%+',( $69)



INF. !"#$%+?I,(

!"#$%+',( !"($%1'"I4% !"($%1'"I,

1 !"($%1B',(

!"($%+2'"I4% !"($%+2'"I, 1 !"($%+4#'E% !"($%+4#'"I4% !"($%+4#'"I,

2 !"#$%+?4 !"#$%+?I4% !"#$%+?I"

!"#$%+?,(

!"#$%+?I4% !"#$%+?I" 2 !"($%1D /

!"($%1E(

!"($%1E?I4% !"($%1E?I" 2 !"($%14(4 !"($%14(?I4% !"($%14(?I" 3 !"($%1?IB !"($%1?IB%

!"($%1?IB% /

!"($%1?IB?,%

PT. !"($%1'"%4C

E 4%

!"#$%+6,( !"#$%+?I4% !"#$%+%6,( 3 !"($%1E6,( !"($%1E?I4% !"($%1B%6,( 3 !"($%14(64 !"($%+4#?IE% !"($%14(%64

IMPERFECT


1 H!"($%1'E% H!"($%1'"I4% H!"($%1'"I,

2 H!"#$%+?4 H!"#$%+I?4% H!"#$%+?I"

3 H!"#$%+64 H!"($%1?IE% H!"#$%+%64

!"#$ (poetic) present stem forms

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE and OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT

singular dual plural not attested

singular dual plural singular dual plural

1 !"#$ %"&'() %"&'#

2 !*( !*'() !*'& 1 %"+) %"&'() %"&'#

2 !*#$

!*'() !*'& 3 %*', %*',) %*',)

2 !*( !*'() !*'&

3 !*-#$ !*'() !)-#$ 3 !*-( %*'+) !)-(

INFINITIVE !*'#$

PARTICIPLE %"&)(. + ()

/0'+"#$ (prose) present stem forms



/0'+"#$ /#'1"&'() /#'1"&'#

1 /#'2"#$

/#'3"&'() /#'3"&'# 1 /#'(4"+) /#'(4"&'() /#'(4"&'#

2 /0'+*( /0'+*'() /0'+*'& 1 5/#'1"+)

or

/#'1"+)

5/#'1"&'()

or

/#'1"&'()

5/#'1"&'#

or

/#'1"&'#

/0'+*#$

/0'+*'() /0'+*'& 2 /#'6 /

/#'7$

/#'7*'() /#'7*'& 2 /#'(8(

/#'(8*'() /#'(8*'& 3 /#'1*', /#'1*',) /#'1*',)

2 5/0'+*(

or

/#'7*(

5/0'+*'()

(r

/#'7*'()

5/0'+*'&

or

/#'7*'&

/0'+-#$ /0'+*'() /0'+)-#$ 3 /#'7-#$ /#'7*'() /#'2)-#$ 3 /#'(8-( /#'(4*'+) /#'(8)-(

3 5/0'+-(

or

/#'7*-(

or /#'7-(

5/#'1*'+)

or

/#'1*'+)

5/0'+)-(

or

/#'7)-( INFINITIVE /#'7*'#$ PARTICIPLE /#'1"&)(. + ()

/&8"#$ present stem forms

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE rare OPTATIVE rare IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT


1 /&8"#$ /&4"&'() /&4"&'#

1 /9,"#$

/&3"&'() /&3"&'# 1 /&(4"+) /&(4"&'() /&(4"&'#

2 /&8*( /&8*'() /&8*'& 1 5/&4"+) 5/&4"&'() 5/&4"&'#

2 /&8*#$

/&8*'() /&8*'& 2 /9: /

/9+$

/9+*'() /9+*'& 2 /9($(

/9($*'() /9($*'& 3 /&4*', /&4*',) /&4*',) 2 ;/&$*( ;/&$*'() ;/&$*'&

3 /&8-#$ /&8*'() /&8)-#$ 3 /9+-#$ /9+*'() /9,)-#$ 3 /9($-( /&(4*'+) /9($)-( 3 ;/&$-( 5/&4*'+) ;/&$)-(

INFINITIVE /&8*'#$

PARTICIPLE /&4"&)(. + ()

!"#$ present stem forms (principal parts !"#$, !%&', (!"&) [(!"* also 2 aor.], —, +,!)#)-, —) active (so verbs in -*"-#-: ./#*"#-, 0$1*"#-, 2*$*"#-, +,1*"#-, +$3*"#-, &0$.*"#- 034; middle forms #/1*)#)-, +$4*)#)- 034 N.B. middle forms of !"#$ appear in Homer: 5!/#"* (!)&6 (!)36 034) INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE OPTATIVE IMPERATIVE IMPERFECT singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural singular dual plural 1 !"#$ — !)#,*

1 !7

— !7#8* 1 !)$"* — !)9#8* /

!)$"#8* (rare)

2 !):$ / !/:-

!/36* !/38 1 (!"* — (!)#8*

2 !;< / !%-< sts !%<

!)3=* !)3, 2 !>< / !?-<

!?36* !?38 2 !)$"<

not attested !)$"38 3 !/3' !/3'* !/*3'*

2 (!"&:) / (!"<

(!)36* (!)38

3 !"&$(*) !)3=* !@&$(*) 3 !> / !?-

!?36* !7&-(*) 3 !)$" not attested !)98* / !)$"&)* (rare)

3 (!" 5!/3"* (!)&)*

A.B. With the exception of the 2nd s., all pres. ind. forms are enclitic, like 8C#$ sum.

INFINITIVE !/*)- PARTICIPLE !/<, !D&E, !/* F#$ (Lat. a-io) INDICATIVE IMPERFECT singular singular 1 F#$ 1 G*

2 — 2 —

3 F&$(*) 3 G

conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth §2189 and Kennedy §410) classified in three ways:

1. substantival clauses behave like nouns 2. adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (i.e. predicate) to the action at hand 3. adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (i.e. attributive) to the agent or item at hand

This classification is based on an analogy: c lauses are being compared to words . Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns, adverbs, and adjectives: 1a. Jim annoys me. 1b. The fact that Jim does that annoys me. 1c. I can't stand Jim. 1d. I can't stand the fact that Jim does that. 2a. Jim ran quickly. 2b. Jim ran when he realized he was late. 2c. Jim ran because he realized he was late. 2d. Jim ran although he didn't need to. 3a. I've made an unforgivable mistake. 3b. I've made a mistake which is unforgivable. In each of these examples, a clause underlined in a (b), (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence. Each kind of clause has further subclasses:

1. substantival clauses a. relative clauses (best treated as adjectival—see below) b. indirect speech c. indirect question d. indirect command

2. adverbial clauses a. purpose (a.k.a. "final") clauses b. object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) —with verbs of effort —with verbs of fear c. causal clauses d. result (a.k.a. "consecutive") clauses e. proviso clauses f. conditional clauses g. concessive clauses h. temporal clauses i. comparison

3. adjectival clauses: relative clauses a. definite b. indefinite [c. "conditional" relative clauses in Gk]

Reading Greek sections 1–10 principal parts

present future aorist English definition

ἄγω ἄξω ἤγαγον lead

ἀδικέω ἀδικήσω ἠδίκησα do wrong

ᾄδω / ἀείδω ᾄσομαι ᾖσα sing

αἱρέω αἱρήσω εἷλον take

αἰτέω αἰτήσω ᾔτησα ask

ἀκούω ἀκούσομαι ἤκουσα hear

ἀναγκάζω ἀναγκάσω ἠνάγκασα compel

ἀπατάω ἀπατήσω ἠπάτησα deceive

ἀπολογέομαι ἀπολογήσομαι ἀπελογησάμην speak in self-defence

ἀπορέω ἀπορήσω ἠπόρησα be at a loss

ἅπτω ἅψω ἧψα fasten

ἄρχω ἄρξω ἦρξα rule

ἀτιμάζω ἀτιμάσω ἠτίμασα dishonour

ἀφικνέομαι ἀφίξομαι ἀφικόμην arrive

βαδίζω βαδιέομαι ἐβάδισα walk

βαίνω βήσομαι ἔβην go

βάλλω βαλέω ἔβαλον throw

βιάζομαι βιάσομαι ἐβιασάμην use force

βλέπω βλέψομαι ἔβλεψα look (at)

βοάω βοήσομαι ἐβόησα shout (for)

βοηθέω βοηθήσω ἐβοήθησα aid

βούλομαι βουλήσομαι ἐβουλήθην wish

γελάω γελάσομαι ἐγέλασα laugh

γιγνώσκω γνώσομαι ἔγνων recognise

γράφω γράψω ἔγραψα write

δάκνω δήξομαι ἔδακον bite

δέχομαι δέξομαι ἐδεξάμην receive

δέω δεήσω ἐδέησα want

δηλόω δηλώσω ἐδήλωσα show

διαλέγομαι διαλέξομαι διελεξάμην converse

διδάσκω διδάξω ἐδίδαξα teach

δίδωμι δώσω ἔδωκα give

δικάζω δικάσω ἐδίκασα be a juror

διώκω διώξω ἐδίωξα pursue

δοκέω δόξω ἔδοξα think

δουλόω δουλώσω ἐδούλωσα enslave

δράω δράσω ἔδρασα do

δύναμαι δυνήσομαι ἐδυνήθην be able

δύω δύσω 1. ἔδυσα transitive 2. ἔδυν intransitive sink

ἐάω ἐάσω εἴασα allow

ἐθέλω ἐθελήσω ἠθέλησα wish

εἰμί ἔσομαι ἦν (impf.) be

εἶμι ——— ᾖα (impf.) go

ἐλευθερόω ἐλευθερώσω ἠλευθέρωσα set free

ἕλκω ἕλξω εἵλκυσα drag

ἐλπίζω ἐλπιέω ἤλπισα hope

ἐξετάζω ἐξετάσω ἐξήτασα question closely

ἐπαινέω ἐπαινέσω ἐπῄνεσα praise

!"#$%&'&( !"($%)$*'&( +"($%),-. understand

/"*'&( /0*'&( 1$"2'-. follow

345*'&( 67'( 89,*. go

!4:%;: 1. !4:%)$: 2. !4)$*'&(

1. +4<%-$& 2. +42'-.

ask

!$,#: 3=*'&( 3>&?*. eat

6@4#$A: 6@4)$: -B4*. find

6C5*'&( 6CD*'&( -ED;'-. pray

35: 1. /D: 2. $5)$:

3$5*. have

F-%G: F-%)$: !F)%-$& seek

H?G*'&( H?)$*'&( H?-$;'-. lead

I=*'&( H$,)$*'&( I$,-. enjoy

H$J5;F: H$J5;$: H$K5&$& be quiet

,&J';F: ,&J';$*'&( !,&K'&$& wonder at

,6;*'&( ,6;$*'&( !,6&$;'-. watch

,.L$A: ,&.G*'&( 3,&.*. die

,K: ,K$: 3,J$& sacrifice

M$%-'( $%)$: 1. 3$%-$& transitive 2. 3$%-. intransitive

stand

A&,6K=: A&,6J=)$: !A&,6K=-$& sleep

A&,#F: A&,(G: !A;,($& sit

A&9G: A&9G: !A;96$& call

A&%-?*4G: A&%-?*4)$: A&%-?24-$& accuse

A696K: A696K$: !AG96J$& order

A96#: A96#$: A9L$:

3A96($& 3A9N$&

shut

A9G"%: A9G0: 3A960& steal

A9#.: A9(.G: 3A9(.& bend

κολάζω κολάσω ἐκόλασα punish

κόπτω κόψω ἔκοψα hit

κρατέω κρατήσω ἐκράτησα hold sway

κρίνω κρινέω ἔκρινα judge

κτείνω κτενέω ἔκτεινα kill

κωλύω κωλύσω ἐκώλυσα prevent

λαμβάνω λήψομαι ἔλαβον take

λανθάνω λήσω ἔλαθον escape notice of

λέγω 1. λέξω 2. ἐρέω

1. ἔλεξα 2. εἶπον say

λογίζομαι λογιέομαι ἐλογισάμην reckon

λύω λύσω ἔλυσα loose

μανθάνω μαθήσομαι ἔμαθον learn

μάχομαι μαχέομαι μαχέσομαι ἐμαχεσάμην fight

μέλλω μελλήσω ἐμέλλησα intend

μέμφομαι μέμψομαι ἐμεμψάμην blame

μένω μενέω ἔμεινα remain

μισέω μισήσω ἐμίσησα hate

νικάω νικήσω ἐνίκησα win

νοέω νοήσω ἐνόησα think

νομίζω νομιέω ἐνόμισα think

οἶδα εἴσομαι ᾔδη (impf.) know

οἰκέω οἰκήσω ᾤκησα dwell (in)

οἰκτίρω οἰκτιρέω ᾤκτιρα pity

οἶμαι οἶομαι οἰήσομαι ᾠήθην think

ὄλλυμι ὀλέω 1. ὤλεσα transitive 2. ὠλόμην intransitive destroy

!"#$%&#'() !"#$*&+#'() ,"#$*&-'./ bewail

0'#"#1+2 0'#"#1342 5'#"61.4( agree

0&-2 78#'() 9:;#/ see

!$9<"2 !$9)"342 1. ,$9<".4( 2. =$9"#/

owe

>(<?2 >(<4#'() @>()4( play

>-4A2 >9<4#'() @>(B#/ suffer

>(%2 >(%42 @>(*4( stop

>9<B2 >9<42 @>9)4( persuade

>9)&-#'() >9)&-4#'() C>9)&(4-'./ try

>+'>2 >+'82 @>9'8( send

>.;-2 >.;34#'() C>3;.4( leap

><>D2 >94+#'() @>94#/ fall

>"+2 >"9%4#'() @>"9*4( sail

>#)+2 >#)342 C>#<.4( make

>#&9%#'() >#&9%4#'() C>#&9*4-'./ march

>&#4(1#&9%2 >&#49&+2 >&#49E>#/ address

>2"+2 >2"342 C>F".4( G>9;6'./

sell

H<>D2 H<82 @&&)8( throw

4)2>-2 4)2>34#'() C4)F>.4( be silent

4I#>+2 4I+8#'() C4I98-'./ view

4>+/;2 4>9<42 @4>9)4( pour a libation

4>9%;2 4>9%42 @4>9*4( hurry

4J?2 4F42 @424( save

D<B.') B342 @B.I( put

D)'-2 D)'342 CD<'.4( honour

!"#$%& !"#$'(& )!*#$+(, dare

!-./& !-.0& 1. 1!-20, 2. 1!-2/"3

turn

!-.4& 5-,$."$,6 15-,$"3 run

!784%3& !29:"$,6 1!74"3 happen

!9/!& !7/!'(& )!9/!+(, strike

;/6(43."$,6 ;/"(4'("$,6 ;/2(4*$+3 promise

<,=3& <,3.& 1<+3, reveal

<.-& ">(& ?328@"3 ?328@,

bear

<298& <29:"$,6 1<78"3 flee

<+$= <'(& 1<+(, say

<A%3& <A'("$,6 1<A,(, anticipate

<A2=-& <A2-.& 1<A26-, destroy

<6#.& <6#'(& )<=#+(, love

<"B."$,6 <"B'("$,6 )<"B'A+3 fear

<-"3!=C& <-"3!6.& )<-*3!6(, think

<7#%!!& <7#%:& )<9#,:, guard

<&3.& <&3'(& )<D3+(, speak

4-%"$,6 4-'("$,6 )4-+(%$+3 use

4&-.& 4&-'(& )4D-+(, go

0+<=C"$,6 0+<6."$,6 )0+<6(%$+3 vote

Reading Greek sections 1–10 vocabulary ἀγαθός ή όν good / noble / courageous

ἄγε come!

ἀγορά (ἡ) market-place / agora

ἄγροικος ον from the country / boorish

ἄγω lead / bring

ἀδικέω be unjust / commit a crime / do wrong

ἄδικος unjust

ἀδύνατος ον impossible

ᾄδω / ἀείδω sing

ἀεί always

Ἀθῆναι (αἱ) Athens

Ἀθηναῖος (ὁ) Athenian

αἱρέω take / capture / convict

αἰτέω ask (for)

αἰτία (ἡ) reason / cause

αἴτιος α ον responsible (for) / guilty (of)

ἀκούω hear / listen to (+ gen. of person/thing)

ἀκριβῶς accurately / closely

ἀκρόπολις (ἡ) acropolis

ἀλήθεια (ἡ) truth

ἀληθῆ the truth

ἀλλά but / alternatively

ἀλλήλους each other / one another

ἄλλος η ο other / the rest of

ἅμα at the same time

ἀμαθής ές ignorant

ἀμείνων ον better

ἀμελής ές uncaring

ἀμφότεροι αι α both

ἀναβαίνω go up

ἀναγκάζω force / compel

ἀνάγκη (ἡ) necessity

ἀνάγκη ἐστί it is obligatory (for X [acc. or dat.] to — [inf.])

ἀναιρέω pick up

ἀναμένω wait / hold on

ἄναξ (ὁ) prince / lord / king

ἀναπείθω persuade over to one᾽s side

ἀναχωρέω retreat

ἀνδρεῖος α ον brave / manly

ἀνήρ (ὁ) man

ἄνθρωπος (ὁ) man / fellow

ἀνίσταμαι get up / emigrate

ἀνομία (ἡ) lawlessness

ἄνω up / above

ἄξιος α ον worthy / worthy of (+ gen.)

ἀπάγω lead away / take away

ἅπας ἅπασα ἅπαν all / the whole

ἀπέρχομαι depart / go away

ἀπέχομαι refrain / keep away (from) (+ gen.)

ἀπό (+ gen.) away from

ἀποβαίνω leave / depart

ἀποθνῄσκω die

ἀποκρίνομαι answer

ἀποκτείνω kill

ἀπολέω I shall kill / destroy

ἀπολογέομαι defend oneself / make a speech in one’s own defence

ἀπολογία (ἡ) speech in one’s own defence

ἀπολύω acquit / release

ἀπορέω be at a loss / have no resources

ἀπορία perplexity / lack of provisions

ἀποτρέχω run away

ἀποφαίνω reveal / show

ἀποφεύγω escape / run off

ἀποχωρέω go away / depart

ἅπτω light / fasten / fix

ἆρα (indicates a question)

ἄρα then / in that case (inferring)

ἀρετή (ἡ) virtue / excellence

ἄριστος η ον best / very good

ἄρτι just now / recently

ἄρχομαι begin (+ gen.) / begin to (+ ptcp. or inf.)

ἀσέβεια (ἡ) irreverence to the gods

ἄστυ (τό) city (of Athens)

ἀτάρ but

ἀτιμάζω dishonour / hold in dishonour

αὖ again / moreover

αὖθις again

αὔριον tomorrow

αὐτόν ήν ό him / her / it /them

αὐτός ή ό self

ἀφέλκω drag off

ἀφικνέομαι arrive / come

βαδίζω walk / go (fut. βαδιέομαι)

βαθέως deeply

βαθύς εῖα ύ deep

βαίνω I come / go / walk

βάλλ᾽ εἰς κόρακας go to hell!

βάρβαρος (ὁ) barbarian / foreigner

βαρέως φέρω take badly / find hard to bear

βαρύς εῖα ύ heavy

βασιλεύς (ὁ) king

βέβαιος α ον secure

βέλτιστος η ον best

βελτίων ον better

βιάζομαι use force

βίος (ὁ) life / means /livelihood

βλέπω look (at)

βοάω shout (for)

βοηθέω help / run to help

βούλομαι wish / want

βραδέως slowly

βωμός (ὁ) altar

γάμος (ὁ) marriage

γάρ for / because

γὰρ δή really / I assure you

γε at least / at any rate

γείτων (ὁ) neighbour

γελάω laugh

γέρων (ὁ) old man

γεωργός (ὁ) farmer

γῆ (ἡ) land

γιγνώσκω know / think /resolve

γλυκύς εῖα ύ sweet

γνώμη (ἡ) mind / purpose / judgment / plan

γοῦν at any rate

γραῦς (ἡ) old woman

γραφή (ἡ) indictment / charge / case

γραφὴν γράφομαι indict X (acc.) on a charge of Y (gen.)

γράφομαι indict / charge

γυνή (ἡ) woman / wife

δαίμων (ὁ) god / daimon

δάκνω bite / worry

δέ and / but

δεῖ it is necessary (for X [acc. or dat.] to — [inf.])

δεινός ή όν clever at (+ inf.) / dire / terrible

δεξιά (ἡ) right hand

δεξιός ά όν clever / right-hand

δέομαι need / ask / beg (+ gen.)

δεσπότης (ὁ) master

δεῦρο over here

δέχομαι receive

δή then / indeed

δῆλος η ον clear / obvious

δηλόω show / reveal

δῆμος (ὁ) people / deme

δήπου of course / surely

δῆτα then

διά + acc. because of

διά + gen. through

διὰ τί; why?

διαβαίνω cross

διαβάλλω slander

διαβολή slander

διαλέγομαι converse

διανοέομαι intend / plan

διάνοια (ἡ) intention / plan

διαφθείρω corrupt / kill / destroy

διδάσκαλος (ὁ) teacher

διδάσκω teach

δίδωμι give / grant

διέρχομαι go through / relate

δικάζω be a juror / make a judgment

δίκαιος α ον just

δικαστήριον (τό) law-court

δικαστής (ὁ) juror / dikast

δίκη (ἡ) lawsuit / penalty / justice

διότι because

διώκω prosecute / pursue

δοκεῖ it seems a good idea to X (dat.) to do Y (inf.)

δοκέω seem / consider oneself to —

δόξα (ἡ) reputation / opinion

δουλόομαι enslave

δοῦλος (ὁ) slave

δρᾶμα (τό) play / drama

δράω do / act

δύναμαι be able

δύο two

δυστυχής ές unlucky

δύω sink

δῶρον (τό) gift / bribe

ἑαυτόν ή ό (αὑτόν ή ό)

him/her/itself (pronoun)

ἑαυτούς άς ά (αὑτούς άς ά)

themselves (pronoun)

ἐάω allow

ἐγγύς (preposition) (+ gen.) near / nearby

ἐγκλείω shut in / lock in

ἐγώ I (sometimes emphatic)

ἔγωγε I at least / I at any rate

ἐθέλω wish / want (to)

εἰ if

εἰδώς εἰδυῖα εἰδός knowing

εἰμί I am (= verb ‘to be’)

εἶμι I shall go

εἰπέ speak! / tell me!

εἰρήνη (ἡ) peace

εἰρήνην ἄγω live in/be at peace

εἰς (+ acc.) to / into / onto

εἰσβαίνω enter / board

εἰσέρχομαι enter

εἰσφέρω bring in / carry in

εἶτα then / next

ἐκ / ἐξ (+ gen.) out of

ἐκβάλλω throw out

ἐκδέχομαι receive in turn

ἐκδύομαι undress

ἐκεῖνος η ο that

ἐκεῖσε (to) there

ἐκκλησία (ἡ) assembly / ekklesia

ἐκτρέχω run out

ἐκφέρω carry out (often: for burial)

ἐκφεύγω escape

ἐλευθερία (ἡ) freedom

ἐλευθερόω free / set free

ἐλθέ come! / go!

Ἕλλην (ὁ) Greek

ἐλπίζω hope / expect (+ fut. inf.)

ἐμαυτόν ήν myself (pronoun)

ἐμβαίνω embark

ἐμός ή όν my / mine

ἔμπειρος ον skilled / experienced

ἐμπίπτω fall into / fall on (+ ἐν or εἰς)

ἐμπόριον (τό) market-place

ἐν (+ dat.) in

ἐν νῷ ἔχω intend / have in mind

ἐν τούτῳ meanwhile

ἐναντίον (+ gen.) opposite / in front of

ἔνδον inside

ἔνειμι be in

ἕνεκα (+ gen.) because / for the sake of (usually placed after noun)

ἐνθάδε here

ἐνταῦθα here / at this point

ἐντεῦθεν from then / from there

ἐντυγχάνω I meet with (+ dat.)

ἐξάγω lead out / bring out

ἐξαίφνης suddenly

ἐξαπατάω deceive / trick

ἐξέρχομαι go out / come out

ἐξετάζω question closely

ἐξευρίσκω find out

ἐπαινέω praise

ἐπανέρχομαι return

ἐπεί when / since

ἐπειδή when / since / because

ἔπειτα then / next

ἐπέρχομαι go against / attack

ἐπί + acc. at / against

ἐπί + gen. on

ἐπικαλέομαι call upon (to witness)

ἐπίσταμαι know how to (+ inf.) / understand

ἕπομαι follow

ἔργον (τό) task / work / job / duty

ἔρχομαι go / come

ἐρωτάω ask

ἐσθίω eat (fut. ἔδομαι)

ἕτερος α ον one (or the other) of two

ἔτι still / yet

ἔτι καὶ νῦν even now / still now

ἑτοῖμος η ον ready (to) (+ inf.)

εὖ well

εὐδαίμων ον happy / rich / blessed by the gods

εὐθύς (adv.) at once / straightaway

εὑρίσκω find / come upon

εὔφρων ον well-disposed

εὐχή (ἡ) prayer

εὔχομαι pray

ἔχω have / hold

Ζεύς (ὁ) Zeus

ζητέω look for / seek

ἤ or

ἤ (with comparatives) than

ἦ δ᾽ ὅς he said

ἡγεμών (ὁ) leader

ἡγέομαι think / consider / lead (+ dat.)

ἡδέως with pleasure / happily

ἤδη by now / now / already

ἥδομαι enjoy / be pleased

ἡδονή (ἡ) pleasure

ἡδύς εῖα ύ sweet / pleasant

ἥλιος (ὁ) sun

ἡμᾶς αὐτούς άς ourselves (pronoun)

ἡμεῖς we

ἡμέρα (ἡ) day

ἡμέτερος our(s)

ἡμίονος (ὁ) mule

ἦν δ᾽ ἐγώ I said

Ἡρακλῆς (ὁ) Herakles

ἡσυχάζω be quiet / keep quiet

ἡσυχία (ἡ) quiet / peace

ἥσυχος η quiet / peaceful

ἥττων ον lesser / weaker

θάλαττα (ἡ) sea

θάνατος (ὁ) death

θαυμάζω wonder at / be amazed at

θεά (ἡ) goddess

θεάομαι observe / watch

θεατής (ὁ) spectator / member of audience

θεός (ὁ/ἡ) god(-dess)

θνητός ή όν mortal

θόρυβος (ὁ) noise / din / hustle and bustle

θύρα (ἡ) door

θυσία (ἡ) a sacrifice

θύω sacrifice

ἰδού look! / here! / hey!

ἱερόν (τό) sanctuary

ἱκέτης (ὁ) suppliant

ἵππος (ὁ) horse

ἴσως perhaps

καθεύδω sleep

καθίζομαι sit down (intransitive)

καθίζω sit down (transitive)

καθοράω see / look down on

καί and / also

καὶ δὴ καί moreover

καίπερ although (+ ptcp.)

καίτοι and yet

κακὰ/κακῶς ποιέω treat badly / do harm to

κακοδαίμων ον unlucky / dogged by an evil daimon

κακός ή όν bad / evil / cowardly / lowly / mean

κακῶς badly / evilly

καλέω call / summon

κάλλιστος η ον most/very fine/beautiful/good

καλός ή όν beautiful / fine / good

καλῶς finely / beautifully

κατά + acc. in / on / by / according to

καταβαίνω go down / come down

καταδικάζω condemn / convict (X [gen.] on a charge of Y [acc.])

κατακλίνομαι lie down

καταλαμβάνω come across / overtake

καταλύω bring to an end / finish

κατηγορέω prosecute X (gen.) on a charge of Y (acc.)

κατηγορία (ἡ) speech for the prosecution

κελευστής (ὁ) boatswain

κελεύω order

κεφαλή (ἡ) head

κῆρυξ (ὁ) herald

κίνδυνος (ὁ) danger

κλέπτης (ὁ) thief

κλέπτω steal

κολάζω punish

κόπτω knock (on) / cut

κρατέω hold sway / hold power (over)

κρείττων ον stronger / greater

κτῆμα (τό) possession

κυβερνήτης (ὁ) captain / helmsman

κύων (ὁ) dog

κωλύω prevent / stop

Λακεδαιμόνιος (ὁ) Spartan

λαμβάνομαι take hold of (+ gen.)

λαμβάνω take / capture

λαμπάς (ἡ) torch

λανθάνω escape notice of X (acc.) in -ing (+ nom. ptcp.)

λέγω say

λέμβος (ὁ) boat / life-boat

λιμήν (ὁ) harbour

λογίζομαι reckon / calculate / consider

λόγος (ὁ) argument / word / speech / story / tale / reason

λύω release

μά (+ acc.) by…!

μαθητής (ὁ) student

μάλιστα especially / particularly / yes

μανθάνω learn / understand

μάρτυς (ὁ) witness

μάχη (ἡ) fight / battle

μάχομαι fight

μέγας μεγάλη μέγα big / great

μέγιστος η ον greatest (superlative of μέγας)

μείζων ον greater (comparative of μέγας)

μέλας μέλαινα μέλαν black

μέλλω be about to (+ fut. inf.) / intend / hesitate (+ pres. inf.)

μέμφομαι blame / criticise / find fault with (+ acc. or dat.)

μέν…δέ… on the one hand…on the other

μέντοι however / but

μένω remain / wait for

μέρος (τό) share / part

μετά + acc. after

μετά + gen. with

μή not / don’t! (with imperative)

μή (with imperative) don’t!

μηδαμῶς not at all / in no way

μηδείς μηδεμία μηδέν no / no one

μηκέτι no longer

μήτηρ (ἡ) mother

μηχανή (ἡ) device / plan

μιαρός ά όν foul / polluted

μισέω hate

μόνος η ον alone

μῶν; surely not?

μῶρος α ον stupid / foolish

ναί yes

ναυμαχία (ἡ) naval battle

ναῦς (ἡ) ship

ναύτης (ὁ) sailor

ναυτικός ή όν naval

νεανίας (ὁ) young man

νεανίσκος (ὁ) young man

νεκρός (ὁ) corpse

νέος α ον young

νεώριον (τό) dockyard

νή (+ acc.) by…!

νῆσος (ἡ) island

νικάω win / defeat

νίκη (ἡ) victory / conquest

νοέω think / notice / mean / intend

νομίζω think / acknowledge

νόμος (ὁ) law / convention

νόσος (ἡ) plague / disease

νοῦς (ὁ) mind / sense

νῦν now

νυν then (cf. νῦν now)

νύξ (ἡ) night

ξένος / ξεῖνος (ὁ) foreigner / guest / host

ὁ αὐτός the same

ὁ ἡ τό the

ὁ μέν…ὁ δέ one…another

ὁ πᾶς the whole of

ὅ τι; what? (in reply to τί;)

ὅδε ἥδε τόδε this here

οἶδα know

οἴκαδε homewards

οἰκέτης (ὁ) house-slave

οἰκέω dwell (in) / live

οἴκησις (ἡ) dwelling

οἰκία (ἡ) house

οἴκοι at home

οἰκτίρω pity

οἶμαι think

oἴμοι alas! Oh dear!

οἷος α ον (exclamatory)

what a! what sort of a!

ὀλίγος η ον small / few

ὅλος η ον whole of

ὀλοφύρομαι lament / mourn for

ὅμοιος α ον like / similar to (+ dat.)

ὁμολογέω agree

ὁμόνοια (ἡ) agreement / harmony

ὅμως nevertheless / however

ὄνομα (τό) name

ὅπλα (τά) weapons / arms

ὁπόσος η ον how much/many

ὅπου where? / where

ὁράω see

ὀρθός ή όν straight / correct / right

ὅς ἥ ὅ who / what / which

ὅσος η ον (exclamatory)

how great!

ὅσπερ ἥπερ ὅπερ who/which indeed

ὅτε when

ὅτι that / because

οὐ / οὐκ / οὐχ no / not

οὐδαμῶς in no way / not at all

οὐδέ and not / not even

οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no / no one / nothing

οὐδέν nothing

οὐδέποτε never

οὐδέπω / οὔπω not yet

οὐκέτι no longer

οὐκοῦν therefore

οὔκουν not…therefore

οὖν so / then / really / therefore

οὐρανός (ὁ) sky / heavens

οὔτε…οὔτε neither…nor

οὗτος hey there! hey you!

οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this

οὑτοσί αὑτηί τουτί this here

οὕτω(ς) thus / so / in this way

ὀφείλω owe

πάθος (τό) experience / suffering

παιδίον (τό) child / slave

παίζω (πρός + acc.) play / joke at

παῖς (ὁ) child / slave

πάλιν back / again

πανταχοῦ everywhere

πάνυ very (much); at all

παρά + dat. with / beside / in the presence of

παρά + acc. along / alongside

παρά + gen. from

πάρειμι be present / be at hand

παρέχω give to / provide

Παρθενών (ὁ) the Parthenon

πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all

πάσχω suffer / experience / undergo

πατήρ (ὁ) father

πατρίς (ἡ) fatherland

παύομαι stop (+ nom. ptcp.) / cease from (+ gen.)

παύω stop

πείθομαι trust / obey (+ dat.)

πείθω persuade

πειράομαι try / test

πέμπω send

περί + acc. about

περί + gen. about

πηδάω leap / jump

πίπτω fall / die

πλέω sail

πλέως α ων full of (+ gen.)

πλῆθος (τό) number / crowd / the people

πλήν (+ gen.) except

πλησίον nearby / (+ gen.) near

πλοῖον (τό) vessel / ship

πόθεν; from where?

ποῖ; to where?

ποιέομαι make

ποιέω make / do

ποιητής (ὁ) poet

ποῖος α ον; what sort of?

πολέμιοι (οἱ) the enemy

πολέμιος α ον hostile / enemy

πόλεμος (ὁ) war

πόλις (ἡ) city (state)

πολίτης (ὁ) citizen

πολλά many things

πολλάκις often

πολύ (adverbial) much

πολύς πολλή πολύ many / much

πονηρός ά όν wicked / wretched

πορεύομαι march / journey / go

πόρρω far / far off

Ποσειδῶν (ὁ) Poseidon (god of sea)

ποταμός (ὁ) river

ποτε once / ever

πότερον…ἤ whether…or

πότερος α ον which (of two)

ποῦ; where (at)?

πούς (ὁ) foot

πρᾶγμα (τό) thing / matter / affair / (pl.) troubles

πράγματα παρέχω cause trouble

πρέσβεις (οἱ) ambassadors

πρεσβευτής (ὁ) ambassador

πρός + acc. towards

πρός + dat. near / in addition to (+ dat.)

πρός + gen. in the name of / under the protection of

προσαγορεύω address / speak to

προσέρχομαι advance / go/come towards

προστρέχω run towards

προτρέπω urge on / impel

πρῶτον (adverbial) first / at first

πρῶτος η ον first

πῦρ (τό) fire

πυρά (ἡ) funeral pyre

πυρά (τά) fire-signal

πωλέω sell

πως somehow

πῶς γὰρ οὔ; of course

ῥᾴδιος α ον easy

ῥᾳδίως easily

ῥαψωδός (ὁ) rhapsode

ῥήτωρ (ὁ) orator / politician

ῥίπτω throw / hurl

σ(ε)αυτόν ήν yourself (s.) (pronoun)

σαφῶς clearly

σελήνη (ἡ) moon

σημεῖον (τό) sign / signal

σῖτος (ὁ) food (pl. τὰ σῖτα)

σιωπάω be silent

σκεύη (τά) gear / furniture

σκοπέω look at / consider

σός ή όν your(s) (singular)

σοφία (ἡ) wisdom

σοφός ή όν wise / clever

σπένδω pour a libation

σπεύδω hurry

σπονδαί (αἱ) treaty / truce

σπονδή (ἡ) libation

σπουδή (ἡ) haste / zeal / seriousness

στένω groan

στρατηγός (ὁ) general

στρατιά (ἡ) army

σύ you (s.)

συγγενής (ὁ) relation

συγγνώμην ἔχω forgive / pardon (+ dat.)

σύν with (the help of) (+ dat.)

συνοικέω live with / live together

σχεδόν near / nearly / almost

σῴζω save / keep safe

Σωκράτης (ὁ) Socrates

σῶος α ον safe

σωτήρ (ὁ) saviour

σωτηρία (ἡ) safety / salvation

τὰ ναυτικά lit. ‘the naval-things’ / naval matters

τὰ στρατηγικά lit. ‘the leader's-things’ / leadership / generalship

τὰ στρατιωτικά lit. ‘the soldier's-things’ / military matters

τάλας τάλαινα τάλαν wretched / unhappy

τᾶν my dear chap (condescendingly)

τάξις (ἡ) battle-array / order / rank

ταχέως quickly

τε…καί… A and B / both A and B

τεῖχος (τό) wall (of a city)

τέλος (adverbial) in the end / finally

τέχνη (ἡ) skill / art / expertise

τήμερον today

τι a / something

τί; (pronominal) what?

τί; (adverbial) why?

τίθημι put / place

τιμάω honour

τίς what? who?

τις τι a / a certain / someone

τίς; τί; who? what?

τοι then (inference)

τοιοῦτος τοιαύτη τοιοῦτο(ν)

of this kind / of such a kind

τόλμα (ἡ) daring

τολμάω dare / be daring / undertake

τότε then

τρέπομαι turn / turn in flight

τρέχω run

τριήραρχος (ὁ) trierarch

τυγχάνω hit / chance on / happen on / be subject to (+ gen.) / happen (to) / be actually (+ ptcp.)

τύπτω strike / hit

ὕβρις (ἡ) aggression / violence

υἱός (ὁ) son

ὑμᾶς αὐτούς άς yourselves (pronoun)

ὑμεῖς you (pl.)

ὑμέτερος α ον your(s)

ὑπέρ + gen. for / on behalf of

ὑπηρέτης (ὁ) servant / slave

ὑπισχνέομαι (+ fut. inf.) I promise

ὑπό + gen. by / at the hands of

ὕστερον (adverbial) later / further

ὕστερος α ον later / last (of two)

ὑφαιρέομαι steal / take for oneself by stealth

φαίνομαι seem to be / appear to be (+ nom. ptcp.)

φέρε come!

φέρω carry / bear

φεύγω flee / be a defendant / be on trial

φημί / ἔφην I say / I said

φής you (s.) say

φθάνω anticipate X (acc.) in -ing (+ nom. ptcp.)

φιλέω love / kiss

φίλος (ὁ) friend

φίλος η ον dear / friendly / one's own

φιλοσοφία (ἡ) philosophy

φιλόσοφος (ὁ) philosopher

φίλτατος η ον most dear (superlative of φίλος)

φοβέομαι fear / be afraid (of)

φόβος (ὁ) fear

φροντίζω think / worry

φροντίς (ἡ) thought / care / concern

φύλαξ (ὁ/ἡ) guard

φυλάττω guard

φωνέω speak / utter

φωνή (ἡ) voice / language / speech

χαῖρε hello! / farewell!

χαλεπός ή όν difficult / hard

χείρ (ἡ) hand

χείρων ον worse

χράομαι use / employ (+ dat.)

χρέα (τά) debts

χρή it is necessary (for X [acc.] to — [inf.])

χρήματα (τά) money

χρήσιμος η ον useful / profitable

χρηστός ή όν good / fine / serviceable

χρόνος (ὁ) time

χωρέω go / come

χωρίον (τό) place / space / region

ψευδῶς falsely

ψηφίζομαι vote (fut. ψηφιέομαι)

ψῆφος (ἡ) vote / voting-pebble

ὦ O (addressing someone)

ὤ what…! (+ gen.)

ὡς (conjunction) that

ὡς (exclamatory) how!

ὡς (relative adverb) as

ὥσπερ like / as

cambridge preterm intensive ancient greek language pack · cambridge preterm intensive ancient...

Documents