by: melissa montes, annalise castner, and jessica roesgen
TRANSCRIPT
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CH. 32 SKELETAL, MUSCULAR, AND
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEMS
By: Melissa Montes, Annalise Castner, and Jessica Roesgen
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32.1 Skeletal System
The skeleton supports the body, protects internal organs, assists movements, stores minerals, and is a site of blood cell formation.
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The Skeleton
There are 206 bones in the adult body. The 2 types of skeleton systems areAxial skeleton: this supports the central axis
of the body. It consist of the skull the vertebral column and the rib cage.
Appendicular skeleton: The bones of the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder area.
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BonesBones are a solid network of living cells and
protein fibers are surrounded by deposits of calcium salts.
Structure of bonesNerves and blood vessels run through out
compact bone in channels called Haversian canals.
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Structure of Bones
Long bones are surrounded by a tough layer of connective tissue called periosteum.
Bones are cavities that contain a soft tissue called bone marrow.Yellow marrow: contains mostly fatRed marrow: produces blood cells
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Development of bones Cartilage: type of connective tissue that is
soft, strong, and flexible that supports the body.Ossification: process were cartilage is replaced
by boneOsteoblasts: secrete mineral deposits that
replace cartilage in developing bonesOsteocytes: help maintain the minerals in bone
tissue and continue to strengthen the growing bone
Osteoclasts: cells that break down bone minerals
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Joints Joints contain connective
tissue that holds bone together. Joints permit bones to move without damaging each other
Types of Joints: Immovable- cranium and
sacrumSemi-moveable- vertebrae Freely moveable- ball and
socket, pivot, hinge, and saddle.
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Structure of Joints
Ligaments: hold bones together in a joint and are attached to the membrane that surround bones.Bones are held together by
ligaments
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32.2 Muscular system
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Muscle Tissue
There are three different types of muscle tissue:Skeletal- attaches to and moves bones;
voluntarySmooth- controls breathing, digestive
system; involuntaryCardiac- muscles only found in the heart;
voluntary
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Muscles and Movement Muscles are joined to bones by connective
tissues called tendons Skeletal muscles generate force and
produce movement by pulling on body parts as they contract
Muscles work in pairs, one contracts and the other relaxesFlexor contracts when bone angle is decreasedExtensor contracts when angle between bones
increases
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32. 3 Skin-The Integumentary System
The integumentary system serves as a barrier against infection and injury, helps to regulate body temperature, removes waste from the body, gathers information, and produces Vitamin D
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Integumentary System Structures Skin and its related structures-the hair,
nails, and several types of glands-make up the integumentary system.
Epidermis: outer layer of the skin Outer layer is dead skin, inner layer are living
cells Keratin: tough fiber that causes
waterproofing Melanocytes: cells that produce brown
pigment called melanin
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Dermis
The dermis lies beneath the epidermis and contains the protein collagen, blood vessels, nerve endings, glands, sensory receptors, and hair follicles.Forms finger prints
Sebaceous glands: secrete an oily substance called sebem that is released at the surface of the skin
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Skin Problems
Acne: develops when sebem and dead skin cells form plugs in hair follicles
Hives: Allergic reactions to food or medicine often display themselves as red welts.
Skin Cancer: Excessive exposure to ultra violet radiation in sunlight and artificial radiation from tanning beds can produce an abnormal growth of cells in the skin