c h 10 h eat pgs. 357 - 386. p hase c hange calorimetry only works when substances do not change...
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CH 10 HEATpgs. 357 - 386
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PHASE CHANGECalorimetry only works when
substances do not change phase
Phase change – the physical change of a substance from one state to another at constant pressure
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PHASE CHANGEPhase changes involve potential
energy between particlesThe farther apart the particles are,
the more potential energy is present
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PHASE CHANGE Bonds can be broken by particles
moving far away from each other
Bonds can be formed by particles moving closer together
Decreasing the Potential Energy by moving from high potential energy (large separation) to low potential energy (small separation) will Increase the Kinetic Energy
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HEAT OF FUSION (LF)
Units of J/kgEnergy required to melt a substance
goes into rearranging the moleculesHeat of Fusion – the energy per unit
of mass transferred to change a substance from liquid to solid or solid to liquid at constant temperature and pressure
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HEAT OF FUSION (LF)
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HEAT OF VAPORIZATION (LV)
Units of J/kgEnergy required to vaporize a
substance mostly goes into separating the molecules
Heat of Vaporization – the energy per unit of mass transferred to change a substance from liquid to vapor or vapor to liquid at constant temperature and pressure
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HEAT OF VAPORIZATION (LV)
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LATENT HEAT (L)More energy is required to
vaporize a mass of substance than to melt it
Heat of Vaporization is greater than Heat of fusion
Latent Heat – energy per unit mass that is transferred during a phase change of a substance (both heat of vaporization and heat of fusion)
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LATENT HEAT (L)Units of J/kg
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CONTROLLING HEATThermal Conduction – energy is
transferred as heat between objects through contact
Thermal Conductors – substances that rapidly transfer heat
Thermal Insulators – substances that slowly transfer heat
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CONTROLLING HEATConvection – transfer of heat
through the displacement of cold matter by hot matterInvolves pressure differences,
conduction and buoyancyElectromagnetic Radiation –
reducing internal energy by radiating electromagnetic radiationDoes NOT involve matter
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CLOTHING AND CLIMATE
Cold Climates Without proper insulation, the body
will try to reach equilibrium with its surroundings
Hypothermia – lower pulse, blood pressure, respiration
Insulating materials retain energy for cold climates
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CLOTHING AND CLIMATE
Hot Climates Evaporation aids energy transfer in hot
climates Heat exhaustion or heat stroke will
result if the body’s temperature becomes too high
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How much energy is removed when 10.0 g of water is cooled from steam at 133.0°C to liquid at 53.0°C?
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How much energy is removed when 10.0 g of water is cooled from steam at 133.0°C to liquid at 53.0°C?