busting learning myths: fact of fishy
DESCRIPTION
This presentation was given at the 2012 UL Eduneering Knowledge Summit. Here is the description:Thought you knew about learning design and instruction? Test yourself as Learning myths are presented and exposed in this interactive question and answer session. Once the myths are exposed, we will discuss remedies to each myth based on the latest educational research. This evidenced-based presentation will provide you with the tools, evidence, and techniques you need to go back into your organization and present, design or purchase training that makes a difference.TRANSCRIPT
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By Karl M. KappBloomsburg University May 4, 2012
By Karl M. KappBloomsburg University May 4, 2012
Busting LearningMyths
Let’s Play
Fact or Fishy…
Rules• A statement is presented
– If “true” indicate: FactX– If “false” indicate: FishyX
• Text Response:
When teaching a process, such as an SOP, you should…
Teach system components before teaching the full process.
Is that Fact or Fishy?
Fact
Teach each component individually, then the learner is prepared to assimilate the stages of the entire process.
Otherwise you risk overloading the learner’s memory by presenting everything all at once.
Clark, R., Nguyen, F. & Sweller, J. (2006) Efficiency in Learning: Evidence-Based Guidelines to Manage Cognitive Load. New York: Pfeiffer. Pg. 162-165.
An animation is always more effective for learning than a series of static images.
Is that Fact or Fishy?
A number of studies have failed to find that animations are more effective than a series of static frames depicting the same material.
Why: Learners have to mentally animate content in still graphics. Learners control pace and speed of information presented. Memory is not overloaded by rich detail and transitory nature of presentation.
Clark, R., Mayer, R. (2011) E-Learning and the Science of Instruction: Proven Guidelines for Consumers and Designers ofMultimedia Learning. New York: Pfeiffer. Pg. 84-86.
Research is focused on Conceptual Information, understanding of processes…like mechanism of action.
Animations work well when showing hands on procedures and transformational changes such as an animated demonstration of a computer procedure.
Clark, R., Mayer, R. (2011) E-Learning and the Science of Instruction: Proven Guidelines for Consumers and Designers ofMultimedia Learning. New York: Pfeiffer. Pg. 84-86.
Drag and drop a shape onto the image.
Write the words “Informal Learning” in the shape.
Then right click and select “Format Shape.”
Select “3-D Format”.
Hi, how are you doing?...
The tone of e-learning should be informal and conversational.
Is that Fact or Fishy?
Fact
In 5 out of 5 studies, learners who learned with conversational text performed better on subsequent transfer tests than students who learned with formal text.
Learners produced between 20 to 46 percent more solutions to transfer problems than the formal group.
Clark, R., Mayer, R. (2011) E-Learning and the Science of Instruction: Proven Guidelines for Consumers and Designers ofMultimedia Learning. New York: Pfeiffer. Pg. 184-185.
Formal:
This program is about what type of bacteria cansurvive on different types of surfaces when preparing food.For each type of bacteria a solution will be described.The goal is to learn which conditions allow bacteria to survive on what surface. Some hints are providedthroughout the program.
Informal:
You are about to learn about different types of bacteria and howthey can survive on different types of surfaces when preparing food. For each type of bacteria a solution will be described to you. Your goal is to learn which conditions allow bacteria to survive on what surface. I will be guiding you by giving hints.
An on-screen character is distracting to the learner and does not facilitate learning as well as simple text.
Is that Fact or Fishy?
On transfer tests involving different word problems, the group who had a character generated 30% more correct answers than the group with on-screen text.
Animated pedagogical agents (characters) can be aids to learning. A “realistic” character did not facilitate learning any better than a “cartoon-like” character.
Clark, R., Mayer, R. (2011) E-Learning and the Science of Instruction: Proven Guidelines for Consumers and Designers ofMultimedia Learning. New York: Pfeiffer. Pg. 194.
Mentor
Motivator
Expert
Two avatars are better than one?
Fact or Fishy?
Mentor
Motivator
Expert
Yes, two avatars are better than one.
Baylor, A. L. & Kim, Y. (2005). Simulating instructional roles through pedagogical agents. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 15(1), 95-115.
Fact
When a graphic is the focus of instruction…
Words should be presented as text on screen rather than spoken.
Is that Fact or Fishy?
Learners may experience an overload of their visual/ pictorial channel when they must simultaneously process graphics and the printed words that refer to them.
When visuals are relatively complex, using audio allows the learner to focus on the visual while listening to the explanation.
Clark, R., Mayer, R. (2011) E-Learning and the Science of Instruction: Proven Guidelines for Consumers and Designers ofMultimedia Learning. New York: Pfeiffer. Pg. 117.
Learners remember facts better…
When presented as bulleted list rather than presented as a story.
Is that Fact or Fishy?
Researchers have found that the human brain has a natural affinity
for narrative construction.
Yep, People tend to remember facts more accurately if they encounter them in a story rather than in a list.
And they rate legal arguments as more convincing when built into
narrative tales rather than on legal precedent.
Carey, B. (2007) this is Your Life (and How You Tell it). The New York Times. Melanie Green http://www.unc.edu/~mcgreen/research.html
NikePlus Stats for Karl
1. Characters
Story Elements
5. Conclusion
2. Plot (something has to happen).
3. Tension
4. Resolution
One way to engage learners is to…
Present them with a difficult challenge.
Is that Fact or Fishy?
Fact. Provide a challenge
Jones, B., Valdez, G., Norakowski, J., & Rasmussen, C. (1994). Designing learning and technology for educational reform. North Central Regional Educational Laboratory. [Online]. Available: http://www.ncrtec.org/capacity/profile/profwww.htm and Schlechty, P. C. (1997). Inventing better schools: An action plan for educational reform. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass
Re-design the Instruction to Start with a Challenge
Investigatory Training
• Course Objectives– Identify the Forms Required for an
Investigation– Practice Interview Techniques– Understand and Follow the Investigation
Model
It is your first day on the job as an investigator andJane, an employee in Accounting, just accused her boss of embezzling $10,000.
What is the first thing you should do?
Games are effective tools for learning because…
They provide interactivity to the learner and force cognitive processing.
Is that Fact or Fishy?
Fact
It wasn’t the game, it was the level of interactivity within the game.
In other words, the engagement of the learner in the game leads to the learning.
Sitzmann, T. (2011) A meta-analytic examination of the instructional effectiveness of computer-based simulation games. Personnel Psychology .Review of 65 studies
Games can influence people to behave in a pro-social manner.
Is that Fact or Fishy?
Greitemeyer, T. & Osswald, S. (2010) Effective of Prosocial games on prosocialbehavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol. 98 . No. 2., 211-221.
Fact
28% helped to pick up pencils
33% helped to pick up pencils
67% helped to pick up pencils
22% intervened
56% intervened
1) Craft instruction to provide opportunities to increase engagement and interactivity to increase learning.
2) Teach system components before teaching the entire process.
3) Animations are not always the best tool for teaching concepts. Static images tend to work better.
4) Tone of elearning should be conversational.5) On screen characters can enhance elearning.6) Two on screen characters (mentor and expert) are
better then one.
Recommendations
7) When a graphic is the focus of instruction words should be spoken rather than presented as text.
8) Use stories rather than bulleted lists to present facts.9) Present learners with a difficult challenge to engage
and motivate them. 10)Games can influence people to behave in a pro-social
manner.
Recommendations
Questions?
Book Signing