by chunyan shao (shandong university). next lesson william faulkner a rose for emily presentation:...
TRANSCRIPT
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Lesson 2 Marrakech -George Orwell
By Chunyan Shao (Shandong University)
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Next Lesson
William Faulkner
A Rose for EmilyPresentation: William Faulner
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The next lesson
Disappearing through the skylight
Picasso, John Miro, Dada, Surrealism, etc.
Cars: Ford, Volkswagon, etc.
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Class Organization
1. Presentation: Funerals in different cultures
2. Introduction: Exposition3. Text Organization4. Pre-Discussion: Four words that sum
up the text5. Text Analysis and Language Points6. Text Appreciation and Writing Strate
gies7. Discussion8. Exercises9. Assignment(s)
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Suggested topics for presentation
George OrwellMarrakechColonialism The JewsThe MuslimsThe ArabsThe funeral in different cultures
(Traditional Chinese, Islamic, Christian, Buddhist, Hindus)
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Introduction: exposition
Purpose: To inform or explainA thesis: the statement of the central
thoughtOrganization: ---Thesis first---supporting ideas --- presenting facts---conclusion of
the thesisMethods: comparison, contrast,
analogy, identification, illustration, analysis, definition, etc.
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Text Organization
Part I (1-3) The life and death of the colonial people
Part II (4-7) The gazelle and the Arab navvy
Part III (8-15) The plight of the JewsPart IV (16-18) The invisibility of the
peoplePart V (19-21) The firewood bearing
woman and the donkeyPart VI (22-24) The Negro soldierPart VII (25-26) The reflection of a
white man
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Pre-Discussion
Pick out FOUR KEY WORDS which you think best generalize the text and explain why these words can summarize the thesis.
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Four words
Poverty, misery, invisibility, reflection
Colonial empire, backbreaking, invisibility, sorry
Nameless, invisibility, plight, cattleDisrespect, misery, colonization,
unfairRags, invisibility, colonial, cattleSuffer, obedient, discrimination,
egoismBackward, unfairness, discrimination,
religion
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Four words
Poor, Jews, overloading, invisiblePoverty, conflict, invisibility,
ignoranceFlies, ghetto, invisibility, kiddingShabby, poverty, invisibility,
enslavementNameless, prejudice, apathy,
miserablePoor, misery, invisibility, corruptionPoverty, invisibility, discrimination,
slavishness
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Paragraph 1: Analysis
One sentence opening paragraph.Why does the author mention the
flies in particular?What do flies imply here?The unsanitary condition?Back to the table?The dead body with the flies?The value of a human being?
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Paragraph 2: Analysis
How do people bury the dead? Little crowd of mourners, thread their way, wail
a short chant over and over again, the flies, coffin, merely wrapped in a piece of rag, carried on a rough wooden bier, the burying ground, hack an oblong hole a foot or two deep, dump the body, fling over it a little of the dried up, lumpy earth, gravestone, name, identifying mark, a huge waste of hummocky earth, derelict building lot
What do these words reveal about the people there?
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Paragraph 2: Language pointsMourn--To feel or express grief or
sorrowThread their way across--To make
one's way cautiously throughPomegranates--[植 ]石榴Wail--To lament over; bewailChant--A canticle or prayer sung or
intoned in this mannerAppeal to: To be attractive or
interestingCoffin--An oblong box in which a
corpse is buried
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Paragraph 2: LP (continued) Bier--A stand on which a corpse or a coffin
containing a corpse is placed before burial. Hack--To cut or chop with repeated and irregular
blows Oblong--Having the shape of or resembling a
rectangle or an ellipse Foot--0.3048 meter Hummocky--A low mound or ridge of earth; a knoll. Derelict--Deserted by an owner or keeper;
abandoned. Lot--A piece of land used for a given purpose,
parking lot
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Word-Formation
Burying ground = verbal noun (verb+-ing) + noun
Drinking fountain, carving knife, fitting room, cooking oil, baking needs, frying pan, swimming pool, dining hall
Gravestone = noun + nounWindow pane, river bed, sunbeam,
book worm, torch light.
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Paragraph 3: Analysis
How many “you”, “your” or “yourselves” does the author use in this paragraph?
How many “they”, “their”, “them” or “themselves” does the author use?
Is he dividing people into “you” and “them”? Are you standing opposite to them?
What does the choice of pronouns imply?
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Paragraph 3: Analysis
It is always difficult to believe that you are walking among human beings.
Why?All colonial empires are in reality
founded upon this fact.All the imperialists build up their
empires by treating the people in the colonies like animals.
What do the rhetorical questions indicate?
What does the last sentence mean?
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Paragraph 3: LP
Two hundred thousand inhabitants of whom at least twenty thousand own literally nothing except the rags they sand up in
Inhabit--To live or reside in Inhabitant--One that inhabits a place, Literally--Really; actually. especially as
a permanent resident --There are people in the world who
literally do not know how to boil water. Yesterday, I have met all those
students to whom this novel appeals.
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Paragraph 3: LP
Undifferentiated--not having any distinguishing features
Coral--珊瑚 , 珊瑚虫 Mound--A pile of earth, gravel, sand,
rocks, or debris heaped for protection or concealment.
Break your way through Prickly--Having prickles. Bumpy--Covered with or full of bumps Underfoot—1) Below or under the foot
or feet; against the ground; 2)Hindering progress; in the way
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Paragraphs 4-5: LP
Gazelle--[动 ]瞪羚 Hindquarter--The posterior portion of a
side of beef, lamb, veal, or mutton, including a hind leg and one or two ribs.
Hindquarters--The posterior part of a quadruped, adjacent to the hind legs
Nibble--To eat with small, quick bites or in small morsels
Butt--To hit or push against with the head or horns; ram
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Paragraphs 4-5: paraphrase
One can hardly look at their hindquarters without thinking of a mint sauce.
It is hard for one not to think of the sauce with which one eats gazelle when one sees the hind legs (which indicate the meat) of the gazelle.
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Paragraphs 4-5: paraphrase
Probably the idea was that if it could drive me away the bread would somehow remain hanging in mid-air.
The gazelle did not like me. It might be thinking that even if it drove me away, the bread would still be there. That might be why it was pushing me with its head.
Mid-air: half-brother, grandmother, darkroom, double check, supermarket
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Paragraphs 6-7: Analysis
The navvy: sidle, quiet amazement, shyly
Amazement: a phenomenon that one has never seen.
“I could eat some of that bread.”Navvy--A laborer, especially one
employed in construction or excavation projects
Hoe--锄头Sidle--To move sideways
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Paragraphs 6-7: Analysis
How did the navvy store the bread? --stow, gratefully, secret place
Stow--To store for future useMunicipality--A body of officials
appointed to manage the affairs of a local political unit
What about the people who have no jobs?
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Paragraph 8: Analysis
What was the Jews’ living environment like?
Medieval ghetto, restricted area, overcrowding, less than six feet wide, completely windowless, sore-eyed children, cluster, unbelievable numbers, clouds of flies. Generally running a little river of urine
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Paragraph 8: Paraphrase
After centuries of this kind of treatment they have ceased to bother about overcrowding.
The Jews were forced to live in such environment for so many years that they expected nothing better and have got used to this kind of situation.
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Paragraph 8: LP
Ghetto--A section or quarter in a European city to which Jews were formerly restricted
Moor--A member of a Moslem people of mixed Berber and Arab descent, now living chiefly in northwest Africa.
Restrict--To keep or confine within limits Overcrowd-To crowd together excessively Overload (p. 20) Sore-eyed--having sore eyes; suffering from
pinkeye or conjunctivitis Cluster-To gather or grow into bunches Urine--The waste product secreted by the kidneys
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Paragraph 9: Analysis
What is their working environment like?
Dark fly-infested booths, cavesThe carpenter?At his side his grandson, aged six,
already starting on the simpler parts of the job.
What does this indicate?
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Paragraph 9: LP
Bazaar--A market consisting of a street lined with shops and stalls, especially one in the Middle East.
Skull-cap--A light, close-fitting, brimless cap sometimes worn indoors
Infest--To inhabit or overrun in numbers large enough to be harmful, threatening, or obnoxious
Booth--A small enclosed compartment with a window, used to separate the occupant from others
Lathe-车床 Work-To cause to operate or function; actuate, use, or
manage Chisel--凿子 Thanks to--On account of; because of Warp--To turn or twist (wood, for example) out of shape
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Paragraph 10:The riot a cigarette arouses
Dark holes, all around, frenzied rush, old grandfather, flowing grey beard, a blind man, back, crawling out, groping, use up
The contrast between the work and the cigarette
More than 12 hours, cigarette a luxury that they could not afford.
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Paragraph 10: LP
Coppersmith--One that works or manufactures objects, especially utensils, in copper
Instantly--At onceFrenzy--A state of violent mental
agitation or wild excitementClamour--To make a loud, sustained
noise or outcryLook on as--To regard in a certain
way as
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Paragraph 11-14: Analysis
A good job Hitler wasn’t here. It was lucky for the Jews that Hitler
did not come to their place. If he had, he would have exterminated them as he did to the Jews in other places.
What do the quotations indicate about other people’s attitude towards the Jews?
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Paragraph 15: Paraphrase
The Jews were condemned in the same way as some poor old women who could not get themselves a decent meal by performing witchcraft were condemned and burnt.
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Paragraph 11-15: LP
Self-contained--Constituting a complete and independent unit in and of itself
Potter, silversmiths, tailor, beggarAcre--6.070亩Witchcraft-Magic; sorcery; Wicca.
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Paragraph 16: Analysis
People’s attitude towards an European labourer and a black or brown laborer
The contrast---In northern Europe: fairly conspicuous;
When ploughing, a second glance---In hot countries, do not even see him. The contrast between the things one sees---Everything except human beings---Dried-up soil, prickly pear, palm tree,
distant mountain---The peasants
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Paragraph 16: LP
Conspicuous--Easy to notice; obviousChances--The likelihood of something
happening; possibility or probability --If Greg is alive then the chances
are Paula is alive too --The chances are high that the
trouble stems from a false assumption.
Take in--To look at thoroughly; view
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Paragraph 17: Paraphrase
It is only because of this that the starved countries of Asia and Africa are accepted as tourist resorts.
The reason for the Asia and Africa are chosen as tourist resorts is that the starving people in these places are ignored.
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Paragraph 17: Paraphrase
No one would think of running cheap trips to the Distressed Areas.
No one would think of organizing cheap trips for the tourists to visit the slums. People go to Asia and Africa because they just ignore the poor people there and the place seem to be without poor people.
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Paragraph 17: LP
Resort--A place frequented by people for relaxation or recreation
Grove--A small wood Legionnaire--A member of a legion Bandit--A robber, especially one who
robs at gunpoint Wring-To twist, squeeze, or compress,
especially so as to extract liquid Erode--To wear (something) away by or
as if by abrasion
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Paragraph 18: Analysis
Does this paragraph has a topic sentence?
How does the author develop that topic and how does he organize the paragraph?
Pls. draw the outline of this paragraph.
Desolate: animal, treeless waste, soil, cultivation (labour, hand, women bent, the ploughing, donkey vs. cow)
Water conservation
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Paragraph 18: Paragraph Organization
animals treeless soil oblong patches
water rare rainstorm
channel (30/40ft)
tiny trickles
Hand tools
animalsTearing weeds plough harrow
donkey cow gathering lucerne
Desolate and frightful
labor
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Paragraph 18:LP
Desolate--Devoid of inhabitants; deserted Invert--To reverse the position, order, or
condition of Work their way across Tear up--To tear to pieces Lucerne--紫苜蓿 Fodder--Feed for livestock, especially
coarsely chopped hay or straw Wretched--Of very inferior quality frail--Physically weak; delicate; Not strong
or substantial; slight
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Paragraph 18: LP continued Spike--A long, thick, sharp-pointed piece of wood
or metal; A heavy nail Inch--2.54 centimeters Yoke--To fit or join with a yoke Harrow--耙 Furrow--A long, narrow, shallow trench made in
the ground by a plow Conserve--To protect from loss or harm; preserve Trickle--To flow or fall in drops or in a thin stream Subsoil--The layer or bed of earth beneath the
topsoil Submarine, subtitle, subordinate, submerge.
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Paragraph 19: Analysis
The analogy between the old woman and the children
The woman’s reaction to the five-sou piece.
She accepted her status as an old woman, that is to say as a beast of burden.
--She took it for granted that as an old woman, she was the lowest in the society and that her only role was to do heavy work like an animal.
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Paragraph 19: LP
File--A line of persons, animals, or things positioned one behind the other
Mummify--To cause to shrivel and dry up Sou--One of several coins formerly used in
France, worth a small amount Farthing--A coin formerly used in Great
Britain worth one fourth of a penny Shrill--Producing a sharp, high-pitched tone
or sound Gratitude--The state of being grateful;
thankfulness
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Paragraph 20: Analysis
Topic sentence?The firewood or the women beneath
it?What does the image of the donkey
tell us?Overloading, infuriated, damnably
treated, most willing, follows the master like a dog, dead, ditch, guts torn out
The contrast between the donkey and the people
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Paragraph 20: LP
Hobble--To walk or move along haltingly or with difficulty; limp
Register--To make an impression; be recorded in the mind
Infuriate--To make furious; enrage Damnable--in a detestable manner Packsaddle--A saddle on which loads can be
secured Bridle--A harness Halter--A device made of rope or leather straps Tip--To dump (rubbish, for example Gut--The bowels
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Paragraphs 21-22: LP
Plight--A situation, especially a bad or unfortunate one
Gall--To make (the skin) sore by abrasion; chafe
Owing to--because of Stork--鹳 Infantry--The combat arm made up of units
trained to fight on foot步兵部队 Screw-gun Clump--A clustered mass; a lump Clatter--To make a rattling sound
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Paragraph 23-24: Analysis
How was the Senegalese dressed? What verbs does the author choose to describe their dressing?
Uniform, boot, hat?What does the Negro’s look indicate? Ignorance of their situation? Subordinate to the white?
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Paragraph 23: LP
Senegalese--塞内加尔人 [语 ]Whereabouts--Approximate locationKhaki--卡其布Squash--To beat, squeeze, or press
into a pulp or a flattened mass; crush
Slump--To droop, as in sitting or standing; slouch
Glisten--To shine by reflection with a sparkling luster
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Paragraph 24: LP
Contemptuous--Manifesting or feeling contempt; scornful
Sullen--Showing a brooding ill humor or silent resentment; morose or sulky.
Inquisitive--Unduly curious and inquiring Wretched--In a deplorable state of distress
or misfortune; miserable Scrub--To rub hard in order to clean Syphilis--[医 ]梅毒 Garrison--A military post, especially one
that is permanently established Reverence--A feeling of profound awe and
respect
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Paragraphs 25-26: Analysis
The flock of cattleThe great white birds
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Paragraphs 25-26: LP
Connection--Reference or relation to something else; context
In this connection Onlooker--One that looks on; a spectator Charger--A horse trained for battle; a
cavalry horse Drift--To proceed or move unhurriedly
and smoothly Glitter--To sparkle brilliantly Scrap--A small piece or bit; a fragment
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Text Appreciation and Writing Strategy
Language in generalContrastPronounsMetaphor and simileFigure-Ground ConfigurationSpecific words
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Language
Six rules for writers Never use a metaphor, simile, or other figure of
speech which you are used to seeing in print. Never use a long word where a short one will do. If it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it
out. Never use the passive where you can use the
active. Never use a foreign phrase, a scientific word, or a
jargon word if you can think of an everyday English equivalent.
Break any of these rules sooner than say anything outright barbarous.
--Politics and the English Language (1946)
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In this text…
ShortConciseCreativeEasy ClearObjectiveStill the sympathy and the outrage,
why?
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Contrast
Gazelle and an Arab navvy (ps. 4-7) Low status of the Jews and the Arab and
poor European’s prejudice against them (ps. 11-15)
Laborer in Europe and hot country (p. 16) The back-breaking struggle of the people
and their images in the eye of white people (p. 17)
The old woman carrying baggage and the father and the son on the donkey (p.19)
Wood-bearing women and donkeys (p. 20) --poverty, prejudice, struggle, low status
and invisibility
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Pronouns (p.3)
How many “you”, “your” or “yourselves” does the author use in this paragraph?
How many “they”, “their”, “them” or “themselves” does the author use?
Is he dividing people into “you” and “them”? Are you standing opposite to them?
What does the choice of pronouns imply?
--Gap, distance, separation, misunderstanding, prejudice…
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Figure-Ground Configuration
Figure: sth. of perceptual prominenceGround: sth. Vague, unstructured,
shapeless and serves as the background
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Figure-Ground Configuration
The author is skillful in describing a general background, then zooming in on a specific scene or person for detailed depiction. Examples?
The dead (p.1) and the people’s life (p.3) The poor living (p. 8) and working condition
for the Jews and a working carpenter (p.9) The rushed crowd for the cigarette and the
blind man (p.10) Old women bearing wood (p. 19-20) and the
woman I gave money to (p. 19) The marching army (p. 23) and the Negro
boy (p.24) Effect: More vivid and penetrating…
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Specific words
The author is a genius in hiding his own feeling in the words. How do you tell that the author actually sympathizes with the people there and is outraged at colonialism?
The specific words he uses? (p. 2)The adverbs and the phrases he
chooses? (p.2)The figures or phenomena that he
singles out for depiction? (p. 20)
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Discussion
The author mentions that “All people who work with their hands are partly invisible, and the more important the work they do, the less visible they are.” Do you agree or disagree?
Do you know the vendor from whom you buy your breakfast? Do you who build our building? Do you also ignore those people who do manual work around you?
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Exercises: VII
A siren wailed into the neighborhood and up the street. (loud, prolonged cries)
I turned the faucet and tears flowed from my eyes. I wept into the basin. (shedding of tears)
Sob: a catch in the voice and short gasping breath
Whimper: frightened childMoan: A low, sustained, mournful
cry
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The city's art mania is also due in no small part to a handful of energetic collectors. (craze for sth)
Meanwhile, the royal wedding frenzy grew. (state of excitement)
His unhealed war wound was causing his fever and delirium. (extreme mental disturbance)
Peggy wanted to laugh, but she knew if she gave way to it it might turn to hysteria. (uncontrolled feeling)
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A bright light flashed before her eyes; then all was dark. (sudden, brief and brilliant light)
The broad swath of the frozen Koyukuk River glistened under the morning moonlight. (reflection of light from a wet surface)
An eye like a small black button glittered, fastening on them. (intermittent flash)
The water's surface shimmered with a million moon-fragments. (soft reflection of light from disturbed water)
The watch on her right arm sparkled with diamonds as she consulted it again. (bright, intermittent flash)
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Assignment 1:
Please write a passage of about 200 words to analyze one or two points in the text which impress you most.
Requirements: --There should be a topic sentence.--You should support your thesis with
details, by drawing upon the text.--Each of the group members should
read through the passage and correct any mistakes therein.
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Outline
How the ideas flowHow the text is organizedHow the main ideas are distributed
throughout the textHow the supporting ideas help
illustrate the main pointThe very general idea and the details
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Text
Topic?Organization?General idea? Supporting ideas? Information from the text knitted
together with your ideas, supporting your ideas
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Thank you!