c h a p t e r 24 the respiratory system powerpoint ® lecture slides prepared by jason lapres north...
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C h a p t e r
24
The Respiratory System
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres
North Harris CollegeHouston, Texas
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Introduction
Cells obtain oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide.
The respiratory system facilitates the exchange of gases between the air and the blood.
Blood carries oxygen to peripheral tissues. Blood accepts the carbon dioxide from
peripheral tissues.
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An Overview of the Respiratory System
The Respiratory System Includes the nose, nasal cavity and sinuses,
pharynx, larynx, trachea, and conducting passageways
The respiratory tract consists of the following: Conduction portion Respiratory portion
The respiratory bronchiles The alveoli
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An Overview of the Respiratory System
Functions of the Respiratory System Providing an area for gas exchange Moving air to and from the exchange surface Protecting respiratory surfaces Defending the respiratory system and other tissues
from invasion by pathogenic microorganisms Producing sounds involved in speaking, singing, or
nonverbal communication Assisting in the regulation of blood volume, blood
pressure, and the control of body fluid pH
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An Overview of the Respiratory System
Figure 24.1 Structures of the Respiratory System
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An Overview of the Respiratory System
Figure 24.2 Histology of the Respiratory Epithelium
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The Upper Respiratory System
Structures in the head are part of the upper respiratory system.
Nose Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses Pharynx
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The Upper Respiratory System
Figure 24.3a, b Respiratory Structures in the Head and Neck: (a) Anterior View (b) Head, Coronal Section
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The Upper Respiratory System
Figure 24.3c Respiratory Structures in the Head and Neck: (c) Head and Neck, Sagittal Section
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The Upper Respiratory System
Figure 24.3d Respiratory Structures in the Head and Neck: (d) Sagittal Section
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The Lower Respiratory System
Structures in the neck and thoracic cavity are parts of the lower respiratory system
Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli
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The Lower Respiratory System
Figure 24.4a, b, c Anatomy of the Larynx: (a) Larynx, Anterior View; (b) Larynx, Posterior View; (c) Posterior View of Laryngeal Cartilages
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The Lower Respiratory System
Figure 24.4d Anatomy of the Larynx: (d) Larynx, Sagittal Section
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The Lower Respiratory System
Figure 24.5 The Vocal Cords
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The Lower Respiratory System
Figure 24.6 Movements of the Larynx during Swallowing
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The Trachea
Also called the windpipe Walls contain cartilage rings Enters thoracic cavity anterior to esophagus Bifurcates at the carina
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The Primary Bronchi
Wall structure similar to tracheal wall One per lungThe right primary bronchus supplies the right
lung, and the left supplies the left lungRight has a larger diameter and descends
toward lung at steeper angle; easier for foreign objects to get lodged there
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The Primary Bronchi
Figure 24.7 Anatomy of the Trachea and Primary Bronchi
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The Lungs
Lungs are divided into lobes: 3 lobes on right: superior, middle, and inferior 2 lobes on left: superior and inferior
Bronchi branch out into smaller bronchioles. Bronchioles lead to alveoli.
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The Lungs
Figure 24.8a Superficial Anatomy of the Lungs (a) Thoracic Cavity, Anterior View
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The Lungs
Figure 24.8b Superficial Anatomy of the Lungs: (b) The Right and Left Lungs
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The Lungs
Figure 24.9 Bronchi and Bronchioles
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The Lungs
Figure 24.10a The Bronchial Tree and Divisions of the Lungs: (a) Bronchial Divisions and Bronchopulmonary Segments
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The Lungs
Figure 24.10b The Bronchial Tree and Divisions of the Lungs: (b) Bronchopulmonary Segments of Left and Right Lungs
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The Lungs
Figure 24.10c The Bronchial Tree and Divisions of the Lungs: (c) Bronchogram
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The Lungs
Figure 24.10d The Bronchial Tree and Divisions of the Lungs (d) The Bronchial Tree
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The Lungs
Figure 24.11a Bronchi and Bronchioles (a) Components of a Lung Lobule
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The Lungs
Figure 24.11b, c Bronchi and Bronchioles: (b, c) Histology of the Lung
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The Lungs
Figure 24.12 Alveolar Organization
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The Lungs
Figure 24.16 Results of Dorothy’s MRI
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The Pleural Cavities and Pleural Membranes
Parietal pleura lines the pleural cavity. Visceral pleura covers the lungs. Pleural fluid causes membranes to stick
together but still slide on one another.
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The Pleural Cavities and Pleural Membranes
Figure 24.13 Anatomical Relationships in the Thoracic Cavity
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Respiratory Muscles and Pulmonary Ventilation
Inspiratory muscles Diaphragm External intercostal muscles
Expiratory muscles Usually not needed due to elastic recoil of lungs and
thoracic cavity Accessory respiratory muscles
Inspiration Sternocleidomastoid, serratus anterior, pectoralis minor,
and scalene muscles Expiration
Transversus thoracis, oblique, and rectus abdominis muscles
Internal intercostal musclesCopyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Respiratory Muscles and Pulmonary Ventilation
Figure 24.14 Respiratory Muscles
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Respiratory Muscles and Pulmonary Ventilation
Figure 24.15 Respiratory Centers and Reflex Controls
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Aging and the Respiratory System
Elastic tissue deteriorates, reducing the lungs’ ability to inflate and deflate.
Movements of the rib cage are restricted by arthritic changes.
Some degree of emphysema is normally found in individuals age 50–70.
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