byzantines, russians, and turks interact, 500–1500 quit chapter overview time line visual summary...

Byzantines, Russians, and Turks Interact, 500–1500

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SECTION Byzantium Becomes the New Rome1

SECTION Russians Adapt Byzantine Culture2

SECTION Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia3

11CHAPTER

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Chapter Overview

The Roman Empire splits in two and the Byzantine Empire develops in the East. Through trade, Byzantine ideas influence the culture and religion of Russia. Turks adopt Islam and set up an empire in Persia and the eastern flank of Byzantium. Christians and Muslims battle during the Crusades. Mongol invaders bring down the Turks.

11CHAPTER Byzantines, Russians,

and Turks Interact, 500–1500

527 Justinian becomes ruler of Byzantine Empire.

850s Byzantine culture spreads to Russia.

1054 Christianity splits into Roman Catholic and Orthodox branches.

1240 Kiev destroyed by Mongols.

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500 1500

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1480 Ivan III ends Mongol control of Russia.

Byzantines, Russians, and Turks Interact, 500–1500

The Byzantine Empire, or new Rome, develops in the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire. The emperor of the new Rome builds up eastern culture. The Church splits into the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches.

OverviewOverview AssessmentAssessment

Key Idea

Byzantium Becomes the New Rome

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MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

Constantinople ruled an eastern empire that survived for over a thousand years.

Byzantine culture deeply influenced Orthodox Christianity, a major branch of modern Christianity.

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AssessmentAssessment

• Justinian Code

• Hagia Sophia

• patriarch

• icon

• iconoclast

• excommunication

• schism

• Cyrillic alphabet

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List Justinian’s accomplishments as emperor of the New Rome.


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Section 1 Assessment

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Conquered most of Italy and parts of Spain

Established Justinian Code

Rebuilt Constantinople’s fortifications

Built aqueducts, courts, schools, hospitals

Encouraged trade, education

Rebuilt the Hagia Sophia Justinian

Enlarged his palace

2. Why do you think Justinian decided in the late 520s that it was the right time to reform Roman law? THINK ABOUT

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1 Assessment

• the situation of the empire • the role of laws in societies • the state of Roman laws before reform

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• The Byzantine Empire had a separate government and character from that of the West. It needed its own organized system of laws to regulate life in this new era.

• Roman law was disorganized and contradictory and so needed reform.

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3. Do you think the differences between the Eastern and Western churches could have been reconciled before the Church split? Why?

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ANSWERANSWER

Yes—Both sides could have united over the icon issue.

No—Differences in beliefs about divorce and marriage for priests might have been too deep for compromise.

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End of Section 1

Russian culture develops from a blending of Slavic and Viking peoples. Through trade, Greek Byzantine culture influences Russian culture. Before the Mongol invasions, Kiev is the center of Russian culture. Eventually, Moscow becomes the dominant cultural center.


Key Idea

Russians Adapt Byzantine Culture

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Russia grew out of a blending of Slavic and Byzantine cultures with Eastern Orthodox traditions.

The early history of Russia separated it from the West, causing mutual misunder-standings that still exist today.

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• Slavs

• boyars

• Olga

• Vladimir

• Yaroslav the Wise

• Alexander Nevsky

• czar


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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Explain the effects of Mongol rule in Russia.


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Nobles Church PeopleMoscow Princes

Collected tribute;put down revolts

Tolerated by Mongols; acted as link between Mongols andRussians

Paid high taxes;developed a devotion to icons

Became taxcollectors forMongols; gained control of smallstates aroundMoscow


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2. How did Vladimir’s conversion to Christianity affect the citizens, society, and government of Kiev? THINK ABOUT


• the laws he passed • the customs he encouraged • the policies he followed

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• Vladimir’s subjects were required to convert to Christianity.

• Byzantine teachers taught religion to the Kievans.

• The prince became head of the Church in Kiev.

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3. The Mongols were fierce conquerors, and their rule cut Russia off from the rest of the world. Even so, their policies helped to pull Russia together as a territory. How? THINK ABOUT


• Mongol policies in Russia • the Church’s attitude toward the Mongols • the role and power of the nobility

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• Independent principalities were unified.

• Russian religion and culture were preserved.

• The Church sanctioned Mongol rule, thus giving its approval to the new unified territory.

• The nobility retained some authority.

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Nomadic Turks known as Seljuks capture Baghdad from the Persians. The Turks and Persians form a strong bond because of the Turks’ support of Persian culture. A lack of leadership, the Crusades, and Mongol invasions bring an end to the Seljuk Empire.


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Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia

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Turkish people converted to Islam and founded new empires that would renew Muslim civilization.

In the 20th century, the collapse of the Turkish empire left ethnic and religious hostilities that still affect the world.

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• mamelukes

• Seljuks

• vizier

• Malik Shah

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List several events in the last 200 years of the Abassid Empire.


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756 Spainbreaksaway.

788Moroccobreaks away.

800Tunisiabreaksaway.

809Parts ofPersiaare lost.

868Abbasidslose controlof Egypt.

945Baghdadfalls to Persians.

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ANSWERANSWER

• The Turks looked to the Persians for religious and cultural guidance.

• The Turks adopted the language and customs of the Persians.

• Persians held powerful offices in the Turkish government.

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2. In what ways would it be accurate to say that the Persians actually won over their Turkish conquerors?THINK ABOUT

• religion • culture • political influence

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ANSWERANSWER

• Abbasids—Made Baghdad their capital; mamelukes gained power over Abbasid caliphs.

• Persians—Captured Baghdad in 945; caliph lost political power to the sultan.

• Seljuks—Captured Baghdad in 1055; supported Persian culture

• Mongols—Occupied Baghdad in 1258; burned down the caliph’s palace and executed the last caliph

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3. Between Abbasid and Mongol rule, Baghdad was occupied and governed by four different powers—Abbasids, Persians, Seljuks, and Mongols. Summarize important events and features of those occupations.

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