bulgarian national pestle and swot analysis
TRANSCRIPT
BULGARIAN NATIONAL PESTLE AND SWOT ANALYSIS
Relevant WP: WP3- Context Analysis and Taskforce Formation
Activity: 3.4 National PESTLE & SWOT Analysis and Synthesis
Responsible organization: UoM
Authors: BASSCOM, MEYS
Version: v 2.0
Date: 23.11.2011
Table of Contents
1 National PESTLE and SWOT analysis ................................................................................. 1
1.1 Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental analysis of
the emerging innovation system ................................................................................... 3
1.2 Strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities of/for the emerging
innovation system ......................................................................................................... 6
1.3 Self assessment tool: Features of well performing national and regional research
and innovation ............................................................................................................ 12
References .................................................................................................................. 13
1
1 National PESTLE and SWOT analysis
The output of the analysis has to be duly justified, please make sure you include specific
information and the source of the statements you provide (e.g. interviews, documents,
databases, informal information).
The general objective of the National PESTLE and SWOT analyses is to identify and structure
the main drivers and barriers of the ICT research and technology development sector in
Bulgaria. The analysis follows identical structure of the analyses done by the other partners
in the FORSEE Project in order to provide common framework for international comparison
and aggregation of the results.
On one hand the stable economic and political macro environment with the lowest tax
levels in the EU provides competitive advantages for the Bulgarian economy. On the other
hand, the lower level (compared to other EU countries) RTD expenses and insufficiently
developed eGovernment services could be considered as a barrier to the high tech sectors’
development.
One could conclude that the weaken education system, if not strengthen, could turn from
fundamental driver into a barrier of the sustainable RTDI development in Bulgaria.
The National RTDI systems could be considered as well established as a management and
implementation structure but need to be more effective and efficient in order to become
real driver for accelerating the development of the Bulgarian RTDI sector to a level that
could ensure achievement of the ambitious national target of 1.5% of GDP for R&D intensity
by 2020.
The establishment of an independent evaluation mechanism for the RTDI performance and
stakeholder’s potential could provide the necessary information for development of
strategic priorities. Prioritization of the RTDI objectives could be considered as a must in
time of limited resources available for RTDI support on a macro level. One can expect that
the results from the FORSEE project will contribute in that area.
On a macro level electronics and ICT sectors of the Bulgarian economy have good growth
potential, states the major conclusion of a current study by the Bulgarian Ministry of
Finance. The report of the Economic Analysis and Forecasts Directorate of the Finance
Ministry released in August 2010 studied the performance of the real economy sector in
Bulgaria in 2008-2010 and identified those sectors to be the future drivers for the Bulgarian
economic development. (Ministry of Finance, 2011)
Based on the conclusions of the National PESTLE and SWOT analyses one can identify
several RTD intensive market segments in which Bulgaria has relevantly strong market
position and good potential for further development. These segments are:
2
• Software development driven by both big international R&D centers and innovative
Bulgarian software development companies. This good balance of national and
international capacity is an important driver for the sustainable development of the
sector.
• Production of electronics has traditionally been a strong sector in Bulgaria. The
current development of the automotive, telecommunications, military equipment
and consumer electronics in Bulgaria is categorized by the high level of new
investments and sustainable growth of the export even in the time of the worst
economic crises in Europe.
• The broadband telecommunications services are well developed in Bulgaria and
they have good potential for further growth in a high competitive and innovative
environment.
• Mobile telecommunications are well developed in Bulgaria. The country has one of
the highest mobile penetrations in the EU that is a good base for creating
innovations in that sector.
The statistical sources of information about RTDI claim that the level of private investments
in RTDI is significantly lower than the average level in the EU. One of the reasons for such a
low level could be found in the fact that the private entrepreneurs in ICT do not separate
RTDI expanses in their accounts considering most of them as production costs in sectors
which are very RTDI intensive such as software development and electronics. Conclusions
that private RTDI expenses were underestimated by the official statistics had been made by
several researchers1 but one could not find systematic analysis that proved or argued that
conclusions.
1 E.g. (CSD, 2010), (Yalamov & Bougiouklis, February 2011), (Bulgarian_ICT_Cluster, 2011)
3
1.1 Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental analysis of the emerging innovation system PESTLE analysis takes into consideration the macro-environment of the country and discusses the operating environment and the organization of the country (structure, culture,
competencies, resources) in a number of areas. The factors listed here are oriented into explaining success and failure of the external environment. By nature, this section includes general
information.
Political / legal institutional Economic and market issues Aggregate Indicator “Political Stability and Absence of Violence”
(World Bank Institute, 2011) did not change its value in the time of
the worst economic crises in Europe. This stable political
environment could reduce the overall macroeconomic risk and
promote investments in the country (World Bank Insitute, 2011).
Synchronization of the Bulgarian legislation with the EU acquis
communautaire ensures favorable conditions for doing business in
Bulgaria and therefore, serves as an additional stimulus for
companies to invest in the country, including in RTDI.
Labor legislation favorable for employers. Bulgaria ranks 48 on
Rigidity of employment index from 140 countries worldwide and
only 4 EU member states have better value of that indicator2.
(World Economic Forum, 2011) It could be assumed that the lower
rigidity of employment stimulates the investments in the country,
especially in time of economic crisis.
Corruption and relevantly inefficient government are main barriers
in doing business in Bulgaria (World Economic Forum, 2011). It
could be assumed that those factors have a negative impact on the
investment climate in Bulgaria.
Conservative traditional approach to governance rather than
modern eGovernance. With 70% Online availability and interactivity
With a projected growth of 2.3% the Bulgarian Economy is claimed to be the 4th fastest growing economy in
the EU in 2012 according to the most recent EU forecast4 (EC, November 2011).
Bulgaria had the second-lowest debt ratio (16% of the GDP) of all EU Member States at the end of 2010 (EC -
SEC(2011) 711 final , 2011). This favorable government debt position support economic stability of the country.
The government deficit as a percentage of the GDP is -3.1% (EU Average -6.6) and is among the 5 lowest in the
EU that supports fiscal stability of the country (Eurostat, 2011).
The lowest tax levels compared to other EU countries provide favorable investment conditions. The average
effective tax rates (EATR) are the lowest in the EU (8.8%) compared to considerably higher the EATR (26.3%) in
EU15 and in the Member States referred to as the EU+12 (17.4%) (Elschne & Vanborren, 2009).
Stable (fixed) exchange rate to Euro minimizes the risk of currency exchange rates but still Bulgaria is not a
member of the Euro Area.
Bulgaria has the lowest GDP per capita in PPS of 44% (EU27 = 100) in EU (Eurostat, 2011), which decreases the
demand for high-tech products and services. Differences in the incomes of the big cities and the rest of the
country are an additional factor that negatively influences the demand.
Bulgaria has the lowest labor cost in the EU of 2.88 Euro per hour (Eurostat, 2011)5. On one hand the relevantly
cheap labor is attractive for the investors. On the other hand, this low level of salaries is one of the factors
stimulating the “brain drain” form the country.
Despite the recent reforms enacted to improve the business start-up conditions and progress in the area of
paying taxes, Bulgaria's world rankings still lag behind the best performers in the EU and world comparisons in
Doing Business. In the WB Doing Business Report the country ranking worsened (from 44 in 2010 to 51 in 2011)
(The World Bank, 2011).
Higher interest rates compared to the most of the EU countries that could be assumed as a barrier to new
2 EU Member States with better Rigidity of employment index are: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom, Czech Republic and Belgium
4
of public services (supply side) Bulgaria is on the bottom of the
eGovernment implementation. Only four countries3 in the EU have
worse level of the indicators than Bulgaria. (Eurostat, 2011) The
ineffective eGovernment is a factor that can be assumed as a barrier
to the doing business in Bulgaria.
investments, including in RTDI. Despite the Macroeconomic stability the MFI interest rates - Loans to non-
financial corporations (annual data) in Bulgaria are 8.79% compared to 3.86 in the Euro area. (Eurostat, 2011)
Only three EU member states have higher interest rates then Bulgaria.6
Social, cultural and demographic Technology & Environment Customers are interested to buy innovative products. Young
people in Bulgaria tend to spend large portion of their incomes in
buying high-tech products.
Industrious labor force could be a driver for ICTD development.
Bulgarian tends to be practical and down-to-earth, methodical,
industrious, thrifty, and determined.
Aging and decreasing population. The demographic projections for
Bulgaria show that the population will decrease from 7.4 million
projected for 2015 to 5.9 million projected in 2050 (Eurostat, 2011).
The decreasing population could be assumed to have a negative
impact on the ICTD.
Indifferent education. In general the education in Bulgaria has
worse indicators values compared to the EU average indicators and
almost all EU Members. The Bulgarian education lag behind the
objectives set by Lisbon Strategy (Center for Economic
Development, December 2010).
At 0.49% of GDP in 2008 – i.e. around four times less than the EU-27 average - the R&D intensity of Bulgaria is
one of the lowest in the EU, Private R&D investment is the lowest in the EU, mostly as a result of sectoral
specialization in low technology sectors and the current scarcity of medium and high technology companies (EC -
SEC(2011) 711 final , 2011).
Bulgaria is one of the Catching-up countries with an innovation performance well below the EU27 average but
the rate of improvement is one of the highest of all countries and it is a growth leader within the Catching-up
countries. Relative strengths, compared to the country’s average performance, are in Human resources, Finance
and support and Economic effects and relative weaknesses are in Linkages & entrepreneurship and Throughputs
(Pro Inno Europe, 2011).
Bulgaria claimed the third highest speed of Internet - 1,611KBps8 (Pando Networks, 2011). The high speed of
Internet could be assumed as a driver for internet use and ICT RTDI development.
Bulgaria claimed to have a low fixed broadband penetration - 14.9% this is the second-worst penetration in the
EU, and only slightly more than half the EU average of 26.6%. This is due in particular to the low coverage in rural
areas, where the most recent figure available (December 2009) shows that it does not exceed 33%, and so lags
far behind every other Member State. (EC - SEC(2011) 711 final , 2011) The low level of Broadband penetration
could be assumed as barrier to the ICT RTDI. The low penetration could be a result of the Bulgarian specifics in
that area. The widely used public LAN access in Bulgaria is not taken into account by the current EU
methodologies and as a result is not included in the official numbers. If LAN access is included in the methodology
one could assume that the Bulgarian position on this indicator would be significantly better (CSD, 2010).
4 EU Member States with higher growth of GDP projected for 2012 are: Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia 5 Data from 2009 3 EU Member States with worse Online availability and interactivity of public services are: Greece, Cyprus, Romania, Hungary 6EU members states with higher MFI interest rates - Loans to non-financial corporations (annual data) are Romania, Estonia, and Hungary 8Countries with higher Internet speed than Bulgaria were South Korea and Romania
5
“Brain drain” could be considered as a major barrier to the
Bulgarian RTDI development. Bulgaria ranks 127 out of 142
countries worldwide7. (World Economic Forum, 2011). Despite the
high brain drain some of the Bulgarian specialists working abroad
are considering returning back to Bulgaria.
Relevantly high mobile penetration. With mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants of 141 % Bulgaria
ranks fifth among the EU member states9 (ITU, 2010).
The delay in the implementation of Commission Recommendation 2009/848/CE to switch off analogue terrestrial
TV and free up a significant amount of radio spectrum (the 790-862 MHz band) for mobile broadband by 2012
risks slowing down the deployment of mobile broadband, in addition to the slow deployment of fixed
broadband (EC - SEC(2011) 711 final , 2011).
Bulgaria has highest overall investment intensity (public and private combined) in EU 23.5 % that may, in part,
reflect the different stages of economic development in the different countries as well as growth dynamics
among Member States over recent years (Eurostat, 2011).
Bulgaria has introduced strict environmental legislation that is compliant to the EU directives in environmental
protection.
7 Does your country retain and attract talented people? [1 = no, the best and brightest normally leave to pursue opportunities in other countries; 7 = yes, there are many opportunities for talented people within the country] 2010–11 weighted average 9 EU member states with higher Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants were: Finland, Lithuania, Austria, Portugal
6
1.2 Strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities of/for the emerging innovation system
The SWOT analysis takes into consideration the following elements:
Strengths (internal competencies & capabilities-what we have)
Weaknesses (what we lack)
Opportunities (external positive circumstances-what we could get)
Threats (external negative circumstances-what we could lose)
Clustering Strengths Weaknesses ICT RTD
governance and
policy system
• Comprehensive structure for management of RTDI on parliamentary, ministry and executive (agency) levels.
• Governmental financial instrument for funding the fundamental and applied research of both public and private research performers is the National Science Fund (NSF), which is overseen by the National Council for Scientific Research at the Ministry of Education, Youth and Science
• Governmental instrument for direct financial support for business R&D is the National Innovation Fund (NIF) administered by the Bulgarian Small and Medium Enterprises Promotion Agency to the Ministry of Economy, Energy and Tourism.
• Financial support to innovation is provided by the Operational Programme “Development of the Competitiveness of the Bulgarian economy” (OPC), (co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund - ERDF), managed by the Ministry of Economy, Tourism and Energy.
•
• National Innovation Fund (NIF) is not operational. NIF had to stop new
financing in 2009 and 2010 due to the crisis and complicated
negotiations with the Bulgarian Ministry of Finance (Yalamov &
Bougiouklis, February 2011).
• Decreasing financing of SMEs by National Science fund. National Science Funds actually attracted marginal number of SMEs and subsequently had to reduce the funding by 50%, reaching the average funding for the National Innovation Fund (Yalamov & Bougiouklis, February 2011).
• Bulgaria is not an active member of the European Corporate RTD
scoreboard.
• BULgaria do not participate in the EU technology platforms and
Bulgarian organizations have very limited presence in the EU
technology networks in ICT (Computerworld, 2011),
(Bulgarian_ICT_Cluster, 2011), (CORDIS, 2011)10.
• Of particular importance are the measures to increase the
attractiveness of a career in research, by focusing resources on a few,
highly attractive research positions. This could be done through an
evaluation by an independent, international and high level group of
experts which would select the most productive research groups in
10 Desktop research in http://cordis.europa.eu identified only two Bulgarian organizations members of the networks
7
Clustering Strengths Weaknesses the universities and research institutes, including those of the
Bulgarian Academy of Science, following models of EU countries with
a well established evaluation culture, such as the UK or Austria, as
well as through improved linkages with Bulgarian researchers
established abroad. (EC - SEC(2011) 711 final , 2011).
ICT RTD priority
setting, public
policies and
actors
• Comprehensive strategic framework related to RTD and innovation
defined on national and regional levels including but not limited to
National Strategy for Scientific Research 2020; National Roadmap for
Scientific Infrastructure; National Innovation Strategy of Republic of
Bulgaria; Operational Programme (OP) Competitiveness; Regional
innovation strategies for BG regions and others.
• ICT is one of the priority sectors of the Operational Programme (OP)
Competitiveness (co-funded by ERDF).
• There are various NGOs that are specialized in researching and
promoting RTDI such as: Center of Study of the Democracy, Center of
Economic Development, Institute of Market Economy, and others. In
many cases the NGOs are invited to participate in the decision-making
process.
• Improving coordination on Ministry Level. The new Strategy for
scientific research has been developed in close cooperation between
Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Education, Youth and Science and
Ministry of Economy, Energy and Tourism
• In the time of economic crisis the RTDI should be set as priority for
economic development of the country Currently the RTDI expenses are
decreasing that would not stimulate the higher competitiveness of the
Bulgarian enterprises The financial instruments in ICT RTDI have not
been sufficiently coordinated.
• OP Human Resources focuses on the low-end of workforce (unemployed) or on providing horizontal measures, which makes the programme highly unlikely to support RTD related activities. (Yalamov & Bougiouklis, February 2011).
•
ICT RTD sector
features • Bulgaria emerged among the top 30 destinations for offshoring. R&D
labs of some of the largest software companies such as SAP, VMware, Software AG and others have been established, which would have a spillover effect. (Yalamov & Bougiouklis, February 2011)
• Bulgaria has managed to develop a strong position in electronics. Market serviced - automotive, telecommunications, military equipment
• The RTD expenses are not balanced. The share of the public expenses
is twice bigger than the share of the private sector in contrast with the
EU recommendations for 2/3 share of the private expenditures and 1/3
share of public expenditures for RTD (Center for Economic
Development , December 2010).
8
Clustering Strengths Weaknesses and consumer electronics. (InvestBulgaria Agency, 2010), (Bulgarian_ICT_Cluster, 2011)
• Very well developed broadband market. The Digital Agenda
Scoreboard Indicators such as “New entrants' share in fixed broadband
lines”; “Share of fixed broadband lines equal to or above 2 Mbps” and
“Share of fixed broadband lines equal to or above 10 Mbps” positioned
Bulgaria among the countries with the highest values in the EU (EC,
2011). The Bulgarian Internet providers have used innovative approach
in providing broadband Internet through public LAN.
• Academic entrepreneurship - a lot of existing or former researchers
have established one or series of enterprises in knowledge-intensive
services or high-tech industries. (CSD, 2010)
• Bulgaria is one of the Catching-up countries with an innovation
performance well below the EU27 average but the rate of
improvement is one of the highest of all countries and it is a growth
leader within the Catching-up countries. Relative strengths, compared
to the country’s average performance, are in Human resources, Finance
and support and Economic effects and relative weaknesses are in
Linkages & entrepreneurship and Throughputs (Pro Inno Europe, 2011).
• Private sector investment in R&D registers a sustainable upward trend
both in nominal terms (annual growth of over 20%) and as a percentage
of GDP.
• A number of private ICT companies (SW and electronics) are
competitive through RTD 11 . The most successful Bulgarian ICT
companies sustain their growth through RTD and innovations.
• The export of the High-tech industries is growing faster than the total
• The Public Procurement does not stimulate competitive R&D and
innovation. R&D is often used as an excuse to bypass the public
procurement regulations, while no real R&D is performed and the
government does not procure innovative products and services. Pre-
commercial procurement is nonexistent. (Yalamov & Bougiouklis,
February 2011).
• Despite the fact that the employment in RTDI has been growing still the
share of RTDI employment in the total employment of the country
0,48 %, is about three times smaller than the average share in EU 27 –
1.3 % (ЕС-27 – 1,3 %). Only three EU member states have smaller share
than Bulgaria13 (Eurostat, 2011).
• Aside from the existing supercomputer laboratory and some other
more basic e-infratsructuresa and networks the scientific infrastructure
of Bulgaria is not well developed and there are huge regional
disparities. There is a lack of advanced laboratories and scientific
facilities in microelectronics, telecommunications and other ICT
subsectors. (Bulgarian_ICT_Cluster, 2011).
• It could be assumed that many ICT enterprises in Bulgaria do not
register their RTDI activities through registering patents with Bulgarian
authors (CSD, 2010) or through properly reporting the RTDI expense
into the National Statistical Institute (Yalamov & Bougiouklis, February
2011). As a result the statistics on RTDI could be assumed as
underestimated.
• The educational system does not provide in a sustainable manner the
necessary high-tech, knowledge-intensive workforce (Yalamov &
Bougiouklis, February 2011).
• Weak cooperation between Universities, technological centers and
11 For more information see National ICT Innovation systems study and (CSD, 2010)
13 EU Member states with smaller share of RTDI employment than Bulgaria are Poland; Cyprus and Romania
9
Clustering Strengths Weaknesses export of the country, which could be considered as an indirect sign of
accelerated RTDI in the private sector in which RTDI is a must for being
competitive on the international markets (CSD, 2010).
• National super-computing laboratory is available for comprehensive
ICT research.
• Existence of national centers of competence in ICT such as ICT
specialized Institutes in Bulgaria Academy of Science, European
Software Institute Center Eastern Europe and Institute for Information
Theories and Applications and others
• Certain ICT companies and institutes finance their participation in the
European technological platforms (Computerworld, 2011).
• Bulgaria claimed the third highest speed of Internet - 1,611KBps12
(Pando Networks, 2011). The high speed of Internet could be assumed
as a driver for internet use and ICT RTDI development.
businesses do not support the balanced development of RTDI.
ICT RTD cross
cutting issues • Operational Programme (OP) Competitiveness (ERDF) could provide
support to the implementation of ICT in other industries.
• A few Bulgarian ICT companies have developed and released on the
innovative products applicable in non-ICT industrial sectors ( e.g.
construction, manufacturing, retail and others).
• The EU competitiveness programs are slow in segments where “Time
to market” is critical (Bulgarian_ICT_Cluster, 2011).
• Not sufficient cooperation between ICT RTD organizations and other
non-ICT organizations (CSD, 2010).
• In most of the Digital Agenda Scoreboard Indicators Bulgaria is
positioned among the countries with the lowest values in the EU14 (EC,
2011).
12Countries with higher Internet speed than Bulgaria were South Korea and Romania 14 Bulgaria is ranked among countries with the lowest values in EU for 55 out of total 67 Digital Agenda Scoreboard Indicators for more information visit:
http://scoreboard.lod2.eu/index.php?scenario=4&indicators%5B%5D=allIndicators&year=2010&countries%5B%5D=BG#chart
10
Opportunities Threats ICT RTD
governance and
policy system
• Creation of new or restructuring of one of the existing coordination
bodies to have sufficient power and resources to align and execute the
RTD related strategies, policies and plans and to absorb the EU funds in
RTD.
• Active Participation of the Bulgarian institutions in EU technology
platforms will provide direct access of Bulgaria to know-how, will result
in stronger positioning in the decision making process and could
increase the utilization of the EU funds for RTDI.
• The strategies and instrumnets in the area RTDI lack an associated multiannual national funding framework (which would include the smart use of structural funds and other related financial resources) and a clear delineation between the bodies in charge of monitoring/implementing the numerous measures planned foreseen. (EC - SEC(2011) 711 final , 2011)
• It could happen that the Bulgarian institutions will further ignore the RTDI priorities while being focused on anti-crisis policy making.
ICT RTD priority
setting, public
policies and actors
• Creation of independent evaluation mechanism with the participation of international and high level group of experts which would rank the most productive research groups in the universities and research institutes, including those of the Bulgarian Academy of Science, following the models of EU countries with a well established evaluation culture as well as through improved linkages with Bulgarian researchers established abroad (adapted from EC - SEC(2011) 711 final , 2011).
• ICT NGOs that support RTDI policy-making and clustering and private business to be involved in the decision making process on a strategic level.
• There is a risk that research measures in the RTDI-related strategies
may not be sufficiently aligned with the innovation measures and that
sectoral R&I priorities are not consistently selected in close consultation
with relevant ministries and stakeholders. This could impede the
selection of the most appropriate R&I areas, namely those in which
Bulgaria has recognized scientific strengths, as identified by
international benchmarking, or which contribute to address societal
challenges and can attract business R&D activities (adapted from EC -
SEC(2011) 711 final , 2011).
• Establishing very complex decisions -making process on a strategic
level could block prioritizing in the RTDI.
ICT RTD sector
features • Ambitious national target of 1.5% of GDP for R&D intensity by 2020
can be reached if vigorous efforts and reforms based on a long-term strategy are put in place and implemented in a sustained and consistent manner (EC - SEC(2011) 711 final , 2011).
• The government proposed new measures within a new Law on innovation, which, if implemented might lead to a significant increase in R&D. Proposed measures include up to 50% subsidy for priority R&D, tax breaks on innovation and R&D expenditures and a tax imposed on non-innovative companies (Yalamov & Bougiouklis, February 2011).
• The RTD career is not attractive in the Bulgarian Public Institutions
that could become a serious barrier to the further development of
fundamental research in Bulgaria and cooperation between different
types of RTDI.
• Stagnating global demand for ICT could push some of the big
international companies to close their RTDI centers in Bulgaria and
could lower the ICT export.
11
Opportunities Threats • Support for creation of innovative clusters could strengthen the
cooperation between the different types of RTDI organizations and as a result to produce synergies for the RTDI development in Bulgaria.
• Further transition from institutional funding to program funding could make the public RTDI more effective and competitive.
ICT RTD cross
cutting issues • Low-tech sectors have demonstrated good potential for absorbing
innovations, including form the ICT sector. (CSD, 2010) If this potential
is utilized the RTDI in the ICT sector would grow and contribute to the
overall competitiveness in the country.
• Creation of clusters could encourage industries to partner with ICT
organizations in RTDI and could promote inter-sectoral cooperation.
• Implementing Digital Agenda could promote intensive ICT use in all
economic sectors in the country.
Global crisis does not stimulate new investments in innovative
products which could decrease the RTDI investment.
12
1.3 Self assessment tool: Features of well performing national and regional research and innovation
This section will be provided by UoM. Please do not fill in.
INDICATORS FOR THE INNOVATION UNION 2010 DATA SOURCE
ENABLERS – Human Resources
New doctorate graduates (ISCED 6) per 1000 population aged 25-34 Eurostat
Percentage population aged 30-34 having completed tertiary education Eurostat
Percentage youth aged 20-24 having attained at least upper secondary level education
Eurostat
ENABLERS – Open, excellent and attractive research systems
International scientific co-publications per million population Thomson/Scopus
Scientific publications among the top 10% most cited publications worldwide as % of total scientific publications of the country
Thomson/Scopus
Non-EU doctorate students 32 per million population Eurostat/OECD
ENABLERS – Finance and Support
Public R&D expenditures as % of GDP Eurostat
Venture capital (early stage, expansion and replacement) as % of GDP EVCA/Eurostat
FIRM ACTIVITIES – Firm Investments
Business R&D expenditures as % of GDP Eurostat
Non-R&D innovation expenditures as % of turnover Eurostat
FIRM ACTIVITIES – Linkages & entrepreneurship
SMEs innovating in-house as % of SMEs Eurostat
Innovative SMEs collaborating with others as % of SMEs Eurostat
Public-private co-publications per million population Thomson/Scopus
FIRM ACTIVITIES – Intellectual Assets
PCT patents applications per billion GDP (in PPS€) Eurostat
PCT patent applications in societal challenges per billion GDP (in PPS€) (climate change mitigation; health)
OECD
Community trademarks per billion GDP (in PPS€) OHIM/Eurostat
Community designs per billion GDP (in PPS€) OHIM/Eurostat
OUTPUTS – Innovators
SMEs (more than 10 employees) introducing product or process innovations as % of SMEs
Eurostat
SMEs (more than 10 employees) introducing marketing or organisational innovations as % of SMEs
Eurostat
High-growth enterprises (with more than 10 employees) as % of all enterprises3
Eurostat
OUTPUTS – Economic effects
Employment in Knowledge-Intensive Activities (manufacturing and services) as % of total employment
Eurostat
Medium and High-tech manufacturing exports as % total product exports UN/Eurostat
Knowledge-Intensive Services exports as % total service exports UN/Eurostat
Sales of new to market and new to firm innovations as % of turnover Eurostat
Licence and patent revenues from abroad as % of GDP Eurostat
13
References
Bulgarian_ICT_Cluster. (2011, November 7). (I.Gueorguiev, Interviewer)
Center for Economic Development . (December 2010). EU 2020 and the Priorities for
Development in Bulgaria . CED.
Computerworld. (2011, Novemeber). Measures for Resarch Support in Bulgaria. Cmupterworld
43/2011 .
CORDIS. (2011). CORDIS. Retrieved November 2011, from http://cordis.europa.eu
CSD. (2010). Innovation.BG 2010.
EC - SEC(2011) 711 final . (2011). Assessment of the 2011 national reform programme and
convergence programme for Bulgaria.
EC. (2011). Digital Agenda for Europe. Retrieved November 2011, from
http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/digital-
agenda/scoreboard/countries/bg/index_en.htm
EC. (November 2011). European Economic Forecast - Autumn 2011 (provisional version).
Elschne, C., & Vanborren, W. (2009). CORPORATE EFFECTIVE TAX RATES IN AN ENLARGED
EUROPEAN UNION. EC.
Eurostat. (2011, 11 18). Eurostat Online Database. Retrieved November 2011, from
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tsieb08
0&plugin=1
InvestBulgaria Agency. (2010). BULGARIA: ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY FACTSHEET.
ITU. (2010). ICT Indicators Database. Retrieved from http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/
Ministry of Finance. (2011). Analysis of the Growth Potential of the productionan dservice sectors
in Bulgaria 2008-2010. Ministry of Finance.
Pando Networks. (2011, September ). Retrieved November 18, 2011, from Pando Networks
Releases Global Internet Speed Study, Septemeber 2011:
http://www.pandonetworks.com/Pando-Networks-Releases-Global-Internet-Speed-Study
Pro Inno Europe. (2011). Retrieved November 2011, from http://www.proinno-
europe.eu/page/bulgaria-1
The World Bank. (2011). Doing Business Report .
World Bank Insitute. (2011). World Bank Governance Indicators: Country Data Report for
Bulgaria 1996-2010. World Bank .
World Economic Forum. (2011). The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012. World Economic
Forum .
Yalamov, T., & Bougiouklis, K. (February 2011). Comprehensive analysis of programmes and
initiatives in Bulgaria that assist theCollaboration between science and SME. MaPEeR SME
Project : Making Progress and Economic enhancement a Reality for SME.