building the mediterranean future together development in the nelly bourlion, forest ecosystem...
TRANSCRIPT
Building the Mediterranean future together
development in the
Nelly Bourlion,Forest Ecosystem Program
officerUNEP – MAP – Plan Bleu
8th Conference of the Ecosystem Services Partenrship - Working Group B5 : Mediterranean Stellenbosch, 9-13 November 2015
Economic valuation of services
Mediterranean?
a tool for sustainable
provided by ecosystems,
Observation, analysis and prospective center
The Mediterranean Action Plan of UNEP
Goal : to implement the Convention for the protection of the Marine environment and Coastal Region of the Mediterranean (Barcelona Convention)
The ecosystem approach to the management of human activities
Plan Bleu : who are we ?
Why economic valuation of ecosystems ?
Environmental decisions are complex, multifaceted and involve many stakeholders with
different priorities or objectives
The selection of management approaches involves multiple criteria
To assess the results, strengths and weaknesses of alternative management approaches.
“The economic assessment is the process of estimating,
in monetary terms, the increase or the expected
decline in well-being resulting from the use of a
good or service” (Romero, 1994).
Relation between ecosystems and individuals
Each evaluation at different state and different geographic scale
• Marine ecosystems (regional and local) : finished
• Wetlands (local) : methodology definition
• Forests (local): results validation
Overview of the socio-economic valuations realized by PlanBleu
Provisioning (goods production)
Regulation (services production)Cultural
(services production)Food crop support
Aquaculture
Professional fishing
Land picking (fruits, vegetables)
Extraction and using of mineral products (salt, granular resource)
Wood harvesting
Water transport
Groundwater recharge
Climate regulation : carbon sequestration
Water cycle regulation:
Flood control
Waste purification and treatment (water auto-purification)
Prevention of geomorphological desorders (banks erosion, lacks of material in some area..)
Erosion and mudslide control
Value of biodiversity
Tourism and nature recreation
Overview of the socio-economic valuations realized by PlanBleu
Process:
• Regional state of the art method for each ecosystem
• Implementation in pilot sites
• Conclusions/recommandations at regional level
CS1 : Socio-economic valuation of Med. Marine Ecosystems
46,000 km of coastline, 40% built up
2.5 million km ² (1% of the world's ocean surface)
High biodiversity: 6% of marine species in the world,
high level of endemism (28%),
Nearly 1,000 non indigenous species, with about one new entry every two weeks
Context
5 types of ecosystems:• Posidonia Meadow areas (1% of total area)• Corallogenic areas (4%)• Hard substrate areas with photophilic algae
(4%)• Soft substrate areas (9%)• Open sea (81%)
CS1 : Socio-economic valuation of Med. Marine Ecosystems
Overall value = 26 billion € (2005)10 000€/km2/year
8 countries account for 90% of the total value of benefits resulting from marine ecosystems (Italy, Spain, Greece, France, Turkey, Israel, Egypt and Algeria)
Hotels restaurants, real estate, tourism
Contact: Didier Sauzade [email protected]
Limits : Underestimated assessment: • sustainability assessment• lack of specific data
• Southern and eastern countries• Coastal areas
CS2 : Socio-economic valuation of Med. Wetlands
Few economic valuation studies of ecosystem services provided by wetlands.Especially in South and East Mediterranean countries
Among these studies:- regulation services represent the least studied category- there is no focus on adaptation to climate change.
Mediterranean wetlands = 18.5 million ha 1-2% of the world’s wetlands,
1/4 are artificial
They provide a panel of ecosystem services, contributing to human well-being
Threatened ecosystems in constant decline
Half disappeared during the 20th century, due to human pressures
Context
Translated from OZHM, 2010
Interests:
• To promote the recognition of the « climatic buffer » role played by wetlands to facilitate its integration in Med national adaptation strategies to climate change
CS2 : Socio-economic valuation of Med. Wetlands
Contact: Céline Dubreuil [email protected] - Juliette Balavoine [email protected]
Lonjsko polje floodplain
Croatia
Vic Coastal lagoon, France
Burullus coastal
lagoon, Egypt
Yeniçaga lake and
peatlands, Turkey
OZHM, Perennou et al., 2012
Coastal protection against storm –Avoided Cost
+ Reflects current arbitrations
- Frequency and intensity of events difficultto predict. Damages estimated arehypothetical and links with ecosystemservice change are uncertain. Risks of over / under-estimation
Flood control – Replacement Cost
+ Reflects current arbitrations;Relatively simple datacollection.
- Impossibility of identifying perfectsubstitutes for ecosystem services. Risk of under / over-estimation.
Limits:
• Heterogeneity and lack of available data at watershed level for carrying out a robust biophysical evaluation; yet, this is a crucial preliminary step for economic valuation.
• Results can run counter to the objectives of preserving ecosystems.
Carbon sequestration – Market Price
+ Market data easily availableSimple technique
- Inexistent markets for most services.Imperfect markets create price distortions.Prices do not reflect social importance.Effects on price have to be considered(seasons, socio economic characteristics,subsidies and taxes ...).
CS3 : Socio-economic valuation of Med. Forests
77 million ha of forests 2% of total world’s forest area
Climate Change pressure:In the period 2006-2010, over 2 million ha of wildlands were burnt, an average of more than 400 000 haper year.
Anthropogenic pressure:Growth of population with 95% in south-eastern Mediterranean countries
Context
Source : PlanBleu
Services Morocco
Algeria Tunisia Lebanon
Turkey
Provisionning
WoodCorkForrageNWFP
Arbutus fruits
CorkForrageNWFP
ThymeForrageHoney
Wood
Regulation Water purification
Water ressources protection
Carbon seqBiodiversity
Cultural Recreation
Recreation
Recreation
Recreation
List of goods and services valuated in the project
Project’s pilot sites
Wood’s value is not important because of the low productivity and the wood’s quality (mostly firewood)
Lack of reliable statistical data on firewoodLarge variation by siteThe most remunerative service Where admission fees are not applied, recreation benefits are threatened by surcharge and caused damage.The income generated by the local population depends on tourism activities developed
USD PPPVisits
numberUS$/visit
US$/ha Method
Morocco 610000 615,6 2975,4 Travel cost
Algeria 85000 9,1 34,3 Travel cost
Lebanon 5919 24,3 114,9Benefit Transfer
Turkey 206110 3,9 45,6Benefit Transfer
CS3 : Socio economic valuation of Med. Forest
Contact: Nelly Bourlion [email protected]
MEDIETERRANEAN FOREST
Recreation
Wood
Biodiversity
Soil protectio
n
Carbon sequetsrati
on
Forrage
NWFP
Water purificati
on
CulturalRegulating
Provisioning
Interests:In addition to the per hectare values, values per capita can better express the benefits of the population living in the area. It depends on the forest area and the population size
The evaluation becomes more difficult when we move from direct use values, indirect use values and existence values
USD PPP m3/ha US$/m3 US$/ha Method
Morocco 5,2 17,14 90,6 Market price
Tunisia 2 14,9 30,2 Market priceLebanon 0,6 87,1 54,5 Market priceTurkey 0,5 80,7 39,3 Market priceLimits:
Underestimation / overestimation of certain values due to lack of dataDifficulties to have a regional perspective due to site specificities
Common limits from the case studies
Requires a prior biophysical evaluation important investigation work
Lack of reliable data in southern and eastern countries, and/or lack of access to data Lack of data at specific level (watershed, coastal region etc.) the necessary data are usually obtained through specific surveys on users
or companies to the local level
Heterogeneity of data and methodology difficulties to compare between countries
Difficulties to have a regional perspective due to local assessment or regional assessment of the ecosystems
Loss of information at each step and difficulty to move from biophysical evaluation to economic valuation
Common interests from the case studies
Provide better understanding of changes in provision of those goods and services, Demonstrate the contributions of ecosystems to social welfare and
economic development, Take into account not only priced goods, but also non-market good
and services Allow comparison with financial costs on single currency basis
Create a common language for policy makers, business and society
A starting point for elaborating proposals and supporting effective decision making with regard to adaptive and sustainable management of Mediterranean ecosystems
The basis for the implementation of : a natural resource accounting system, a PES system and an effective compensation mechanisms of damages on ecosystemsComparative analysis and recommendations ongoing
will lead to a publication beginning of 2016
