c# in hindi · i have tried my best to compile each and every aspect related to c# programming...

B c c F a l n a . c o m 0 9 7 9 9 4 - 5 5 5 0 5

Kuldeep Chand I have tried my best to compile each and every aspect related to C# Programming Language in this eBook named “C#.NET In Hindi”. It have latest content on C# 5.0 for .NET Framework 4.5 and I tried my best to clear each and every concept in as easy language as possible. I believe that no other C# Book in Hindi Language has as much and good content as in this eBook is in Hindi Language and I wish, each and every buyer would be happy with the content of this eBook. If you learn C#.NET, you can very easily move to Java or any other .NET Programing Language like VB.NET. Plus, if you know VB6 like Visual Programming Language, you can very easily learn VB.NET or Visual C# too for Professional Application Development.

C# in Hindi

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Any Question or Suggestion, Just Discuss Here…

C# in Hindi

C#.nET in Hindi

� � � Kuldeep Chand

BetaLab Computer Center Falna

http://www.bccfalna.com/c-sharp-dot-net-in-hindi-discussion/

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C# in Hindi

C#.NET in HINDI Copyright © 2013 by Kuldeep Chand All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher. Trademarked names may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use the names only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Lead Editors: Kuldeep Chand Distributed to the book trade worldwide by BetaLab Computer Center, Behind of Vidhya Jyoti School, Falna Station Dist. Pali (Raj.) Pin 306116 e-mail [email protected], or visit http://www.bccfalna.com For information on translations, please contact BetaLab Computer Center, Behind of Vidhya Jyoti School, Falna Station Dist. Pali (Raj.) Pin 306116 Phone 097994-55505 The information in this book is distributed on an “as is” basis, without warranty. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this work, the author shall not have any liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the information contained in this book.


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C# in Hindi

This book is dedicated to those

who really wants to learn the Language

to become

a

ProfEssional dEvEloPEr


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C# in Hindi

C# indEx of ConTEnTs


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C# in Hindi

Table of Contents Microsoft.NET Framework and Platform ................................................................... 16

Windows Programming Languages ....................................................................... 20 Working of .NET Framework in Short .................................................................... 27 .NET Platform Advantages .................................................................................... 29

Object Oriented Programming ........................................................................... 29 Multiple Language Support ................................................................................ 29 COM Based Easy Development ........................................................................ 30 Simple Application Deployment ......................................................................... 30 Rich Base Class Library Support ....................................................................... 30 Rich Framework Class Library Support ............................................................. 30 Unified Runtime Infrastructure ........................................................................... 31 Interoperability with Existing Code ..................................................................... 31 Exception Handling ............................................................................................ 31 Improved Security .............................................................................................. 31 Web Services Capabilities ................................................................................. 31 Professional Tools and Support ......................................................................... 32

Managed Code and Un-Managed Code ................................................................ 32 .NET Platform – Programming Language Support ................................................ 33

C# ...................................................................................................................... 33 Visual Basic .NET .............................................................................................. 33 C++/CLI .............................................................................................................. 34 F# ....................................................................................................................... 34

CLI (Common Language Infrastructure) ................................................................ 34 CTS (Common Type System) ............................................................................ 37 CLR (Common Language Runtime) .................................................................. 38 CLR Environment ............................................................................................... 38 CLR Executables ............................................................................................... 39 .NET Portable Executable (PE) File ................................................................... 39 .NET Assemblies ............................................................................................... 40

How CLR Executes the .NET Assembly ................................................................ 45 Class Loader ...................................................................................................... 45 Verifier ................................................................................................................ 47 JIT Compilers ..................................................................................................... 48 Execution Support and Management ................................................................. 49

.NET – Language, Framework and Platform ......................................................... 60 System and Microsoft Namespaces ...................................................................... 68

Development Environment Setup ............................................................................. 71 Setup Notepad++ as C# IDE ................................................................................. 72 Using C# Compiler via Command Line ................................................................. 79

Path Setup via Command Prompt ..................................................................... 80 Path Setup via GUI ............................................................................................ 81

C# Compiler – Command Line Parameters ........................................................... 91 /out Parameter ................................................................................................... 92 /target:exe Parameter ........................................................................................ 92 /target:library Parameter .................................................................................... 93 /target:winexe Parameter ................................................................................... 93

Referencing External Assemblies .......................................................................... 94


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Compiling Multiple Source Files ............................................................................ 95 C# Response Files ................................................................................................ 95 Default Response File ........................................................................................... 96

C# – The Core Constructs ...................................................................................... 101 Object Oriented Programming System Basics .................................................... 101

Object – The Definition .................................................................................... 102 Objects – Based on Problem ........................................................................... 102 Abstraction – The Problem Simplifying Process .............................................. 103 Abstract Data Type - Logical Representation of Real World Object ................ 104 Problem Design (OOPS) v/s Problem Implementation (OOPL) ....................... 105 Encapsulation – The Unitizing Process of Attributes and Behaviors ............... 106 Class – A Logical Specification of Problem Related Object ............................. 107

C# Comments ...................................................................................................... 115 Single Line Comment ....................................................................................... 115 Multi-Line Comment ......................................................................................... 115 Documentation Comment ................................................................................ 116

C# Program Anatomy .......................................................................................... 116 Basic IO Operations ............................................................................................ 122

Format String ................................................................................................... 127 Identifiers ............................................................................................................. 128 Constants ............................................................................................................ 130 Variables .............................................................................................................. 132 Literals ................................................................................................................. 132

Hexadecimal Literals ........................................................................................ 134 Character Escape Sequences or Backslash Character Constant .................... 134 String literals .................................................................................................... 135

Keywords – Reserved Words .............................................................................. 136 Data and Data Types ........................................................................................... 137

C# Data Types: Value Types and Reference Type ......................................... 138 Variable or Constant Declaration ..................................................................... 140 Value Initialization ............................................................................................ 141 C# Integer Data Types ..................................................................................... 141 C# Floating Point Data Types .......................................................................... 146 Boolean Data Type .......................................................................................... 152 Character Data Type ........................................................................................ 152 var Keyword ..................................................................................................... 153

System Data Types and Associated C# Keywords ............................................. 154 new Operator ................................................................................................... 155 C# Primary Data Types – Associated .NET Framework Classes .................... 156 System Data Types .......................................................................................... 159

Special Data Types ............................................................................................. 167 System.DateTime and System.TimeSpan ....................................................... 167 System.Numerics.dll Assembly ........................................................................ 172

String Data Manipulation ..................................................................................... 174 String Comparision .......................................................................................... 174 Basic String Operation Methods ...................................................................... 177 Remove Unwanted Characters ........................................................................ 177 String Concatenation ....................................................................................... 178

Strings are Immutable ......................................................................................... 180 C# Program : The Group of Type Declarations ................................................... 183

Predefined Types ............................................................................................. 183 User Defined Types ......................................................................................... 185


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Stack and Heap – Different Memory Areas for Types ..................................... 186 Value Types and Reference Types .................................................................. 187 C# Supported Kinds of Variables ..................................................................... 189 Initialization and Assignment ........................................................................... 190 Static and Dynamic Typeing ............................................................................ 190

Data Type Conversion ......................................................................................... 192 System.Convert – The .Net Framework Class for Conversions ....................... 195

Operators ............................................................................................................. 196 Unary Operator ................................................................................................ 196 Binary Operators .............................................................................................. 197

Arithmetical Operators ......................................................................................... 197 Relational Operators ............................................................................................ 199 Increment and Decrement Operators .................................................................. 201 Control Statements .............................................................................................. 201

Conditional Statements .................................................................................... 201 Looping Statements ......................................................................................... 203 Branching Statement ....................................................................................... 204 Jumping Statements ........................................................................................ 205

Logical Operators ................................................................................................ 210 Assignment Operators ......................................................................................... 213 Conditional Operators .......................................................................................... 213

C# – The Intermediate Constructs .......................................................................... 216 Method ................................................................................................................. 216

Method Basics ................................................................................................. 217 Static Method ................................................................................................... 218 Local Variables Versus Field Variable ............................................................. 221 Method Invocation or Method Calling .............................................................. 222 Parameters Passing : By Value and By Reference ......................................... 223 Output Parameters ........................................................................................... 232 Parameter Array ............................................................................................... 234 Array as Value Parameter and Reference Parameter ..................................... 236 Method Overloading ......................................................................................... 239 Named Parameters .......................................................................................... 242 Optional Parameters ........................................................................................ 244

Array .................................................................................................................... 247 Array – The Object ........................................................................................... 249 Declaring One-Dimensional or Rectangular Array ........................................... 250 Instantiating One-Dimensional or Rectangular Array ....................................... 251 Initializing One-Dimensional or Rectangular Array .......................................... 252 Jagged Array .................................................................................................... 254 Declaring Jagged Array ................................................................................... 255 Instantiating Jagged Array ............................................................................... 256 foreach Loop .................................................................................................... 257 Array Covariance ............................................................................................. 259 Array Cloning ................................................................................................... 261

Enumeration ........................................................................................................ 263 System.Enum Type .......................................................................................... 266

Structure .............................................................................................................. 267 Structure : The Value Type .............................................................................. 268 Structure Assignment ....................................................................................... 268 Structure Constructor ....................................................................................... 270 Structures Are Sealed ...................................................................................... 271


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Use of Structures ............................................................................................. 271 Nullable Types ..................................................................................................... 272

Assign Nullable Type ....................................................................................... 276 The Null Coalescing Operator .......................................................................... 276 Nullable User Defined Types ........................................................................... 277

Boxing and Unboxing .......................................................................................... 279 C# – Class : The Base of OOPS and .NET Framework .......................................... 283

Class – The Active Data Structure ...................................................................... 297 Class Declaration ................................................................................................ 298

Class Members ................................................................................................ 299 Methods ........................................................................................................... 300

Class Instance or Object Creation ....................................................................... 301 Access Modifiers ................................................................................................. 302

Public and Private Access Modifiers ................................................................ 303 Accessing Members - Inside and Outside of the Class.................................... 306 Default Access Modifiers ................................................................................. 309 Access Modifiers and Nested Types ................................................................ 309

Static Members .................................................................................................... 310 Static Fields ..................................................................................................... 312 Lifetime of Static Field ...................................................................................... 318 Static Methods ................................................................................................. 318 Static Classes .................................................................................................. 321

Constant Members .............................................................................................. 323 Properties ............................................................................................................ 323

Property Declaration and Accessors ................................................................ 326 Properties and Associated Fields .................................................................... 328 Computation Before Read or Write Fields ....................................................... 331 Read-Only and Write-Only Properties ............................................................. 332 Read-Only Computed Property ........................................................................ 333 Automatically Implemented Properties ............................................................ 334 Static Properties ............................................................................................... 336

Constructors ........................................................................................................ 338 Parameterized Constructor .............................................................................. 341 Constructor Overloading .................................................................................. 343 Optional Parameters or Default Parameters .................................................... 343 Static Constructor ............................................................................................ 344

Object Initializers ................................................................................................. 346 readonly Modifier ................................................................................................. 347 this Keyword ........................................................................................................ 348

Using this with Constructors ............................................................................ 350 Indexers ............................................................................................................... 354

Similarities of Indexer and Properties .............................................................. 355 Defining Indexer ............................................................................................... 356 Indexer set Accessor ....................................................................................... 357 Indexer get Accessor ....................................................................................... 357 Indexer Overloading ......................................................................................... 360

Accessors and Access Modifiers ......................................................................... 361 Partial Types ........................................................................................................ 363

Partial Classes and Partial Types .................................................................... 363 Partial Methods ................................................................................................ 365

Operators Overloading ........................................................................................ 367 Automatically Overloaded Operators ............................................................... 374


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Overloading Unary Operators .......................................................................... 375 Overloading operator x() Method ..................................................................... 376 Overloading Comparision Operators ............................................................... 378 Overloading Equality Operators ....................................................................... 380 Overloading true and false Operators .............................................................. 382 Conversion Operators ...................................................................................... 384 Operator Overloading Restrictions ................................................................... 388

Pointer Types ...................................................................................................... 388 Using unsafe Keyword for Unsafe Block of Pointer Code ................................ 390 Working with * and & Operators ....................................................................... 392 Arrow ( -> ) Operator for Field Accessing via Pointers ..................................... 394 Using stackalloc Keyword for Unsafe Memory Allocation ................................ 396 Using fixed Keyword ........................................................................................ 397 sizeof Keyword ................................................................................................. 399

C# – Inheritance and Polymorphism for Reusability ............................................... 403 Class Inheritance ................................................................................................. 404 Masking or Hiding the Base Class Members in Derived Class............................ 411 Base Class Accessing in Derived Class .............................................................. 414 Using References to Base Class ......................................................................... 416 Polymorphism ...................................................................................................... 418 Virtual and Override Methods .............................................................................. 419 Constructor Execution ......................................................................................... 422 Constructor Initializers ......................................................................................... 425 Inheritance and Access Modifiers ........................................................................ 426 Member Access Modifiers ................................................................................... 427

Public Member Accessibility ............................................................................ 428 Private Member Accessibility ........................................................................... 428 Protected Member Accessibility ....................................................................... 428 Internal Member Accessibility .......................................................................... 429 Protected Internal Member Accessibility .......................................................... 429

Abstract Class and Method ................................................................................. 430 Sealed Class ....................................................................................................... 436 Extension Methods .............................................................................................. 437 Nested Type Definition ........................................................................................ 441 System.Object : The Base Class of Each .NET Class ......................................... 442

Equals() Method ............................................................................................... 443 Finalize() Method ............................................................................................. 443 GetHashCode() Method ................................................................................... 443 ToString() Method ............................................................................................ 443 GetType() Method ............................................................................................ 444 MemberwiseClone() Method ............................................................................ 444 Overriding System.Object.ToString() Method .................................................. 445 Overriding System.Object.Equals() Method ..................................................... 447 System.Object.GetHashCode() Method .......................................................... 450

C# – Exception Handling ......................................................................................... 455 try Statement ....................................................................................................... 456 Handling Exceptions ............................................................................................ 457 .NET Exception Class .......................................................................................... 458

Data Property ................................................................................................... 459 HelpLink Property ............................................................................................ 459 InnerException Property .................................................................................. 459 Message Property ............................................................................................ 460


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StackTrace Property ........................................................................................ 460 Source Property ............................................................................................... 460

catch Clause ........................................................................................................ 460 finally Block .......................................................................................................... 462 Custom Exceptions Throwing .............................................................................. 468 System-Level Exceptions (System.SystemException) ........................................ 472 Application-Level Exceptions (System.ApplicationException) ............................. 472 Defining Custom Exception Type ........................................................................ 473

C# – Interface : The Way to Multiple Inheritance .................................................... 480 Defining Interface ................................................................................................ 482 Interface Implementation ..................................................................................... 482 Interface is Reference Type ................................................................................ 484 Using as Operator with Interface ......................................................................... 486 Implementing Multiple Interface ........................................................................... 487 Interface Inheritance ............................................................................................ 489 Base Class Method as Interface Implementation ................................................ 491 Multiple Interface with Duplicate Member ............................................................ 492 Multiple Interface Reference ................................................................................ 493 Duplicate Interface Member Explicit Implementation........................................... 494 Interface Reference As Method Parameter and Return Value ............................ 497 Array of Interface Types ...................................................................................... 499

C# – Delegate : The Callback and Lambda Expression.......................................... 503 Delegate Declaration ........................................................................................... 503 Delegate Object Creation .................................................................................... 505 Delegate Invocation ............................................................................................. 506 Delegate is Callback ............................................................................................ 508 Multicast – Multiple Callback Method Invocation ................................................. 509 Deleting Method from Invocation List .................................................................. 512 Callbacks Invocation with Return Value .............................................................. 514 Callback Invocation with Reference Parameter ................................................... 516 Instance Method and External Static Method as Callback .................................. 518 Anonymous Methods ........................................................................................... 520 Variable Scope for Anonymous Methods ............................................................ 523 Delegate Type – The Internal Working ................................................................ 523

Method Property .............................................................................................. 524 Target Property ................................................................................................ 524 Combine() Method ........................................................................................... 524 GetInvocationList() Method .............................................................................. 525 Remove() and RemoveAll() Method ................................................................ 525

Lambda Expression ............................................................................................. 526 C# – Events : The Delegate Implementation .......................................................... 531

Source Parts of Event Mechanism ...................................................................... 533 Event Declaration ................................................................................................ 534 Event Subscription ............................................................................................... 535 Event Raising / Event Triggering / Event Firing ................................................... 536 Standard Event Usage ........................................................................................ 544 Extending EventArgs for Passing Extra Data ...................................................... 547 Removing Event Handler ..................................................................................... 550 Event Accessors .................................................................................................. 551

C# – Generics : The Parameterized Types ............................................................. 555 Generic Method ................................................................................................... 556 Generic Classes .................................................................................................. 560


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C# in Hindi

Defining Generic Class Type ............................................................................... 561 Creating Constructed Type .................................................................................. 561 Creating Variables and Instances ........................................................................ 562 Constraints on Type Parameters ......................................................................... 567

Base Class Constraint ..................................................................................... 569 Interface Constraint .......................................................................................... 573 new() Constructor Constraint ........................................................................... 579 Reference Type and Value Type Constraints .................................................. 582

Type Parameter Relationship with Constraint ..................................................... 584 Multiple Constraints ............................................................................................. 585 Default Value for Type Parameter ....................................................................... 586 Generic Structures ............................................................................................... 588 Generic Methods ................................................................................................. 589 Extension Method with Generic Class ................................................................. 591 Generic Delegates ............................................................................................... 592 Generic Interfaces ............................................................................................... 595 Covariance, Contravariance and Invariance ....................................................... 597 Covariance and Contravariance with Interface .................................................... 604

C# – I/O Handling : Files and Streams .................................................................... 609 System.IO Namespace ........................................................................................ 609 Accessing File and Directory Information ............................................................ 609 Abstract FileSystemInfo Base Class ................................................................... 610 Working with DirectoryInfo Type .......................................................................... 611

Enumerating Files with DirectoryInfo Type ...................................................... 613 Creating Subdirectory with DirectoryInfo Type................................................. 615

Working with Directory Type ................................................................................ 616 Working with DriveInfo Type ................................................................................ 618 Working with FileInfo Type .................................................................................. 620

Using FileInfo.Create() Method ........................................................................ 622 FileInfo.Open() Method .................................................................................... 623 FileInfo.OpenRead() and FileInfo.OpenWrite() Methods ................................. 625 FileInfo.OpenText() Methods ........................................................................... 625 FileInfo.CreateText() and FileInfo.AppendText() Methods ............................... 626

Working with File Type ........................................................................................ 627 File Centric Additional Members ...................................................................... 628

C# I/O – Built Upon Streams ............................................................................... 629 Byte Streams and Character Streams ............................................................. 629 Predefined Streams ......................................................................................... 630

Stream Classes ................................................................................................... 630 Stream Class ................................................................................................... 630 Byte Stream Class ........................................................................................... 632 Character Stream Wrapper Classes ................................................................ 632 Binary Streams ................................................................................................ 634

Console I/O .......................................................................................................... 634 Reading Console Input .................................................................................... 634 Using ReadKey() .............................................................................................. 636 Writing Console Output .................................................................................... 638

FileStream and Byte Oriented File I/O ................................................................. 639 Opening and Closing a File .............................................................................. 640 Reading Bytes from FileStream ....................................................................... 641 Writing Bytes to FileStream ............................................................................. 644

Character Based File I/O ..................................................................................... 647


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Using StreamWriter .......................................................................................... 648 Using StreamReader ....................................................................................... 651

C# – Collections : The Group of Objects ................................................................. 654 Non-Generic Collections ...................................................................................... 656 Enumerator Basics for Accessing Collection ....................................................... 657

Implementing IEnumerable and IEnumerator .................................................. 658 IEnumerator Interface ...................................................................................... 662 IEnumerable Interface ...................................................................................... 666 System.Array Already Available Implementation ............................................. 669

Iterators ............................................................................................................... 671 Loop in GetEnumerator() Method not Important .............................................. 673 Stopping Iterator .............................................................................................. 674 Named Iterator ................................................................................................. 676

C# – LINQ : Language Integrated Query ................................................................ 680 LINQ Fundamental .............................................................................................. 681 Anonymous Types ............................................................................................... 688 Method Syntax and Query Syntax ....................................................................... 691 Query Variables ................................................................................................... 692 Query Expression Structure ................................................................................ 693

from Clause ...................................................................................................... 693 select Clause ................................................................................................... 694 LINQ Query Using from and select Clauses Only ............................................ 695 Anonymous Types with select Clause ............................................................. 697 Nested from Clause ......................................................................................... 698 where Clause ................................................................................................... 699 orderby Clause ................................................................................................. 700 group . . . by Clause ......................................................................................... 701 join Clause ....................................................................................................... 704

Query Method ...................................................................................................... 707 Expression Tree .................................................................................................. 710 LINQ is .NET API ................................................................................................. 711

C# – Multi-Threaded and Parallel Programming ..................................................... 714 Windows Process ................................................................................................ 714

Threads ............................................................................................................ 714 Interacting with Processes via .NET Platform .................................................. 716 Using System.Diagnostics ............................................................................... 719

.NET Application Domains ................................................................................... 726 System.AppDomain Class ............................................................................... 727 Using System.AppDomain ............................................................................... 729

Custom Application Domain ................................................................................ 732 Object Context Boundaries .................................................................................. 739 Basics of Multi-Threading .................................................................................... 741 Thread Relationship with Process, AppDomain and Context .............................. 743 .NET Delegate Review ........................................................................................ 745

BeginInvoke() and EndInvoke() Methods ......................................................... 748 System.IAsyncResult Interface ........................................................................ 749

Invoking Method Asynchronously ........................................................................ 750 Synchronizing Calling Thread .......................................................................... 753 AsyncCallback Delegate .................................................................................. 756 AsyncResult Class ........................................................................................... 759 Custom State Data Transaction ....................................................................... 762

System.Threading Namespace ........................................................................... 765


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Thread Class ....................................................................................................... 766 Creating and Starting Thread .............................................................................. 766

Using ThreadStart Delegate ............................................................................ 769 Using ParameterizedThreadStart Delegate ..................................................... 773 AutoResetEvent Class ..................................................................................... 775 Foreground Threads and Background Threads ............................................... 778

Statistics of Current Thread of Execution ............................................................ 780 Name Property ................................................................................................. 782 Priority Property ............................................................................................... 782

Handling Concurrency Issues with Synchronization ............................................ 784 System.Threading.Monitor Type for Synchronization ...................................... 788 [Synchronization] Attribute for Synchronization ............................................... 790

Timer Callbacks ................................................................................................... 790 CLR ThreadPool .................................................................................................. 792 Parallel Programming with Task Parallel Library (PTL) ....................................... 795 System.Threading.Tasks Namespace ................................................................. 796 Task Class ........................................................................................................... 796

Creating Task ................................................................................................... 797 Using Wait() Method ........................................................................................ 801 Calling Dispose() Method ................................................................................. 804 Using TaskFactory for New Task ..................................................................... 805 Using Lambda Expression for New Task ......................................................... 806 Creating Task Continuation ............................................................................. 808 Returning Task Value ...................................................................................... 810 Canceling Task and Using AggregateException .............................................. 812

Parallel Class ....................................................................................................... 816 Parallelizing Tasks via Invoke() Method .......................................................... 817

Parallel LINQ (PLINQ) ......................................................................................... 819 Asynchronous Programming ............................................................................... 819

async Method ................................................................................................... 821 Flow of Control in Async Method ..................................................................... 823 await Expression .............................................................................................. 826

GUI and Asynchronous Programming ................................................................. 831 C# – Preprocessor Directives ................................................................................. 844

#define and #undef Directives ............................................................................. 845 Conditional Compilation ....................................................................................... 846

#if and #endif ................................................................................................... 846 #else and #elif Directives ................................................................................. 848

Diagnostic Directives ........................................................................................... 849 #line Directive ...................................................................................................... 851 Region Directives ................................................................................................ 852 #pragma Directive ............................................................................................... 852

C# – Namespaces and Assembly ........................................................................... 855 Crating .DLL Library File using Command Prompt .............................................. 857 Crating .DLL Library File using Visual Studio ...................................................... 858 mscorlib.dll Library ............................................................................................... 861 Namespaces ........................................................................................................ 862

Namespaces are Partial ................................................................................... 863 Namespace Nesting ......................................................................................... 864 using Directive ................................................................................................. 866 Namespace Alias Qualifier ............................................................................... 867 Global Namespaces ......................................................................................... 871


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Assembly ............................................................................................................. 872 Structure of Assembly ...................................................................................... 872 Identity of Assembly ......................................................................................... 874 Strongly Named Assembly ............................................................................... 875 Private Deployment of Assembly ..................................................................... 877 Shared Assemblies and GAC .......................................................................... 878 Installing Assemblies into GAC ........................................................................ 878 Configuration File ............................................................................................. 880

Assemblies and Internal Access Modifier ............................................................ 881 C# – Reflection : The Metadata .............................................................................. 884

C# – Runtime Type Identification ........................................................................ 885 is Keyword ....................................................................................................... 885 as Keyword ...................................................................................................... 887 typeof Operator ................................................................................................ 888

The System.Type Class ...................................................................................... 889 Using Reflection .................................................................................................. 892

Obtaining Type Reference using System.Object.GetType() ............................ 892 Obtaining Type Reference using typeof() ........................................................ 892 Obtaining Type Reference using System.Type.GetType() .............................. 893 Retrieving Methods Information ....................................................................... 894 Retrieving Parameters Information of Method ................................................. 896 Retrieving Fields Information ........................................................................... 899 Invoking Methods using Reflection .................................................................. 899 Dynamically Loading Assemblies .................................................................... 899

Last but not least – There is too much more… ....................................................... 900


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Microsoft.NET Framework and Platform


16


C# in Hindi

Microsoft.NET Framework and Platform Hardware vkSj Software nks ,slh phtsa gSa] ftuds chp vkil esa gesa”kk gksM yxh jgrh gS vkSj fdlh Hkh le; ;s nksuksa ,d leku fLFkfr esa ugha gksrsA dHkh Hardware vkxs fudy tkrk gS rks dHkh Software vkSj bu nksuksa ds ,d nwljs ls vkxs c<us ds Competition esa ubZ&ubZ rduhdksa dk fodkl gksrk gSA ysfdu bu nksuksa ds gh fodkl dk ewy dkj.k gS t:jrA tSls&tSls ge Hkfo’; dh vksj c<rs tk jgs gSa] gekjh t:jrsa cnyrh tk jgh gSa vkSj gekjh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, ubZ&ubZ rjg dh Devices cukbZ tkrh gSaA fQj bu ubZ rjg dh Devices dks mi;qDr rjhds ls Handle djus ds fy, u, rjg ds Software cuk, tkrs gSaA fQj Software cukus dh izfØ;k dks vklku cukus ds fy, vkSj u, rjg ds Design Patterns cuk, tkrs gSa vkSj ;s izfØ;k vuojr :i ls tkjh jgrh gSA ;kuh ubZ rjg dh t:jr] fQj bl t:jr dks iwjk djus ds fy, u, rjg ds Devices dk fodkl] fQj bu u, rjg ds Devices dks vklkuh ls mi;ksx esa ysuk lEHko cukus ds fy, u, rjg ds Software dk fodkl] fQj u, rjg ds Software dks vklkuh ls Manageable cukus ds fy, u, rjg ds Design Patterns dk fodkl o u, rjg ds Design Patterns dks vklkuh ls fdlh Programming Language esa Implement djus ds fy, ubZ rjg dh Programming Languages dk fodkl vkSj tc rd ge bl fodkl pØ esa Programming Language rd igqaprs gSa] rc rd fQj ,d ubZ rjg dh Requirement iSnk gks tkrh gS] ftls Handle djus ds fy, fQj ,d ubZ rjg dh Device dk fodkl djus dh t:jr eglwl gksrh gS vkSj ;s izfØ;k vuojr :i ls yEcs le; ls blh rjg ls pyh vk jgh gSA ;kuh gekjs lkeus gesa”kk fdlh u fdlh rjg dh leL;k jgrh gS] ftldk ge gesa”kk ljy lek/kku [kkstrs jgrs gSa vkSj gesa”kk phtksa dks vklku cukus dh dksf”k”k djrs jgrs gSa] ftldh otg ls ubZ rjg dh leL;k,sa lkeus vkus yxrh gSa] ftUgsa fQj lek/kku dh t:jr gksrh gS vkSj lek/kku ds :i esa fQj ,d ubZ leL;k cu tkrh gSA ge bu fofHkUu izdkj dh leL;kvksa dks Devices ds ek/;e ls Solve djus dh dksf”k”k djrs gSa vkSj rjg&rjg dh ubZ&ubZ Devices cukrs jgrs gSaA bl izfØ;k dks ,d mnkgj.k }kjk le>us dh dksf”k”k djrs gSaA D;ksafd leL;k,sa gesa”kk Circular gksrh gSa blfy, leL;k dh “kq:vkr dgka ls gqbZ gksxh] blds ckjs esa fuf”pr :i ls dqN Hkh ugha dgk tk ldrkA ysfdu ge ;s eku ysrs gSa fd lH;rk dh “kq:vkr ls gh ekuo us Information ds egRo dks le>k gksxk vkSj ik;k gksxk fd lHkh rjg dh tkudkfj;ksa dks ;kn j[kuk lEHko ugha gks ldrkA blfy, ekuo us dkxt vkSj dye o Hkk’kk dk fodkl fd;k rkfd og tkudkfj;ksa dks fy[kdj Hkfo’; esa mi;ksx esa ysus ds fy, lgst ldsA dqN le; rd ;s O;oLFkk Bhd jgh gksxh] ysfdu fQj ekuo ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij ?kweus&fQjus yxk gksxk] ftldh otg ls vyx&vyx rjg ds yksxksa vkSj vyx&vyx rjg dh laLd`fr;ksa ls mldk ifjp; gqvk] vkilh lEca/k cus gksaxs vkSj fQj os lewg ,d nwljs ls vyx gks x, gksaxs D;ksafd HkVduk bUlkuh fQrjr gSA og gesa”kk ds fy, dgha ij Hkh fLFkj gksdj ugha jg ldrkA ysfdu tc os lewg ,d&nwljs ls vyx gq, gksaxs rks Hkh vkil esa tqMs jgus ds fy, fdlh u fdlh rjg ds ek/;e dh ryk”k dh gksxhA blh ryk”k us mUgsa foKku dk fodkl djus ij etcwj fd;k gksxkA ifj.kkeLo:i yEcs le; dh [kkstchu ds ckn Radio dk fodkl lEHko gqvk gksxkA Radio dh viuh Lo;a dh Limitation Fkha D;ksafd Radio ls flQZ vkokt dks gh ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij Hkstk tk ldrk Fkk] fp= dks ughaA blfy, fQj ,d leL;k iSnk gks xbZ fd


17


C# in Hindi

vkokt ds lkFk fp= dks Hkh fdl rjg ls ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij Hkstk tk lds] rkfd nks nwjLFk LFkkuksa ij jgus okys ekuo lewgksa ds chp vkilh lEcU/k cuk jgsA ifj.kkeLo:i Television dk fodkl gqvkA dqN le; rd Bhd jgk ysfdu fQj ekuo us eglwl fd;k fd gkykafd Television nks nwjLFk LFkkuksa ds chp lEca/k rks cuk nsrk gS] ysfdu og lEcU/k Live ugha gksrkA D;ksafd Television o Radio dsoy One-Way Communication gh Provide djrs gSaA ifj.kkeLo:i fodkl fd;k x;k Telephone dkA Telephone ,d ,slh Device Fkh] ftlls yksx ,d nwljs ls Live ckr dj ldrs Fks o ,d nwljs ls Connected jg ldrs FksA ysfdu fQj ,d leL;k iSnk gks xbZ fd gkykafd Telephone ls nks yksx vkil esa Two-Way Communication rks dj ldrs Fks] ysfdu os ,d nwljs ls rHkh ckr dj ldrs Fks] tcfd nksuksa leku le; ij Telephone Device ds ikl gksaA ifj.kkeLo:i ,d ,slh Device dh dYiuk dh xbZ] ftls lkFk ysdj ?kwek tk lds] rkfd dHkh Hkh vkSj fdlh Hkh le; fdlh ds lkFk Hkh Communication fd;k tk ldsA ifj.kke Fkk Mobile Phone vkSj vc yksx ,d nwljs dks ns[krs gq, vkeus&lkeus ckr djuk pkgrs gSa] ftldk ifj.kke gS Smart Phone, Tablet PC o Computer ij dh tkus okyh Online Net Meeting tSlh O;oLFkk,saA ;kuh bUlkuh t:jrsa r; djrh gSa fd fdl rjg ds Device dk fodkl djus dh t:jr gS vkSj fQj ml Device dks mi;qDr Lrj ij fodflr djus esa Software viuh vge Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS D;ksafd fdlh Hkh Hardware Device dks thou nsus dk dke Software dk gh gksrk gSA fcuk Software dksbZ Hkh Hardware fdlh dke dk ugha gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn vkids ikl tks Mobile Phone gS] mlds fdlh Hkh Button dks Press djus ij vkids Screen ij vkidks ml Button ls lEcaf/kr dksbZ Response gh izkIr u gks] rks og Mobile Phone vkids fdlh dke dk ugha gSA D;ksafd vkidks vkidk Mobile mlh fLFkfr esa thfor ;kuh mi;ksxh o Working State esa ekywe iMrk gS] tc vki ml Mobile Interface ds lkFk dqN izfØ;k djrs gSa vkSj og Mobile vkids gj Action dk tokc fdlh Response ls nsrk gSA ;s Response gesa”kk Software }kjk r; gksrk gSA pwafd dksbZ Hkh Hardware Device gekjh Hkk’kk dks rks le>rk ugha gS] cfYd gj Device le>rk gS dsoy e”khuh Hkk’kk ;kuh Binary Digits ds Patterns dks vkSj Binary Digits ds Patterns dks ge ugha le>rsA ifj.kkeLo:i gesa ,d Software Developer ds :i esa t:jr iMrh gS fdlh u fdlh rjg ds Programming Language dh tks fd iwjh rjg ls ml Device ij fuHkZj djrh gS fd dkSulk Device fdl Hkk’kk dks le>sxk vkSj fdl Hkk’kk esa fdl rjg dk Response nsxkA blfy, tks dEiuh Device cukrh gS] ogh dEiuh ml Device dh ,d e”khuh Hkk’kk Hkh cukrh gS] ysfdu e”khuh Hkk’kk dks le>uk lkekU; yksxksa ds cl dh ckr ugha gS] blfy, dqN vPNs tkudkj yksx cukrs gSa dEikbZyj ;kuh ,d ,slk Intermediate Software, tks fd gekjh Hkk’kk le>krk gS Device dks vkSj Device dh Hkk’kk le>krk gS gesaA


18


C# in Hindi

ysfdu vyx&vyx dEifu;ka ;fn vyx&vyx Device ds fy, vyx&vyx Hkk’kk,sa cuk,] rks gj Device dh ,d vyx Hkk’kk gksxh] ftldh otg ls gj Device ds fy, Software cukus gsrq ,d ubZ Programming Language lh[kuh iMsxhA bl leL;k dk lek/kku ;s fudkyk x;k fd ,d ,slk Chip cuk;k tk,] ftldh Hkk’kk yxHkx Common jgs vkSj mlh Chip dks viuh t:jr ds vuqlkj vyx&vyx rjg ls Program dj ds vyx&vyx rjg dh t:jrksa dks iwjk fd;k tk,A ifj.kkeLo:i bl Chip dks gh Microprocessor uke fn;k x;k vkSj orZeku le; esa Mobile, Computer, Laptop, Notebook, Tablet PC, Smart Phone, Dish, D2H, CD/DVD Player vkfn lHkh yxHkx leku e”khuh Hkk’kk okys Microprocessors dks gh Use djrs gSaA fQj Hkh ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd ;s lHkh Devices ,d nwljs ls fdruk fHkUu rjhds ls dke djrs gSa vkSj fdruk vyx rjg dk Output Generate djrs gSaA ;kuh DVD Player gesa Audio lqukrk gS rFkk Video fn[kkrk gS tcfd gekjk Mobile Phone gesa fdlh nwljs ds lkFk Communicate djus dh lqfo/kk Provide djrk gS tcfd Internally nksuksa gh Devices leku Family ds Microprocessors ij vk/kkfjr gSa vkSj nksuksa ds fy, cuk;k x;k Software Hkh yxHkx Internally leku Programming Language esa gh Develop fd;k x;k gSA ,slk blhfy, lEHko gks ikrk gS D;ksafd bu lHkh Devices esa ,d gh Family ds Microprocessors dks vyx&vyx rjg ls Program fd;k x;k gksrk gS vkSj Program djus dk dke fd;k tkrk gS fdlh u fdlh Programming Language esaA ;kuh fdlh Hkh Device dh tku rks Software gh gksrk gS vkSj Software cuk;k tkrk gS gesa”kk fdlh u fdlh Programming Language esaA ysfdu tSlkfd geus igys Hkh dgk fd tc rd Programming Language dk fodkl fd;k tkrk gS] rc rd ,d vkSj u, izdkj dk Device vk tkrk gS] ftlds fy, fQj ls ,d ubZ Programming Language dh t:jr iM tkrh gSA bl rjg dh ubZ Programming Language Develop djus ls lEcaf/kr Circular leL;k ls cpus ds fy, gh fd;k x;k igyk iz;kl Sun Microsystems }kjk Developed Programming Language Java Fkk vkSj nwljk iz;kl Microsoft Company }kjk fd;k x;k .NET gSA bu nksuksa Programming Languages dh viuh fo”ks’krk gS vkSj nksuksa Programming Languages orZeku le; dh Modern Programming Languages gSaA lkFk gh bUgsa bl rjg ls fodflr fd;k tk jgk gS fd bUgsa le> ysus ds ckn fdlh Hkh Device dks Program djus ds fy, fdlh Hkh vU; Programming Language dks lh[kus dh t:jr u jgsA gkykafd Java ,d Platform o Hardware Architecture Independent Programming Language Framework gS] tks fdlh Hkh Device ds fy, Software Develop djus gsrq mi;qDr gS] ysfdu .NET dks dsoy Microsoft Platform dks gh /;ku esa j[kdj Develop fd;k x;k gSA gkykafd .NET dks Hkh Hardware Architecture Neutral cuk;k tk ldrk gSA ysfdu Java dks ftl rjg ls Platform o Hardware Architecture Neutral cukus ds fy, fo”ks’k /;ku fn;k x;k Fkk] .NET dks Programming Language Neutral cukus ij fo”ks’k /;ku fn;k x;k gSA


19


C# in Hindi

;kuh .NET Platform dks dsoy Microsoft }kjk Supported Programming Languages }kjk gh mi;ksx esa ugha fy;k tk ldrk cfYd dksbZ Hkh ,slh Programming Language] ftls Microsoft .NET Architecture dks /;ku esa j[kdj Design fd;k x;k gks] bu .NET Framework dks Use dj ldrk gS vkSj cgqr lkjh ,slh Languages Develop Hkh dh xbZ gSa] tks fd .NET Framework dks Use djrs gq, Linux, Unix, MacOS tSls Platform ds fy, Hkh Software cukus gsrq Use gksrh gSa] ysfdu pwafd budk Market cgqr de gS] blfy, ;s Programming Languages T;knk Famous ugha gks ikbZ gSaA gkykafd Microsoft us .NET ds fy, ftl ubZ Programming Langue dks fcYdqy “kq: ls Design fd;k gS] og C# gh gS tcfd VB.NET dks rks .NET Framework dks Use djus yk;d cukus gsrq Redesign fd;k x;k gSA blhfy, orZeku le; esa VB.NET dk Scope /khjs&/khjs lekIr gksrk tk jgk gS vkSj Microsoft dk iwjk /;ku fo”ks’k :i ls dsoy C# ij gSA tcfd C# ds fy, Develop fd, x, Features dks ckn esa VB.NET ds fy, Modify dj fy;k tkrk gSA pwafd Desktop Technology esa vHkh Hkh yxHkx 95% yksx Window Operating System Use djrs gSa] blfy, Microsoft dsoy 5% Market Cover djus ds fy, T;knk egRo ugha nsrkA gkykafd Windows 8 tSlk Operating System Develop djds Microsoft us Tablet PC, Microsoft ds Smart Phone o Intel Architecture Based Computers ds Market dks mi;qDr rjhds ls Cover fd;k gS] ftuds fy, Develop fd;k tkus okyk Software iwjh rjg ls .NET Framework vk/kkfjr ewy Programming Languages VB.NET o C# esa Develop fd;k tk ldrk gSA gkykafd igys ls gh cgqr lkjh Programming Languages miyC/k Fkha vkSj Lo;a Microsoft us Hkh dbZ Programming Languages ds Compiler igys Hkh Design fd, Fks] ysfdu fQj Hkh Microsoft us C# Language dks ewy :i ls .NET Framework ds fy, Develop fd;kA ;kuh fcuk .NET Framework ds C# dk vyx ls dksbZ vfLrRo ugha gSA Microsoft us ,slk D;ksa fd;k] bls le>us ds fy, gesa igys Programming Language ds fodkl ds bfrgkl dks tkuuk gksxk rHkh gesa mu Programming Language Related leL;k,sa Hkh le> esa vk,saxh vkSj rHkh ge .NET ds fy, Special :i ls vyx ls Develop dh xbZ Programming Language C# dh fo”ks’krk dks Hkh le> ik,saxsA .NET dks Develop djus dk ,d Indirect eq[; dkj.k ;s Fkk fd tc .NET dk fodkl “kq: fd;k x;k Fkk] rc t:jrsa cny jgh Fkhsa] rduhdsa cny jgh Fkha] Internet vius fodkl dh xfr idM jgk Fkk] ubZ Devices vk jgh Fkha] ysfdu muds fy, cuk, tkus okys Software ds Development ds fy, miyC/k Programming Languages iqjkuh Fkha] tks fd Latest t:jrksa dks iwjk djus esa iwjh rjg ls l{ke ugha FkhA D;ksafd bu iqjkuh Programming Languages dks fdlh Standard ds vk/kkj ij Develop ugha fd;k x;k Fkk] blfy, ,d Device ds fy, tc dksbZ Software cuk;k tkrk Fkk] rks og fdlh nwljh Device ds fy, mi;ksxh ugha gks ikrk Fkk] tcfd nwljh Device ds fy, Software cukus gsrq fdlh nwljh Programming Language dh t:jr iMrh FkhA ;kuh dqy feykdj Developers ds fy, cgqr ijs”kkuh FkhA D;ksafd mUgsa vyx&vyx Devices gsrq Software Develop djus ds fy, vyx&vyx Programming Languages dks Use djuk iMrk Fkk vkSj le;≤ ij ckj&ckj ubZ rjg dh Programming Languages, Technologies o Design Patterns dks lh[kuk iMrk FkkA


20


C# in Hindi

tc Hkh dksbZ ubZ Technology fodflr gksrh gS] mlds vuqlkj gh Computers o Software dks Hkh Change gksuk iMrk gSA .NET ls igys Hkh Microsoft }kjk fofHkUu izdkj dh User Requirements dks iwjk djus ds fy, fofHkUu izdkj dh Programming Languages dk fodkl fd;k x;k Fkk] ysfdu ftl le; bu Programming Languages o Design Patterns dk fodkl fd;k x;k Fkk] ml le; Microsoft dks irk ugha Fkk fd Internet uke dk dksbZ ,slk Invention gksxk] tks iwjs Computing System ds vk/kkj dks gh cny dj j[k nsxkA blfy, tc 1995 ds ckn Internet dk fodkl gksus yxk rks ftl xfr ls Internet dk fodkl “kq: gqvk] ml xfr dks ns[kdj Microsoft dks lkspus ij etcwj gksuk iMk fd Internet ds fodkl ds lkFk gh Software Development o Deployment fd n”kk o fn”kk D;k gksxh vkSj fQj Internet dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, gh .NET Platform dks iwjh rjg ls “kq: ls Design fd;k x;kA ftl le; Microsoft u, Platform dks Develop djus ds ckjs esa lksap jgk Fkk] mlh le; Sun Microsystems dk Java, Web Development ds {kS= esa dkQh Popular gks jgk Fkk tcfd Microsoft dk Visual Basic mlh le; ij Desktop Development ds fy, dkQh Popular gks jgk FkkA blfy, Microsoft Visual Basic dks ugha NksM ldrk Fkk tcfd Java dh izflf) us mls ,d ,slh Programming Language Design djus ds fy, Hkh izsfjr fd;k] ftlesa Java tSlh Security gks o Extendibility gksA lkFk gh og Easy Hkh gks vkSj mlesa rsth ls Desktop ;k Web Based Software cuk;k tk ldsA ,sls gh cgqr lkjs Features dks Included j[krs gq, ftl Programming Language dks Develop djus dk Concept Microsoft us r; fd;k] mlh dk ifj.kke C# gSA C# ,d ,slh Programming Language gS] tks yxHkx dkQh gn rd C/C++, Java, o Visual Basic ds leku gSA vU; “kCnksa esa dgsa rks C# ,d ,slh Programming Language gS] tks fd Platform o Classes ds ekeys esa Java ds leku gS] GUI Develop djus ds lEca/k esa Visual basic ds leku gS tcfd Object Oriented Programming Concepts iwjh rjg ls C++ ij vk/kkfjr gSa vkSj Coding Structure iwjh rjg ls C Language ij vk/kkfjr gSA bl izdkj ls C# esa C Language dh Hardware Level Interaction djus dh {kerk gS] C++ dk Powerful Object Oriented Programming Concept gS] Java dk Platform Architecture gS] tks mls Easily Extendible o vf/kd Secure cukrk gS vkSj Visual Basic dk GUI System gS tks bls Rapid Application Development Feature ls ;qDr djrk gSA

Windows Programming Languages tSlkfd geus fiNys Section esa Discuss fd;k Fkk fd Software o Hardware ,d nwljs ds iwjd gSa vkSj ,d nwljs ds fcuk budk dksbZ mi;ksx ugha gSA ;kuh fcuk Hardware ds dksbZ Software ugha gks ldrk vkSj fcuk Software ds fdlh Hardware dk dksbZ eryc ugha gksrkA blfy, ;s nksuksa gh ,d lkFk ,d Encapsulated Unit dh rjg dke djrs gq, gekjh fdlh Specific Requirement dks iwjk djrs gSaA blh rjg ls tc ge Software dh ckr djrs gSa rks ge fdlh Hkh Software dks ewy :i ls nks fgLlksa esa foHkkftr dj ldrs gSa vkSj igys fgLls dks System Software ;k Operating


21


C# in Hindi

System Software tcfd nwljs fgLls dks Application Software dg ldrs gSaA bu nksuksa gh izdkj ds Software dk viuk vyx egRo gSA Operating System Software fdlh Hkh Device dks Working Condition esa ykus ds fy, Basic Functionalities Provide djrk gSA ;kuh fcuk Operating System Software ds fdlh Hkh Device dks mi;ksx esa ugha fy;k tk ldrkA fQj Hkys gh og Device (Smart Phone, Mobile Phone, Computer, DVD Player, , Tablet PC, etc…) fdlh Hkh izdkj dk D;ksa u gksA Operating System Software Lo;a vius Lrj ij dqN Hkh ,slk dke ugha djrk] tks fd ,d User ds fy, mi;ksxh eglwl gks] ysfdu ,d Developer ds utfj, ls ns[ksa] rks ,d Operating System fdlh Software Developer ds fy, cgqr lkjh Low Level Functionalities dks Handle djrs gq, mls Current Device ds fdlh Hkh Hardware Peripheral ;k Part dks vklkuh ls Access o Manipulate djus dk Easy Interface ;k API Provide djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, MS-Windows ,d Operating System Software gS] tks fd Lo;a vius Lrj ij tks Hkh dke djrk gS] mlls User dh fdlh Hkh rjg dh dksbZ t:jr iwjh ugha gksrh] ysfdu ,d Application Developer dh fofHkUu izdkj dh cgqr lkjh t:jrksa dks MS-Windows Operating System }kjk iwjk fd;k tkrk gSA D;ksafd ;gh Operating System ,d Machine tks fd Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Motherboard vkfn tSls fofHkUu izdkj ds Electronic Devices dk Combination gksrk gS] dks vkil esa ,d nwljs ls Well Defined Communication djokrs gq, ,d ,slh Working State esa ys vkrk gS] ftl ij ge pkgsa rks dksbZ Audio lqu ldrs gSa] dksbZ Movie ns[k ldrs gSa ;k Internet ds ek/;e ls Surfing dj ldrs gSaA Operating System okLro esa fdlh Hkh Device dks Control djus okyk o ml Device dh Working dks fuf”pr djus okyk Control Program gksrk gSA ;gh r; djrk gS fd fdl rjg ls Keyboard ls dksbZ eku Input ds :i esa Accept djds Memory esa Store djuk gS] dc Memory esa Stored fdlh eku dks Screen ij Render djuk gS] dc fdlh Information dks Hard-Copy Printout ds :i esa izkIr djus ds fy, Printer dks Print Command nsuk gS] dc dksbZ Audio Play djuk gS] dc dksbZ Video Show djuk gS] dc vkSj dSls Internet ls Connect gksuk gS] vkfnA ;kuh ,d Computer System esa dc] D;k vkSj dSls djuk gS] bls iwjh rjg ls ,d Master Program }kjk gh Control fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bl Master Controller Program dks gh System Software ;k Operating System Software dgrs gSaA tcfd Application Software vius Lrj ij fdlh Hkh rjg ls fdlh Hardware Device dks Access o Manipulate ugha dj ldrkA cfYd ,d Application Program fdlh Computer System dh dsoy mUgha Functionalities dks Access dj ldrk gS] ftuds fy, ml Computer dk Operating System fdlh Low Level API ds ek/;e ls lqfo/kk Provide djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, MS-Word ,d ,slk Application Software gS tks fd Word Processing dk dke Best rjhds ls djrk gSA ge MS-Word esa fdlh Document dks Type, Edit, Format vkfn dj ldrs gSa vkSj vUr esa vius Document dk Printout izkIr djus ds fy, blh Application Software ds File Menu esa Specified Print Command dk iz;ksx Hkh djrs gSaA


22


C# in Hindi

ysfdu MS-Word ds File Menu esa Specified Print Command dks Click djus ek= ls Printer ml Document dks Print ugha dj nsrk] cfYd ml Printer dks Current Document dks Print djus dk Order MS-Word Application Software ugha cfYd Windows Operating System nsrk gSA D;ksafd dksbZ Hkh Application Software fdlh Hkh Computer System ds fdlh Hkh Hardware dks Directly Access ugha dj ldrk cfYd fdlh Hkh Hardware Device dks Access o Manipulate djus dk vf/kdkj dsoy Operating System ds ikl gksrk gSA blfy, tc fdlh Document dks Print djuk gksrk gS vkSj ge MS-Word ds File => Print Option dks Click djrs gSa] rks okLro esa ge Window Operating System ds fdlh Low Level API Function dks Call dj jgs gksrs gSa] tks fd Printer dks Current Document dks Print djus ds fy, Activate djrk gSA ;kuh fdlh Hkh Device ds Hardware dks Operating System gh iwjh rjg ls Control djrk gSA blfy, ml Device }kjk fofHkUu izdkj dh Requirements dks iwjk djus ds fy, Operating System fofHkUu izdkj ds API Functions Provide djrk gS vkSj bu API Functions dks gh Application Developers fofHkUu izdkj dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, Call djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, ge MS-Word dks fdlh Document dks Print djuk gksrk gS] rc og MS-Windows Operating System ds ml Low Level API Function dks Call djrk gS] ftlds vf/kdkj esa Printer dh Functionalities gksrh gSaA ;s Low Level API Function Call gksrs gh Windows Operating System dks irk py tkrk gS fd MS-Word fdlh Document dks Print djus ds fy, Printer dh Functionalities dks Use djuk pkgrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i MS-Windows Operating System ml Document dks Print djus ds fy, Printer dks Instruct djrk gSA bl izdkj ls fdlh Device dk Operating System Software gh ml Device ds fofHkUu Hardware Devices dh Working dks Control djrk gS vkSj bu Hardware Devices dks Application Software }kjk Accessible cukus ds fy, fofHkUu izdkj ds Low Level API Functions Provide djrk gSA tcfd ,d Application Software fdlh Specific Type dh Requirement dks Best Possible rjhds ls iwjk djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, Google Chrome ,d Web Browser Application Software gS] ftldk iz;ksx Web Surfing ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bl Web Browser Application Software dk iz;ksx ge flQZ vkSj flQZ Web Surfing ds fy, gh dj ldrs gSaA ;fn ge bl Software esa Accounting djuk pkgsa ;k dksbZ Letter Type djuk pkgsa] rks ugha dj ldrsA blh rjg ls Tally ,d ,slk Application Software gS] ftlesa ge Accounting dk dke dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu ;fn ge Tally esa Web Surfing djuk pkgsa] rks ge ,slk ugha dj ldrsA D;ksafd Tally dks ewy :i ls Accounting ds fy, Develop fd;k x;k gSA ;kuh dksbZ Hkh Application Software fdlh Specific Type dh Requirement dks Best rjhds ls iwjk djrk gS] ysfdu og fdlh Device ds fdlh Hardware dks Directly Access ugha dj ldrkA tcfd Operating System fdlh Device ds fofHkUu Hardware dks Directly Access bl ckr dks r; djrk gS fd dksbZ Device fdl rjg ls dke djsxk vkSj fofHkUu Application


23


C# in Hindi

Software dks Low Level API Functions ds ek/;e ls mu Devices dks Access djus dh lqfo/kk Hkh nsrk gS] ysfdu Operating System Lo;a fdlh rjg dk dksbZ ,slk Specific dke ugha djrk] tks fd User ds fy, fdlh Hkh rjg ls mi;ksxh gksA Device ds :i esa ge fdlh Hkh rjg ds Device dks ys ldrs gSaA og Device dksbZ Computer gks ldrk gS] Tablet PC gks ldrk gS] Smart Phone gks ldrk gS] Digital Watch gks ldrk gS] CD/DVD Player gks ldrk gSA ;kuh Device fdlh Hkh rjg dk gks ldrk gS ysfdu dksbZ Specific Device fdl rjg ls Operate fd;k tk,xk] bl ckr dks gesa”kk mldk Operating System r; djrk gS vkSj tks Devices, Microprocessor vk/kkfjr gksrk gS] mls Reprogram Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA blfy, bu Microprocessor Based Reprogrammable Devices gsrq Application Software Hkh cuk, tk ldrs gSa] tks fd mu Devices ds Internal Hardware Architecture ds vk/kkj ij buds Operating System }kjk Provide fd, tkus okys Low Level API Functions ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSaA pwafd Computer Hkh ,d Electronic Device gS] blfy, Computer ds fy, Hkh Windows, Unix, Linux, MacOS tSls fofHkUu izdkj ds Operating Systems Develop fd, x, gSaA lkFk gh Computer ,d Microprocessor Based Electronic Device gS] blfy, bls Reprogram djrs gq, fofHkUu izdkj dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, Application Programs Hkh cuk, tkrs gSaA ysfdu Windows Operating System ,d ,slk Operating System gS] ftls yxHkx 95% ls T;knk yksx Use djrs gSa] blfy, vkt rd Windows Operating System ds fy, gh lcls T;knk Application Software Develop fd, x, gSa vkSj .NET Hkh MS-Windows ds fy, gh Develop fd;k x;k ,d Programming Package ;k Framework gS] tks fd Windows Operating System ds fy, Application Software Develop djus okys Software Developers ds Development Work dks vklku cukus ds fy, gh Design fd;k x;k gSA MS-Windows Operating System dks ewy :i ls “C” Programming Language esa Develop fd;k x;k FkkA D;ksafd “C” Language dk fodkl ewy :i ls Unix Operating System dks Portable cukus gsrq Redesign djus ds fy, fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj ftl le; Windows Operating System dk fodkl “kq: gqvk Fkk] ml le; “C” Language gh Best Available Programming Language FkhA vr% iwjs Windows Operating System dk fodkl gh “C” Language esa fd;k x;k Fkk] blfy, Operating System }kjk Application Development ls lEcaf/kr fofHkUu izdkj dh tks Functionalities, Low Level API Functions ds ek/;e ls Application dks Provide dh tkrh gSa] os lHkh Low Level API Functions Hkh iwjh rjg ls “C Functions” ds :i esa gh Available FksA fQj le; ds lkFk t:jrsa cnyha vkSj t:jrksa ds vk/kkj ij Hardware cnys ftudh otg ls Operating System Software dh Functionalities dks Hkh Extend djuk iMk vkSj Operating System dh Functionalities dks Extend djus dh otg ls Windows Operating System }kjk Provide dh tkus okyh C Language Based API Functions dh List Hkh cMh gksus yxh] ftls Manage djuk eqf”dy gksus yxkA


24


C# in Hindi

ifj.kkeLo:i ,d u, Design Pattern dh vko”;drk gqbZ] rkfd Software dks Develop o Manage djuk vklku gks vkSj Solution ds :i esa fodkl gqvk Object Oriented Programming System dk vkSj “C” Language dks OOPS Supported cukus ds fy, Modify fd;k x;k] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i “C” Language Modify gksdj “C++” Programming Language ds :i esa ifjofrZr gks x;kA ysfdu pwafd Windows Operating System ds lHkh API Functions “C” Language esa gh Define fd, x, Fks] blfy, bu “C” Based API Functions dks OOPS vk/kkfjr Applications esa mi;ksx esa ysrs gq, Software Develop djuk dkQh tfVy o eqf”dy dke gks x;kA Windows Operating System ftu Functionalities dks API Functions ds ek/;e ls Provide djrk Fkk] mu lHkh API Functions dks Win32 API uke ls tkuk tkrk Fkk vkSj Developers bu API Functions dk iz;ksx djds fdlh Hkh izdkj dh Window Based Functionality dks Implement dj ldrs FksA pwafd ;s Win32 API Functions OOPS vk/kkfjr Object Oriented Methods ugha Fks] blfy, Microsoft us MFC (Microsoft Foundation Classes) uke ds Wrapper esa bu API Functions dks Wrap dj fn;kA ifj.kkeLo:i bu MFC Lasses dk iz;ksx djds fofHkUu izdkj dh t:jrksa dks T;knk vklkuh o rsth ls iwjk fd;k tkuk lEHko gks x;kA mnkgj.k ds fy, MFC Library esa CFrame uke dh ,d Class Fkh] ftls Inherit djds ge cMh gh vklkuh ls ,d Window Create dj ldrs Fks] ftlds lkFk Automatically ,d Title Bar o Border Frame gksrh FkhA tcfd bls Create djus ds fy, gesa ,d Hkh Win32 API Function dks Call djus dh t:jr ugha gksrh FkhA gkykafd MFC Based Classes vHkh Hkh Internally bu Win32 API Functions dks gh Call djrs FksA tc Microsoft }kjk MFC dks Develop fd;k tk jgk Fkk] mlh le; Microsoft dh Basic vk/kkfjr Visual Basic Language ,d Rapid Application Development Language ds :i esa lcls T;knk Use gksus okyk Programming Language cu jgk FkkA ysfdu Visual Basic dh ,d de ;s Fkh fd ;s fdlh Hkh Win32 API Function dks Normal rjhds ls Directly Use ugha dj ldrk Fkk] D;ksafd lHkh Win32 API Functions, “C Language Functions” ds :i esa Fks tcfd Visual Basic okLro esa Basic Language ij vk/kkfjr Programming Language Fkk vkSj nksuksa gh Programming Languages ds chp vkil esa Code Transfer djus dk dksbZ Standard rjhdk ugha FkkA D;ksafd “C” o “BASIC” nksuksa ,dne vyx rjhds ls Design dh xbZ Programming Languages FkhaA lkFk gh Visual Basic, Object Oriented ugha cfYd ,d Object Based Programming Language Fkh] ftlesa Class o vU; Programming Constructs ds ek/;e ls u, User Defined Data Types rks Create fd, tk ldrs Fks] ysfdu Inheritance, o Polymorphism tSlh lqfo/kk u gksus ds dkj.k Visual Basic ds User Defined Data Types dks Object Oriented rjhds ls Reuse ugha fd;k tk ldrk FkkA blfy, gkykafd MFC C++ Developers ds fy, mi;ksxh Fkh] ysfdu Visual Basic Developers ds fy, bldk dksbZ mi;ksx ugha FkkA blfy, Visual Basic Developers ds fy, Win32 API Functions dks mi;ksxh cukus ds fy, Microsoft us COM (Common Object Model) uke dk ,d u;k Specification Define


25


C# in Hindi

fd;kA bl Specification dks Follow djrs gq, ,sls Software Components Create fd, tk ldrs Fks] ftUgsa DLL Files (Dynamic Link Library) ds :i esa Distribute fd;k tk ldrk FkkA ;s DLL Files okLro esa ,sls Code Components gksrs Fks] ftUgsa Design djds Compile dj fy;k tkrk Fkk vkSj ,d ckj Compile gksus ds ckn COM Specification dks Follow djus okyh fdlh Hkh Programming Language esa ml DLL File ;kuh Code Component dks Reuse fd;k tk ldrk FkkA ;kuh COM Specification dks Follow djus okyh nks ,dne vyx Programming Languages Hkh vkil esa COM Specification vk/kkfjr Code dks Share dj ldrs Fks vkSj COM Specification dks le>us okyh fdlh ,d Programming Language esa Develop fd, x, Component dks COM Specification Interface dks le>us okyh fdlh nwljh Programming Language esa Implement dj ldrs FksA ifj.kkeLo:i COM Specification ds dkj.k Develop fd, tkus okys Components (Pieces of Application Software) iwjh rjg ls Language Independent gks tkrs FksA ;kuh MFC Classes dk iz;ksx djds Low Level Win32 API Functions dks Use djrs gq, ,d C++ Programmer fofHkUu izdkj ds COM Specification vk/kkfjr Components Create djrk Fkk] ftls dksbZ Visual Basic Developer, COM Specification Interface dks Follow djrs gq, vius Visual Basic Program esa vklkuh ls Reuse dj ysrk FkkA bl rjg ls COM Specification ds dkj.k ,d Visual Basic Developer Hkh Window Operating System }kjk Provide dh tkus okyh Low Level Win32 API Functions dh Functionality dks C++ MFC Classes ds ek/;e ls COM Specification }kjk izkIr dj ysrk FkkA gkykafd COM Specification vkSj Hkh dbZ rjg dh Functionalities Provide djrs Fks] ysfdu budh ewy fo”ks’krk ;gh Fkh fd ;s ,d Language Independent Environment Provide djrs Fks] ftlls ,d Programming Language esa Develop fd;k x;k Code fdlh nwljh Programming Language esa Use fd;k tk ldrk Fkk] ysfdu COM Development o Implementation esa dkQh Typical Process dks Follow djuk iMrk FkkA gkykafd COM Specification ds dkj.k COM Specification dks Follow djus okyh nks ,dne fHkUu Programming Language esa Develop fd, x, Code Components ,d nwljs ds chp Share gks ldrs Fks] ysfdu bldh ,d cgqr cMh Disadvantage Hkh Fkh] ftldh otg ls COM Specification yEcs le; rd Microsoft dks Support ugha dj ik;k vkSj bl Disadvantage dks Software Developers }kjk “DLL Hell” uke fn;k x;k FkkA pfy,] bl DLL Hell dks Hkh le>us dh dksf”k”k djrs gSaA COM Specification fdlh Component dh Location dks Store djus ds fy, Windows dh System Registry dk iz;ksx djrk FkkA blfy, tc dksbZ Client fdlh Component dks Use djuk pkgrk Fkk] rks og ml Component dh Location dks Win32 API Function dk iz;ksx djds Windows dh System Registry ls izkIr djrk Fkk vkSj fQj ml Component dks Memory esa Load djds Use djrk FkkA ;s O;oLFkk dkQh mi;qDr Fkh ysfdu leL;k ;s Fkh fdlh Hkh ,d Component dks dsoy ,d gh ckj Register fd;k tk ldrk gSA blfy, ;fn fdlh Component esa fdlh rjg dk Change


26


C# in Hindi

djds mldk vxyk Version Release fd;k tk,] rks ;s u;k Version vius iqjkus Version dks Replace dj nsrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i tks Software ml iqjkus Version dks Use djrs Fks] os Corrupt gks tkrs FksA bl rjg ls ,d gh Component ds nks vyx Versions dks leku Computer ij Maintain fd;k tkuk lEHko u gksus dh otg ls ;fn fdlh Component ds nks vyx Version ij ikap&ikap ;kuh dqy nl Software Depend gksrs] rks muesa ls ,d Computer ij dsoy ikap gh Software Run gks ldrs Fks] tcfd ckdh ds ikap Software Corrupt gks tkrs FksA blds vykok Hkh COM Specification dh dqN vkSj cMh leL;k,sa Fkha] ftudh otg ls Microsoft yEcs le; rd COM Specification dks Continue ugha j[k ldkA COM Specification dh bUgha fofHkUu izdkj dh leL;kvksa ds dkj.k Software Developers us DLL Hell uke fn;k FkkA ftl le; Microsoft vius Windows Operating System }kjk Provided, Low Level Win32 API Functions dks vklkuh ls Use djus ds fy, MFC Classes Develop dj jgk Fkk o Language Compatibility izkIr djus ds fy, COM Specification Develop dj jgk Fkk] mlh le; Internet dk dkQh rsth ls fodkl gksuk “kq: gqvk Fkk vkSj mlh le; ij Sun Microsystems us Java uke dk ,d u;k Programming Language Launch fd;k Fkk] ftldk Architecture dkQh Reliable o Future Proof FkkA ifj.kkeLo:i Microsoft us eglwl fd;k fd mls vius Windows Operating System }kjk Win32 API Functions ds :i esa Provide dh tkus okyh Functionality dks blds Root ls gh Change djus dh t:jr gS vkSj ,d ,slk Programming Architecture Define djus dh t:jr gS] rkfd fofHkUu izdkj dh Programming Language esa fy[ks x, Codes vkil esa fcuk fdlh ijs”kkuh ds Share gks ldsaA lkFk gh bu Programming Languages dks bl izdkj ls Design fd, tkus dh t:jr eglwl gqbZ fd lHkh Programming Language Future Proof gksaA ;kuh ;fn Hkfo’; esa fdlh Hkh rjg dk Technology ifjorZu gks] rks Microsoft dks vius Windows Operating System ds Root dks Change djrs gq, mls Redesign djus dh t:jr u jgsA bu nksuksa t:jrksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, gh .NET Platform dks Design fd;k x;k gSA eq[; :i ls ,d /;ku j[kus okyh ckr ;s gS fd Microsoft us dHkh Hkh fdlh Hkh Technology dks vius Lrj ij Invent ugha fd;k gS] cfYd gesa”kk fdlh vU; Company dh Technology dks le>k vkSj mls viuh Company esa ,d u, uke ls Design djds Launch fd;k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, C Programming Langue dk Compiler lcls igys Borland Company us Design fd;k Fkk] ftlls Inspire gksdj Microsoft us Microsoft ANSI-C Design fd;kA blh rjg ls BASIC uke dh Programming Language dks Redesign djds Visual Basic cuk;kA Borland dh OWL (Object Window Library) uke dh Class Library ls Inspire gksdj MFC (Microsoft Foundation Classes) uke dh Library cuk;kA JavaScript ls Inspire gksdj JScript uke dk Alternative Create fd;kA FoxPro ds Alternative ds :i esa Visual FoxPro Design fd;k vkSj Java ds Alternative ds :i esa J++ uke dh Programming Language dks Design fd;kA ;gka rd fd Java ds JVM ds Alternative ds :i esa Microsoft us Lo;a dk ,d u;k Microsoft JVM Hkh Create fd;k Fkk] ftldh Speed Original Java ds JVM ls dkQh


27


C# in Hindi

T;knk vPNh FkhA ysfdu Sun Microsystems ds dkuwuh fojks/k ds dkj.k vUr esa Microsoft dks bl JVM dk Development cUn djuk iMkA gkykafd vkt Hkh tks yksx Windows XP Install djrs gSa] muds Computer esa Microsoft JVM Automatically Install gks tkrk gSA

Working of .NET Framework in Short tSlkfd geus fiNys Section esa COM o vU; Technologies o muls lEcaf/kr ijs”kkfu;ksa ds fo’k; esa tkuk] Microsoft us mu lHkh ijs”kkfu;ksa ds Solution ds :i esa ,d u;k Framework Design fd;k] tks fd viuh lHkh fiNyh Programming Language ls vyx FkkA bl Framework dk uke .NET Framework j[kk x;k] tks fd iwjh rjg ls Future Proof Programming Architecture Develop djus] Programming Languages ds chp Code Portability izkIr djus rFkk fofHkUu izdkj ds Internet Based Software dks Support djus ds fy, ;kuh yxHkx lHkh rjg dh t:jrksa dks dsoy ,d gh Framework o ,d gh Programming Language }kjk iwjk djus ds fy, Design fd;k x;k FkkA .NET Framework dks ,d Simple Diagram ds :i esa fuEukuqlkj iznf”kZr fd;k tk ldrk gS%

.NET Framework esa fdlh .NET Application dks Run djus ds fy, Run Time o Compile Time Services dks Include fd;k x;k FkkA Compile Time Services os Services gksrh gSa] tks Software Developer ds fy, ml le; mi;ksxh gksrh gSa] tc og fdlh Software dks Compile dj jgk gksrk gSA tcfd Run Time Services fdlh Application ds Memory esa Execute gksrs le; mi;ksxh gksrs gSaA Compile Time o Run Time Services ds vUrxZr Servers, COM, COM+, DCOM, Message Queuing, Internet Information Server, Window .NET Server, SQL Server, etc… Services Included gSa] tcfd ;fn ge Software Development ds fy, Visual Studio dks iz;ksx djrs gSa] rks Visual Studio dk IDE Hkh bUgha Services dk ,d fgLlk gksrk gSA


28


C# in Hindi

fdlh .NET Application Code ds Run Time Execution ds ewy esa gesa”kk CLR (Common Language Runtime) gksrk gS] tks fd Java ds JVM ds leku gh ,d Virtual Machine gSA ;gh CLR ml Computer ij ,d Process dh rjg Run gksrk gS] ftl ij .NET Framework dks Install fd;k x;k gksrk gSA Virtual Machine ,d izdkj ls ,d Virtual Computer dh rjg dke djrk gS] ftls Current Operating System ij Install fd;k x;k gksrk gS vkSj ;gh Virtual Computer fdlh .NET Application Code dks Run djrk gSA blfy, ;fn fdlh CLR dks Linux ;k MacOS Operating System ds fy, Design fd;k tk,] rks fdlh Hkh Operating System o fdlh Hkh Computer Hardware Architecture ij Develop fd, x, fdlh Hkh .NET Program dks CLR ;qDr fdlh Hkh vU; Operating System o Computer Hardware ij Bhd mlh rjg ls Run fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftl izdkj ls Java ds Programs dks Platform o Architecture Neutral rjhds ls JVM ;qDr fdlh Hkh Run fd;k tkrk gSA tc fdlh .NET Application dks Compile fd;k tkrk gS] rc Generate gksus okyh .EXE ;k .DLL File dks PE (Portable Executable) Code dgrs gSa] D;ksafd bl Code dks fdlh Hkh CLR ;qDr vU; Computer ij Run fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj ;s Code gesa”kk fdlh CLR esa gh Run gksrs gSaA ;kuh ftl Computer ij .NET Platform Installed u gks] ml Computer ij bu PE Code Files dks Run ugha fd;k tk ldrkA Microsoft dh lHkh vU; Programming Languages esa tc fdlh Program dks Compile fd;k tkrk Fkk] rks mu Programs dh ,d Native Machine Code File cu tkrh Fkh] ftldh otg ls og Code dsoy mlh Computer ij Run gksrk FkkA ysfdu .NET Platform Supported Programming Language }kjk tc fdlh .NET Application Program dks Compile fd;k tkrk gS] rks Generate gksus okyh File Native Machine Code File ugha gksrh gS cfYd ,d Intermediate Byte Code File gksrh gS] ftls MSIL (Microsoft Intermediate Language) ;k IL ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ;s MSIL Code File okLro esa Java ds Byte Code Class File ds leku gh gS] tks u rks iwjh rjg ls Source Code ds :i esa gksrh gS u gh iwjh rjg ls Machine Dependent Native Binary Code esaA cfYd ,d e/; fLFkfr dh File gksrh gS] ftls gj ml Computer ij Run fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftl ij CLR Installed gks] Bhd mlh rjg ls ftl rjg ls Java dh Byte Coded Class File dks gj ml Computer ij Run fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftl ij JVM Installed gksA tks Codes CLR esa Execute gksus ds fy, Load gksrs gSa] mu Codes dks Assembly dgk tkrk gS vkSj ;s Assembly ,d ;k ,d ls T;knk Files dk Collection gksrs gSaA fdlh Assembly esa ftruh Hkh Files gksrh gSa] os lHkh ,d Single Unit dh rjg Deploy gksrh gSA Assembly esa Included bu Files ds :i esa Portable Executable (.EXE, .DLL, .BMP) Files gks ldrs gSa] tcfd bu lHkh Files esa ls fdlh ,d File esa MENIFEST uke dk ,d MSIL Part gksrk gSA bl MENIFEST File esa Assembly dh vU; lHkh Files, mu Files esa Specified lHkh Classes o vU; Data Types ds ckjs esa t:jh Information gksrh gS] ftls METADATA (Data about Data) dgk tkrk gSA lkFk gh blh MENIFEST esa bl ckr dh Information Hkh


29


C# in Hindi

gksrh gS fd Assembly dh fofHkUu Files, Classes, Data Types vkfn dks fdl izdkj ls Use djuk gSA tc CLR fdlh Assembly dks Use djus ds fy, Memory esa Load djrk gS] rks dsoy MENIFEST gh Memory esa Compile gksrk gSA tcfd Data Types ;kuh Classes ds Methods rHkh Compile gksdj Cached Memory esa Cached gksrs gSa] tc Application Program esa okLro esa mudh t:jr gksrh gSA bl O;oLFkk ds dkj.k .NET Applications Memory esa T;knk rsth ls Load gks tkrs gSa vkSj de ls de Resources dks Use djrs gSaA bl izfØ;k dks Just-In-Time (JIT) Compiling dgk tkrk gSA tc Applications dks Memory Release djus dh t:jr gksrh gS] ;kuh tc ge fdlh .NET Application Program dks Terminate djrs gSa] rc CLR dk Garbage Collector (GC) uke dk ,d fgLlk Automatically ml .NET Application }kjk Use fd, tk jgs Resources dks Free djus dk dke djrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i vc Developers dks Memory Leaks tSlh ijs”kkfu;ksa dh fpUrk djus dh t:jr ugha jgrhA D;ksafd .NET Application esa tSls gh fdlh Object dks dksbZ Hkh Variable Reference ugha dj jgk gksrk gS] CLR dk GC ml Object dh Memory dks Automatically Free dj nsrk gSA ;kuh Current .NET Application esa tSls gh fdlh Object dh t:jr lekIr gks tkrh gS] GC mls Destroy dj nsrk gSA

.NET Platform Advantages blls igys fd ge vkxs c<sa] bl ckr dk le> ysuk mi;ksxh jgsxk fd .NET Platform gesa D;k&D;k lqfo/kk,sa Provide djrk gS] ftudk iz;ksx ge fofHkUu izdkj ds Software o Services Create djus ds fy, dj ldrs gSaA Microsoft ds .NET Platform }kjk Provide fd, tkus okys fofHkUu Features fuEukuqlkj gSa%

Object Oriented Programming .NET Framework dks iwjh rjg ls Pure Object Oriented Programming Paradigm ds vk/kkj ij Develop fd;k x;k gS] ftldh otg ls blesa Develop fd, tkus okys Applications dks vklkuh ls Extend fd;k tk ldrk gSA lkFk gh Complex Software dks Hkh OOPS Concepts ds vk/kkj ij Design o Manage djuk vklku gksrk gSA

Multiple Language Support .NET Platform ewy :i ls VB.NET o C# dks Support djrk gS] tcfd C# dks rks Develop gh .NET Platform ds fy, fd;k x;k gSA ysfdu blds vykok .NET Platform C++ dks Hkh Support djrk gSA lkFk gh .NET Specification dks Follow djrs gq, dbZ vU; Programming Languages tSls fd Python, Ruby vkfn dks Hkh bl rjg ls Design fd;k x;k gS fd ge bu Languages dk


30


C# in Hindi

iz;ksx djds Hkh .NET Framework dks Use djrs gq, Application Software Develop dj ldrs gSaA bruk gh ugha] tks Hkh Programming Language .NET Specification dks Follow djrs gq, MSIL Code Generate djrs gSa] os lHkh Programming Language esa fy[ks x, Codes ,d nwljs ds lkFk Share dj ldrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn ge fdlh Class dks C# Coding }kjk Create djsa] rks cMh gh vklkuh ls mls VB.NET ds Program esa Object Create djus ds fy, Use dj ldrs gSa] vkSj gesa fdlh Hkh rjg ds Specification dks Follow djus dh t:jr ugha gSA ;kuh ge .NET Supported fdlh Hkh Programming Language ds Code dks fcuk fdlh rjg dk Modification fd, gq, fdlh Hkh vU; .NET Supported Programming Language esa Directly Use dj ldrs gSaA bl izfØ;k dks .NET esa Interoperability ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA

COM Based Easy Development COM Based Components dks .NET Framework dk iz;ksx djrs gq, T;knk vklkuh ls Create fd;k tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd vc gesa fdlh Hkh Component dks Access djus ds fy, IUnknown tSls fdlh COM Interface dks Use djus dh vFkok fdlh COM Component dks Windows dh Registry }kjk Locate djus dh t:jr ugha gSA D;ksafd .NET Framework ds CLR esa METADATA ds :i esa lHkh COM Objects ds Version dh Information Hkh gksrh gSA lkFk gh Code Sharing dk Concept .NET esa Assembly ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS] tks fd COM Component ds Version dh Information o fofHkUu izdkj ds vU; Data dks COM Component Assembly ds Header ds :i esa Travel djrk gSA

Simple Application Deployment .NET Applications dks Deploy djuk vklku gksrk gS D;ksafd .NET Applications dks fdlh Hkh izdkj ds Registration dh t:jr ugha gksrh] ftl rjg ls COM Specification vk/kkfjr Applications dks gksrh FkhA

Rich Base Class Library Support .NET Framework ds lkFk gh Base Class Libraries Hkh Install gksrh gSa] tks fd fdlh Hkh .NET Application ds fy, fofHkUu izdkj dh Basic Requirements dks iwjk djus ls lEcaf/kr fofHkUu izdkj dh OOPS Classes Provide djrh gSaA tcfd Internally ;s Classes Lo;a fofHkUu izdkj dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, Win32 API Functions dks Use djrh gSaA

Rich Framework Class Library Support .NET Framework, BCL ds :i esa tks OOPS Classes Provide djrk gS] os lHkh Classes okLro esa .NET ds Framework Class Library dk gh ,d fgLlk gS] tks fd fdlh Hkh .NET Application dks Working State esa ykus ds fy, t:jh gksrs gSaA


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C# in Hindi

tcfd fofHkUu izdkj dh Specific Requirements dks iwjk djus ds fy, .NET gesa Framework Class Library ds :i esa cgqr lkjh vU; Classes ds Group tSls GUI Develop djus ds fy, WinForms o WPF, Web Services Create djus ds fy, WCF, Web Applications Create djus ds fy, ASP.NET, Database Applications Create djus ds fy, ADO.NET, Smart Device gsrq Software Create djus ds fy, CF, Web Browser o Windows Phone 7 ds Applications Create djus ds fy, Silverlight, Cloud Applications Create djus ds fy, Windows Azure vkfn Hkh Provide djrk gSA

Unified Runtime Infrastructure .NET Framework ds Core esa CLR uke dk ,d Virtual Machine gksrk gS] tks MSIL Create djus ds fy, ,d Unified Runtime Infrastructure Define djrk gSA bl Generate gksus okys MSIL dks gh fofHkUu .NET Supported Programming Languages }kjk Share fd;k tkrk gS tks fd Just-In-Time Compilation ds nkSjku Run gksrs gSa vkSj Native Machine Code esa Convert gksrs gSaA lkFk gh blh Infrastructure ds vkSj Hkh cgqr lkjs fgLls tSls fd Garbage Collector, Assembly Loading Services, Debugging Services, Threading Services, IO Services vkfn gksrs gSa] tks fofHkUu izdkj dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, Application dh Life Cycle ds nkSjku le;≤ ij Execute gksrs gSaA

Interoperability with Existing Code gkykafd .NET Platform dks lHkh iqjkuh Technology dks iwjh rjg ls Replace djus ds fy, Design fd;k x;k gS] ysfdu fQj Hkh blesa vU; iqjkuh rduhdksa tSls fd COM Specification vFkok Win32 API Functions ds vk/kkj ij Create fd, x, Software Components dks Reuse djus dh Hkh mi;qDr O;oLFkk gS] ftls .NET Framework esa P/Invoke uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA

Exception Handling .NET Framework esa Error Handling djus ds fy, Exception Handling uke dh ,d rduhd dks Define fd;k x;k gS] tks fd iwjh rjg ls C++ o Java ds Exception Handling Mechanism ds leku gh gSA

Improved Security Web ds fodkl ds lkFk gh Code Deployment dh Security Hkh ,d dkQh xaHkhj leL;k ds :i esa lkeus vk;k gSA blfy, .NET Framework esa Code Access Security (CAS) ds fy, Built-In Security Mechanism Create fd;k x;k gS] tks fd fofHkUu rjhdksa ls gekjs Code dh Security djrk gSA

Web Services Capabilities .NET Framework dh “kq:vkr ls gh .NET Platform dks Modern rjhds ls Cross-Platform Remote Procedure Calls Based Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP)


32


C# in Hindi

Web Services rFkk Extensible Markup Language (XML) dks Support djus Design fd;k x;k gSA tcfd bu lqfo/kkvksa dks Programming Paradigm ds fgLls ds :i esa Define fd;k x;k gS] rkfd .NET Programmer dks bu vyx rjg ds Applications dks Develop djus ds fy, fdlh Hkh vyx rjg ds Programming Pattern dks Follow u djuk iMsA

Professional Tools and Support Microsoft us .NET Framework ds lkFk gh Visual Studio uke dk ,d IDE Hkh Develop fd;k gS] tks fd u dsoy .NET Framework vk/kkfjr Professional Development dks Easy cukrk gS] cfYd bldk iz;ksx djds ge fofHkUu izdkj dh Technical Configurations dks ckj&ckj Configure djus ls cp tkrs gSa] ftlls gekjk Development Fast gks tkrk gSA D;ksafd Visual Studio gesa Visual Basic Programming Language dh rjg Rapid Application Development ls lEcaf/kr fofHkUu izdkj ds Tools Provide djrk gSA Visual Studio dk iz;ksx djds u dsoy ge gekjs .NET Application dks Manageable rjhds ls Design o Create djrs gSa] cfYd ge gekjs Application ls lEcaf/kr fofHkUu izdkj dh Files dks ,d Project ds :i esa ,d gh LFkku ij Handle djrs gSa] ftlls Software Development dkQh vklku gks tkrk gSA lkFk gh Visual Studio gesa Software Design, Create, Manage, Debug, Error Handling, Building, Packaging o Deployment djus ls lEcaf/kr lkjh lqfo/kk,sa o Tools Provide djrk gS] ftldh otg ls ge VB.NET o C# tSlh Advance Programming Languages dk iz;ksx djrs gq, Hkh dkQh Rapid rjhds ls Software Develop djus dh {kerk izkIr dj ysrs gSaA

Managed Code and Un-Managed Code .NET Framework dks Develop djus dk ,d eq[; dkj.k Language o Platform Portability izkIr djuk Fkk vkSj bl t:jr dks iwjk djus ds fy, gh Managed Code dk Concept fodflr fd;k x;k FkkA .NET Framework ds Managed Code o Un-Managed Code ds chp ds vUrj dks ge fuEu fp= }kjk cgqr gh vklkuh ls le> ldrs gSa%


33


C# in Hindi

.NET Platform – Programming Language Support

.NET ,d Multi-Language Platform gS vkSj orZeku le; esa Hkh yxHkx 50 ls T;knk rjg ds Programming Languages dks .NET Framework ds fy, Design ;k Modify fd;k tk pqdk gS] tks fd CLS Specification dks Follow djrs gq, ,d nwljs ds Codes dh Sharing dj ldrs gSaA fQj Hkh Lo;a Microsoft }kjk .NET Framework ds fy, ewy :i ls pkj Programming Language dks Support fd;k tkrk gS] tks fd fuEukuqlkj gSa%

C# Microsoft us .NET Platform dks fy, gh bl Programming Language dks Design fd;k gSA ;kuh bl Language dks ewy :i ls .NET Framework dks mldh iwjh Power ds lkFk Use djus ds fy, gh Root ls Design fd;k x;k gSA bl Programming Language esa C dh Flexibility, C++ dk Object Orientation, Java dh Security o Visual Basic dh Rapid Application Develop djus dh {kerk] lHkh Included gSA

Visual Basic .NET bl Programming Language dks ge Visual Basic 6 dk Next Version dg ldrs gSa] tks fd iwjh rjg ls Object Oriented Programming System dks Support djrk gS] tcfd VB6 iwjh rjg ls OOPS dks Support ugha djrk FkkA gkykafd vc /khjs&/khjs C# Programming Language ds vykok VB.NET lfgr vU; lHkh Programming Languages dk vfLrRo lekIr gksrk tk jgk gS vkSj Well Developed Companies Hkh vc Visual Basic ds LFkku ij C# Programming Language tkuus okys


34


C# in Hindi

Professional Developers dks gh Job Priority nsrs gSa] D;ksafd C# vdsyk VB, C++ o Java rhuksa dh Functionalities Provide dj nsrk gSA

C++/CLI Microsoft }kjk Provide dh tkus okyh ;s Programming Language Hkh okLro esa C++ Programming Language dk Managed Code Extension ek= gS] tks fd C++ Programming Syntax dks Use djrs gq, .NET Application Develop djus dh lqfo/kk Provide djrk gSA

F# ;s Programming Language ewy :i ls Scientific o Financial Computing dks Functional Programming ds lkFk Use djrs gq, .NET Application Develop djus dh lqfo/kk nsrk gSA gkykafd bl Programming Language dks cgqr de yksx Use djrs gSa vkSj Microsoft dk Hkh iwjk /;ku C# dks Develop djus ij gh gS u fdlh bu esa ls fdlh vkSj Programming Language dksA Microsoft }kjk .NET Supported bu ewy Programming Languages ds vykok COBOL, Smalltalk, Delhi, APL, Pascal vkfn dbZ vU; Programming Languages gSa] ftUgsa .NET Framework ds fy, Re-Design fd;k x;k gSA

CLI (Common Language Infrastructure) CLI ,d ECMAScript Standard (Specification 335) gS] tks Managed Code ;kuh ,sls Code tks fd .NET Framework ij vk/kkfjr gksa] ds Execute gksus ds fy, t:jh Runtime Infrastructure dks Define djrk gS vkSj bl Infrastructure esa fofHkUu .NET Libraries o Programming Languages vkil esa feydj fdlh Application ds Development esa viuk&viuk Specific Role Play djrs gSaA tc .NET dk fodkl fd;k tk jgk Fkk] rc blds ewy esa Cross-Language Interoperability ,d eq[; Concept Fkk] ftl ij .NET vk/kkfjr Fkk] rkfd vyx&vyx Programming Languages esa Software Develop djus okys lHkh Developers fcuk dksbZ ubZ Programming Language lh[ks gq, Hkh viuh igys ls lh[kh gqbZ Programming Language esa gh .NET vk/kkfjr Applications Develop dj ldsa vkSj bl t:jr dks iwjk djus ds fy, Microsoft us Hewlett-Packard o Intel ds lkFk feydj ,d Team dk xBu fd;k ftudk eq[; dke CLI dk Standardization djuk Fkk rkfd vU; Compiler Developers, vius Programming Language ds Compiler dks .NET Framework ds fy, Redesign dj ldsaA tcfd CLI ds ,d Standard Specification ds :i esa Lo;a Microsoft us CLR (Common Language Runtime) uke dk Implementation Provide fd;k] tks fd Mono o DotGNU Portable.NET uke ds vU; Implementations ds lkFk vHkh Hkh Exist gSaA


35


C# in Hindi

blh rjg ls Microsoft }kjk Shared Source CLI (SSCLI) ,d vkSj Standard Specification Provide fd;k x;k] ftlds vk/kkj ij Rotor uke dk Implementation Define fd;k x;k vkSj ;s Implementation vHkh Hkh FreeBSD tSls Platform ds fy, Exist o Available gSA bl Discussion dk eryc ;s gS fd .NET Platform u dsoy Cross-Language Interoperability Allow djrk gS] cfYd fofHkUu Platform ds fy, ,d Common Programming Language esa Application Software Develop djus dh lqfo/kk Hkh nsrk gSA ;gka rd fd Mono }kjk Supported Moonlight Project, UNIX Based Platforms ds fy, Silverlight Applications Design djus dh lqfo/kk Hkh nsrs gSaA CLI ,d Virtual Execution System (VES) Define djrk gS] tks fd ,d Virtual Machine ;k Virtual Execution Engine gksrk gS] ftls irk gksrk gS fd fdl rjg ls Standards ds vk/kkj ij Codes dks Execute fd;k tk ldrk gSA CLI ij Run gksus okys Code ds Format dks Common Intermediate Language (CIL) dgrs gSa] tcfd CLI }kjk METADATA dk iz;ksx Application ds Code dks Describe djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA lkFk gh CLI, Create gksus okyh Assembly ds File Format dks Cross-Platform Compatibility ds fy, Hkh fuf”pr djrk gSA CLI ds ckn .NET Platform dh vxyh Layer dks Common Type System (CTS) dgk tkrk gSA .NET Platform dk ;s Part Cross-Platform Interoperability ds fy, ftEesnkj gksrk gS] D;ksafd .NET Platform dk ;s Part gh .NET Supported fofHkUu Programming Languages ds chp Share gksus okys Data Types ds Behavior dks r; djrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, .NET ls igys fofHkUu Programming Languages ds chp Code dk Transfer blfy, Hkh lEHko ugha gks ikrk Fkk] D;ksafd vyx&vyx Programming Languages esa muds Data Types dh Size o Data Types ds chp dksbZ Standard ugha gksrk FkkA mnkgj.k ds fy, dqN Programming Languages esa Integer dk Size 2 Byte gksrk Fkk rks dqN esa 4 Byte gksrk FkkA ,sls esa ,d Language dk Code ;fn nwljh Language esa Transport fd;k tkrk Fkk] rks Computer bl ckr dk Decision ysus esa iwjh rjg ls l{ke ugha gks ikrk Fkk fd og Integer dks 2 Byte dk ekurs gq, Code Conversion djs ;k 4 Byte dk ekurs gq,A ysfdu .NET Supported fofHkUu Programming Language ds fy, fofHkUu Data Types o mudk Size leku gksrk gS D;ksafd .NET Supported fofHkUu Programming Languages vius Data Type o muds Size ds fy, CTS ij fuHkZj gksrs gSa vkSj CTS, lHkh .NET Supported Programming Languages ds fy, leku Type o Size Provide djrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i muds chp Code Transfer gksuk lEHko gks tkrk gSA


36


C# in Hindi

vUr esa .NET Platform dh vfUre Layer, Common Language Specification (CLS) vkrk gS] tks fd Rules dk ,d lewg gksrk gS] ftl ij lHkh .NET Supported Programming Languages vk/kkfjr gksrh gSaA ;fn dksbZ Programming Language bl Specification ds lHkh Rules dks Follow djrk gS] rks ge ml Programming Language dks .NET Compliant Programming Language dgrs gSa] ftldk eryc ;s gksrk gS fd Current Programming Language vU; Programming Language ds lkFk Interact djus esa iwjh rjg ls l{ke gSA


37


C# in Hindi

CTS, CLS o vU; .NET Supported Programming Languages ds chp ds vkilh lEca/k dks ge mijksDr fp= }kjk csgrj rjhds ls le> ldrs gSa] tgka ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd CLS lHkh .NET Supported Programming Language ds Core ;k Center esa gSA ftldk eryc ;gh gS fd lHkh .NET Supported Programming Languages leku Language Specification ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSa] blfy, ,d nwljs ds Codes dks mi;ksx esa ys ldrs gSaA tcfd ;s lHkh .NET Supported Programming Languages Lo;a CTS dks Follow djrs gq, Cross-Language Interoperability dh {kerk izkIr djrs gSaA bruk gh ugha] .NET Framework }kjk Provide dh tkus okyh Base Class Library (BCL) dks Hkh blh rjg ls CLS Compliant cuk;k x;k gS] rkfd fdlh Hkh .NET Supported Programming Language }kjk bUgsa leku :i ls mi;ksx esa fy;k tk ldsA

CTS (Common Type System) Types gh og rjhdk gSa] ftuds vk/kkj ij CLR dke djrk gSA Types gh Define djrs gSa fd fofHkUu Programs o Libraries dks fdl izdkj ls Organize gksaxs vkSj buds Components vkil esa fdl rjg ls Interactions djsaxsA Assemblies okLro esa bu Types ds Container gh gksrs gSaA pwafd .NET lHkh .NET Supported Programming Languages dks leku ekurk gSA blfy, fdlh Class dks ;fn C# esa Define fd;k x;k gks] rks mlh Class dks mlh rjg ls ge VB.NET esa Hkh Define dj ldrs gSa vkSj ;s nksuksa Programming Languages ,d nwljs dh Classes ds Object Create dj ldrs gSaA bl izdkj dk Language Interoperability blhfy, lEHko gks ldrk gS D;ksafd fofHkUu .NET Supported Programming Languages, .NET Framework ds Common Type System ds vk/kkj ij Design fd, x, gksrs gSaA


38


C# in Hindi

bl CTS ds vUrxZr fofHkUu Programming Languages ftu Primary ;k Secondary Data Types dks Support djrs gSa] muds Type, Size o Structure vkfn Common rjhds ls Define fd, tkrs gSa vkSj lHkh dks Common rjhds ls Define djus dk dke .NET ds CTS Specification }kjk r; fd;k tkrk gSA Microsoft.NET fofHkUu izdkj ds Types dks Support djrk gS vkSj bl iqLrd esa ge mu lHkh Types ds ckjs esa foLrkj ls tkusaxsA ysfdu fQj Hkh ftu Types dks .NET Framework Supported lHkh Programming Languages dks Follow djuk gksrk gS] os Value Types, Reference Types o Pointer Types gSaA

CLR (Common Language Runtime) CLR gekjs .NET Framework dk lcls egRoiw.kZ Component gksrk gSA CLR gh .NET Framework Supported fdlh Programming Language esa fy[ks x, Codes dks Manage o Execute djus dk dke djrk gS vkSj CLR gh Bhd Java ds JVM dh rjg .NET Architecture dk vk/kkj gSA CLR gh fofHkUu Objects dks Activate djrk gS] mu ij Security Checks dks Perform djrk gS] mUgsa Memory esa Load djrk gS] Execute djrk gS vkSj Garbage Collector ds ek/;e ls Memory ls Unload djrk gSA

CLR Environment CLR .NET Infrastructure dk vk/kkj gksrk gS] tks fdlh .NET Application dks Execute djus ls lEcaf/kr fofHkUu t:jrksa dks iwjk djrk gSA CLR fdlh Hkh .NET Framework Application ds Execution dks Manage djrk gSaA CLR dks ge fuEu fp= }kjk Represent dj ldrs gSa%

tSlkfd bl fp= esa ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd Common Language Runtime ls Åij dh Layer ij fofHkUu .NET PE Files gSa] tks fd fofHkUu .NET Supported Programming Language esa Developed Applications dh .NET Assemblies ;k Deployment Units dks Represent djrk gSA CLR ,d Runtime Engine gksrk gS] tks fd fdlh .NET Application Program dks Execute djus ds fy, t:jh Classes dks Load djrk gS] ftu Methods dh t:jr gksrh gS] muds fy, Just-In-Time Compilation djrk gS] Security Checks dks Enforce djrk gS vkSj vU; Runtime Functionalities dks Accomplish djrk gSA


39


C# in Hindi

CLR Executables Microsoft .NET Executables vU; Windows Executables dh rqyuk esa FkksMk vyx gksrs gSa D;ksafd ;s Directly Native Code esa Convert ugha gksrs] cfYd okLro esa Intermediate Byte Code esa Convert gksrs gSa] ftlesa Executable Codes ds lkFk gh vU; Data o METADATA Hkh gksrs gSa] tks CLR dks bl ckr dk Instruction nsrs gSa fd .NET Programming Languages }kjk .NET Application dks Compile djus ij tks .EXE ;k .DLL File Generate gksrk gS] mls fdl rjg ls Execute djuk gSA

.NET Portable Executable (PE) File

.EXE ;k .DLL Windows Executable Files ,d Specific File Format Specification ds vk/kkj ij Create gksrs gSa] ftls PE File Format dgk tkrk gSA Windows Operating System dks irk gksrk gS fd bl File Format dks fdl izdkj ls Load o Execute djuk gSA blfy, dksbZ Hkh Compiler, tks fd Windows Executables Generate djuk pkgrk gS] mls PE/COFF Specification dks Follow djuk t:jh gksrk gSA Standard Windows PE Files ewy :i ls nks Hkkxksa esa Divided gksrh gSA igys Section esa PE/COFF Headers gksrk gS] tks fd PE File ds Content dks Refer djrk gSA tcfd nwljs Section ds :i esa Header Section, Current Application esa Used fofHkUu Images dh Information ds lkFk .data, .rdata, .rsrc o .text Sections dh Information dks Hkh Hold djrk gSA ;s nksuksa Sections fdlh Hkh Windows Executable ds Standard Sections gksrs gSa] ysfdu Microsoft ds C/C++ Compilers gesa pragma Statement dk iz;ksx djds PE File esa gekjk Lo;a dk Header Specify djus dh Hkh lqfo/kk nsrs gSaA bl izdkj ls Microsoft }kjk fdlh Normal PE Format esa Add fd, x, CLR Header o CLR Data Sections dks ge fuEu fp=kuqlkj csgrj rjhds ls Represent dj ldrs gSa%


40


C# in Hindi

tgka CLR Header ml Information dks Store djrk gS] tks bl ckr dks Indicate djrs gSa fd PE File ,d .NET Executable File gSA tcfd CLR Data Section esa METADATA o IL Code gksrs gSa vkSj ;s nksuksa gh bl ckr dks r; djrs gSa fd Current Application Program fdl izdkj ls Execute gksxkA

.NET Assemblies

.NET Framework ds vk/kkj ij Develop fd, x, lkjs .NET Applications ds Codes dks CLR }kjk gh Execute fd;k tkrk gS tks fd .NET Platform dk Runtime gksrk gSA ysfdu fdlh Code dks CLR ij Execute djus ds fy, bl Code dks bl izdkj ds Format esa Translate fd;k tkrk gS] ftls CLR Runtime le> lds vkSj bl Format dks CIL ;k Common Intermediate Language dgk tkrk gSA nwljs “kCnksa esa blh dks MSIL ;k flQZ IL Hkh dgk tkrk gSA tcfd tks Codes CLR ij Run gksrs gSa] mu Codes dks Managed Code dgk tkrk gS] D;ksafd ;s Codes ,sls Native Codes ugh gksrs] tks Directly Current Machine ds Microprocessor ij Execute gks ldsa] cfYd bUgsa Execute gksus ds fy, Additional Runtime Infrastructure dh t:jr gksrh gSA IL Instructions ds vykok CLR dks fdlh Application dks Execute djus ds fy, dqN METADATA dh Hkh t:jr gksrh gS] tks fd ml Application esa Use fd, x, Types ;k Classes ds Organization o Structure dks Describe djrs gSaA METADATA dks Use djus dh otg ls gesa gekjs Programs esa Header Files dks Include djus dh t:jr ugha jgrh] D;ksafd CLR dks Current Application Program ds Execution ds fy, ftu Type Information dh t:jr gksrh gS] mUgsa og METADATA ls izkIr dj ysrk gSA Assemblies dksbZ Single File gh gks] ,slk t:jh ugha gksrkA cfYd .NET Framework esa Multiple Assemblies Hkh gks ldrs gSa] tks fd ,d Single Module ds :i esa Compose gksrs gSaA nwljs “kCnksa esa dgsa rks .NET Application Deployment ds fy, Assembly ugha cfYd Module egRoiw.kZ gksrk gS] Hkys gh ml Module esa dsoy ,d gh Assembly D;ksa u gksA egRoiw.kZ ckr ;s Hkh gS fd ge Visual Studio dk iz;ksx djds Modules Create ugha dj ldrs] cfYd Modules Create djus ds fy, gesa .NET ds Command Line Tools dks Use djuk t:jh gksrk gSA .NET Framework Supported VisualBasic.NET o C# tSlh Static Programming Languages esa cus Programs dks Compile djus ij ;s .EXE ;k .DLL Assemblies ds :i esa Compile gks tkrs gSa] tks fd lHkh MSIL ;k IL rFkk METADATA ds Container gksrs gSaA .NET Supported Dynamic Programming Languages FkksMk vyx rjhds ls Behave djrs gSa] D;ksafd Dynamic Programming Languages lkekU;r% Scripting Language gksrs gSa] tks fd Compile ugha gksrs cfYd fcuk Compile gq, Runtime esa Separate Assembly ds :i esa Directly Load gks tkrs gSaA Runtime esa dbZ rjg dh Multiple Dynamic Languages dks Handle djus ds fy, ,d Common Format dh t:jr gksrh gS] tks fd bl izdkj dh Scripting Language ds Codes


41


C# in Hindi

dks Represent djrk gS vkSj Program ds Execution ds nkSjku CIL Instruction esa Translate djrk gSA bl izfØ;k dks ge fuEu fp= }kjk csgrj rjhds ls le> ldrs gSa%

Assemblies V/s Components COM Specification ds le; esa Microsoft Documentation esa fdlh COM Class ;k COM Module (DLL / EXE) dks Represent djus ds fy, Component “kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA tcfd .NET Framework esa blh Concept dks Assembly uke ls Refer fd;k tkrk gS] tks fd ,d Software Component gksrk gS vkSj ;s Software Component Bhd mlh rjg ls fd Software esa Plug and Play gksrk gS] ftl rjg ls dksbZ Hardware Component fdlh vU; Device esa Plug and Play gksrk gSA Theoretically ns[ksa rks ,d Assembly ,d izdkj ls COM Module ds Equivalent gh gSA ysfdu Practically ns[ksa rks ,d Assembly cgqr lkjs Types (Classes) o Physical Files ( .NET PE Files, Bitmap Files, etc… ) dks Refer djrk gS] ftudh t:jr CLR dks Runtime esa Application dks Successfully Run djus ds fy, gksrh gSA lkFk gh Assembly gh fdlh Application Program ds IL Code dks Host Hkh djrk gS o Assembly gh Versioning, Deployment, Security Management, Parallel or Side-by-Side Execution, Sharing o Reuse dks Hkh Handle djrk gSA ljy “kCnksa esa dgsa rks Assembly fdlh Application dk ,d Logical DLL ;k EXE gksrk gS tcfd MANIAFEST mlh Application dk Detailed Description ;kuh METADATA gksrk gS] ftlds lkFk Application ds Version, Use gksus okys Types, Resources vkfn dh tkudkjh Hkh gksrh gSA


42


C# in Hindi

.NET METADATA METADATA okLro esa fdlh Resource dk Machine-Readable Information gksrk gSA ;s Information Current Application Program ls lEcaf/kr fofHkUu izdkj dh Details Provide djrk gSA .NET esa METADATA ds vUrxZr Current Program esa Used Types (Classes) dh Type Definitions, Version Information, External Assembly References o vU; Standardized Information dks Store gksrh gSaA tc nks Components, Systems ;k Objects ,d nwljs ds lkFk fdlh rjg dk Interaction djuk pkgrs gSa] rc ;s t:jh gksrk gS fd nksuksa esa ls dksbZ ,d] nwljs ds ckjs esa dqN Specific ckrsa tkusA COM Specification esa bl Information dks Interface Specification ds uke ls tkuk tkrk Fkk] ftls Component Provider }kjk Implement fd;k tkrk Fkk o Component dks Use djus okys Developer }kjk Use fd;k tkrk FkkA ysfdu .NET esa bl t:jr dks METADATA ds ek/;e ls iwjk fd;k tkrk gSA

.NET MANIFEST – Assembly METADATA Assembly MANIFEST Hkh ,d METADATA gksrk gS] tks fd Assembly ds ckjs esa fofHkUu ckrsa Describe djrk gSA bl Metadata ds vUrxZr Assembly dh Unique Identity, Assembly esa Included dqy Files dh la[;k] External Assemblies dk Reference, Exported Types, Exported Resources o Permission Request vkfn ls lEcaf/kr Details gksrh gSa] ftudk mi;ksx .NET Platform }kjk Cross-Language Interoperability Provide djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ljy “kCnksa esa dgsa rks Component dks Plug and Play djus ds fy, ftruh Hkh Information dh t:jr gksrh gS] og Information bl MANIFEST esa miyC/k gksrh gS vkSj pwafd lkjh Information Assembly ds MANIFEST esa gh gksrh gS] blfy, Component ls lEcaf/kr fdlh Hkh tkudkjh dks Windows Operating System dh Registry esa Store djus dh t:jr ugha gksrh] tSlkfd COM Specification ds nkSjku gksrh FkhA

IL or MSIL Code fdlh Assembly esa IL Code ;kuh Current Application dks Compile djus ds ckn Generate gksus okyk Intermediate Language Code gksrk gS] ftls CLR Runtime esa Execute djrk gSA ;s IL Code lkekU;r% mu Types (Classes) dks Use djrk gS] ftUgsa leku Assembly esa Define fd;k x;k gksrk gS] ysfdu ;s fdlh vU; Assembly esa Stored fdlh vU; Type (Class) dks Hkh Refer dj ldrk gSA tc IL Code Current Assembly esa Exist fdlh Type dks Refer djuk pkgrk gS] rks mls dqN Hkh Special djus dh t:jr ugha gksrhA ysfdu tc Current Application dk Assembly fdlh vU; Assembly esa Stored fdlh Type (Class) dks Refer djuk pkgrk gS] rc mls Current Assembly esa ml External Assembly dk Reference Define djuk t:jh gksrk gSA


43


C# in Hindi

lkFk gh gj Assembly dk gesa”kk ,d Entry Point gksrk gS] ftls ge DllMain(), WinMain ;k Main() }kjk Refer djrs gSa vkSj gesa bl Rule dks gesa”kk Follow djuk t:jh gksrk gSA ;kuh ge dksbZ Hkh ,slk Assembly CLR ij Load djds Run ugh djok ldrs] ftlesa bu esa ls dksbZ Hkh Entry Point u gks] D;ksafd CLR tc Hkh fdlh Assembly dks Load djds Run djrk gS] og bUgha esa ls fdlh Entry Point dks Search djrk gS vkSj feyus okys Entry Point ls gh Code ds Execution dh “kq:vkr djrk gSA

Versioning .NET Framework esa ewy :i ls pkj rjg dh Assemblies gksrh gSa%

Static Assemblies ;s .NET PE Files gksrs gSa] tks fd ml le; Create gksrs gSa tc ge gekjs .NET Program dks Compile djrs gSaA Static Assemblies Create djus ds fy, ge C# ds csc.exe, C/C++ ds cl ;k VisualBasic.NET ds vbc.exe esa ls fdlh Hkh Compiler dks Use dj ldrs gSaA

Dynamic Assemblies ;s PE Formatted In-Memory Assemblies gksrh gSa] tks .NET Framework ds System.Reflection.Emit Namespace dh Classes dk iz;ksx djrs gq, Application ds Runtime esa Dynamically Create gksrh gSaA

Private Assemblies ;s os Static Assemblies gksrh gSa] ftUgsa fdlh Specific Application }kjk Use fd;k tkrk gSA

Public or Shared Assemblies ;s os Static Assemblies gksrh gSa] ftudk ,d Unique Shard Name gksuk t:jh gksrk gS vkSj bUgsa fdlh Hkh Application }kjk Use fd;k tk ldrk gSA

dksbZ Application fdlh Private Assembly dks Use djus ds fy, mlds Static Path dks Refer dj ldrk gS vFkok ,d XML-Based Application Configuration File ds ek/;e ls ml Private Assembly dks Refer dj ldrk gSA .NET esa Assembly og Smallest Unit gksrk gS] ftls ge ,d Version Number Associate dj ldrs gSa] ftldk Format fuEukuqlkj gksrk gS% <major_version>.<minor_version>.<build_number>.<revision>


44


C# in Hindi

Deployment pwafd fdlh .NET Application ds Assembly MANIFEST esa fdlh External Assembly dk Reference Information gksrk gSA lkFk gh ml External Assembly dk External Path o Version Information Hkh gksrk gS] blfy, vc gesa COM Specification dh rjg Current Application Version dh Information dks Windows dh Registry File esa Store/Retrieve djrs gq, Language Portability izkIr djus dh t:jr ugha gksrhA cfYd gekjs Component dk Version o Security Information Hkh gekjh Assembly ds MANIFEST esa Recorded jgrk gS] ftldk iz;ksx djds Current Application ds fy, CLR gesa”kk lgh Version ds Shared Assembly dks gh Load djrk gSA

Creating and Using Assemblies tc ge Visual Studio esa vFkok fdlh Text Editor ds ek/;e ls dksbZ .NET Program Create djds .EXE ;k .DLL File ds :i esa Compile djrs gSa] rks izkIr gksus okyh EXE/DLL File ,d Single-Module Assembly File gksrh gSA Single-Module Assembly Create djuk vklku gksrk gS D;ksafd bls Create djus dk dke Compiler Lo;a vius Lrj ij dj ysrk gSA ysfdu tc ge Multi-Module Assembly Create djuk pkgrs gSa] rc ge Visual Studio dk iz;ksx ugha dj ldrsA ml fLFkfr esa gesa Command Line Options gh Use djuk t:jh gksrk gSA Assembly Linker (al.exe) ,d ,slk gh Tool gS] ftldk iz;ksx Multi-Module Assembly Create djus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA fdlh Assembly dks Use djus ds fy, lcls igys gesa gekjs Code esa ml Assembly dks Import djuk gksrk gSA Assembly Import djus ds fy, gesa .NET Supported Programming Language ds Syntax dks Use djuk gksrk gSA tSls ;fn ge C# Programming Language Use dj jgs gSa] rks System uke dh Assembly dks Import djus ds fy, gesa fuEukuqlkj Using Statement Use djuk gksxk% using System; fQj viuk Program Create djus ds ckn tc ge gekjh Assembly dks Build djrs gSa ;kuh tc ge gekjs Program dks Compile djrs gSa] rc gesa gekjs Compiler dks crkuk gksrk gS fd ge fdl External Assembly dks Reference dj jgs gSaA ;gka Hkh ;fn ge C# Compiler Use dj jgs gSa] rks gesa fuEukuqlkj rjhds ls Command Line Parameters }kjk External Assembly dks Specify djuk gksrk gS% C:\compiler\path\>csc /r:system.dll hello.cs bl Compiler Statement esa ge hello.cs uke dh viuh C# Program File dks Compile dj jgs gSa] tcfd vius Program File esa geus System uke dh Assembly dks Import fd;k gS] blfy, Program Compile djrs le; geus “/r:” Option ds lkFk ml system.dll uke dh mlh External Assembly dks Reference fd;k gSA


45


C# in Hindi

How CLR Executes the .NET Assembly CLR esa cgqr lkjs Components gksrs gSa] tks fd .NET Assemblies ds Execution o Management dks Support djrs gSa] ysfdu ge bu lHkh dh Detail esa u tkdj dsoy Major Components ds ckjs esa gh ckr djsaxs] ftUgsa fuEu fp= }kjk le>k tk ldrk gS%

tSlkfd bl fp= esa ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd .NET PE File, CLR ds Top ij Run gksrk gSA ;kuh blh .NET PE File dks .NET Platform dk CLR Layer vius Virtual Execution Engine (VEE) esa Execute djrk gS] tks fd CLR ds Runtime ds fofHkUu Major Components dks Host djrk gSA

Class Loader tc ge fdlh Standard Windows Application dks Run djrs gSa] rks OS Loader ml Application dks rHkh Execute dj ldrk gS] tcfd Application igys ls Loaded gksA blfy, .NET Framework }kjk .EXE/.DLL Assembly ds :i esa tks Files Generate gksrh gSa] mUgsa Execute djus ds fy, Microsoft us .NET Runtime esa gh ,d OS Loader Create fd;k gS] tks tkurk gS fd .NET PE File Format dks fdl izdkj ls Load djds Handle djuk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i tSls gh ge fdlh .NET Application dks Run djrs gSa] Current Operating System ij Installed .NET Framework ds Platform dk OS Loader ml .NET Application dks Recognize djrk gS vkSj ml Application dk Control CLR dks Pass dj nsrk gSA


46


C# in Hindi

fQj CLR ml Application ds Code esa Entry Point dks Search djrk gS] tks fd WinMain(), Main() ;k DllMain() esa ls dksbZ ,d gksrk gS vkSj tSls gh mls Entry Point fey tkrk gS] CLR ml Application dk Execution Start dj nsrk gSA ysfdu blls igys blls igys fd Application dk Execution Start gks] CLR ds Class Loader Part dks Current Application ds ml Class dks Find djuk gksrk gS] ftlesa Entry Point (Main(), WinMain(), DllMain()) dks Specify fd;k x;k gS vkSj ml Class dks Search djds mls Load djuk gksrk gSA blh rjg ls tc Entry Point dh Class esa fdlh vU; Class dk Object Create fd;k tkrk gS] rc Hkh Class Loader Trigger gksrk gS vkSj ml Class dks Load dj nsrk gS] ftldk Object Create fd;k tk jgk gSA ;kuh iwjs Application Execution ds nkSjku tc Hkh dHkh fdlh Class dks ;k fdlh Type dks Reference fd;k tkrk gS] Class Loader Activate gksdj ml Class dks Load dj nsrk gS vkSj fdlh Hkh Application esa cgqr lkjh izdkj dh Classes o Types dks Reference fd;k tkrk gS] blfy, iwjs Application ds Life Cycle ds nkSjku Class Loader dbZ ckj Trigger gksrk gSA Class Loader dk eq[; dke ;gh gS fd og Current Code Line esa fdlh Reference dh xbZ Class dks Memory esa Load djrk gS vkSj Execute gksus ds fy, mls Prepare djrk gS vkSj Class Loader ;s dke Successfully dj lds] blls fy, Class Loader dks igys ml Target Class dks Locate djuk gksrk gSA Target Class dks Locate djus ds fy, Class Loader Current Application dh Current Directory esa Configuration File (.config), GAC o PE File ds METADATA o MANIFEST dks Search djrk gS vkSj bu esa ls tks Hkh ml Target Class File ds fo’k; esa Information Provide djrk gS] mls Use djrs gq, ml Class File dks Memory esa Load djds Execution ds fy, Prepare dj nsrk gSA ;gka ,d ckr fo”ks’k :i ls le>us okyh gS vkSj oks ;s gS fd dksbZ Class fdlh Particular Namespace esa Hosted gks ldrk gS] dksbZ Namespace fdlh Particular Assembly esa Hosted gks ldrk gS vkSj dksbZ Assembly fdlh Particulare Specific Version ls Associated gks ldrk gSA blfy, vyx&vyx Version, Assembly ;k Namespace esa leku uke dh Classes Exist gks ldrh gSa vkSj Current Application fdl Class dks Reference dj jgk gS] bldk irk yxkus ds fy, Class Loader, Current Application dh Current Directory esa Configuration File (.config), GAC o PE File ds METADATA o MANIFEST dks Search djrk gSA tc ,d ckj Class Loader dks Appropriate Target Class izkIr gks tkrh gS] rks Class Loader ml Class dh Information dks Cache Memory esa Store dj nsrk gS] rkfd ;fn blh Class dks fQj ls Load djus dh t:jr iMs] rks Class Loader ml Class dks Cache Memory ls gh izkIr dj ldsA


47


C# in Hindi

lkFk gh Class dks Cache Memory esa Store djds Class Loader bl ckr dk irk yxkrk gS fd Target Class ds Instance Object dks Create djds Load djus ds fy, fdruh Memory dh t:jr gksxhA tc ,d ckj Target Class Load gks tkrh gS] rks Class Loader, Loaded Class ds gj Method esa ,d Stub ;kuh dksbZ Mark Inject djrk gSA bl Injected Stub dks nks dkeksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, Use fd;k tkrk gSA

1 JIT Compilation dh Status dk irk blh Stub ls pyrk gSA 2 Managed o Unmanaged Codes ds chp Transition ds fy, blh Stub dks Use

fd;k tkrk gSA bl Point rd igqapus rd ;fn Class Loader }kjk Currently Loaded Class Lo;a fdlh vU; External Class dks Reference djrk gS] rks Class Loader ml External Referenced Class dks Hkh Load djus dh dksf”k”k djrk gSA tcfd ;fn Referenced Type igys ls gh Loaded gks] rks ml fLFkfr esa Class Loader dqN Hkh ugha djrkA vUr esa ;s Class Loader Appropriate METADATA dks Use djrs gq, Loaded Target Class ds Static Variables dks Initialize djrk gS vkSj Loaded Class dks Instantiate djrs gq, mldk Object Create djrk gSA

Verifier Scripting o Interpreted Languages esa dksbZ fuf”pr rjhdk ugha gksrk] ftlls Type ;k Class dk irk yxk;k tk lds vkSj lkekU;r% Scripting Languages gesa fcuk Variable dks Manually Declare fd, gq, Directly Define djrs gq, Use djus dh lqfo/kk Provide djrs gSaA blfy, tc ge .NET Framework dks Ruby tSlh fdlh Scripting Language }kjk Use djus dh dksf”k”k djrs gSa] rc bl izdkj ds Programs dks Manage o Maintain djuk dkQh eqf”dy gksrk gSA tcfd Scripting o Interpreted Languages dh rqyuk esa Compiled Languages esa fofHkUu Variables dks Use djus ls igys mUgsa Declare djuk t:jh gksrk gSA blfy, Compiler Based Programming Languages de Error Prone o T;knk Perfect rjhds ls Runtime esa Execute gksrs gSaA CLR ds bl Section }kjk Code Verification fd;k tkrk gS vkSj Code Verification djus dk iwjk Concept, Type Safety ij fuHkZj gSA Type Safety ,d ,slh izfØ;k gS] ftlesa bl ckr dks fuf”pr fd;k tkrk gS fd ftl fdlh Hkh Variable dks Application esa Use fd;k x;k gS] mls fdlh fuf”pr Type dk Declare Hkh fd;k x;k gSA .NET dk Type Safety Test Perform djus dk dke Verifier djrk gS vkSj Runtime esa Type Safety dks Verify djus ds ckn ;fn Code Execute gksus ds fy, Safe gksrk gS] rks og Code JIT Compiler ij tkrk gS vU;Fkk CLR ml Code dks Execute gksus ls jksd nsrk gSA


48


C# in Hindi

tc Class Loader fdlh Target Class dks Memory esa Load dj nsrk gS vkSj Class ds Load gksus ds ckn tc IL Code Execute gksus ds fy, rS;kj gksrk gS] mlls Just igys Verifier Trigger gksrk gS tks fd Execute gksus okys Code dks fuEu fLFkfr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij Verify djrk gS%

1 METADATA Well Formatted gS ;k ughaA 2 IL Code, Type Safe gSa ;k ughaA

;fn mijksDr nksuksa gh ckrsa Bhd gksa] ;kuh ;fn Currently Loaded Assembly dk METADATA Well Format esa gks rFkk Assembly dk IL Code, Type Safe gks ;kuh fofHkUu Type Signature fcYdqy lgh gksa] rks Current Assembly dk Code JIT Compilation ij Hksts tkus ;ksX; gksus ds fy, Verify gks tkrk gSA pwafd Verifiers, CLR ds JIT Compilers Part dk gh fgLlk gksrk gS] blfy, ;s dsoy rHkh Trigger gksrk gS] tc Class ds Method dks Invoke fd;k tkrk gS] u fd rc tc Class ;k Assembly Load gksrk gSA lkFk gh ;gka bl ckr dk Hkh /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd Verification ,d Optional Step gSA blfy, Trusted Code gesa”kk Directly JIT Compilers ij Compilation ds fy, Redirect gks tkrs gSaA

JIT Compilers .NET Platform esa JIT Compilers cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ Role Play djrs gSa D;ksafd lHkh .NET PE Files esa IL o METADATA Code gksrs gSa] Executable Native Code ughaA blfy, JIT Compilers gesa”kk bu IL Code dks Native Code esa Convert djus dk dke djrk gSa] rkfd Target Operating System mu Codes dks Execute dj ldsA gj og Method, tks fd CLR ds Verifier Stage dks Pass dj pqdk gksrk gS] mls CLR dk JIT Compiler Compile djds Managed Native Code esa Convert dj nsrk gSA Managed Native Code dh t:jr blfy, gksrh gS D;ksafd CLR dk vxyk Part, ftls Executing Support Components ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS] dsoy Manages Code dks gh Manage o Execute djrk gSA JIT Compilers dk ,d Advantage ;s gS fd ;s fdlh Target Machine ds fy, Optimized Code dks Dynamically Compile dj nsrk gSA ;kuh ;fn ge Same .NET PE File dks ,d 1-CPU Machine ls 2-CPU Machine ij ys tk,sa] rks ml 2-CPU Machine ds JIT Compiler dks ml nwljs CPU ds ckjs eas irk gksrk gS vkSj og Native Code dks nks fgLlksa esa Divide djds nwljs CPU dks Hkh Application Execution ds fy, mi;ksx esa ys ysrk gSA JIT Compilers dk nwljk eq[; Qk;nk ;s gS fd ge leku .NET PE File dks fdlh Hkh vU; .NET Platform ;k CLR Installed Operating System (Windows, Linux, Unix, MacOS, etc…) ij leku izdkj ls Run dj ldrs gSaA Optimization Reasons dh otg ls gj Method dk JIT Compilation ml le; dsoy ,d ckj gh gksrk gS] tc fdlh Method dks First Time Invoke fd;k tkrk gSA D;ksafd tSls gh fdlh Method dks Call fd;k tkrk gS] Class Loader mlesa ,d Stub Inject dj nsrk gS] ftlls tc


49


C# in Hindi

ge nqckjk mlh Method dks Call djrs gSa] rks CLR dks ml Method esa Stub feyrk gS] ftlls mls irk py tkrk gS fd ml Method dks igys Hkh Compile fd;k tk pqdk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i CLR dk JIT Compiler ml Method dks nqckjk Native Machine Code esa Convert ugha djrk cfYd Cache ls Retrieve dj ysrk gSA

Execution Support and Management tc ,d ckj JIT Compilation gks tkrk gS] rks mlds ckn CLR, Current .NET Application ds JIT Compilation }kjk Generate gksus okys fofHkUu Managed Codes dks Normal rjhds ls Execute djrk gSA tcfd CLR dk Code Manager uke dk fgLlk Managed Data dks Use djrs gq, Code ds Execution o Performance dks Handle djrk gSA lkFk gh ;fn dksbZ Error gks rks Exception Handling djrk gS vkSj tc fdlh Object dks dksbZ Code, Reference ugha dj jgk gksrk] rc ml Object dh Memory dks Release djrs gq, Garbage Collection Hkh djrk gSA buds vykok CLR vkSj Hkh dbZ rjg ds Execution-Support o Management Services Provide djrk gS] ftuds ckjs esa bl iqLrd esa Detail ls Discuss djuk u rks lEHko gS u gh t:jh gSA D;ksafd ;s iqLrd .NET Framework dh Working o Development ls lEcaf/kr ugha gS cfYd C# Programming Language ls lEcaf/kr gS vkSj D;ksafd fcuk .NET Framework o Platform dks le>s gq, ge .NET Applications cukus ds fy, C# Programming Language dks mi;qDr rjhds ls Use ugha dj ldrs] blfy, geus bl Chapter esa .NET Framework o Platform ds Fundamental dks le>rs gq, ;s tkuus dh dksf”k”k dh fd .NET Programs (.EXE/.DLL) D;k gksrs gSa vkSj dSls Run gksrs gSaA fQj Hkh vc ge .NET Framework dh iwjh Working dks fuEukuqlkj ,d Single fp= ds :i esa Represent dj ldrs gSa%

;s fp= bl ckr dks Represent dj jgk gS fd vyx&vyx Operating System o vyx&vyx Computer Architecture ij vyx&vyx .NET Framework Platform Installed gksus ij Hkh Create fd, x, Application Program }kjk leku izdkj dk .NET PE Format File Generate gksrk gS] ftlesa vxys fp= esa n”kkZ, vuqlkj fofHkUu Sections gksrs gSa%


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