by: milana bernasek rn. know at least three components of the immune system describe at least two...
TRANSCRIPT
BY: MILANA BERNASEK RN
Know at least three components of the immune system
Describe at least two cells in the immune system and how they respond to infectious agents
Identify factors that influence the immune response to infectious agents
The spleen-A staging ground and place where immune system cells confront foreign microbes.
The Lymphatic System-(1)Lymphatic vessels form a circulatory system that operated in close partnership with blood circulation. (2) carries lymph, a fluid that contains WBC’s (chiefly lymphocytes). And (3) lymph nodes provide “meeting grounds”.
Arise in bone marrow Myeloid progenitor cells develop into cells
that respond early and nonspecifically to infection
Lymphoid progenitor cells develop into lymphocytes
Mononuclear WBC’s produced in bone marrow
Two major classes:B cells (mature in bone marrow, produce antibodies and part of antibody-mediated immunity.T cells(mature in Thymus, coordinate entire immune response and eliminate viruses hiding in infected cells, Attack and destroy, Responsible for cell mediated (cellular) immunity.
Substance, molecule, or agent (such as bacterium or virus) that triggers an immune response
Recognized by immune system as foreign
Produced to target a specific antigen When they combine with antigens, can
activate a cascade of proteins (complement)
Complement works with antibodies to destroy foreign invaders
Physical/mechanical barriers Innate immune system Adaptive (acquired) immune system
Skin-first line defense Flushing-tears, saliva, micturation, peristalsis Acid contents of stomach; bile salts Cilia action of lung and cough reflex Mucous membranes Inflammatory response and phagocytosis
(see the video of phagocyte engulfing Aspergillus & Candid conidia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/file:s1-Polymorphonuclearcellswithconidiainliquidmedia.ogg.
Fever
1. Vascular phase2. Cellular phase3. Healing phase
Mechanical response Pathogenic organisms survive best at
normal body temperature Immune system can kill pathogens by
slightly raising body’s temperature Negative aspect
◦ Release of cytokines that produce harmful effects
Cellular barriers◦ Leukocytes involved◦ Do not confer long lasting immunity◦ Identify and eliminate pathogens
Complement Complex linear protein molecule Called an “effector” molecule
Leukocytes (WBC’s) Neutrophils Phagocytes Basophiles Eosinophils
Humoral Cell mediated Lymphocytes involved Two types
Macrophage attracted to/ingests foreign antigen
Antigenic proteins cleaved: fragments appear on surface of macrophage
T cell sees macrophage with antigenic protein on surface and stimulates B cell
Stimulated B cell divides and makes plasma cells; plasma cells make antibodies
Note: takes approx. 3 weeks after exposure for detectable antibodies to appear in the blood
IgM-current disease; first at site of initial exposure
IgG-first with subsequent exposure IgA-secreted on mucous membranes IgE-allergic reactions IgD-short-lived; cord blood
Note: A mnemonic to remember:◦ IgM=I’ve got it and I’m making it◦ IgG=I got it and it’s Gone
Genetic deficiencies Drugs Cancer Viral infections Malnutrition Stress Iatrogenic factors
The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues and organs that work together to defend the body against attacks by “foreign” invaders
When the immune system hits the wrong target or is crippled, it can unleash a torrent of diseases, including allergy, arthritis and AIDS
EPI 201◦ Craig CG. Microbial Pathogenicity and Host
Response In: Chapter 14, APIC text of Infection Control and Epidemiology, 3rd ed.
◦ http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer/immunesystem (National Cancer Institute. The Immune System
◦ http://www.nlaid.nih.gov/topics/immunesystem/pages/default.aspx (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious diseases. The Immune System)