ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS&ACRONYMS

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS&ACRONYMS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was produced by the staff of Samuel Hall Consulting for the International LabourOrganisation.Specialthanksgotothenationalconsultantsthatworkedonthisreport,AbdulBasirMohmandandIbrahimRamazani,andtheirteamofinterviewers,withoutwhomthisprojectwouldnothavebeenpossible.

WewouldalsoliketothankH.E.AmenaAfzali,MinisterofMoLSAMDforprovidingauthorisationforthestudy,andAbdulRahimNasry,AdvisortotheMinisterofLabourforfacilitatingthisprocess.

Wearegratefulforthecontributionsofourkeyinformants,whoprovidedvaluableinsightsforthisproject: Eric V. Edmonds (Dartmouth College); Abdul Hakim Shirzad and Fazal Hadi Fazalzai(DoLSA);Ali Eftekhari, Shuria Faqirzada,GhulamMustafaHarooni, andAbdul Sattar (MoLSAMD);AbdulMajeedTemory,RonaSadozay,NooriandAbdulWahedAmras(NUAE);MinakoKakumaandStijn Houben (UNHCRJalalabad); Mini Bhaskar (UNICEFAfghanistan); and Azizullah Noor,QudratullahShekib,andFarahnazWafa(UNICEFJalalabad).

ACRONYMS CBS CommunitybasedschoolDoLSAMD DepartmentofLabour,SocialAffairs,MartyrsandDisabledGIRoA GovernmentoftheIslamicRepublicofAfghanistanILO InternationalLabourOrganisationIPEC ILOProgrammeforEliminatingChildLabourMoI AfghanMinistryofInteriorMoLSAMD MinistryofLabour,SocialAffairs,MartyrsandDisabledNATO NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganisationOHCHR OfficeoftheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforHumanRightsUNAMA UnitedNationsAssistanceMissioninAfghanistanUNDP UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgrammeUNHABITAT UnitedNationsHumanSettlementsProgramme

TABLEOFCONTENTS

CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................11.1 Objectives......................................................................................................................................11.2 DefiningConcepts..........................................................................................................................21.3 Methodology.................................................................................................................................6

2 KILNS&EMPLOYERS...................................................................................................102.1 Actors:OrganisationalStructurewithinKilns..............................................................................122.2 Economics:BrickKilnOperations&UseofBondedLabour........................................................152.3 Perceptions:EmployerPerceptionsofBondedLabour...............................................................21

3 HOUSEHOLDS.............................................................................................................243.1 Actors:ProfileofBondedLabourers...........................................................................................263.2 Terms&ConditionsofBondedLabour.......................................................................................303.3 Economics:BondedLabourfromaHouseholdPerspective.......................................................353.4 Perceptions:Household&Community.......................................................................................39

4 FOCUSONCHILDREN..................................................................................................414.1 ChildLabourinKilns....................................................................................................................424.2 LuxuryGoods:Education&Leisure.............................................................................................444.3 ChildDevelopment......................................................................................................................47

5 THEBIGGERPICTURE..................................................................................................515.1 EconomicContextAnalysis..........................................................................................................525.2 AnalysingSupplyandDemand....................................................................................................535.3 SocialRisks...................................................................................................................................535.4 PoliticalChallenges......................................................................................................................545.5 BridgingPovertyGapsinaTransitionContext............................................................................555.6 AreasforFurtherResearch..........................................................................................................61

6 CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................62

7 ANNEXES....................................................................................................................637.1 CaseStudy:BrickKilninDehSabz...............................................................................................637.2 References...................................................................................................................................687.3 HouseholdQuestionnaire............................................................................................................707.4 LocalActorSurveyCommunityMembers................................................................................767.5 LocalActorSurveyKilnOwners................................................................................................78 BOXES BOX1.1.USEOFAFGHANBRICKSBYTHEINTERNATIONALCOMMUNITY............................................2BOX1.2.EXCEPTIONSTOTHERULE:BONDEDBUTNOTFORCED?........................................................3BOX1.3.ILOWORSTFORMSOFCHILDLABOURCONVENTION,ARTICLE3...........................................4BOX2.1.BRICKMAKING101:BRICKMAKINGPROCESSINAFGHANKILNS.........................................14BOX2.2.BRICKMARKETS:PUREANDPERFECTCOMPETITIVEMARKETS(PPC)..................................16BOX2.3.CASESTUDY:PROFITMARGINSOFABRICKKILN..................................................................17BOX4.1.UNICEFEDUCATIONPILOTPROGRAMMEINSURKHROADSBRICKKILNS............................46BOX5.1.INTERGENERATIONALTRANSFERENCEOFTHECYCLEOFACCEPTANCE...............................58BOX5.2.WHICHCAMEFIRST:SUPPLYORDEMANDFOREDUCATION?..............................................58

TABLEOFCONTENTS

FIGURES FIGURE1.1.TARGETPROVINCES:KABUL&NANGARHAR......................................................................6FIGURE1.2.HOUSEHOLDSURVEY,SURKHROADDISTRICT,NANGARHARPROVINCE...........................7FIGURE1.3.HOUSEHOLDSSURVEY,DEHSABZDISTRICT,KABULPROVINCE.........................................7FIGURE2.1.HIERARCHYINBRICKKILNS...............................................................................................13FIGURE2.2.KILNOWNERPERCEPTIONSOFDISADVANTAGESOFCHILDLABOUR..............................23FIGURE3.1.AVERAGEHOUSEHOLDCOMPOSITION:AGE&WORKINGSTATUS..................................27FIGURE3.2.EDUCATIONBACKGROUNDOFHEADSOFHOUSEHOLD..................................................28FIGURE3.3.HOUSEHOLDREASONSFORTAKINGONDEBTFROMBRICKKILNOWNERS....................29FIGURE3.4.HOURSOFWORKPERDAY,SATURDAYTHROUGHTHURSDAY........................................31FIGURE3.5.WEEKLYHOURSWORKEDBYCHILDBRICKMAKERS........................................................32FIGURE3.6.ABILITYOFHOUSEHOLDMEMBERSTOLEAVETHEKILNWHENTHEYWISH...................34FIGURE3.7.CORRELATIONBETWEENNO.&AGEOFWORKINGFAMILYMEMBERSANDWAGES.....37FIGURE3.9.ASSESSMENTOFECONOMICSITUATIONRELATIVETOOTHERSINTHECOMMUNITY....40FIGURE3.10.COMMUNITYPERCEPTIONS:IMPROVINGCHILDBONDEDLABOURERSCONDITIONS.40FIGURE4.1.PERCEPTIONSOFWORKCONDITIONSOFCHILDREN.......................................................43FIGURE4.2.AGE&GENDERBREAKDOWNOFBRICKMAKINGWORKFORCE........