by dr. amr s. moustafa, md, phd. understand the concept of metabolic pathway identify types &...
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Metabolism: Anabolism and Catabolism
ByDr. Amr S. Moustafa, MD, PhD
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Understand the concept of metabolic pathway
Identify types & characters of metabolic pathways- anabolic and catabolic
Identify ATP as the energy currency of cells
Objectives
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All the chemical reactions taking place inside a cell are collectively known as METABOLISM
Metabolism consists of:energy consuming (anabolic) pathways
energy producing (catabolic) pathways
Metabolism
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Pathway Vs Chemical ReactionMetabolic Pathway: A multi-step sequence of chemical reactions
A product of first reaction becomes a substrate for second reaction
Integrated pathways: Metabolism
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Glycolysis, an example of a metabolic pathway
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Different pathways can intersect, forming an integrated and purposeful network of chemical reactions “The Metabolic Map”
Metabolic Map
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Most pathways can be classified
catabolic anabolic
Note: Pathways that regenerate a component are called cycles
Classification
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Catabolic Pathways
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Anabolic Pathways
Precursor molecules into complex molecules
Endergonic reactions require ATP
Divergent process
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Catabolism Vs Anabolism
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Comparison of catabolic and anabolic pathways
Anabolic Catabolic
Simple to complex molecules
Endergonic
Involves reductions
Requires NADPH
Divergent process
Complex to simple molecules
Exergonic
Involves oxidations
Requires NAD+
Convergent process
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Amphi = Dual, amphibolic: dual pathway
For example,Krebs cycle is mainly a catabolic cycle, but with some anabolic features,
e.g., part of Krebs cycle is used for the synthesis of glucose from amino acids
Therefore, Krebs cycle is amphibolic
Amphibolic Pathways
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ATP + H2O ADP +Pi
The free energy liberated in the hydrolysis of ATP is used to drive the endergonic reactions
ATP is formed from ADP and Pi when fuel molecules are oxidized
This ATP-ADP cycle is the fundamental mode of energy exchange in biological systems
Energy Currency: ATP
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Δ Gº -7.3 kcal/mol/bond
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Oxidation-Reduction in Metabolism
E-rich compounds e.g.,
Oxidation
E-rich
reduced coenzymes
ETC
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Oxidation/Reduction
Oxidation:Loss of hydrogenLoss of electrons
Reduction:Gain of hydrogenGain of electrons
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NAD+/ NADH
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Regulation of Metabolism
Intracellular signals:Substrate availabilityProduct inhibitionAllosteric activators
Intercellular communications:Chemical signaling (hormones):
Second messengercAMP, cGMPCa/phosphatidylinositol
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Carbohydrates & lipids (mainly) and proteins (little extent) are used for energy production
These are- glucose, fatty acids and amino acids
Glucose is the major metabolic fuel of most tissues
Metabolic Fuel
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Metabolism is the sum of all biochemical pathways that occur inside the cells.
A metabolic pathway is a multistep sequences of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
Take Home Message-1
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Catabolism is a convergent process that provides energy to cells in the form of ATP.
Anabolism is a divergent process that consumes energy for the synthesis of complex molecules.
Metabolic pathways are tightly regulated and highly integrated.
Take Home Message-2
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ATP is the energy currency of the cells
Take Home Message-3
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Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Non-protein mobile carrier
Electron transport and ATP synthesis are tightly coupled processes
Figure For Illustra
tion only
Sites for ATP Synthesis