building the future of the islands: sustainable energies

Créditos: Créditos

Sponsors

UnelcoUnión Electrica deCanarias S.A.

World Solar Programme(1996-2005)

Instituto Tecnológico y deEnergías Renovables S.A.

ITER

GOBIERNO DE CANARIAS

Island SolarSummit �Tenerife 1999

Island SolarAgendaRecommendationsProceedings

Building the future of the islands

SustainableEnergies

Building the future of the islands

SustainableEnergies

Edited by:Cipriano Marín and Manuel Cendagorta

5

IndiceAdresses and Presentations .............................................................................. 9

Message from the Director General of UNESCO .......................................................... 11Address by the Chairman of the Island Solar Summit ................................................. 13Inaugural speech by the President of the Canary Islands Government .................... 15Message of the Spanish Minister of the Environment ................................................. 17Address by the Government of the Republic of Cape Verde ....................................... 19Address by the Government of the Republic of Kiribati .............................................. 21Address by the Government of the Republic of Maldives ............................................ 23Address by the Government of the Sicilian Region ...................................................... 25Island Solar Summit: Building the Future of the IslandsCIPRIANOMARÍN ................................................................................................................... 27Sustainable Energy Resources in SIDS. Progress inthe Implementation of the Barbados Programme of ActionPAOLADEDA .......................................................................................................................... 31Address by the Secretary-General of INSULA................................................................ 33Address by the European Commission .......................................................................... 35Address by the Government of the Azores .................................................................... 37Address by the Government of the Republic of Cyprus ............................................... 39Address by the Government of the Republic of Papua New Guinea .......................... 41Address by the Government of the Republic of Seychelles ........................................ 43Address by the Italian Small Islands Association .......................................................... 45Renewable Energies, Energies of PeaceLUIS MARQUÉS ...................................................................................................................... 47TheWorld Solar Programme 1996-2005BORIS BERKOVSKI .................................................................................................................. 49The New Energy Challenge in the Island RegionsMANUEL CENDAGORTA ........................................................................................................... 57

Island Solar Agenda .............................................................................................. 63

Island Solar Agenda .......................................................................................................... 49Clean Energy and Water Programme ............................................................................. 57

Island Presentations .............................................................................................. 77

Using Renewable Energy Sources in theMascarene Islands: Problems, Policy and ChallengesPREM SADDUL ....................................................................................................................... 79

Electrification of Kiribati Rural Areas Using Solar PV SystemTERUBENTAU AKURA ............................................................................................................. 87

Renewable Energy Sources in the Canary IslandsANTÓNIO LÓPEZ GULÍAS ........................................................................................................ 93

Implementation Plan for the Large Scale Deploymentof Renewable Energy Sources in CreteARTHOUROS ZERVOS, GEORGE CARALIS, NIKOLAOS ZOGRAFAKIS .............................................. 99

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Rural Renewable Energy in the Falkland IslandsTIMOTHY COTTER .................................................................................................................. 107

Renewable Energy Plan of the Minorca IslandANTONI JUANEDA, CIPRIANOMARÍN ........................................................................................ 115

The Development of Renewable Energy Sources for Electricity Generation:the Example of the French Overseas Departments and CorsicaJ. L. BAL, M. BENARD, M. LE NIR, B. ROBERT ....................................................................... 119

Full Supply for El Hierro by means of Renewable EnergiesJAVIERMORALES ..................................................................................................................... 125

Renewable Energy Proposals on Cape Clear Island (Cork County, Ireland)BRENDANDEVLIN ................................................................................................................... 129

Bioclimatic Buildings: Solutions for IslandsGUILLERMOGALVÁN .............................................................................................................. 133

Use of Solar Energy in Remote Areas, NationalParks and various Islands in Costa RicaSHYAM S.NANDWANI .............................................................................................................. 143

The Water-Energy Binomial: a Challenge for IslandsFRANCISCO PÉREZ SPIESS ........................................................................................................ 149

Insular Context of Renewable Energies. The Madeira CaseFILIPE OLIVEIRA .................................................................................................................... 151

Renewable Energy Islands. The Danish Energy WayIBENØSTERGAARD ................................................................................................................. 153

Renewable Energy Resources and Utilisation in Fiji: an OverviewSURENDRA PRASAD .................................................................................................................. 157

Neverland IslandGIANFRANCO D'EREDITÁ, CRISTINAMANICARDI ........................................................................ 163

National Energy Program CROTOK. Energy Development on IslandsALENKA KINDERMAN ............................................................................................................... 165

Renewable Energy on Small IslandsTHOMAS LINGE JENSEN .......................................................................................................... 171

Wind Powered Reverse Osmosis Desalination for Stand-alone Island OperationMATTHIAS GROTTKE, P. HELM, H. EHMANN,M. STÖHR .......................................................... 173

Energy in Cuba. Present Situation and Main ActionsALFREDO CURBELO ALONSO .................................................................................................. 179

Exploitation of Renewable Energy Sources in the Greek IslandsGEORGE ANDRITSOPOULOS, J. BOUKIS .................................................................................... 181

UNELCO�s Experience n Wind FarmsSEBASTIÁNMOLINA ................................................................................................................ 183

Planning Integrated Ventotene island. Ventoteneas Laboratory for the Environment of the FutureANNA SIMONE ........................................................................................................................ 185

Utilization of Solar Energy. The Case of CyprusSOLON KASSINIS ..................................................................................................................... 187

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Programmes, Policies, Market and Networks ....................................... 191The Global Education Solar ProgrammeOSMANBENCHIKH ................................................................................................................. 193

Background on Gef Renewable Energy/Energy Efficiency ProjectsMOHAMED T. EL-ASHRY ......................................................................................................... 207

Small Island Developing States NETWORK (SIDSNET)HIROSHI TAMADA .................................................................................................................. 209

The OPET NetworkPEDRO BALLESTEROS .............................................................................................................. 215

MultiMedia Energy Efficiency Training (MEET)Self Directed Training for Local Energy AgenciesJOAQUIM COROMINAS ............................................................................................................ 219

An Approach to Renewable Energies Educationand Training Programme for the Small IslandsNELSON EURICO CABRAL ....................................................................................................... 221

Using the Web to Learn about and Make Policiesfor Sustainable Energy on IslandsPETERMEINCKE ..................................................................................................................... 225

EU Policies on Promoting Sustainable EnergiesJUAN FRAGA ........................................................................................................................... 229

An Integrative Approach to Maximise the Uses of Solar EnergyÁNGEL LANDABASO ............................................................................................................... 231

Energy and Sustainable Tourism: the Island ChallengeTOMÁS AZCÁRATE Y BANG ...................................................................................................... 239

The Alternative TransportMIGUEL FRAILE ..................................................................................................................... 241

Technology Needs for Island Renewable Energy SystemsJOS BEURSKENS ...................................................................................................................... 245

Wind Energy The MADE AE-46/1 Wind TurbineFEDERICO GONZÁLEZ ............................................................................................................. 251

Characteristics of Implanting Solar Collectors on IslandsALFREDO BERNABÉ ................................................................................................................. 255

Promoting Thermal Industry Comparison and Evaluation of ExperiencesRAINER BERKMANN ................................................................................................................. 257

Water-Energy-Waste Integrated Management for the Mediterranean IslandsFRANÇOIS VALETTE ................................................................................................................. 259

Rapporteurs ................................................................................................................ 273Sustainable Energies: a New Challenge for the IslandsRAPPORTEUR: RONALD G. PARRIS ........................................................................................... 275

High Priority Projects and Experiences for IslandsRAPPORTEUR: JESÚS RODRÍGUEZ ÁLAMO ................................................................................. 277

TenerifeCanary Islands

Santa Cruz de TenerifeIsland Solar Summit

ITER

Market and TechnologyRAPPORTEUR: FRANCOCAVALLARO .......................................................................................... 279

Island Networks. Information, education and training programmesRAPPORTEUR:MIGUELMONTESDEOCA .................................................................................... 281

International Agreements, Basis for Actions ........................................ 285United Nations Global Conference on the Sustainable Developmentof Small Island Developing States (Barbados 1994) ...................................................... 287

European Conference on Sustainable Island Development.Insula - Unesco - European Commission. Consell de Menorca (1997) ...................... 289

Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly 53/7.World Solar Programme 1996 - 2005 ............................................................................... 291

Small Island States - Leading the Global Energy Revolution ...................................... 293

Palma deMallorca Declaration ........................................................................................ 295

List of Participants ................................................................................................. 285

Committee of Honour and Executive Committee ............................ 309

ITER (Institute of Technology and Renewable Energies) ........... 311

WEB Site ....................................................................................................................... 319

Adressesand

Presentations

Adressesand

Presentations

11

FEDERICO MAYOR ZARAGOZADirector-generalUNESCO

Organising the IslandSolar Summit, in collabo-rationwithUNESCO, INSULA and theWorld SolarProgramme1996-2005,was amagnificent and timelyinitiativeof theTenerifeCabildo, ITERandtheCanaryIslandGovernment thatwillmakeavaluablecontribu-tion to theon-goingdiscussionon the futureof islandsocieties.After theUnitedNationsConference on theEnvi-

ronment andDevelopment, held inRiode Janeiro in1992,UNESCOorganised ameetingofhigh level ex-perts called "TheSunat theServiceofMankind".Theobjective of themeetingwas to studyhow to increasetheuseof solar energy andother renewable energies,in the interests of economic and social developmentandtheprotectionof theenvironment. Incompliancewith the recommendationsof thismeeting,UNESCOspentthreeyearspreparingtheorganisationofaWorldSolar Summit to provide a political stimulation fromHeads of State andGovernment, to enhance the dis-seminationofrenewableenergies.HeldinHarare,Zim-babwe, in September 1996, this Summit approved aDeclarationonSolarEnergyandSustainableDevelop-mentand initiated thepreparationof theWorldSolarProgramme1996-2005, whichwas approved in June1997. A World Solar Commission, chaired by H.E.RobertG.Mugabe, President of theRepublic of Zim-babwe, andmadeupof18HeadsofStateandGovern-ment, includingHisMajesty King JuanCarlos I, pro-vides direction and supervises the implementationoftheProgramme.

Theuseof renewable energies has twomain facets:social and economic development on the onehand,andprotectionof the environment on theother.Onthe threshold of the thirdmillennium, there are still2.4billionhumanbeingswithnoaccess tobasicenergyservices,more specifically electricity. Thismeans thattheyhaveno chanceof education, health, communi-cation, drinkingwater supply or anyof theother serv-ices thatarenecessary thesedays foradecentqualityoflife. Concerning the environment, for the first time,the Rio Conference recognised the risk of climatechangecausedby theemissionofgasesproducedfromconsumingfossil fuels.TheConferencealsohighlightedthat a greater use of renewable energies is one of thebasic factors required formankind toadoptanewandsustainableenergy strategy.As islandsdonothavefossil resources, theyarehighly

dependenton theexterior for their energy,which is aburden on their gross domestic product and a con-straint on their development. The fragile and vulner-ablenatureof islandenvironmentsmean that import-ing inappropriateenergymodelsalsorepresentsa seri-ous risk to island environments, theirmost valuableasset.Ontheotherhand, theygenerallyhaveanabun-danceofavailablerenewableenergysources thatwouldmake it possible to install decentralised, stand aloneand clean energy systems. To this end, in theUnitedNationsGlobal Conference onSustainableDevelop-mentofSmallIslandDevelopingStates(Barbados1994)and in successivedevelopments, especially the caseof

Message from theDirector General of UNESCO

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the IslandAgenda for SustainableDevelopment (Mi-norca 1997), the strategy ofmaximumuse of renew-able energy sources appears as an essential challengefor islandsocieties. Infact,becauseof their specialchar-acteristics, island territories are oneof themost privi-leged habitats, where the option of renewables be-comes, inmostcases, theonly rational solution.Places,that will almost certainly become the gateway for thesolar solution in thenextmillennium.Of course, a greater spread of the pertinent tech-

nologies requires competentpersonnel andpalpableandspecificdemonstrationactions todeterminewhichare themost suitable in each case. This explains theimportantroleofeducatingandtrainingengineersandtechnicians in theareaof renewableenergies.Theex-perience of ITER as an international centre for har-nessing and investigating renewable energies in an is-land setting, is a practical example to be followed by

many island regions of the Earth.We hope that thisCentre of Excellence will be one of the foundationstones in the constructionof aneffective systemof in-ter-island co-operation to promote a real and large-scaleuseof renewableenergies.Thethreeinterdependentdimensionsofdeveloping

theseenergiesof thefuturearetherefore, social,educa-tionalandenvironmental.Neithershouldweforgetthatsolarenergyandtheotherrenewableenergies,by theirvery essence, are energies of peace that canmake animportantcontributiontoUNESCO'sCultureofPeaceProgramme, whose objective is to transform thepre-dominantcultureof violence intoacultureofpeace.Iwould, therefore, like to congratulate theorganis-

ers of the IslandSolar Summit and Iprey that the rec-ommendations thathavebeenapprovedcan improvethe quality of life and living standards of island con-sumers in

13

Address by the Chairmanof the Island Solar Summit

RICARDO MELCHIOR NAVARROChairman of the Island Solar SummitCABILDO DE TENERIFE

The celebrationof this IslandSolar Summit joinsinwith thewideprocess of transformationand reflec-tionaffecting the futureof insular societieshereat thedawnof the 21st Century. Following theRio Summitand theBarbadosConference,wearenowwitnessingtheawakeningof islands' consciences in the search foreffective solutions todevelopment, that canmake theconservation of our fragile natural heritage compat-iblewitha just andenduringdevelopment.There aremany challenges that insular territories

must face in thesenew times.Newproductive speciali-ties suchas tourism,ortherapidgrowthinpopulations,place islands inanextremely vulnerableposition.Situ-ations in which our limited resourcesmust beman-agedwithextremecaution.Energy,becauseof its territorial, environmental and

economic implications, represents a central elementof the insular dilemma. The adoption of improperenergeticmodels couldmortgageoureconomies andenvironments,asenergysolutionsmaintainanintimaterelationshipwith theway inwhich insularresourcesaremanaged.This interdependence is extremely evidentin islands, also involving thepoliticsof transport,wateror residues that arekeyaspects thatneed tobe satisfac-torily resolved inour area.TheCabildoofTenerife, as an instrumentof insular

government,hasalwaysbeenconsciousof theneedforsustainable islanddevelopment, an idea common tothemajorityof statesandinsularregions.Wehave,as inmany islandson thisplanet, an important tourist activ-ity, which is dueprecisely to the existenceof valuable

environmental resources.However, this beingoneofthemainpillars of our economies, it at the same timeinflictspressureon theenvironment thatmustbecon-trolled andmiminized. And in our case, one of theformsof conciliating insular sustainabilitywith touristactivity is through theuseof renewableenergies.Themajorityof islandspossess abundantnatural re-

sources, such as the wind, sun, sea and geothermalsources(inthecaseof islandsofvolcanicorigins).Theseresources canbe converted into sources of beneficialenergy by transforming them into electricity, heat ormotivepower,with the capacity to cover actualneeds,suchasheating andpassive refrigeration, productionof hotwater or electrical energy. By applying these todesalinationprocesses,potablewatercanbeproducedwithout having to resort to the use of fossil fuels ornuclearenergy.Through theseandother techniques,the emissionofpollutionanddamage to theenviron-ment canbedrastically reduced.Over the last fewyears these solutionshavebeenpro-

gressively applied, though at amuch lower level thantheir real potential.Onehas to consider that it is pre-cisely in islandswhereitmakesthemostsensetoaimfora strategy of energybasedonefficiency and themaxi-mumpenetrationof renewableenergies.Likewise, theexperiencesaccumulatedovertheyearshaveconfirmedapossibleandprofitableuseofrenewableenergiesagainstconventional solutions,besidesmakingpublicopinionawareof theneedfor theseapplications.Theworld-wide exchange of knowledge and rela-

tions betweendistinct insular sectors, at all levels (po-

14

litical, technical, legislative, financial), is fundamentalto facilitate large scale implantationof renewable en-ergies and a rational use of energy resources. An atti-tude that, without doubt, will be translated into a sig-nificant improvement in thequalityof lifeof all island-ers, and in a necessary reduction of dependence onexterior sources.In this sense we are really glad for the excellent

acceptancemet by the proposal to consolidate theITERas a focal point in this inter-island co-operationstrategy, a proposal drawn up during this Summit.UNESCO's approval, throughconsidering it a centreof excellence, encourages us evenmore to enlargeourworkinghorizonsand tocontributewithouravail-able resources to the common task of building an

efficientnetworkbasedon theexchangeand transferof technology, information, advice and training, apriority need for islands in this particularmoment.Energy sustainability in islands today is not a uto-

pia, it could said that it constitutes a condition forconsolidating their balanced development. Today'stechnology is able to permit the bringing togetherof a great alliance in favour of renewable energiesand energy efficiency in insular territories. For thisreason, this summit has been an important step inthe construction of a common future of co-opera-tion to assure the conservation of resources and de-velopment of distinct insular economies. An essen-tial step for a promising tomorrow that we will beable to feel proud of.

15

Inaugural speech by thePresident of the CanaryIslands Government

MANUEL HERMOSO ROJASPresident of the Canary Islands Government

First of all, I would like towelcomeall the authori-ties and participants who have come to the CanaryIslands to take part in the Island Solar Summit thatopenshere inSantaCruzdeTenerife.We all know just howdependent islands are on the

outside for theirenergyneeds, and theenvironmentalimpact of conventional energy sources on territorieslikeours thatbase theireconomicdevelopmentonthetourist industry. This explains how important it is forthoseofuswhohave theresponsibilityofgovernment,toprotect thenatural environment, toconserve itovertime and topromote amodel of sustainable develop-ment that is impossible without considering energyproduction.Onthe islands, therefore,wedoeverythingwecanto

promote theprotectionof the environment andgiveeverybody the chance toparticipate innature conser-vation.That is why thedevelopmentof renewable en-ergies is amatter of great concern tous.Conventionalenergyproductiononislandsdoesnot

onlyrepresentanimpactontheenvironmentandthoseof us who inhabit it, it also has an impact on theeconomy because of the relatively high productioncosts in comparisonwithmainland territories.But we do have advantages too, as our regions are

usually rich insunandwindenergy,enablingus to findsolutions toourenergyproblemsby specialising in theproductionofalternativeenergiesanddevelopingourtechnological skills.We in the islands are potentially

oneof the largestmarkets in theworld for implement-ingrenewableenergies.For example, in theCanary Islands, wewill shortly

have the first clean island inEurope.The IslandofElHierro will cover all its energy needs with renewableenergy, in this caseusingwater forgeneratingenergy.Society�s will to usenon-polluting energy sources is

growingday by day, which is whywemustmake everyeffort todevelop theuseof renewable energies that, Iamsure,will solveourenergyproblemsinthelongterm.But, to achieve this, wemust continue toadvance in

implementingrenewableenergiesandoneofourmostimportantmissionswill undoubtedly be thebattle forhavingislandspecificitiesrecognisedinallnationalandinternational forums inwhichpolitical decisions aremade.Our regions require different solutions, as theproblems tooaredifferent.Wemust also disseminate our experiences among

islands inorder to foster co-operation, aimedatdevel-oping renewableenergies, defineourpriorities in thisarea, adapt energy legislation and administration toourneeds anddevelopourownmarket strategies.Our basic heritage is our people and our natural

environment.Therefore, all of usherepresenthave aduty, inherent in the social commitment wehave ac-cepted, to pass on this natural heritage to future gen-erations, so that they canenjoy a better quality of life.

Thankyouverymuch.

17

Message of the SpanishMinister of the Environment

ISABEL TOCINO BISCAROLASAGAMinister of the EnvironmentSPAIN

In themediumand long term, sustainable overalldevelopment and climate stability, both of which re-quire similar actions, are dependent on a revision ofenergymanagement aimedat achieving a significantreduction in theuseof fossil fuels. And there areonlytwosustainablemeansofachieving this reduction:withgrowing improvement inenergyefficiency andan im-portant expansion in the use of alternative energysources, especially renewableenergy sources.Achievingambitiousobjectives in this area is a com-

plex,butessential task, requiringall kindsof contribu-tions.ThedevelopmentofsomeenergysourcesinSpain,suchaswindenergy, is a verypositive example.TheMinistry of theEnvironment does not have di-

rect competenceover renewable energypolicies, but,byhelping toadoptambitious strategiesandobjectivesfor limiting and reducing carbon dioxide and othergreenhouse gases, we are stimulating the creationofappropriate conditions for these to develop.Withinthecontextof theKyotoProtocol and theCommunitydistributionof emissions reduction, Spain is commit-ted to limiting thegrowthofgreenhousegasemissionsto15%above the1990 levelby theyear2010.Although

some would criticise this objective as not very ambi-tious at first sight, this 15%targetwill require a signifi-cantreductioninthetrendtoproducemoreandmoreemissionsover the comingdecade. Furthermore, thischange in trendwill have to become increasingly sig-nificant in the future, leading toanabsolute reductioninemissions,requiring animportantcontributionfromrenewableenergies.In theNationalClimateCouncil,whoseprimetask is

to drawup a Spanish strategy on climate change andpresent it to the government for approval, the newRenewableEnergyPromotionPlanisbeingconsideredas one of the main sectoral plans necessary as a re-sponse to this global threat. The aimof the Plan is toachievetheobjectiveof12%renewableenergy inSpainby the year 2010, twice the present level of consump-tion.Island regions areespecially suitable fordeveloping

renewableenergies, as theyarenotconnectedtomain-land conventional energy grids, highlighting the im-portance of local energy sources, such as wind andphoto-voltaicenergy, for the sustainabledevelopmentof islands.

18

One the final sessions of the Summit, in the presence of the island representatives.

19

Address by the Governmentof the Republic of Cape Verde

ALEXANDRE DÍAS MONTEIRO

Minister of Commerce, Industry and EnergyREPUBLIC OF CAPE VERDE

May I beginby expressingmydeep satisfaction,onbehalf of the government ofCaboVerde, at beingable toshare inthesereflectionsonsolarenergy,whichis one of the important issues for the future of ourcountries and forhumanity ingeneral.In bringing together islandpopulations that share

common cultures, motivations and aspirations, thisinitiative seeks todebate ideas, comparepointsof viewandexchangeexperiences inorder toarriveatmecha-nisms thatwill contribute to resolvingoneof themostpressingproblems faced todaybyour countries.The issueof energy, which is closely boundupwith

environmental problems, is withoutdoubtoneof thechiefconcernsnot justofpeople,butalsogovernmentsand international institutions.We are living in a rapidly-changing world, one in

whichtheconstantgrowthinthepopulation, thedomi-nantmodelofdevelopmentand thegrowingneeds inthe goods and services required for the progress andwell-beingofhumanity are all exertinggreat pressureonnatural resources.Although for thepresent these resources aregener-

ally available, they are not always accessible, they arenot inexhaustibleandareoftennon-renewable.No-onewoulddispute themajoradvances thathave

beenachieved invirtuallyall areasover thesecondhalfof thecentury.Advances in science and technologyhave served to

considerably raise the lifeexpectancyofpeopleworld-wide.Quality of life has also improved significantly inmany parts of the world. However, this progress has

not beendistributed equitably and inmany cases hasbeenat theexpenseof theecosystemand thedeterio-rationofnature,which isultimately thebasis for lifeonourplanet.Urgently needed therefore is amore rational and

rigorousmanagement, shouldered by all in order toguarantee sustainabledevelopment and to safeguardthewell-beingofpresent and futuregenerations.This approach is all themore important andurgent

in relation to the small island states in whichwe live,particularly in viewof their scarce resources and theirextremely fragileecosystems.Thestudyof thepotentialofrenewableenergiescon-

stitutes, therefore,oneof themost viablealternatives ifweare to reverse current trendsandreduce theharm-ful repercussionsof conventional energyuse.In this regard, island statesneed toharmonise their

strategies, seek synergiesandmobilise resources in thevaluationofhumanpotential, in research, in technol-ogytransferandadaptation,creatingpartnershipsbothmultilateralyandbilaterally.Furthermore,wealsoneedtoput inplace concertedmechanisms for technologytransfernot just within the context of our inter-islandcooperationbut also in theareaofNorth-Southcoop-eration, andgivepriority to the trainingandqualifica-tionsofmanagers and to themobilisationof financialresources.New challenges faceus today both as a result of the

growingdemands arising out of the process of devel-opment andalso from theurgentneed to reverse thetrend towards environmental degradation, the chief

20

cause of which is the long drought suffered by the is-landsofCaboVerde since theendof the1960s.The government of CaboVerde is currently in the

processofderegulating theenergy sectorandcreatingmechanisms to rationalise and increase efficiency inenergyproduction,distributionandconsumption.In this regard, a programme is underway, with the

supportof theWorldBank, for therestructuringof theenergyandwater sectors, consistingof theextensionofelectricity supplynetworks to rural areas, theopeningupof said sectors toprivate initiative and the strength-ening of the institutional and regulatory framework,theprovisionof incentives forgreaterenergyefficiencyandgreateruseof renewableenergies.Our country hasmade a considerable effort in re-

cent years in the areaof electrification.However, dueto thedispersednatureofour rural environment con-ventional electrificationmeans are not viable in cer-tainparts.Asaresultanestimated12,000homeswouldbepermanentlyexcludedfromconventionalelectrictysystems.For this reason an innovative electrification pro-

grammewasdevisedusingrenewableenergy technolo-gies inparticular, with the installationofphotovoltaicpanels and small individual wind turbines. The pro-gramme aims also to encourage foreign suppliers ofsuch equipment to set up in our country in partner-shipwith theirCaboVerdecounterparts.It is therefore vital that we adopt new strategies in

order to study renewable energies, with the obviousadvantages theyhold inenvironmental, economicandsocial terms.In this regard,wehave already commencedexperi-

ments and pilot projects for the application of windenergy and the use of photovoltaic solar energy forwater pumping through the Solar Regional Pro-gramme,with support from theEuropeanUnion, inthreeofour islands.

I should like to stress also that the concern todiver-sify sourcesofelectrical energyproductionwasbehindthegovernmentofCaboVerde�s decision to incorpo-ratewind farms into the traditional electricity systemsof the threemainurbancentres.Together these farmsaccount for a considerable shareof theelectricity gen-erated.CaboVerde�sprivilegedgeographical location is,we

feel,propitious for theestablishingofstrategicalliancesin this field andwould encourage the exchange anddiffusionof the informationneeded tocreate thecon-ditions for the large scaleuseofnon-conventional en-ergiesIf we look at the objectives of the present Summit

and theconclusionsof theWorldSolarSummitwhichwas held in Harare in 1997 we will see that the twocoincide, particularly as regards the strengtheningofinternational cooperation, thepromotionof strategicalliancesandinternationalagreementsfortraining,andtheconsolidationof the roleof renewable energies inimprovingqualityof lifeandprotectionof theenviron-ment.I reiterate our unequivocal support for the pursuit

of thse objectives and our hopes that the specific ac-tionswhichemerge fromthisSummitwill conferprac-tical content on theSolarActionPlan.Thepresence in this forumofdistinguishedperson-

alities fromcountries that possess resources and tech-nologiesbearswitness to their interest andalsogivesusgrounds forhopeandoptimism for the future.Wewould like towish this vital initiativeevery success

and reaffirm the commitment of the government ofCaboVerde to theprocess. Byway of conclusion, it isultimately the survivalofour societies andofhumanityitselfwhich is at stake.The islandsof theworldare inaposition to contribute to enabling thepeoples of theworldtocomplementandhelpeachotherandbreathenew life intoourEarth.

Thank you for your attention

21

Address by the Governmentof the Republic of Kiribati

MANRAOI KAIEAMinister of Works and EnergyREPUBLIC OF KIRIBATI

K am na bane mauri (Greetings to you all)

IbringthatsamewarmgreetingsfromtheBeretitenti,the Government and the people of the Republic ofKiribati to youdistinguishdelegates, Ladies andGen-tlemen.For thosewhodonot knowwhereKiribati is, letme

diverse a bit, and draw to you the geographical loca-tionofwhereKiribati is.Kiribati is situated right in themiddle of the PacificOceandivided into 3 groups ofislands, which are theGilbert Group in the west, theLine Islands in theeast, and inbetween is thePhoenixGroup.ThedistancebetweentheGilbertGroupintheWest and theLineGroup in theeast is approximatelythesamedistanceas fromNewYorktoLosAngles.Thiscovers approximately a total ocean area of about 3million square kilometers, andwithin this vast oceanspace is a total landareaof 886 square kilometers.These small atolls, 33 inall, rarely risemore thantwo

meters above sea level, and are composed entirely ofcoraldebris.Giventhisphysical structure itmakeswhatwouldbeminor environmental issues in larger coun-tries,majorones inKiribati.Kiribati is verymuchpartof theglobal villageandwe

cannotdistant ourselves fromdevelopments that areon going around us.Wemust keep pace to develop-ments not at a rapid rate beyond ourmeans but at acontrolled rate that is affordable tous.TheGovernmentofKiribati ismindfulof theharm-

ful effect of theuseof fossil fuel generation in thepro-ductionof thegreenhousegases and the sea level rise.Asea level riseofonemeter in thePacificOceanwouldcause a loss of approximately half the land area ofKiribati, and in addressing these concerns Kiribati isverymuch active in participating in the regional andinternationalarenas thataddresses theseenvironmen-tal issues.TheGovernmentofKiribati is very thankful for the

invitation to this summit, andwill support theneededco-operation thatwill improve thedevelopmentonallformsof renewableenergy.I would like to thank theGovernmentof Spain and

thepeopleof theCanaryIslands insupportingthis sum-mit and thehospitality offered tomeandmembersofmydelegation.Inclosing Ioffer youall theKiribati traditionalbless-

ing of te mauri (peace), te raoi (health) ao tetabemoa(prosperity) to eachoneofus in this summit.

Kambati n raba (Thank you)

23

Address by the Governmentof the Republic of Maldives

ISMAIL SHAFEEUMinister of Home Affairs, Housing and EnvironmentREPUBLIC OF MALDIVES

It is indeedagreat pleasure forme toparticipate inthis IslandSolarSummit -with its themeofRenewableEnergies for Islands. I would also like to take this op-portunity to congratulate theWorld Solar Commis-sion fororganising this very importantmeetingand tothank theGovernmentofSpain for thewarmhospital-ity accorded tous.Climate change is, thegreatest challenge facingour

world, and among the human activities having a dis-cernible impact onour climate, none ismorepromi-nent thanenergygeneration fromfossil fuels.There isanuncertain future forus in thenext century if wedonot take actionnow, to reduce greenhouse gas emis-sions, fromfossil fuel combustion. Increasingconcen-trations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere leadstoglobalwarmingandaccording to thepredictionsofthe IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange, as aresultofglobalwarming, sea levelsmayrisebyasmuchas95centimetres in thenextcentury.Even if themorecautious estimates prove correct, small island states,likemycountryMaldives,may in thenext century, be-comeuninhabitable. With islandshaving an averageelevation of just 1 meter above mean sea level, theMaldives,may be among the first victims of the risingseaandwaves.Thefactof thematterhowever, is thatclimatechange

isnotaproblemof just small islandstates. It isaproblemforthewholeofhumanityandconstitutesaglobalthreatwithoutparallel.Wemustaddress theissueofrisingglo-balconcentrationofgreenhousegasesintheatmosphere.Thechoicebeforeus is toactnowor leaveourchildren

to face the consequences of our inaction.Nodoubt,energy is thedriving forceof economic and technicaldevelopment,butthewayweutiliseandgenerateenergymustbecompatiblewithourenvironment,climateandhealth.That iswhywemust switch to solar energy andother forms of renewable energy. Now is the time toturntothesun,assolarenergyistotallysustainable,clean,the supply is everlasting, and solar energywill help insaving the future forour childrenwhowill inhabit thesmall lowlyingislands.We, the islandpeople shallnot view theopportunity

providedby solarenergyonlyasameansofaddressingclimate change.Wemust also recognise that itmakeseconomic sense to utilise solar energy in our islands.The small island developing states do not possess oilreserves and import of fossil fuels for electricity gen-erationconsumesamajorportionofournationalbudg-ets. Not being able to achieve economies of scale inpurchases, the prices we have to pay are higher. Notonly that, therearehugeshippingcosts toget fossil fueltoourports and fromtheports to the islands. In com-parison, theprimary resourceof solar energy is freelyavailable inour islands.Most of the islandnations areblessed with long hours of sunshine everyday andthroughout theyear.True, solarenergymaynot yetbeeconomically viable for some large scale uses. How-ever, it is fast becoming technologically possible andeconomically feasible toutilise solar energy at smallerscales that are suitable toour economies.Thereareunderstandablereasonsfortheslow break-

through of solar power into the energymainstream.

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Theoppositionandcounter actionofmanycountrieswith fossil fuel dependent economies and the reluc-tanceofdevelopedcountrieswhohave investedheav-ily in fossil fuel dependent technologyhas been suffi-ciently strong tohinder researchanddevelopmentef-fortsonsolarenergy.However, theKyotoProtocolandotherrecentglobaldevelopmentsprovideamoreposi-tiveandpromisingoutlookonsolarenergy.It is thiskindofoptimism,whichIbelievesmall island

nations, can take advantage of.We canplay a crucialrole, in focussing global attentionon thepotential ofsolar energy; in raising the awareness of people whohavebeenpresentedwithmisinformation,particularlyin fossil fueldependenteconomies; andestablishcon-vincing dialogues with those who can lead to the re-quiredbreakthrough.Wealsoneed tobuildpartner-ships.Partnershipswithdevelopmentagencies suchastheUnitedNations Systemand financial institutionssuchas theWorldBanktogenerate therequiredfinan-cialmomentumonR&D. Partnerships with interna-tionalpowergeneratinggroups toengagethemonthetechnologicalchallenges.Our small size, ourdispersed small populations and

our small numberof consumers creatediseconomiesof scale thathinderourdevelopment.However, theseverydiseconomies of scalepresent a rareopportunityfor the small islandnations, which bigger nations do

nothave.Wecan show theworld, that it is indeedpos-sible andpractical tohave islands, evenanation, thriv-ing on renewable energy. Simply, we canbecome su-perbmodelsof solar energy.It is noteworthyhere, that theKyotoProtocol com-

mits states to implement policies andmeasures relat-ing to enhancement of energy efficiency in relevantsectors of the national economy; promote, developand increase the use of new and renewable forms ofenergy; andphaseoutmarket imperfections, fiscal in-centives, tax andduty exemptions and subsidies in allgreenhouse gas emitting sectors that run counter tothe objective of theClimateConvention. True, thesemeasuresapplyonly toparties included in theAnnexIof climate convention, but I believe these are impor-tantmeasures that we even small island states shouldconsider inourenergypolicies and strategies.Weallmustact together,with foresightanddetermi-

nationtoensure thesurvivalof small islandstates.Solarenergypoints in therightdirection.So letusgrasp thisuniqueopportunity and lead the rest of theworld to-wards a futurewhere energy generationwill be clean,safeandcompatiblewith theecologicalbalance that isso crucial for our survival, the survival of small islandstates, the survival ofhumanity .

Thank you for your attention

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Address by the Governmentof the Sicilian Region

ANGELO CAPODICASAPresidentSICILIAN REGION (ITALY)

A s themillennium draws to a close, we are wit-nessing a general process of reflection on the pros-pects ofMankind�s development and its implicationsfor the future.Since theRioConferenceof1992, scien-tists, politicians andeconomists all agreeon theneedto build a developmentmodel based on the conceptof limited basic resources and on the fact that theirredistribution is inevitable. InAgenda 21, these pros-pects take theconcrete formof a set of actions,which,if implemented,willmake it possible to talk aboutde-velopment forMankind,knowing thatwearebuildingit in a sustainablemanner and, therefore, applicableeverywhere andat any time.Althoughthe islandsof theworldareparticipating in

the future prospects in a fundamental fashion, theyface theprospect of having to adapt appropriate andcorrect solutions thatwill enable them to consolidatedevelopmentalongsustainablelines.Populationgrowthandeconomic activities (like tourism)putour islandsinamorevulnerablepositionthanmainlandareasand,therefore, islandlandresourcesmustbemanagedwithextremecautionandparsimony.This situationhas been the core of several interna-

tionalmeetings, inwhichthe islandshavecalledonthescientificcommunity todiscuss thesemattersandwhichhavemarkedthebeginningofworkingtogether.Iwouldremind you that Sicily itself, at the ISLANDS2000 In-ternationalForumin1992,wasa startingpoint for thisprocessofcommonreflection.Onthatoccasion,morethan twohundredpoliticians, experts andresearchersfromall overEuropeandbeyond,discussed theworldof islands andwhat formofdevelopment they shouldpursue for the thirdmillennium.

Within the context of theEuropeanUnion, islandsaccount for an important part of Community terri-tory,withtheirownpeculiarities that thescientificworldhas recognisedandthathavenowbeentranslated intoactionsbeing takenbyall thedifferent institutions.Theprincipleof �insularity� is firstmentioned in the

Treaty of Amsterdam. Thismarks an important firststep towards full recognitionby theUnionand, Ihope,by all Member States, of the problems we have andwhichwecannot facealone.Acommonstrategymustbedrawnup todealwith thismatter.TheassemblyofEuropeanislands,organisedlastyear

in theCanary Islandsby theCPMRandchairedby thePresident of the Canary Island Government, Mr.Hermoso Rojas, witnessed a very fruitful start to thedebate.Theobjectivewas togivecontent to the ideaof�insularity� that has been recognised, but which hasnot taken effect yet, due to the resistance of the oldCommission.TheGotlandAssemblynextJune,mustcontinuewith

island initiatives and themeeting is a useful opportu-nity formaturingproposals tobeput to thenewCom-mission.The EuropeanConference on Sustainable Island

Development,held inMinorca in1997, as a continua-tionof the1994BarbadosConference, identifieda se-riesofkey sectors forabalancedandsustainabledevel-opment of island regions. Among these, energymustplay a central role.Territorial, environmental and economic implica-

tionsmake energy production a symptomatic aspectof the islanddilemma.Erroneousenergymodelscouldmortgage the futureofoureconomiesorourenviron-

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mental resources,making it essential that energy solu-tions are a fully integrated part of the territorial re-sourcemanagementmodel and the economicdevel-opmentmodel.I amconvinced thatenergy strategy is a vitalpolitical

node, because of the connections it has with all keysectors in thedevelopmentof islands.Therefore, Icon-sider that this conference is a good starting point forincorporating the island regionsofEurope in amoregeneral project of co-operation, to put intoplace thepossibility of a «European island system».To conclude ourmeeting with a practical result, I

think that aEuropean IslandRenewableEnergy Pro-motionAgency would be an operational instrumentfor providing assistance to island governments in tai-loringthemostappropriateandefficientenergymodel

toeach individual case, fromthe stanceof sustainabledevelopment.Ourmeeting, and Ihopeother successive ones too

(possible announcement of a Summit in Sicily in theyear 2000), serve the purpose of gathering togetherour identities inourattempt toget themessageacrosstoEurope that the islandsarenotasking forassistance;wewant todrawupa jointproject and reachanagree-mentwith the rest of Europe.In fact, the islands constitute a territorial and cul-

tural wealth that is a common asset for the whole ofEurope and their geographic position could enablethem to act as a bridgewithother continents.Our future, which I hopewill be one of peace and

well-fare, rests on this andother common initiatives.ThankyouverymuchandIwishyouwell inyourwork

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Island Solar Summitbuilding the future of the islands

CIPRIANO MARÍN

Secretary of the Island Solar SummitVice-secretary of INSULA

First of all, I would like to expressmy gratitude tomany of youhere today for themajor effort youhavemade to attend this Summit.We all know the addeddifficulties imposedonour relations by the scatterednatureof the islandmicro-cosmos.That iswhy Iwouldlike to recall for amoment, themany island regionsand countries that have become part of the processthat we are starting here, and indeed of the Summit,despite the communication problems that preventthemfrombeingwithushere inperson.Mentionmust alsobemadeof the inestimable sup-

port thatmany international agencies related to theislandproblemhaveprovided inorganising thismeet-ing, especially thosebelonging to theUnitedNationssystem andother wholly island oriented regional or-ganisations likeAOSIS.The ideaof facing the challengesofbeingan island

togetherhasbecomeanestablished sensibility amongislanders. In recentdecades, the foundations for inter-island co-operationhave been laid atmany differentlevels.We know that the new island optionsmust beclearly and independently definedwithin the frame-workof globalisation, basedon thepremise that safe-guardingournaturalheritageandthenatural andcul-tural diversity of islands is abasic asset in the construc-tionof our future.Weknow that the islandworldencompasses territo-

ries that are characterised by their extreme diversityand complexity. Remote archipelagos or islands thatlie close to themainland, somewith just a few dozensquarekilometresof land to the largest islands, but all

withonecommondenominator. In the courseof thisSummit, we have seen once again that, in the area ofenergy, and indeed inmanyother areas, islandshaveanenormous varietyof circumstances.Their extremediversity and singular nature are what differentiatethem inaworldwide context.In this context, the Island Solar Summit is amajor

milestone for reinforcing a common policy to pro-moteenergy sustainability in islandregions.We talkofreinforcingas thepath tobe followedhasbeengradu-ally consolidated for some time. In fact, we have al-ready seenmanydifferent initiatives, such as theBar-badosActionPlan that emerged from theUnitedNa-tionsConference for theDevelopmentofSmall IslandStates,or, forexample, the IslandAgendaapproved intheEuropean Sustainable IslandDevelopmentCon-ference organised byUNESCOand INSULA.Theseare just twoexamplesof the intenseactivity carriedoutin recent years by the islands, in which the new chal-lenges of energy policies account for a large propor-tionof island strategy.Two years ago, in theMinorca Conference, island

representatives statedunequivocally that "All energysources,other thanrenewableenergies, shouldbecon-sideredasprovisional solutions for solving theenergyproblems of the islands in the long term." No otherregional orworldwide forumhas evermooted suchadaringalternativeas this.Andthat ispreciselywhat theisland factor is; we have different conditions and re-sources, our problems are very different and, there-fore, weneed specific strategies to tackle them.

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Theoptionofusingrenewableenergy sources to themaximumispresently a realobjective for islands, aswehave seen here. But, what is evenmore important isthatwehave seen that there is a cleardetermination toput the theory intopractise. Sustainable energy in theislands alreadyhaswell defined strategies andactions.That is, we are in a position to work together to pro-moteacleananddistinctenergy strategy,basedonthefeatures thatdistinguishus fromthemainlandandourreal potential for change.

Distinguishing features of theisland energy factor

Theexternal dependenceof islands in energymat-ters, is a factor that determines the basic aspects oftheir development. Inmost cases, especially in smallandmedium-sized islands, energy products accountfor over 15%of all island imports.Thecostof electricityproduction in islandscan soar

above the same cost in other regions. Small andme-dium-sized islands encounter costs that are betweenfourandtwenty timesgreater thanonthemainland, incaseswhere there is no cable or gas pipe line connec-tions with themainland. But it is not just electricityproductionthat isexcessivelyexpensive, inmanyplaces,energyconsumptionby the transport sectoralonecanaccount for over 60% of the energy balance. Thesefigures in themselves explain shortages of supplies inmanysmall islands,or the fact that theyhave tobearanunacceptable financial burden to survive.Atbest, excessive specialisationofmost islandecono-

mies often forces them to install over-sized energy ca-pacity, as thereareotherdeterminingfactors likeacuteseasonal peaks and troughs in consumption, abruptchanges in demandor greater territorial fragmenta-tion than inother regions.We shouldnot forget thatislands are currently theworld's leading tourist desti-nationafterhistoric cities, and,moreover, it is theareainwhich thegreatest growth in the industry is forecast.The environmental impacts produced by conven-

tional energy sources and technologies aremore farreaching thanon themainland,due to the fragile andvulnerablenatureof islandregions.Agoodexampleofthis fragility andof justhow important the islandherit-age is, lies in the fact that the area of islands underprotection is generally far greater inproportion thanon themainland.So, energy solutionsmust adapt verycarefully to these conditions.

Concerningenergyefficiency, the systematic importof rigidmainlandmodelsofproductionandconsump-tiongenerally adapt verypoorly to theenergy sourcesused.Islandscannotsupportconventionalenergymod-els ineitherphysicaloreconomicterms,andweshouldnot forget that this kind ofmistake has caused reallyserious problems in the past, In fact part of the workwe face in thenext fewyears is to solve theseproblems.

Putting the theory intopractise: Arguments in favourof island energy sustainability

Most islands have excellent renewable energy re-sourcesavailable in sufficientabundance toguaranteevery often, a largedegree of self-sufficiency in energyterms. These are currently under exploited in com-parisonwith their realpotential.Muchof the energy forecasting andplanningwork

done in recent years in islandregions indicate thatpo-tential energy sustainability ishighly feasible. Ifwe takethe example of wind energy, we can see that, in aninternationalcontext, the largestgrowth inwindfarmshas takenplace in islands.The scaleof islands allows forhighlymodulateden-

ergyplanning,withrenewableenergiesaccountingforalargeproportion, a factor thatmustbeconsideredasavalueaddedaspect.It ishardlysurprising,therefore,thatprojects with a heavy bias in favour of RES are imple-mented in islands, giving rise to the first initiativespro-moting100%renewableenergy.This isapossibility thatwouldhavebeenunthinkableafewyearsago,butwhichhasbeen favouredby technological advances andbyafirmwill to change theexistingmodel.But, alongwiththerediscoveryof thegreatpotentialofRES,oneof themainchallenges for islands is achievinganacceptablelevelofenergyefficiency inpractically theentire rangeofdomainsandactivities.This is apossibility that fits inperfectlywith the ideaof recovering the true islandcul-ture,overflowingwith solutions that convert shortagesintorelativeabundance.Studiescarriedout inthis fieldinislandswithrapidgrowthintheservicessector,suggestatrulysurprisingpotentialforreducingenergyconsump-tion. Islandshave joined thegreat touristmarket inanespecially intensefashion.Islandsarealsoexcellent laboratories forresearching

anddevelopingappropriate,cleanandlowimpactenergymodels.Thescaleofislandsmakesitpossibletointroduceand testnewsolutionswithinanacceptable time scale.

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Thisisarealadvantageincomparisonwiththerigidtech-nologicalmodelsofthemainlandmarketandoneofthebasicfoundationsthatunderpintheargumentforimple-mentingthesustainableenergystrategy.

Overcoming island barriers

Oneof themain lessons tohavebeen learned fromthe ISS is that thebarriers impeding thedevelopmentof sustainable islandenergyarenotexactlyofa techno-logicalnature.Theobstacles impeding the implemen-tationof renewableenergies arepolitical, financial, le-gal and training barriers that must be overcome inorder to create a favourable and technical and social -economicclimate, especially in theareaof comparingthemwithconventional energy sources.The lackofdifferentiatedenergypolicies for island

regionsat all themain levelsofdecisionmaking: local,nationaland international, is anothermajorhandicap.Sustainableenergystrategiesforislandstatesandregionsmust gobeyondmerely introducingconventional en-ergypolicies.Oneof themainpillars of islandenergypoliciesmustbe toestablish incentivemechanismsandinstruments to fosterenergy savingandrationalisation.Specific frameworks that create favourable conditionsforovercomingtheseshortagesmustalsobepromoted.Inthiswork,theinternationalagenciesinvolvedcanmakeapowerfulcontributiontowardthisessential change.It is also surprising to see the enormousdeficit that

exists indifferentiatedmarket strategiesand initiatives,making it impossible toconvert the islands intooneofthegreatest realniches in the renewablemarket. Indi-vidually, islandsgenerallydonotachieveanacceptablecriticalmass, but as a whole, they are the largest cur-rent gatteways to the great renewablesmarket of theXXIcentury.This situationcouldbenegativelyaffectedby a poorly established technical supply and a lack ofservices capable of laying a sound foundation for acleanenergy industry.But,inthiscase,wedohavetheimmediateinstruments

forchangingthecourseofevents.Theseinstrumentsfa-cilitateaccess tospecialisedinformationandtraining.Is-landnetworksandgoodmainlandconnectionsforpro-motingamaximumlevelof transferof thetechnologiesthatinteresttheislands.Whatisvitalforustoo,istouseallthemeansatourdisposal tofosteraninterchangeofex-periences.The special conditions inwhichweoperatemean thatwehave to learn fromthemistakesofotherislandersandtoimitatesuccessfulsolutions.

So, theseare someof theprinciplechallenge thatwemust tackle inpractical terms.Weneed toconsolidatethe Island Solar Council as an instrument for under-standing andas aplatform forpromoting sustainableenergy agreements.Thiswill lay the foundations for anetwork of specialised island training centres and in-formation, anddeveloping goodpractise guides andsystems forreachingaconsensus in theprocessof turn-ing ideas intoreality.All theseactionproposals, recom-mendationsandspecific experiencesarecontained inthe Island Solar Agenda, which will almost certainlyforma solid base and an initial point of reference forthepowerful islandrenewableenergymovement.The ISS secretariat, in co-operationwithUNESCO,

theWorldSolarProgrammeandINSULA,withthesup-portoftheorganisationsandinstitutionsthathavebackedthis Summit,will immediately address the taskofguar-anteeingafollowuptothemainaccordsandwill start tobuildaneffectivesystemofco-ordinationandparticipa-tionamongislands,basedontherecommendationsandproposalscontainedinfirst IslandSolarAgenda.ATthispoint, Iwouldliketoremindyouof thewords

spokenby the representative of the Solomon Islands,whenhestated that the technicaldiscoursemustneverforget thehumandimensionofenergy. In theend, theessential roleofrenewableenergies is focussedontheircontribution to a fair and balanced development ofisland societies and to safeguarding their future.In this Summit, wehavenot only learned fromour

experiences, Ibelievewehavealsohelpedtostrengthenthe idea that, by working together, we islanders canbreak downmany of the conventional barriers thathavetraditionallyconstrainedus.Butourstartingpointmust alwaysbeourownconceptionof theworld. I canstill hear the echoof thebeautiful andangrywords ofan islandnovelist.He said inoneofhis books, that anislander is an apocalyptic creature because he sensesevery threat.He is indolent andonlyputshis sluggish-nessaside to theextentdemandedbysurvival (....)Theislander isdisdainful,haughtyandsimple.An islanderis aman on a rock, and also a rock-likeman.He cannot turnhisbackongeographybecausegeographyhasmouldedhim.He is amanbothobsessed and threat-enedby travel. In short, the inhabitantof aparadiseoran inferno.Wehope, therefore, that anotherprocess for recov-

ering our threatened islandparadises has been initi-ated. As the representative from theAzores so rightlysaid inhispresentation,buildingthefutureof islands isalso building amajor part of the future of theworld.

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Mario Matulic (France) reading his rapporteur report during the Closing Session of the Summit.

31

Sustainable EnergyResources in SIDS

progress in the implementation of theBarbados Programme of Action

PAOLA DEDASIDS Unit - Division for Sustainable DevelopmentDepartment of Economic and Social AffairsUNITED NATIONS

We are grateful to the ISSSecretariat for conven-ing thismeeting, whichwewelcome as a valuable op-portunity to furtheraddresspolicies andactionon thedevelopment and use of renewable energy in smallislands.Wehope that theoutcomeswill assistus inourtask to support and facilitate the implementation ofsustainable development of energy in SIDS, as calledfor in theBarbadosProgrammeofAction.Iwould like topresent to youa shortoverviewof the

workundertakenby theDivisionforSustainableDevel-opmentwithreferencetothesustainabledevelopmentofenergy resources in small islanddevelopingStates.In April 1994 the first Global Conference on the

SustainableDevelopment of small islanddevelopingStates was convened in Barbados. The conferencehighlightedtheeconomicandecologicalvulnerabilitiesofSmall IslandDevelopingStates(SIDS)and, throughthe Programme of Action for the SustainableDevelopment of Small Island Developing States,recommendedspecificpolicies, actionsandmeasurestobe takenat thenational, regional and internationallevels insupportofthesustainabledevelopmentofSIDS.InChapter7of theBarbadosProgrammeofAction

bases for action are set both for the sustainableuseofexistingenergy sourcesandtheadoptionofalternativeand renewable energy sources in small islands.Giventhe currentheavydependenceof SIDSonpetroleumfuels andbiomass and thehighpotential for alterna-tive natural resources, theBPoAemphasizes the effi-cient use of energy and the development of environ-mentally sound sources of energy, such as solar, wind

andwherefeasiblehydroelectric,geothermalandwaveenergy, and theuseofenergy-efficient technologies.TheBPoAalsoemphasizeshow thedevelopmentof

SIDS� full potential for the sustainable use of energysources isdependentona seriesof interconnectedac-tions tobe takenat the international, regional andna-tional level.

At thenational level theBPoAcalls for:� the implementationofappropriatepubliceducationandawarenessprogrammes;� the promotion of efficient use of energy and thedevelopment of environmentally sound sources ofenergyandenergy-efficient technologies;� theestablishmentand/or strengtheningof researchcapabilitiesboth in the fieldsofenergyefficiencyandrenewable sourcesofenergy.

At theregional level theBPoArecommendsregionalcooperationamongSIDSonenergy issues inorder to:� strengthenresearchandpolicycapabilities in thede-velopmentofnewandrenewable sourcesof energy;� gatheranddisseminate informationandassist in theformulationofenergypolicies.

TheBPoA recommends that actionbe taken at theinternational level to:� support the research, development andutilizationof renewable sourcesof energy;� developeffectivemechanismsfor thetransferof tech-nology and formulate international agreements on

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energy-sector issues;� encourage the incorporation of environmentalsoundness andconservationprinciples into energy-sector relatedprojects.

Aspartof the followupaction to theBarbadosCon-ference, theCommissiononSustainableDevelopment,in the context of itsMulti-Year thematic ProgrammeofWork,has reviewed the implementationof thePro-gramme of Action on two occasions, in 1996 and in1998.As far as the sustainabledevelopmentof energysources isconcerned, thereviewprocessdemonstratedthat someprogress in the implementation of actionsand policies proposed by the BPoA has beenmade.Efforts havemade through international assistanceprogrammes, to develop and use renewable energysources. Solarphotovoltaichomesystems for lighting,radio/televisionand telecommunication,particularlyin remote locations, have increased.

However:� imported petroleum remains themain source ofcommercialenergy insmall islandsdevelopingStates.Anumberof SIDS continue to rely heavily on tradi-tional formsofbiomassenergy, especiallywoodfuelsfor cooking and in a variety of small-scale agricul-turalprocessing;� littleprogresshasbeenmadeinincreasingthesupplyof energy fromdomestic sources in themajority ofSIDS.Severalof themregistereddeclines inpercapitaconsumptionofprimary commercial energyduringtheperiod1992-1995, the resultof economic factorsand slower rates of increase in energy supply com-paredwithdemandassociatedwithexpandingpopu-lation;� implementation ofmeasures for energy conserva-tion andefficiencyhas been sporadic andmuch re-mains to be done. On the supply side efforts areneeded to reduce losses in storageand in transit andto improve the efficiency of electricity generationanddistribution.Onthedemandside, thefocus isonthe improvementof energy efficiency throughcon-servationmeasures, suchasproperoperation,main-tenanceofequipmentandreplacementof inefficientappliances;� in absolute terms, the use of new and renewablesourcesofenergy is increasing, accounting fora sub-

stantialpartof rural energydemand in several SIDS,but their share of total energy supply remains at alevel significantlybelow theirpotential;� several constraints to the large-scale commercialuseofrenewableenergyresourcesremain, includingtech-nologydevelopment, investmentcosts, availabilityofindigenous skills andmanagementcapabilities.Nevertheless, thereare successfulexamplesofuseof

modern renewableenergy technologies, inparticularof small-scale solarphotovoltaic (PV)power in remoteareas. Solarenergyhasdemonstrated its ability toplaya useful role in situations with small loads, and it hasproved tobemoreeconomical comparedwithdiesel-based systems.With the rapidlydeclining capital costsof PV panels, solar PV systems are likely to becomecheaper thandiesel systemswith theirhigher variablecosts, given that diesel fuel is relativelymore costly insmall islanddeveloping States located far frommainpetroleumproducts supplypoints. Inmanycases solarPV systemareproving tobeeconomically and techni-callysuccessful,whencomplementedbyaninstitutionalapproach, including financial arrangements, thatpro-vides for installationandmaintenanceof the systems.Thereviewof theimplementationof theBPoAmade

clear thatwhile theenergy strategiesof thesmall islandeconomieswill continue to remainprimarily focusedon improving themanagement and regulationofpe-troleumfuels andelectricpowerplants, increasing therole of renewable energy should become an impor-tant part of the overall strategy inmany SIDS. If fortraditional forms of biomass energy the challenge isthe efficient use through conservationmeasures andpropermaintenanceandreplacementof equipment,for alternative sources of energy theobjectiveof SIDSis to increase thepossibility of using, where appropri-ate, renewable sources and environmentally soundenergytechnologies.To limit the dependence on imported petroleum

SIDSneedto increase theirefforts in thedevelopmentanduseof indigenous renewableenergy resources. InthiseffortSIDSneedenhanced technical,managerial,financial andparticularly external assistance tomakethenecessary investments.Assistance shouldcontinuetobeprovided also in the formulationof energypoli-cies, technical standardsandguidelines for theenergysector of SIDS and to enhance national capacity toeffectivelyplanandmanage their energy systems.

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Address by theSecretary-General of INSULA

PIER GIOVANNI D'AYALASecretary-GeneralINSULA (International Scientific Council for Island Development)

Two years ago at the first European conferenceonsustainable islanddevelopmentheld inMinorca,wecommittedourselves to fully recognize thesignificanceof socio-economic development andhumanwell-be-ing for thepeopleofour islandsandgive to thesegoalsthehighestpriority� thepresent islandsolar summit isamajor step in that direction.We are in fact deeply convinced that economic de-

velopment, social, cultural progress andenvironmen-tal protection are inter-linked andmutually reinforc-ing components of sustainable development and so-cial justice.Weall know that asperipheral and isolatedentities,

the barriers to be confronted for implementing realpatterns of sustainable progress are higher than forcontinental areas and that only by joining efforts, weshall overcome theobstacleswhich still conditionourisland�spresent.Weknowalso that conventional energy supply is for

islands an areawhere thedependency fromexternalsources is the highest, as well as high are the costs forsuchasupply.This is the reasonwhy INSULAhas concentrated its

efforts on renewable energies andon tele-communi-cations and telematic applications considering thempriority sectors having amajor impact on all of theinterrelated economical sectors concerning island�sdevelopment.Thepresentmeetingbrings together islanddecision

makers, industriesandexpertstogetherwithrepresenta-tives of the relevant international organizations. It fo-cuses on the first theme«renewable energies».These

still considered as uneconomic in continental coun-tries,representforislandsaconsiderablechallengebothin pricing as well as political terms, as soon as inde-pendence is consideredas aparamountgoal.Independence is for islands not a simple political

catchword. It goes further, itmeans pride related tocultural identity, somethingwhichonly apparently isan intangiblequality. Agoodhowever that few island-ers are ready to abandon to the vagaries of what wasrecently calledmondialisation.Topreserve the islandsidentity is a respectable global aim.Nevertheless, theonlyway to achieve global aims, is through the imple-mentationof specific actions.Herewe start fromrenewableenergy� theTenerife

Authorities and the Institute of Renewable Energies(ITER)haveprovideduswithauniqueopportunity todevelopour task by summingup concrete efforts, ex-changing experiences and looking towards tangibleresults.Inmy view our first endeavor is to adopt a strategy

aiming tominimize the environmental impact of hu-manactivities, includingrationaluseofenergy, thede-velopmentof renewableenergy sourcesandthe imple-mentationofclearproductionsystems inall sectors.Islands arepresently facing the globalmarket chal-

lenges including theEuropeanone as dispersed andfragmentedentities.Nosingle isle in itself representsamarketwherelarge

companies, national ormultinational, wouldenter incompetitivebidings.But if we take advantageofpotential synergies, pro-

motinginter-islands joint-ventures, thenthemarketsize

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increasesexponentiallyand islandsmightrepresentalltogether a criticalmass where technological innova-tionsandconsequent investmentswillappearasattract-ingissues.Mr.Chairman,dear colleagues, let�s notunder esti-

mate this concept of criticalmass that canbeattainedonly throughstrategiesoptimizing thepotential repre-sentedby fivehundredormoreEuropean islands.As anexample, each island is promoting separately

its touristicoffer �obviouslymultinational touropera-tors are consequently able to play the piano of inter-island competitions. Islands offer after all only a fewdiversifications of services on the internationally con-trolledmarket. Prices andproductsquality is imposedas a consequence. Feware able to escape to such cap-tivemarket conditions.INSULA has proposed a common platform of

telematic services related to tourism.Where informa-tion, electronic commerce andother related servicesareproposedundera standardized formenablingop-erators and users to come together at the best avail-

able interactive level. The sameplatformwill host in-formationabout renewable energy applicationson is-lands in termsof expertise andconcreteexperiences.INSULA is proposing here to set up a special net-

working system in order to insure the appropriatemanagementof this islanddedicated service.Last, butnot least,Mr.Chairman, to introducenew

technologies in developing countries, and all islandswith few exceptions, can be considered as such, re-quires a consequent training effort dedicated to thetechnical staffmanaging locally theenergy issues.I amglad to informyou that ITER togetherwith the

authoritiesofTenerife, supportedbyUNESCOwill actas the first international research and training centerdedicated toappropriate technologies.Astrong institutional tool facilitating thediffusionof

renewableenergyusenotonly in theEuropeanIslandsbut also in all those overseas where sustainable devel-opment is apriority.

Thank you for your attention.

35

Address by theEuropean Commission

ENZO MILLICH

Directorate General XVIIEUROPEAN COMMISSION

«Over11.000years ago, thereexistedan islandnation located in themiddle of the AtlanticOcean,populatedby anoble andpowerful race.Thepeopleof this landpossessedgreatwealth thanks to thenatu-ral resources foundthroughout their island.Theislandwas a centre for trade and commerce. The rulers ofthis landheld sway over the people and land of theirown islandandwell intoEuropeandAfrica».This is thewayPlato, theGreekphilosopher, began

thedescriptionof theislandofATLANTIS,around360BCinhisdialogues«TimaeusandCritias».Atlantis,headded,was thedomainofPoseidon,god

of the sea. But the islandhonoured andworshippedothergods likeAeolus,Apollo,VolcanoandDemeter,godsof thewind,of thesun,ofundergroundresourcesand of agricultural crops. All these were abundantrenewable resourcesof the Island.Todayinourmodernworld,otherInstitutionslikethe

EuropeanCommission,Unesco,theWorldBanketc.havetaken the place of the ancient gods in promoting theharnessingofthesenaturalresourcesforthewell-beingofhumansociety.Majorinitiativeshavelongbeentakentowardsthisgoal

andgreatprogresshasbeenachievedinrecentyears.In Europe it all started in 1996 with a Green Paper

followed by a White Paper and an action Plan for aCommunitystrategyonrenewableenergysources.Thispapercontainsacomprehensivesetofmeasuresto

attaintheobjectiveof12%forthecontributionofrenewablesourcestotheEUenergyconsumptionbytheyear2010.

Acampaign forTake-offwill nowbe launchedas anessentialpartofthisaction.TheCommissionbelievesthatanearlyandvisiblestimulustothestrategywouldacceleratethenecessarytrendtowards increasedinvestmentinkeyrenewabletechnologies.TheCouncilofMinistersforEnergy,initsresolutionon

theWhitePaperwelcomedtheideaofsuchacampaignasitwouldraise interestamongindustry, investorsandthepublic.Alsoaverypositive feed-backwas received fromthe European Parliament and the other Communityinstitutions.TheEUParliament inparticular, tooka spectacular

initiativeat theendof last year, in favourofRenewableEnergyTechnologiesbyassigning60%of the1999RDbudget inside the V Framework Programme to therenewableenergy sector.Additional sourcesof funding,necessary toreachthe

objectivesoftheWhitePaper,shouldcomefromnationalenergyprogrammesandschemesaswellas fromprivatesources.Given thedecentralisednatureof renewableenergy

sources, the subsidiarity principle requires intenseparticipationofnational,regionalandlocalauthorities.Ihavetriedtooutlinehereintheshorttimeallocated,

themainfeaturesoftheEuropeanstrategyforpromotingtheimplementationofrenewableenergysources.Iamsurethat,withthehelpoftheancientandmodern

Gods, we will achieve the ambitious but still realisticobjectiveofdoublingtheshareofrenewables fromnowtotheendofthefirstdecadeofthenewmillennium.

36

SMILJAN �IMAC

Ambassador of Croatia in France

TARMO PIKNER

Director of Development and Planning

SAAREMAA (ESTONIA)

A preliminary session of the Summit. Boris Berkovski (UNESCO) is delivering his presentation.

From left to right: Carmen Becerril (Director-General of IDAE), Ismail Shafeeu (Minister of Home Affairs,

Housing and the Environment of the Maldives), Ricardo Melchior (President of the Tenerife Island Council),

Alexandre Dias Monteiro (Minister of Commerce, Industry and Energy of Cape Verde), Manraoi Kaiea

(Minister of Works and Energy of Kiribati) and Pier Giovanni d'Ayala (Secretary-General of INSULA).

37

Address by theGovernment of the Azores

ANTÓNIO CORREIAAdvisor to the President of the Azores Regional GovernmentAZORES (PORTUGAL)

TheAutonomousRegionof theAzores is deeplyproudtoberepresentedat this IslandSolarSummit inthebeautiful city of SantaCruzdeTenerife, set in themiddleof theAtlantic,which is suchan important fac-tor of unity in an increasingly small and closer-knitworld.In this brief statement, I would like to refer to the

contribution made by the Azores to the issues ofgeothermal,windandwaterenergybymentioning thereal developments we have achieved in themost im-portantday-to-day aspects inour archipelago.It is not enough to agree on intentions alone. It is

vital that we do our utmost every day to pursue thesocial opportunities for sustainable development af-fordedbyrenewableenergies for thosewho, like thoseofushere today, are committed tomore solidary solu-tions for the correct use of ourplanet�s resources.TheAutonomousRegionof theAzores is proud to

see examples such as that of the islandof SaoMiguel,where theuseof geothermal energy is on the increaseand there are plans to to invest evenmore heavily inthe study and introduction of this and other energyforms.The reason is not simply financial. Above all, webe-

lieve that thedevelopmentofourRegion,whichcom-prisesninesmall islands, ispossibleonly ifenergypolicydoes not compromise the future of our children andgrandchildren.We believe that it is possible, and hope that it will

happen, andwe are only toowilling to contribute toensure the success of events such as this Island SolarSummit, in particular the practical actions that need

to be taken so that the discussions on these issues bypoliticians,academics, industryandtherepresentativesof all living forces,donotprovemerely tobeawasteoftimebut rather lead to actual developments.It is worth noting that the subjects we will address

herearenot specialist issues.On thecontrary they areday today oneswhich couldmake islandsnot just theparadises they already are but also paradises for theclean anddemocratic futurewe all aspire to.It shouldbestressed that thedifferentalternatives to

fossil fuel energies (especially oil) are crucial if islandsare to gain their independence energy-wise from thecontinents, thus saving theheavy cost of transportingoil by-products.This is an important issue because, without energy

independence, there isnotruepoliticalautonomyandthedevelopment of islands is conditionedby outsidefactors. Inmany cases regional developmentprojectsoftendependon fluctuations in theoilmarket, giventheexpensiveof importingnon-renewableenergies inislands characterisedby costly sea transport.There are somany conditioning factors in islands

that we cannot affordnot to resolve the energy ques-tion to thebenefit of all.Clearly the subjectsbeingdiscussedhereariseoutof

different situations inour islands,whose levelsofdevel-opment are not entirely the same. However, the as-pectswhichuniteus in this area are certainly strongerthanmight first seem.Weshareacommonrespect for renewableenergies,

a respect based on the belief that the future has al-ready commenced today.

38

It is our understanding that theworld�s islandswillnotbeable toenjoypolitical autonomyas longas theirdependenceonprovesdisastrous for theenvironmentand for archipelagoeconomies.The issueof renewableenergiesmustbemadeaspe-

cific issue for islandsandnotonemerelyofgoodinten-tionswhere archipelagos simply bemoanwhatmightor shouldbedone.It is ahighly topical andeveryday issue, forwhichwe

mustmobilise thepolitical and social forces in our is-lands to participate in an endeavour thatmerits andcalls for our full interest andattention.We also believe wemust demonstrate with specific

examples that canbe seen in our own islands that re-newableenergiesareverymuchthefutureoftheAzoresinenergy termsandaredefinitely themost intelligentway to eliminate the distance costs of energies fromtraditional andpolluting sources.

Having said that,weareaware that there is still someway to go before we achieve the hoped for results inthefieldofrenewableenergies.Weknowthis,butmustnot give up, such is the uniting strength of the hopethat guidesus in seekingas far aspossible toadaptourviewof energy togive absolutepriority to renewables.Webelieve that it is indeedpossible toachievemore

specific results in themasteryof renewableenergies.Webelieve that this important summitwill bemore

thanameansandwillbearoadtoevengreaterprogressin the realisation and implementation of renewableenergies inour islands.I should also like to say that renewable energies are

thewayaheadinthebuildingofthefutureofourworld,of all islands and,hence, of theAzores.May I just reiterateour satisfactionat attending this

summit and thank you for your attentionThankyou

39

Address by the Governmentof the Republic of Cyprus

SOLON KASSINISMinistry of Commerce, Industry and TourismREPUBLIC OF CYPRUS

It is indeedagreat pleasure andhonour to addressthis conference on behalf of theGovernment of theRepublicofCyprus.Renewable energy sources are indigenous andcon-

tributetoall threekeyobjectives forenergypolicywhicharegeneral for all countries, namely;� Competitiveness,� securityof supply, and� protectionof theenvironment.Theycanactivelycontributetoemploymentandthey

canbeakey future in regionaldevelopment, researchandtechnologicaldevelopment.

At present prices for conventional energy do notreflect their full environmental cost putting RE at acompetitive disadvantage. Even thoughCyprus hasproven to the world that the solar water heaters areeconomical and that is the reason why 91% of thehouses and 50%of the hotels inCyprus are using so-lar waters heaters.

Themessage I would like to convey to you is thatCyprus is ready,willingandavailable toco-operatewithyou and share its 10 years of experience in the solarEnergySector.

Thankyou

41

KAPPA YARKAPermanent Delegate of Papua New Guinea to UNESCO

Address by the Governmentof the Republic

of Papua New Guinea

It givesmegreat pleasure onbehalf of theGovern-ment of PapuaNewGuinea to congratulate you andothermembersof theBureauonyourelectiontoguidethe deliberations of this important Island Solar andRenewableEnergy Summit.Wearehopeful for a suc-cessfulconclusion includingpractical implementationof theResolutions thatwill emerge fromthis Summit.It is alsomypleasure to thank theOrganisers and in

particularUNESCOandtheCanaryIslandGovernmentfor the efficientmanner in which the arrangementshave beenmade. Our gratitude should also be con-voyedtothepeopleof thisbeautiful islandforthewarmcourtesiesextendedtous. Ithas indeedbeenappropri-ately chosen tohost this importantSummitandwewillhave fondmemorieswhenwedepart.Renewableenergyplaysa significant role indevelop-

ment and it has been the cornerstone of enormoussuccesses inmanydevelopedanddevelopingcountries.However in the world where the non-renewable en-ergy resourcesare fastdepletingat suchanunimagina-ble and speedy rate, it is about time that othermeansofproviding sustainableenergyneedshouldbe identi-fied fromourownrespective local surroundings.PapuaNewGuinea is a young islandDevelopingDe-

mocracywith apopulationofnearly 5millionpeopleandour efforts to promote sustainable developmentwithaview to improving thebasic life-stylesofourpeo-plehavebeenandindeedcontinuetobeanimportanttask challenging theGovernment and its people.Weconsider Renewable Energy to be an important andintegralpartof achievingourobjectives,henceappro-

priatepolicyguidelineshavebeenput inplace inordertodevise aSolar andRenewableEnergy regime that isconsistent with and aimed at achieving our targetedobjectives.PapuaNewGuineais locatedinthetropicswithabun-

dant amountofSolarEnergywhich is available almostall theyearround.Besides, it ruggedterrineshaveenor-mous hydro, biomass andwind energy potential forexploitationasuseful resources.AlthoughRenewableEnergyhasbeen talkedabout

inPapuaNewGuinea for a fairly long time since inde-pendence in the early 70�s there has been little or noprogressmadeparticularlybywayofan institution thatwould encourage, train andmonitor the personnelrequiredforvariousapplicationsofRenewableEnergy.I ampleased to inform the Summit that threeNa-

tional Seminars were held in PapuaNewGuinea on«RenewableEnergyforRuralDevelopment»inthe80�sand90�s. Although it drewenormous support includ-ing high volumes of work in the formofReports andConferenceDigests, nothingconcretehowever, cameout of these interactions in terms of a cohesive Pro-grammeofActionby theGovernment.TheDraftNationalEnergyPolicy Statement formu-

lated by the PapuaNewGuineaOffice of EnergyDe-velopmentstatedthat�TheGovernmentofPapuaNewGuinea seeks to improve thewelfareof its people andpromote theeconomicgrowthof thenation in aneq-uitableandsustainablemanner through theadoptionand implementation of cost-effective, equitable andSustainableEnergypolicies».

42

TheGovernment is indeed committed tomeetingthis solemnpolicyobjective,however, sincethis isanewarea that involves sophisticated technology as well asexpertise, the support and assistance of the interna-tional community is a pre-requisite if suchpolicy is tobe effectively implemented tomeet thedevelopmentneeds andaspirationsofourpeople.Havingthis inmind, thePapuaNewGuineaGovern-

ment initiatedaDraftResolutionontheestablishmentof a regional Solar EnergyEducational andTrainingCentre inPapuaNewGuinea,whichwas approvedbythe29thUNESCOGeneralConference in1997.Theproposed institution is aimedatpromotingand

developing solar and renewable energy not only inPapuaNewGuinea but also extended to our smallerPacific IslandneighbourStates. It is alsoexpected thatthe proposed establishment would serve as a vehiclefor achieving the stated policy objectives of theGov-ernment of PapuaNewGuinea aswell as those of theother islandGovernments in theSouthPacificRegion.I ampleased to informthe summit that relevant fea-

sibility studieshavebeenconcluded including submis-sion of a report toUNESCO seeking support for theestablishment of this important sub-regional centre.TheDirectorGeneral ofUNESCO,H.E.Dr. FedericoMayorhaspersonally showninterest andcommitmentto ensureUNESCOcontributesmeaningfully in therealisationof this emergingcentre.The Education and Training Programme for this

proposedRegional TrainingCentre has been so de-signed tomeet the objectives of theWorld Solar Pro-gramme as specified in theHarare Summit on SolarEnergyandSustainableDevelopment.Itsmajor aimwould be to produce asmany techni-

cal andmanagerial experts in theRenewableEnergyTechnologies as possible, throughpractical trainingemphasisinghands-onexperience inthepromotionofenergy solutionswithin theRegion.

At the country level theparticipating trainees fromeachcountrywouldensure that relevantagencies, likeeducation, information,media and industries as wellas theNGO�sworking in the similar areas areall envel-oped to the themeofRenewableEnergyTechnology.TheRegional Institution is expectedamongothers

to raisegreaterawarenessofpeople into theabundantuseofRenewableEnergy resourcesand thus, enhancetheproductivity and thequality of life of thepeople.The results to be derived from this training centre

areexpected toberealisedwhenall trainees(menandwomen)wouldutilise what they learnt aboutRenew-ableEnergyTechnologies in their respective commu-nities, including thepromotionand spreadof energysystems, raise awareness of the policymakers to theimportanceofScienceandTechnology inRenewableapplicationsgenerateanactionplan for theutilisationof renewable systems by all sectors of the populationand envisages to penetrate the South Pacific Islandpopulation ina5-yearoutreach/developmentplan.Finally Iwishtoreiterate thatmyGovernment iscom-

mitted to promoting Solar and Renewable EnergyDevelopment inPapuaNewGuineaconsistentwiththeHarareDeclaration.However, concerted andmean-ingful contributionby the InternationalCommunityparticularly the industrialiseddeveloped countries issignificant if our effort are tobe successfully realised.ExperienceinmanypreviousinternationalMeetings/

Conferences and indeed, Summits have consistentlycomeupwithnumerous socalledresolutionsanddec-larations including specific and targetedprogrammesofActionsbutwithout littleornosuccesswhenitcomesto implementation. It is in thiscontext thatmyGovern-ment calls on the International Community to «puttheirmoneywhere theirmouth is»aswithoutpracticalandmeaningful contribution we cannot expect toachieveany tangible results.

Thankyou

43

Address by the Governmentof the Republic of Seychelles

CALLIXTE D'OFFAY

Ambassador of the Seychelles in France

I amalways delighted to be part of an event whichdealswith important island issues.It is easy in internationalpolitics tobecomepreoccu-

piedwith thepressing issueof theday.But,while thereis absolute and imperative need to deal with the con-flicts of today, it is crucial thatwekeep thinkingaboutthekindofworldwewant to live in tomorrow.Ifwewant thatworld tohaveahealthyenvironment,

thenwehaveamajorchallengeaheadofus.Thatchal-lenge isprecisely thekindof internationalcooperationwewant to establish in favour of renewable energiesandenergy efficiency inour islands and indeed in theentireworld.This issue is central todevelopment strat-egyand is recognisedasacritical ingredient in sustain-able development. And, I am very pleased that thisConference inthebeautiful islandofTenerife isable toserve in this way as a platform and forum for such animportant constituentofour islands.Manyofour islandsaredependenton importedpe-

troleumproducts, largely for transport andelectricitygeneration.Wewill continue tobeheavilydependentonpetroleum, fuel andbiomass in the short andme-dium term.However, the current use of these fuelstends to be highly inefficient. Increase efficiencythroughappropriate technology andnational energypolicies andmanagementmeasures are instrumentalin reapingboth financial andenvironmentalbenefits.Seychelles has a long commitment to environment

and it is a major component of our foreign policy.There isa strongawareness that the foundationsofoureconomyespecially inthedevelopmentof itsbackbone

sectors,namely tourismand fishing,depend toa largeextentonstableenvironmentconditions.Anydeterio-ration in the quality of the country�s terrestrial andmarineecosystemwould inevitably leadtoadisruptionin future economic activity and compromise thesustainabilityof thecountry�sdevelopment.We thereforehave agreat interest in clean technol-

ogy andrenewableenergies.Gooduseof theenviron-mental technologies holds back global warming. It isfor this reason that the question of sustainable andefficient use of non renewable resources and ecosys-tems featureprominently asoneof themainobjectiveset forenvironmentalprotectionandwhichhavebeenfully articulated in thecountry�spresentEnvironmen-talPlanStrategy.Our economic future is bound inwithour environ-

mental future.Growthmustbe sustainable if it is tobecommercially viable in the long term. Farmers andfishermen in the world have learnt to their cost theeconomic impactofexhausting thesoil andtheocean.Wethereforeneedtobuildsustainabilityandproper

resourcemanagement intooureconomies, toprotectour fragile and vulnerable ecosystems from furtherdegradation and to find viable alternatives to the de-pletionof scarce resources. Suchmeasuresunderlineour security, indeedour very survival.Today�s conferencewill contribute to on-going in-

ternational efforts to address theparticular problemsof islandsby focussingontheir specific constraints anddevelopmentopportunities to foster their sustainabledevelopment.

44

Seychelles are very supportiveof all thiswork.As anislandcountry,wehave longbeenawareof theparticu-lar island vulnerabilities andhow their circumstancescan inhibit sustainabledevelopment. I look forward toworking with you all, to continue to developmechanisms toaddress theneedsofour islands in theambit of ourpriority development areas.

Finally,IwouldliketothanktheauthoritiesofTenerifefor their warm welcome and hospitality, andparticularly forhosting thisConference. I alsoexpressmy gratitude to everyone involved in the extensivepreparations ithas required.

I thankyou

45

TheANCIM, theNational Association of theMi-nor Islands�Municipalities is theorganisation that rep-resents34municipalitiesof42 small Italian islands; i.e.from the islandofElbawith 26.000 inhabitants and8municipalities to the archipelago of the Trermiti is-landswith 400 inhabitants, Sicily andSardinia are ex-cluded.All these islands, even if they belong todifferent re-

gions�Tuscany,Apulia,Campania,SardiniaandSicily�havea lotof similar aspects that lead tomutualdevel-opingproblems.Wecanpickout the followingmutual elements:a) Insularity, for a long time considered an isolationfactor. In fact , the islandshavebeenplacesof intern-ment forsocialandpolitical«undesiredpeople».

b)Localeconomies,consideredas separateeconomiesand sometimes even«closed»economies,with veryfewsynergieswith themainland;

c)Theneed to start off self-contained systems for theessential needs (electricity, water supply, waste dis-posal, sewage,marine connections)without beingable to take advantageof scale economy;

d)The tourismwhichhas represented, from the �60s,the only redemption from apoverty exceeding tomisery isnowexperiencing limitationsconnectedtoseasonal tourism.

Theknowledgeofthegreatpotentialsof theseislands�potentialsminedbyanendemicfragility�hasbrought

Address by the ItalianSmall Islands Association

MICHELE GIACOMATONIOVice-PresidentA.N.C.I.M. (ITALY)

allthemunicipalitiesmanagementtojoinintheANCIM,trying tospeeduptheadventofaneweconomicrealityplaying the cardof a cultural andnaturalistic tourismthatimprovesandqualifiesthetourismwhichhasgrownin the last years. A tourism which is able to developthroughout the year; increase incomerswithout jeop-ardizingtheenvironmentanddestroyingthefundamen-talcharacteristicsandtheoriginalitiesofourcommuni-ties.Togetherwiththistourism,enrichnedbymotivations,wemust foresee: the renewal of agriculture aiming atthecreationof typicalproducts,guaranteeingitsorigin;thereconversionofthefishingindustrythroughseaseed-ingandfishculture, fishmarketsandfishconservation;the renewal of ancientproducts; artistic andqualifiedhandcraft that renews and flings back handwork ofstones,wood, iron,materials, embroidery,basing itonlocalpatterns takenfromarcheology, local art, ancientandrecent traditions.To support this undergoing process, ANCIMhas

workedout awell fit inunitaryproject, tobediscussedwith the national government andwith the regionalgovernments aiming at the financial support ofeuropeanstructural funds2000-2006.One of themost important points of this project is

that of electric energy; of its quantity, in order to facethegrowingneeds; andof its quality- inorder that theproduction of this energy is compatible with the sus-tainabledevelopmentthat theItalianislandsfirmlywishtodefend.

46

Luis Marqués, member of the Spanish National Commission for UNESCO, delivering his speech during

the Closing Session of the Summit.

47

Renewable Energies,Energies of Peace

LUIS G. MARQUÉS

Spanish National Commission for UNESCO

Organising the Island Solar Summit is amajorcontribution to thediscussion that is currently takingplace inUnitedNationsagenciesonhowtoachieveaneconomic and social development that at the sametime, enablesus to achieve the supremegoal ofpeacein theworld.The abovementioned agencies includeUNESCO

(theUnitedNations Educational, Scientific andCul-turalOrganisation), whichhas taken the initiative ofproposing that the international communities adaptacultureofpeace to replace thecultureof violenceandwar thathas reignedfromthedawnof time,andwhosepresence can still be felt inmodern society.Article1of theUNESCOConstitutionsummarises its

objective:«TheOrganisationproposesmakingacontri-butiontopeaceandsecurity in theworldbypromotingcollaborationamongnationsthrougheducation,scienceandculture inorder toensureuniversal respect for jus-tice, law, human rights and the fundamental libertiesrecognisedforall thepeoplesoftheworldbytheUnitedNationsCharter,without anydistinctionsbeingmadefor race, sex, languageor religion.»Today,more thanever, peace is recognisednot just as anabsenceofwar,butas somethingthatcontributes to theeconomicandsocialdevelopmentof allhumanbeingsand theirhar-moniousrelationswiththeirenvironment.Oneconsequenceof this enhancedawareness is the

idea of «sustainable development» based on thephi-losophy that attendingMan�sbasicneedsand improv-inghisqualityof lifemustbe themainobjectivesofanydevelopmentprocess.Theseobjectivesmustbeunder-

stood as the ability to achieve economic and socialgrowthinanenvironmentally sustainablemanner,witha long-termperspective that does not endanger theinterests andrightsof futuregenerations.Therehavebeenmanyarmedconflicts in thehistory

ofMankind that were fought for economic reasons,mainly related to water and food.Upuntil the latterthirdof the last century, energywasproduced locally,as theuseofwoodandagriculturalwastewas confinedto the area around these energy sources. Even coal,thepowerhouse of the industrial revolution, was nottransportedanygreatdistance.This situationunderwent a radical changewith the

arrival of thepost-industrial era, whenoil became themain source of energy and the origin ofmost of theenergyused in theworldwas tobe found in the coun-tries thatwerenot the largest consumers.Modernsoci-ety is sodependentonthesupplyof fossil fuels(coal,oilandgas) that tensionsandconflictsbetweenproducerandconsumercountriesareaconstant threat topeace.Oneonlyhas toconsider the twooil crisis that causedaworld-wide economic slump and theGulfWar. If weaddthe impactofusing fossil fuelsontheenvironmentand,more specifically, climatechange, it is clear that ifMan continues to produce the energy required foreconomicdevelopment fromthese fuels, hemay irre-versibly damage theEarth�s ecosystem, thus violatingthe rightsof futuregenerations.Solarenergy,andrenewableenergies ingeneral,have

many features that could be used to define them asenergies of peace. First of all, they have nomilitary

48

applicationand the technologiesused toharness andexploit them,whilst incertaincasesadvancedandcom-plex, have very little, if anything in commonwithmili-tary technology. Secondly, they can be found in oneformor another, all over theworld,making themanunlikely sourceof international tension.Third, thedi-rector indirect sourceof theseenergies, the sun, isoutofMan�s reach andbeyond the scopeof his interven-tion.Fourthly,publicopinion, ingeneral, sees themina favourable lightandsolarenergy�spositive imagehasits roots inancestral traditionsandcultures.Finally, theeffects on the environment of exploiting renewableenergies are very limited and inmany cases theyhavenoaffectwhatsoever.If we consider that; apart fromnot causing interna-

tional tension and conflicts, renewable energies can

make a positive contribution to peace by improvingthe living standards ofmillions of humanbeingswhostill have nobasic energy services because they live inremoteandrural areas,on the islands themselvesor inthe poorer countries; then it immediately becomesclear that they are energies of peace.In the specific case of island states and territories,

whichusually haveno fossil fuel deposits anda fragileenvironment, the renewableshaveundoubtedadvan-tages, including the fact that the energy can be pro-duced on the island, as they are harmless. Develop-ment and a greater dissemination of renewable en-ergy technology, alongwith an energy efficiency andenergy saving plan, are the basic components for en-suring sustainable island development in an accept-able time scale.

49

The World Solar Programme1996-2005*

BORIS BERKOVSKISecretary-general of the World Solar CommissionDirector of the Engineering and Technology DivisionUNESCO

Thesecondsessionof theWorldSolarCommissiontookplaceat theUnitedNationsHeadquarters inNewYork on 23 June 1997, on the occasion of the specialsessionof theUnitedNationsGeneralAssembly toRe-viewandAppraise the ImplementationofAgenda21,«EarthSummit+5». TheCommissionapprovedthedocu-mententitled«WorldSolarProgramme1996-2005».It shouldberecalledthat,whereas theprocesses lead-

ing to theholdingof theWorldSolarSummit(Harare,Zimbabwe, September 1996) and to the approval bytheWorld SolarCommissionof theWorld Solar Pro-gramme1996-2005(NewYork, June1997),were initi-atedbyUNESCO, togetherwithothermajorpartners,theWorldSolarProgramme1996-2005isaninstrumentat the serviceof theworldcommunity, for thedevelop-ment anddeployment of the technology of environ-mentally-friendlyrenewableenergies.TheWorldSolarCommission, composedof 18Heads of State orGov-ernment, under the chairmanship of H.E. RobertMugabe,Presidentof theRepublicofZimbabwe, con-tinues tooverseeandguide the implementationof theWorldSolarProgramme1996-2005, assistedby its Sec-retariat, locatedat theUNESCODivisionofEngineer-ingandTechnology.Oneof themain recenthighlightswas theadoption

by theGeneralAssemblyof theUnitedNations, on16October 1998, of a resolution in favour of theWorldSolarProgramme1996-2005(documentA/RES/53/7

dated 26October 1998). This resolution, which wassponsoredby54 countries, was adoptedwithout adis-sentingvoteandconstitutes a recognitionby thehigh-estgoverningbodyof theUnitedNationsSystemof thecontributionof theWorldSolarProgramme1996-2005towards theattainmentof sustainabledevelopment.TheWorldSolarProgramme1996-2005pays special

attention to the large scale use of Renewable Energysources and technologies in small island developingstatesandin islands ingeneral.Small islanddevelopingStates are currently heavily dependent on importedpetroleumproducts, largely for transport andelectric-ity generation,energyoftenaccounting formore than12per cent of imports. They are alsoheavily depend-ent on indigenous biomass fuels for cooking andcrop-drying.These countrieswill continue tobeheav-ilydependentonpetroleumfuelsboth intheshortandmediumterm.However, thecurrentusesof these fuelstend to be highly inefficient. Increased efficiencythroughappropriate technology andnational energypolicies andmanagementmeasures will reapboth fi-nancial and environmental benefits for small islanddevelopingStates.Renewableenergy resourcesendowmentsof islands

varygreatly.Allhave substantial solar resources,whichhave still not been developed to their full potential.Windpotential ishighly variablewith location.Hydro-electric power is a possibility only for some islands.

* The term «solar» is generic and includes all renewable energies (solar thermal, solar photovoltaic, wind, biomass, tidal, ocean,

microhydro, etc.; geothermal energy is also included).

50

Biomass endowment is commonbutunequal. Studiesof thepotential forgeothermal,ocean thermalenergyconversionandwaveenergyarecontinuing.Many constraints to large-scale commercial use of

renewable energy resources remain. These includetechnology development, investment costs, availableindigenous skills and management capabilities.Small-scaleapplicationforruralelectrificationhasbeensporadic. The use of renewable energy resources assubstantial commercial fuels by small islanddevelop-ingStates isdependenton thedevelopmentandcom-mercial productionof appropriate technologies.Inkeepingwith the commitments contained in the

HarareDeclarationonSolar Energy andSustainableDevelopment, and with the recommendations con-tained in theWorldSolarProgramme1996-2005, thesecretariat of theWorld Solar Commission pays a lotof attention to the development of the Island SolarProgramme 1996-2005 and strongly encouraged is-landauthorities toparticipate in the IslandSolarSum-mit and the Island Solar Council. Certain countries

have taken legislative action favouring the develop-ment anddeploymentof renewable energy technolo-gies. Several Members of theWorld Solar Commis-sionhave been very active and concrete results in thelarge scale use of renewable sources of energy havebeenachieved.

Some encouragingimplementation results

ExemplaryRenewableEnergyProgrammeshavebeenundertakenbySpain.Inthesevenyearsthathavepassedsince theProgrammebegan,5200projectshavebeencompletedtotalling595,061toe/year.Total investmentintheseprojectshasamountedto201,238millionpese-tas, ofwhich27,657millionpesetas consistedofpublicsupport. This support took the formof bothoutrightsubsidiesandThirdPartyFinancing.Asat31December1998, a largeportfolioofprojectswereat theconstruc-tion stage. If data relating to the projects under con-structionareaddedtothosealreadycompleted,thesitu-

Source: Renewable Energy in Spain � Balance and Prospects for the year 2000, IDAE

Table 1: Electricity generation using renewable energy sources

Areas

SMALL HYDROPOWER

Capacity (MW)Production (GWh/Year)

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE


WIND


PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR


TOTAL


Target

1991-2000

779,02,474,0

239,01.297,5

168,0403,0

2,54,5

1.188,54.179,0

Completed

at 31/12/97

461,51646,3

67,4501,6

448,51123,2

4,47,3

981,83.278,4

%

59,266,5

28,238,7

267,0278,7

176,0162,2

82,678,4

Under way

at 31/12/97

328,51.142,5

1838,7

1.017,42.688,7

1,22

1.365,13.871,9

%

42,246,2

7,53,0

605,6667,2

48,044,4

114,992,7

%

101,4112,7

35,741,6

872,6945,9

224,0206,7

197,5171,1

Completed plus

underway at31/12/97

7902.788,8

85,4540,3

1.465,93.811,9

5,69,3

2.346,97.150,3

51

ationunder theProgrammeamounts to adiversifica-tionof1,008,376.5toe/year(asshowninTable1),involv-inganinvestmentofsome423,810,4millionpesetaswithpublicsupportamountingto35,434millionpesetas.Fig-ure1illustratesthesedata.SincetheProgrammebegan,981,8MWofcapacityhasbeeninstalledwhichhasbeenestimatedtoproduceanaverageof3,278GWh/year. Ifwe include theprojectsunderconstruction, this figurerises to2,347MWofcapacity involvinganestimatedav-erageoutputof7,150.3GWh/year.The government of Spain having decided that re-

newable energies shouldplay a greater role in the fu-ture national energy scene, aMinisterial Order hadbeenissuedon6February1997concerningtheEnergyConservation andEfficiency Programme; thisOrderhasnowbeendevelopedandapplied.Subsidiescanbegranted to the renewableenergy firms, and legislationfor an electricity protocol has beenpassed, firmly es-tablishing theprinciple of differential treatment andgiving priority to electricity generation by renewableenergy sources.On30December1998aGovernmentdecreewas issuedestablishing themechanismsand in-centivesenablingSpain to increase from7%to12%by

the year 2010 the share of electricity producedby re-newableenergy.Followingare someotherexamples:� HisExcellencyMrEduardShevardnadze,Memberof theWorldSolarCommission,organized inTbilisi,on23-24 July 1998, a Solar Forum«Business and In-vestmentfortheWorldSolarProgramme1996-2005».The government ofGeorgia has created recently aNational Sustainable Energy Development Pro-grammewhichhas thesupportofboth thePresidentof theRepublicandtheParliament.Ahigh-levelGov-ernmental Commission, chaired by the Presidenthimself and including, in addition to theMinistersconcerned, the rectors of themainuniversities andother important personalities, has also been estab-lished in order to coordinate and facilitate thepro-motion andpractical applications of renewable en-ergies. A Permanent Council emanating from thisCommission, acts as executive body to oversee andcontrol the implementation of the decisions takenby theCommission.� InAustria the implementationof theEuropeanUn-ion electricity guideline gives a new stimulus to the

Source : Energy for the Future : Renewable Sources of Energy (Community Strategy and Action Plan) � European Commission Services Paper

Table 2: Indicative Scenario for Developing Key Sectors 1999-2003

Estimated TotalInvestment Cost

billion EURO

2,85

(2,45)

4,7

10,1

5,5

4,4

1,2

1,25

30 billion EURO

Sector

Solar Energy

Wind Energy

Biomass

Total

Campaign Key Actions

650,000 PV systems : EU

350,000 PV systems : TC

15 million m2 solar collectors

10,000 MW of wind turbine generators

10,000 MWth of combined heat and

power biomass installations

1,000,000 dwellings heated by

biomass

1,000 MW of biogas installations

5 Mio tonnes of liquid biofuels

EstimatedInstalled

Capacity

650 MWp

350 MWp

15 Mm2

10,000 MW

10,000 MWth

10,000 MWth

1,000 MW

5 Mio tonnes

52

useof renewableenergies, and theGovernmenthasdecided that, by the year 2005, an additional 3%ofelectricityproductionmustbe fromrenewables (ex-cludinghydropower,whichalreadyproduces70%ofAustria�selectricity).Networkoperatorsarerequiredto accept feeding-in electricity producedby renew-ableinplantssmallerthan5MWandpayanincreasedtariff for this electricity.� In September 1998, the government ofTunisia de-cidedtocreateaNationalRenewableEnergyAgencyand to adopt a series of measures in favour of theincreased utilization of these energies, including asystemof grants to buyers of renewable energy sys-tems coveringup to 60%of the cost.� An indicative scenario for development of renew-ableenergy inEuropeanUnion is given inTable2.� ThegovernmentofNigercreated inNovember1998aNational SolarCouncil in theOffice of the PrimeMinister, with themandate to promote the use ofrenewableenergies in thecountry and tocontributetotheimplementationoftheWorldSolarProgramme1996-2005.AprestigecolourbrochureontheWorldSolarCom-

mission,publishedin1998, inbothEnglishandFrenchversions, gives basic informationon theCommissionandon theWorldSolarProgramme1996-2005, it alsocontainspersonalmessages fromeachof theCommis-sion�s 18Members and summaries of renewable en-ergy achievements andprojects in eachof their coun-tries.In addition to the InternetWeb Site for theWorld

Solar Programme1996-2005, (http://www.unesco.org/general/eng/programmes/science/wssp/index.html),anewonehasbeensetupfor theWorldSolarCommis-sion: http://www.worldsolar.orgTheGlobalRenewableEnergyEducationandTrain-

ingProgramme,which isoneof the fivemajorprojectsof universal scope included in theWorld Solar Pro-gramme1996-2005, iscurrentlyunderdevelopmentbyUNESCO,which is the executing agency.Given thatthemorepressingneedsare in theAfricancontinent,aspecialisthasbeendetachedfromUNESCOHeadquar-ters to theUNESCOOffice inHarare, Zimbabwe, inorder to prepare first theAfrican component of thisProgramme.Anothermajor project of universal value entitled

«International Renewable Energy Information andCommunicationSystem»(IREICS)hasalsobeen initi-ated, following an agreement with the InternationalSolarEnergySociety (ISES),with theestablishmentof

asteeringcommittee.Theprojectwillbe implementedjointlywith ISESandother relevant international insti-tutions.Within the frameworkof the information activities

of theWorld Solar Programme1996-2005, a prestigebookby the distinguished Indian scholarMadanjeetSinghentitled «TheTimeless Energy of the Sun»waspublished ineleven languageeditions; apocket-bookeditionwillbeprinted inonemillioncopiesandwidelydistributed round theworld.

High Priority National Projects

In parallel with the preparation, negotiation andapproval of theWorld Solar Programme1996-2005,the Secretariat of theWorld Solar Commission andmajorpartnersof theWorldSolarSummitProcesshaveinitiated identification, development and implemen-tationofHighPriorityNational Projects (HPNP)andalsoWSPglobal projects. For example:� An awareness and fundraising campaign has beenlaunched jointlyby theUNESCOAssistantDirector-General forScienceandtheUNDPAssistantAdmin-istrator for a High Priority National Project fromEcuador, «SolarEnergy for theGalapagos Islands».ThefeasibilitystudyhasbeenfinancedbyGEF,UNDPandUNESCO(US$350,000);� oneof theZimbabweHPNP, «Solar ElectrificationofRural Institutions»,has receivedaUS$10.5millionfunding in the formof a grant from the ItalianGov-ernment;� aUS$20millionsoft loanfromtheWorldBankandagrantofUS$20million fromGEFwereobtained forimplementationofoneofthenineIndonesianHPNP,«HomePhotovoltaic Rural Electrification in Indo-nesia»;� aUS$97.5millionsoft loanhasbeennegotiatedwiththeEuropeanBank forReconstruction andDevel-opment foroneof the fiveHPNPof theRussianFed-eration, «Geothermal Electrical Station forKamchatka»;� theOnamunhamaDemonstrationSolarVillagehasbeen built in Namibia and inaugurated by theUNESCODirector-General;� theUmbuji village in Zanzibar, Tanzania has beenequippedwith solarenergyequipment;� withintheframeworkof theWorldSolarProgramme1996-2005, theFrenchpublicutilityEDF(ElectricitédeFrance)andtheAfricanSolarCouncilhaveagreed

53

to implementaprogrammefor theelectrificationof500 to1,000 rural villages inAfrica (US$2million);� a human settlement inNiger in theNational Park«W»hasbeenprovidedwith solarpower supply;� a solar school inamountainous areaof thePeople�sRepublic of China has been equipped with a solarpower system;� anine-volumeUNESCO/WSP learningpackageonrenewableenergy forEnglish-speakingpractisingen-gineershasbeenprintedand largelydisseminated;� aCDRom«UNESCO/ISEEKEnergyDatabase»hasbeenpreparedandwidelydistributed;� aprestigious annual summer school «Solar electric-ity for Rural and Remote Areas» is being held atUNESCOHeadquarters since1990withtechnicalvis-its to the best European solar centres; the last onewasheld in July1998;� the first annual summer school on solar electricityfor English-speakingAfrican countries was held inHarare, Zimbabwe from2-13March1998;� aPan-AfricanSeminaronBusiness and Investmentin Renewable Energies was held in Bamako,Mali,from23 to 28March 1998, with financial assistancefrom the Government of the Netherlands andElectricité de France;� feasibility studies are under way for solar energyprojectsinAngola(US$105,000),Benin(US$160,000)andNiger(US$85,000);� the pilot solar cookers project in Zimbabwewill beextended to coverother suitable SADCcountries in1998(US$280,000);� UNDPis financinga feasibility studyonphotovoltaicenergy inTanzania,whichwill be thebasis for apro-posal to theGlobalEnvironmentFacility (GEF);� creationofaUNESCOchaironenergyconservationand renewable energy at theBelarussianStatePoly-technicAcademy inMinsk(US$23,000);� completion of the pre-feasibility study for a pilotprojecton the socio-economicdevelopmentof solarsettlements in the region of Aspindza, Republic ofGeorgia, that will serve as model for the develop-mentof rural and/or remoteareas (US$100,000);� theE-7Group(composedofeightmajorpowercom-panies fromCanada, France,Germany, Italy, Japanand theUSA) is raising someUS$2million tomod-ernize ahydroelectricplan inZimbabwe;� in cooperationwithnational and international insti-tutions, solar villagedemonstrationprojectswere ini-tiated inAngola, Cameroon,Ghana, Kenya,Niger,Malawi,Mozambique, SouthAfrica andSwaziland;

� a solar villagewas setup inTogo(Kpedji village)withnational funds;� in order todevelop the local capacity for themanu-facture/assemblyof solar energy systems,UNESCOand the African Energy Policy Research Network(AFREPREN)are financing feasibility studies in tenAfricancountries;� studies on theenvironmental benefits of renewableenergies have been completed in Benin, Malawi,Niger,Nigeria and Senegal; theywill be used to de-velopprojects in these countries;� ademonstrationplantforbiogastechnologyhasbeenset up in theChikwawadistrict ofMalawi;� in September 1998 a sub-regional workshopon re-centdevelopments andstrategies for thepromotionofrenewableenergywasorganizedinNairobi,Kenya,jointlybyUNESCOandAFREPREN.Preparationoftwoother trainingworkshops inGhanaandNiger isunderway;� a bookon «Small Solar Electric Systems forAfrica»initially produced by a grant from the Common-wealthScienceCouncil,wasreprintedandwidelydis-seminated intheEnglish-speakingAfricancountries;� with the assistanceofUNESCO, theDepartmentofMechanicalEngineeringof theUniversityofScienceandTechnology of Kumasi, Ghana, is preparing atechnician trainingmanual for solarenergy systems;� the establishment of theAfrican SolarCouncil, un-der the chairmanship ofH.E. AbdouDiouf, Presi-dentof theRepublicof Senegal, is underway;� followingcompletionof the feasibility study, theelec-trification by solar energy of two schools in theGalapagos Islands,Ecuador,hasbegun;� the feasibility study for the largerproject «SolarEn-ergy for theGalapagos Islands», is under way, withfinancingfromUNDP/GEFandtheEcuadorianNa-tionalUtility INECEL;� in agreementwith theRigobertaMenchúFounda-tion,UNESCOhas initiated thepreparationof a so-lar villageproject for a rural community of refugeesreturning toGuatemala;� within the frameworkof the assistanceprovided forthe reconstruction of the damage caused by hurri-caneMitch inCentralAmerica, theWSPforesees theinstallationof threesolar villages ineachof thecoun-tries concerned, i.e.Guatemala,Honduras,El Salva-dorandNicaragua;� out of the 19 projects from Spain included in theWorld Solar Programme1996-2005, five have beenfully implementedandfiveothersareunderway.They

54

Source: Renewable Energy in Spain � balance and prospects for the year 2000, IDAE

Renewable Energy Programme (1991-2000)

rangefromhybridphotovoltaic/windsystemstopro-duction of biodiesel fuel, to seawater desalinationsystems.Specialmentionshouldbemadeof thedem-onstrationpower plant in theCanary Islands basedon theEUCLIDES (EuropeanConcentratedLightIntensityDevelopmentofEnergySources)prototype.This project is implemented with the assistance oftheEuropeanCommission;� the fiveHighPriorityNationalProjectsof theRepub-licofCyprusconcerningindividualandcollectivesolarwaterheaters, water desalination, solar cooling andsolarwaterpumpingarebeing financedby theEuro-pean Commission through the programmeFEMOPET-CYPRUSat the levelof50%; the remain-ing50%are financedby theGovernmentofCyprus;� followingapreliminaryexpert study, agreementhasbeen reached with the Government of Albania toinitiatethefeasibility studyforapilotmini-hydroplantofferinganexemplary integrated solution for the in-stallationor renovationof similarplants;� theAsia/PacificCulturalCentre forUNESCOinTo-kyo, Japan,publishedabook forchildrenandyoungpeople entitled «The Sun», as part of its ecology se-ries; this book is largely devoted to solar energy andits positive impacton theenvironment.Business and investmentopportunities, to enhance

the implementation of theWorld Solar Programme1996-2005,havebeenextensively studiedat the follow-ingevents:

� African Solar Forum, Bamako,Mali, 25-28March,1998.� Business and Investment for theWorld Solar Pro-gramme1996-2005,Tbilisi,Georgia,23-24July,1998.� BusinessandInvestmentSeminar forRenewableEn-ergy in Latin America, Quito, Ecuador, 14-16 Sep-tember1998.� Business and Investment ForumforRenewableEn-ergy inAfrica,Harare,Zimbabwe,29-31March1999.� Meetingof thePersonalRepresentativesof theMem-bersof theWorldSolarCommission,Harare,Zimba-bwe, 1st April 1999.

UN wide partnership

TheSecretariat of theWorldSolarCommissionhasorganized the follow-up toResolution 53/7 adoptedby theGeneral Assembly of theUnitedNations at its53rd session:

� At theFourthSessionof theConferenceof thePar-tiestotheFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(COP4),held inBuenosAires,Argentina, inNovem-ber 1998, apresentationwasmadeby theSecretary-General of theWorld SolarCommission to thedel-egations of Brazil, the People�s Republic of China,Indiaand theRussianFederation.Meetingswereor-ganizedwithMrMauriceF.Strong,Chairman,Earth

55

Council;Mr JohnNovak, EdisonElectric Institute;Mr JamesGustaveSpeth,Administrator,UnitedNa-tions Development Programme; Mr Thomas B.Johansson, Director, Energy and AtmosphereProgramme,United Nations Development Pro-gramme;MrMohamedT.Al-Ashry,Chairman,TheGlobal Environment Facility (GEF) Secretariat;MrProhipto Ghosh, Asian Development Bank; Mr.Robert Priddle, Executive Director, InternationalEnergyAgency;MrLuizA.M.DaFonseca,ExecutiveSecretary, Latin American Energy Organization(OLADE); MrMichael Jefferson, Vice President,WorldEnergyCouncil; aswell as thechairmenof theelectricity utilities members of the E7Network ofExpertise for theGlobalEnvironment.� InDecember 1998draft letters for the signature oftheUNSecretary-GeneralwerepreparedatUNHead-quarters; theywere tobeaddressed to theExecutiveHeads of SpecializedAgencies andProgrammes oftheUNSystemand to funding and technical assist-ance sources, as foreseen in para. 4 of the UNGAResolution.� An informationmissionwas carriedout inFebruary1999 to theUN,UNDP, theWorld Bank andGEF.Mr.NitinDesai,UNUndersecretary-General forEco-nomicandSocialAffairs,was especially approachedin this respect.� The Director-General of UNESCO, Mr FedericoMayor, and theAdministratorof theUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme,MrJamesGustaveSpeth,have agreed to co-sign a joint letter toUNDPResi-dentRepresentativesandDirectorsofUNESCOFieldOffices,withan instruction toprovide support to theimplementationoftheWorldSolarProgramme1996-2005.� ThetextofUNGAResolution53/7hasbeenannexedto the lastProgressReportonthe implementationoftheWorldSolarProgramme1996-2005,dated17Feb-ruary1999andwidelydistributed inEnglish,FrenchandSpanish.

� TheWorldSolarProgramme1996-2005hasbeen in-cluded in the Draft Programme and Budget ofUNESCO for 2000-2001 as an interdisciplinary un-dertaking,withanoverall allocationofUS$1,800,000fromtheRegularBudget.� Thebrochureon theWorld SolarCommissionhasbeenlargelydistributedtocompetentandconcernedorganizationsworldwide.

Clean Energy andWater for Islands

Cleanenergy availability andwater forhumancon-sumptionthroughout theworldhasdwindleddramati-cally with increases inpopulation.This situation in is-lands is very critical and particularly affects are coralislands where the water quality within the water intothewater lens and the residuesof its living inhabitantsand thedomestic animals.For Kiribati, the damage to its ground water lens

from its overpopulatedareashasbeen identified andrelieved to someextent.However it is still persists in itsover populated islands andwill continue to increasethe suffering of its people, if clean water alternativesupply arenot considered.The Island Solar Summitmay wish to identify new

methodsofprovidingassistance for theafflictedpopu-lation inareaswheretheapplicable technologiescouldbepractically applied. TheWorld SolarCommissionconsider thegenuineneedof small islands for thepro-visionofgoodandsafedrinkingwatertoitspopulations,as oneof its highpriority project. Theproject to com-prise a desalinationplant operatedby solar energy, arenewable sourceof energy that is readily available forthecontinualexistenceandwellbeingof thesepeopleunder theSolarWaterProgramme1996-2005.TheIslandSolarSummitmaywish to launchamajor

global programmeentitled «Clean energy andwaterfor futuregenerations»asan integralpartof theWorldSolarProgramme1996-2005.

57

The New Energy Challengein the Island Regions

MANUEL CENDAGORTA-GALARZADirec torITER (Institute of Technology and Renewable Energies)

Thegrowthof thepopulationduring the last dec-adehas createdadebate about thepossibility ofmain-taining the development and the quantity of naturalresources available inourplanet. An accurate viewoftheprospects suggests that it is impossible to fulfil andsatisfy theneeds of this uncontrollable growth, and itadvises forachange intheway theexploitationanduseof thenatural resources are conceived.Theproblemscausedbytheincreaseintheconsump-

tionarebasically related to the settlementof cities andtouristareas,whichhaveproducedotherconsequencesinvolvingpollution, lackofnatural resources, abiggerdensity ofpopulationandmanymoreconcerns.Thedegradation of nature has been caused by the

systematic exploitation of the natural resources andthe use of non-renewable sources such as petroleumand coal. That type of energy has clearly contributedtodegrade theplanetplusoriginatingenergydepend-ence.Moreover, theseconventional sources are finite,as explained in the following table:A closer look at this table reveals that actual con-

sumption habits will deplete all reserves in the nearfuture. Themain result will be an increase of energycost, thus fast impoverishment and ahigher pressure

on the environment.Moreover, fuels with higher re-serves (like uraniumand coal) require an enormousinvestment to lessenenvironmental impact.

Woodisnotconsideredaconventionalenergysource,as its consumption should be extremely joined to itsperpetuation.Nevertheless, it shouldbenotedthat it isthemain fuelof lessdevelopedcountries,withanaver-age consumptionof700kgperpersonandyear. 1300millions people used wood as their primary energysource in1980, and this figurewill be raised to2400byyear2000.Thispressuredestroys 11millionshaof for-ests and turns6millions intonon-productive land.

OIL NATURAL GAS COAL URANIUM

ANNUAL EXTRACTION 2.9 1.7 2.18 0.5

KNOWN RESERVES 144 115 572 30UNKNOWN RESERVES 67 113 772 85

TOTAL RESERVES 211 228 1344 115DURATION OF KNOWN RESERVES 49 68 262 60

DURATION OF TOTAL RESERVES 72 134 617 230

58

As a fact, all these considerations are even greaterwhenappliedto islandregions,dueto their fragileeco-systemsandlackofconventionalenergysourced.Theirspecific economy usually focussed on particular sec-tors (likeagricultureor tourism) increase their vulner-ability to the consequences of energy consumptionrelated to theuseof fossil fuels.The development of renewable energy and

desalination systems are the only way to guarantee asustainable future for insular systems.

Water and Energy

Water still remainsas theessential liquid forall livingcreatures and theEarth itself. People have always set-tled down in humid areas like riverbanks and coast-lines, especially indry climates. The lackofwater anditsquality isoneof themainproblemsmoderncivilisa-tion faces; its badmanagement andpollution are theresult of an irrational behaviour whenwater was notscarce: theuseofsewage, theemissionsoffumes,chemi-calproductsandsolidwaste totheground,atmosphereandrivers, lakes and sea...In the long run, an increase of thepopulation con-

frontedwitha limitedwater supplywill causeadesper-atesearchforwater,andsomepreventivepoliciesshouldbe taken.SeveralEuropeanandMediterraneanCountrieshave

waterproblems,butitgetsworsewhenreferringtosouth-ern islandsandmunicipalities,mainlydevoted to tour-ism.Theproblem there is worst, because tourismde-mandsanendless supplyand,becauseof the leisure fa-cilities, suchasswimmingpools,golfcoursesandgreens,evenwhenthereisenoughwater,therearehighlossesinmainssupply,whichisoftenpollutedorsalted.Forall these reasons, there is agrowingnecessity for

theutilisationofdesalinationplants,duetotheincreaseof the consumptionand the lackofwater that centraland southern countries suffer originatednot only bythe inhabitants but by tourists; the prospects for theuseofproductwaterasanenergy storage systemalongwiththerisingintroductionofrenewableenergiesmakeit easier to implement systems to cover theurgentne-cessity of freshwater.Moreover, the energy forwatersupply inMediterranean countries is very expensive,andmostof the time itdependson fossil fuels, increas-ingpollutionanddependence fromtheexterior. Pol-lution should be avoided, as tourismmay escape toother unexplored targets once the environment isharmed.

Nowadays, PV systems arequite expensive in largerplants compared to conventional energy sources andotherrenewables, likewindenergy.Nevertheless, itper-fectly fits small applications of nomore than 2 kW,making it theadequatepower supply fordirectdistilla-tion systems in small and local applications.On theother hand, wind energy is a high competi-

tive formof producing energy, even in islands with alowaveragewindspeed.Theusageofwind turbines topowermediumsizeddesalinationplants isperfect, andseveralpilotplantsarebeingdevelopedundertheframe-work of some European programs, as well as hybridsystems using PVpanels andwind generators to pro-duce freshwater.Finally, thesedesalinationplants could alsobe con-

nected to thegrid,which is theeasiest approach.Any-way, inorder toavoidpollution,aparallel solutioncon-sisting in the installationofREgenerationsystemscon-necteddirectly to thegrid shouldbeapplied.

Renewable Energies

Passive Solar EnergyThe basic concern is theminimization of heat loss

and takingmaximumadvantage of useful solar gain.Thehousemust be isolated to avoid losses of heat orcoolness, not tomention theaddedvalueof reducingnoises fromoutside.Doubleglasses in thewindowswillalsohelp(theyreduce theheat losses to itshalf), aswellasusingother systems tokeepdoors andwindowsper-fectly shut, as 40%ofheat is lost if they arenot.

59

For passive solar heating, there are four configura-tions available: direct (largeareasof south facingglaz-ing), indirect (somepartof thebuildingenclosing theliving spaces collects theheat), isolated(collection iso-lated from living spaces to be later transferred) anddual gain systems(uses theadvantagesof thepreviousthree systems).Otheraspectsmayhelp in thecooling:buildingformandexternal finishes,buildingenvelope,airmovement, shading, reflectors,orientationdepend-ingonwindand sunconditions, etc.Forpassive solar cooling, an indirect gain systemus-

ingwaterwallor roofpondcouldbeused. It consists inthe installation of a thin pond placed on top of thehouse, in contactwith a ceilingmadeofhighconduc-tivitymaterial. For theheating, thecollection systemisexposedduring thedayand isolatedbynight transfer-ring theheat to thehouse,performing thereversewayfor cooling. Fountains, ponds, etc. can humidify thesurroundingair, therebyhelping thecooling.Abioclimatic designmay save a 70%of theheating

costs, producing anadditional cost varying fromzeroto20%inextremecases.Natural lightingmaybeprovideddirectly to interior

spaces(CoreSystem)oradjacent to thehouseexterior(PerimeterSystem).Advancedwindows, light shelves,skylights, roofmonitors andside lightingwill alsohelpto reduce lightingcosts.Acompromisebetween light-ing andheating can bemade illuminating the roombefore converting the light toheat.Insteadofusing the traditional bulb lights, lowcon-

sumeones(20%of thenormalconsumption)orhalo-gen lamps will be used. It saves 0,5 ton of CO2 to beemitted to the atmosphere to change a 100 w. tradi-tional light for a lowconsume.Photoelectric controlsswitchoff unnecessary lights whennot required, pro-ducinga savingbetween10and80%

Active Solar EnergyTwodevices canbementioned: solar collectors and

photovoltaic cells.Photovoltaics is thedirectconversionof sunlight into

electricity usingdevicesmadeof thin semiconductorslayers; these devices are called solar cells and a PVmodule consists of a number of cells connected to-gether. Thepeakoutput power of amodule, definedas thepowerdeliveredat an irradianceof 1000W/m2

at25oC, ranges from30to120W.ThePVmodulescanformPVsystemswhen they are connected together.There are two types of PVmodules: the flat plate

moduleandtheconcentratormodule(it concentratesthe incident light onto a small area). The cells canbedivided incrystallineor thin film.The lifetime of crystalline silicon is at least twenty

years, and the limits areestablishedby thecorrosionofthe module material glass, metal and plastics. Themodulereplacementrate isabout0.2%peryear.Whentalkingaboutamorphous siliconmodules, the light in-duceddegradationreduces theefficiencyapprox. 5%after the first few hundred days of operation, whichrestricts theapplication in large stations.Active solar energy systems of low temperature use

anenergy collector, especially suitable forheatingwa-ter forhumanuseandheating.Themaincomponentsare the solar collector, a storage systemand thedistri-butionorconsumptionsystem.Thebasicelement, thecollector, contains anabsorberwhich converts the in-cident solar radiation into collected energy; later on,the energy is transferred to the water for transportdirectly to the loador to isolated tanks for later use.Afamily consisting in fourmembers uses 200 l. of hotwater aday.

60

The costs of an individual collector system is 1250-1900ECUs, while in a central plant supplying severalhouses, theyrangebetween350-540ECUsforeachone.

Wind EnergyThemachines that transformwind energy in a us-

ableonearecalledwindturbinesorgenerators, and itspower ranges fromafewwatts tomegawatts.Themaingenerated energy ismechanical, but it can be trans-formed to electrical with a gearbox and an electricalgenerator.Wind systems available commercially at present are

reliable intermediatesizetwoorthreebladeshorizontalaxis turbines,withrotorsdiameters intherangeof30to60meters andwith power ratings in the range 300 to1,500kW.Theyarecost competitive ifoperatedunderthemost suitablewind regime.Even thoughwind tur-bines in theMWrangeareproportionallymoreexpen-sive thanmedium sizedmachines, they aremaking abreakthroughinthewindenergymarketnowadays.Thegenerationcostsofwindenergyaredetermined

by the investment cost, economicparameters, systemefficiency, wind speed, annual averagepoweroutput,technical availability,O&Mcosts and lifetime.Presentmachinecosts are300-600ECUperm2,and infrastruc-ture costs (foundation, transport, etc.) will add 30%,giving anaverage installed cost of 600ECUperm2.Inareaswherebothenvironmental conditionsmeet

(plenty of hours of sunshine andhighwind speed), ahybridplantcouldbemade,assuringabetterperform-anceduringmore time.A backup conventional system should be supple-

mentedtomeetdaily loadsduringperiodswithoutsun-shine or under bad weather conditions. In the casethatahotelorurbanizationdecides tomakethe invest-ment on their own, there is no need of a backup sys-tem, as theenergy inextremecaseswill be suppliedbythegrid.Whentheenergygenerationexceedstheneedsof the tourists lodged in thebuilding, theextraenergygeneratedwill be sold to theelectric company.

B i oma s sBiomass is theorganicpart that comes fromanimal,

vegetal andmicro organismwastes, that can be con-verted inusableenergyorproducts forotherpurposes.Consideringbiomassasanenergy source, theonepro-ducedby photosynthetic organisms capable of trans-forming solar in chemical energy is very interesting.Theoverall electricity production costs range from

0.05 to 0.11ECU/kWh, depending on the processes

used. Themost used resources for biomass produc-tion inEuropeare agriculturalwastes.

Wave EnergyNowadays,waveenergy isbeing investigatedandde-

velopedinamajorwayinEurope.Theusageofaprovedtechnology and the advantages of natural resourcesmake the use of wave energy profitable, specially inenergetically isolatedareas.Several plants arenowworking in several countries.

Thegeneratedenergy is converted inelectric andpo-tential energy or high pressures for seawaterdesalination,dependingon thedemand.Thecosts ofobtaining energy will be reduced to aminimum byusing theplaceswith amaximumwave surge concen-tration, setting systems in breakwaters and taking ad-vantageof theexisting infrastructure.

Geothermal EnergyThere are places in our planet where huge steam

accumulation at a high temperature happens, and itwouldallow themovementof steamturbines for elec-tricalproduction.ThereisathermalstationinLaderello(Italy) that produces a third of the energy generatedbyapower station.Thereareotherplants inplaces likeNewZealandandFrance.

Desalination PlantsBecauseof the lackofwater, islands should take ad-

vantage of their natural resources.With this resolu-tion, together with the installation of desalinationplants, thequantityofwater availablewill be increasedand thepollutioncausedby fossil fuels reduced.Desalination is theseparationofdissolved impurities

fromwater. Part of that water is recovered in a prod-uct stream in apurer form.Desalinationprocesses canbedivided into two large

groups:Distillationandmembranesystems.Distillationisusedalmostexclusivelyforseawaterdesalination.Mem-brane systems includeelectrodialysis (brackishwater)andreverseosmosis(bothbrackishandseawater)As the lackofwaterand its impurity is aproblemthat

isaffectingpeoplealready,desalinationsystemswillbeofsignificantimportanceinthenearfuture.ROinparticu-larwillbeof special intereston islandsandcoastal sites,because of the availability of sea water and the avoid-anceofcosts thatawellandapumpingsystemwill take,incase that there is abrackishwateravailable.Theproductwater inRO is normally purer than in

EDprocesses, and it is themost suitable system topu-

61

rify seawater. As this type of plants is beingmore andmore used, the price of themembranes is reducingquickly, and it is expected thatROwillbeawidelyusedsystem for the desalination of sea andbrackishwaterwith a high salt concentration. Anyway, it always de-pendson thecharacteristicsof thewater tobe treated,and theelementsdissolved in it.Becauseof thepurityof thewaterobtainedbyRO, it

is possible tomix itwithbrackishwater to increase thequantity without affecting the salt concentration re-quired for a specific application.

Final Considerations

The fear of apollutedenvironment is not exclusiveof a specific sector of society.Manyorganizations andgroupshaveexpressed theirconcernonthesematters,as well as their belief that renewable energies are thesolution for a sustainabledevelopment.Several fora have given their expectations for the

future:� Theprospectsof theMadridConferenceare that,by2010,15%of theenergyconsumed in theEuropeanUnion will be produced with renewable energysources.� RegardingWesternEurope, the renewable energysupply is estimated in 15-20%by year 2020 (WorldEnergyCouncil)and61%by2050(UnitedNations).� Shell Companyhas estimated that on 2060, renew-able energywill satisfymore than the 505of the en-

ergyneedsof theworldpopulation.Themost interesting fact about these figures is that,

even though they come fromcompletelydifferent ap-proaches, they havemore or less agreed to the sameresults, whichmake renewables a real trend for thefuture.Besides, thepercentageof theGrossDomesticProd-

uctused forPrimalEnergySupply, consideringa fixedprice of 20$per barrel of crude, has beendecreasingfrom 5% in 1970 to 3,8% in 1995; it is expected tofollow this trend, reaching3%in2020.This reductionismainly due to the change in the economy towardsthe service sector.

Conc lus ions

Thecreationof local EnergyAgencies for Islands isan essential step towards a rational development ofislandstatesandregions.Theircreation isanecessity tostudy, inalocalscale, theenergypotentialofrenewables,the economic and technical aspects of RE implanta-tion, and itsmaximumpenetration in islands� grids.TheexperienceachievedintheCanaryIsles isahope-

ful one, and theapplicationofRE in islandswith simi-larcharacteristics isa fact.SeveralWindParksandotherRenewable Energy installations, as well as lot of seawater desalinationplants (especially in the eastern is-lands) arenowoperating in the islands, contributingstepbystep toasensitivemanagementof theresourcesand preservation of nature. In the near future, it isexpected that their share in theenergygenerationwillbesubstantially increased.Touristsandinhabitantshaveshownbothcuriosity andsatisfaction for theprospectsthis cleanenergyoffers.Two alternatives are suitable for islands to be ap-

plied: the first one is the installation of large Renew-able Energy Plants to centralise the distribution andgeneration of energy, working together with the tra-ditional stations already working. The other onewillbe the local and individual application in buildingsanddwellings.The creation of EnergyAgencies is only one of the

requirements that shouldbemet. Inaddition,politicalactions shouldbe taken toadapt current legislation topromotetheuseofRenewableEnergy. Ifacompromiseismadewithdecisionmakers, involvingallsectors,100%oftheenergydemandcouldbecoveredwithRenewables.

62

Carmen Becerril, Director-General of IDAE, the Spanish

Institute for Diversification and Energy Saving, delivering

her speech during a preliminary session.

Ricardo Melchior, President of the Tenerife Island

Council and Chairman of the Island Solar Summit,

during the Closing Session.

Reading of the Conference's Recommendations by Cipriano Marín (Secretary of ISS),

Manuel Cendagorta (Director of ITER) and Osman Benchikh (World Solar Programme 1996-2005).

63

IslandSolarAgenda

IslandSolarAgenda

65

IntroductionOn the eve of the XXI century, the islands are

preparing to meet the new challenges that haveappeared in today's world. And they are doing thiswith a new mentality that is based on a commontie. Island societies have seen that the extremerichness and diversity of their natural and culturalheritage is under serious threat, and that theymustbecome themasters of their own destiny in the faceof the processes of globalisation, placing theirconfidence in the development options that canguarantee a future for them without irreversiblymortgaging it in the process.Chapter 17 of Agenda 21 points out that islands

are a special case for both the environment andfor development, and that they have very specificproblems in planning sustainable development, asthey are extremely fragile and vulnerable. In thecontext of sustainable development, energy is thecornerstone of their planning strategies.The use of energy facilitates all human activity

and social and economic progress. Energy is usedfor heating, cooling, lighting, health, food,education, industrial production, agricultural andfishing activities, services and transport.So, we know that energy is absolutely essential

for development, but in islands, the sources andtechnologies used have a major influence on, andsometimes even determine, the developmentmodel chosen and its different options.Due to its territorial, environmental and eco-

nomic implications, energy is a central factor inthe island dilemma. Implementing the wrongenergy model could mortgage our economies,future development options and theenvironment, because energy solutions are closelyrelated to how island resources are managed. Thisinterdependence is extremely prominent in is-lands, where it also involves transport, water and

waste management policies, all of which are keyaspects of striking a satisfactory balance in ourarea.The magnitude of per capita energy

consumption has become an indicator of progress.Therefore, energy-related matters and policieshave been closely linked to the demand for energy.This has meant that, for many years, the strategicand environmental consequences of energyconsumption patterns have been neglected. All toooften energy models and solutions have beenimported that are inflexible and inappropriate forisland conditions.The fragile nature of the island environment

requires ecologically rational technologies thatare appropriate for the characteristics of eacharea and its resources, technologies that arewithin an island's carrying capacity. But, we alsoknow that the global attitude of other regionstoward energy solutions involves direct environ-mental risks for many islands. Seven years afterthe Rio Conference, Climate Change remains thecore of international debate, especially after the«Third Conference of the Parties to the UnitedNations Framework Convention on ClimateChange» that was held in Kyoto, where the islandsclearly expressed the need for a change in theenergy model in light of future risks.But, development strategies thus far have also ig-

nored the basic function of energy in enhancingquality of life and in alleviating poverty. For decades,we have lost sight of the human dimension ofenergy. The answer is not just to plan for an increasein conventional energy sources. Experience hasshown us that this strategy fails, fromboth the pointof view of financial consequences andenvironmental concerns. A basic change in ap-proach is needed for proposals and for island energyservices.It is clear that islands are facing, and have his-

torically faced, a broad range of constraints. It isfor precisely this reason that many of thelimitations of insularity must be tackled from the

Island Solar Agenda

66

aspects of technological qualification,moving awayfrom the traditional culture of the quantity causedby the need to cover historic deficits in island ter-ritories. Nowadays, islands have to seek sharedsolutions based on a common strategy, in whichinnovation and adaptation must be the dominantfactors.The strategy to adopt has already been clearly

outlined at the United Nations Global Conferenceon the Sustainable Development of Small IslandDeveloping States (Barbados 1994). In Chapter 7of the Barbados Programme of Action, bases foraction are set both for the sustainable use ofexisting energy sources and the adoption of alter-native and renewable energy sources in small is-lands. Given the current heavy dependence ofSIDS on petroleum fuels and biomass and the highpotential for alternative natural resources, the Bar-bados Programme emphasises the efficient use ofenergy and the development of environmentallysound sources of energy, such as solar, wind and,where feasible, hydroelectric, geothermal andwaveenergy, and the use of energy-efficienttechnologies.

Energy,a new challenge for islandsIslands are an exceptional case for sustainable de-

velopment, with very special characteristics from theenergy point of view.Most islands have a profile thatpresents a series of pros and cons that must beweighed up carefully when taking themost suitableenergy decisions.

Disadvantages include:Isolation and dependence.One current constraint faced by islands is their ex-treme dependence on imported energy products.This is something that is aggravated in the fieldsof transport and electricity production.Inmost cases, acquiring energy products accountsfor more than 15% of all island imports.Energy production is an extremely large item inGDP. A heavy burden that, in many cases, limitsthe development possibilities and quality of life forislanders.

Limited range of energy resourcesAvailable conventional energy sources aregenerally limited or none existent. Islands do not

have any great variety of energy sources either.These factors increase island vulnerability and,sometimes lead to an over-exploitation orpremature exhaustion of their limited non-renewable resources.

Specialisation of economiesThe over-specialisation of most island economiesforces them to install an over-sized energy capac-ity to cover factors such as prominent seasonal de-mand, abrupt market changes or far greaterterritorial dispersion than in other areas.Particularly the development of the tourist

industry involves adopting behaviour patterns andenergy needs that are difficult to bear. Islandtourist destinations will have to face the manyadded energy problems derived from the industry,which in most cases also implies a radical changeto traditional cultures of consumption.

Scale, a technologicaland market constraintThe scale of islands generates two added difficul-ties. On the one hand, their size seriously limits theefficiency of conventional energy systems, whichhave been conceived and designed for othereconomies and areas. For example, one can oftensee how the cost of generating electricity in smalland medium-sized islands can be ten times themainland reference figures.On the other hand, thescale factor is also a serious impediment to marketconditions. Small island energy markets areunattractive and often depend on the hypotheticalcapacity of the public sector to cover their deficits.

Highly sensitive environmentIslands are characterised by the fragile nature oftheir ecosystems. This can be seen from the largeproportion of protected areas they have, or areasthat need protection, which is much higher inproportion than in other regions of the planet.In an island context, the environmental prob-

lems of energy take on extreme proportions. Fur-thermore, islands have to reproduce all the energygeneration and storage infrastructure within asmall area of land, leading to extremely highexternal costs.

Inefficient use of energy resourcesImporting rigid mainland models of production

67

and consumption leads to energy vectors beingvery poorly adapted to final use.Mostprospective studiesonpotential energy saving

and efficiency, give reduction parameters which ex-ceed 20% in some cases. Rational use of energy innew consumption is one of the major issues to betackled at the moment.Imported modes of mobility and internal trans-

port are usually extremely inefficient too, and theyare gradually pushing up the island energy bill.On many islands with a strong presence of theservices sector, energy consumption for transportis very often over 50% of total consumption.

In the other side of the scales islands tend toenjoy the following advantages:

Abundant renewable energy sourcesMost islands have excellent renewable energysources, which are often enough to guaranteeample energy self-sufficiency. These are currentlyenergy resources that are used very little incomparison with the existing real potential.Solar, wind, micro-hydraulic and wave energy are

extremely abundant sources of energy on all islands.In general, they are complementary energy sources,the lack of one is usually off-set by abundance ofanother.

Small can be an advantageRenewable energy sources have an excellent ca-pacity for modulation to smaller scales, comparedwith the rigid conventional production systems. Re-newable energy technologies adapt much betterto island scales and needs.Integration of renewable energy sources inmost

island cases is an economically feasible solutiondespite their relatively high energy prices.

Island economic specialitiesare not very energy intensiveIslands are hardly ever the home to energy inten-sive economic activities, as most of them tend toincreasingly move toward the tertiary sector.Intensive energy consumption is very occasionaland most demand goes to the services sector,transport and housing.

The great island renewables marketIndividually, islands are not very important energymarkets with an acceptable critical mass, but taken

together, they are presently the largest nichemarket in the world for renewable energies.In recent years, the greatest relative growth in

specific segments of the renewables market is tobe found in islands. For example, wind energy pen-etration is recording unstoppable growth figuresin islands, compared with relative stagnation inmainland regions.In fact, at the present, the largest percentage of

renewable energies in the energy balance are alsoto be found in islands, to the point that we arenow seeing the appearance of the first 100%renewable islands.

Growing acquisition of technologyand availability of human resources.The capacity of islanders to learn the new energytechnologies is really high. Isolation has always gen-erated an accentuated ability to find new solutionsin an emergency. Furthermore, the humanresources of islands represent one of their greatestfuture assets, as they have an exceptional creativecapacity.

If weweighup the energy pros and cons of islands,the option of a strategy based on sustainableenergies is not merely a technological, cultural orfinancial alternative, it is very probably the onlyrational choice we face. At the present moment,other, non-renewable energy sources should beconsidered as provisional solutions for solving thelong term energy problems of islands.

Sustainable Energies forbuilding a future for islandsCurrent trends in energy policies are aimed

basically at achieving greater competitivity. Forislands, however, this criterion alone is not enough;a long term consensus must be reached on theguidelines for a common energy policy thatconsiders other fundamental factors as well:respect for the environment, creating employmentand assuring supply. This is a scenario that shouldbe governed by sustainable energy criteria, that is,by energy saving and efficiency and a maximumuse of renewable energy sources.At the present time, however, renewable energy

sources still make an unacceptably modest contri-bution to the islands' energy balance incomparison with the potential that is technicallyavailable.

Renewable energies

68

energy. Energy and environmental problems re-main the same for islands however, but with thedifference that current technology greatlyincreases the chances of achieving acceptablesolutions.The concept of renewable energies encompasses a

wide range of sources, which require a range of dif-ferent techniques to harness them. Islands generallyhave several of these sources available to differentdegrees. The ones with the greatest potential arewind, solar and ocean-related energies. The otherrenewable energy sources vary in potential,depending on the specific case in question.

WindA widespread use of wind power is one of the mostsignificant changes that have occurred in recentyears. Wind energy is now a highly competitiveform of energy production, even in islands withlow average wind speeds. Recently installed windfarms and turbines are achieving efficiency andcompetitivity levels that would have beenunthinkable ten years ago.Wind energy generating costs are determined

by investment, system efficiency, wind speed,annual generated power, technical availability,operating and maintenance costs and the averagelife of wind generators. Accumulated experienceand the development of wind technology havemade it possible to reduce costs significantly, toaround U.S.$ 300 - 400 per m2 of surface areaswept by the wind turbine.

Passive solarEnergy conscious building techniques (improvedinsulation materials, daylight lighting, built-inenergy, natural ventilation, passive solar energy,energy management systems, etc.) are buildingtechnologies and know-how with sufficient positiveexperiences to be able to provide managers andusers with a highly useful tool for designing thehabitat of the future. By harnessing passive solarenergy and responsible building techniques, it isnow possible to make comfort compatible withproposed energy saving and efficiency require-ments.Traditional building techniques are the basic

point of reference; there constitute an extremelyrich and varied building heritage that generallyincludes surprisingly good solutions for passively

harnessing energy. Over the centuries theconditions on islands has forced their inhabitantsto adopt astute and efficient designs, which mustbe maintained or recovered.There are four possible layouts for a passive solar

heating system: direct (large south-facing areas ofglass), indirect (part of the house, including theliving areas, traps heat), isolated (heat is trapped inspecific areas of the house, to be transferred later)and dual gain systems (using the best of the threeother systems). There are other factors that canhelpin cooling, such as the shape of the house and theexterior finish, coatings, materials, air movement,shade, reflectors and which way the house faces,depending on sun and wind conditions.

Active solarPhotovoltaic energy makes it possible to convert so-lar radiation directly into electricity using devicesmade of fine layers of a semiconductor material.These devices are called solar cells. A photovoltaicmodule consists of several of these cells, all connectedtogether. Large scale photovoltaic systems are stillrelatively costly in comparison with conventionalenergy sources or other renewables, such as windenergy. They do however, fit perfectly with the pro-file for small applicationsup to2kWandtheelectricitysupply is suitable for many stand-alone applications,which are frequently found on islands.Low temperature active solar energy systems use

solar collectors, which are ideal for heating water forhumanconsumptionand forheating.Themaincom-ponents are a solar collector, a storage system andthe distribution and consumption system. The basiccomponent contains a collector that converts solarenergy into usable energy. The energy is thentransferred into water for immediate use, or forstorage in insulated tanks for lateruse. Solar collectorsare nowwidely used inmost island regions, althoughthere have been problems related to the correctinstallation and maintenance of the system.

BiomassBiomass is the organic part of the waste from ani-mals, vegetables and micro-organisms. It can beturned into useable energy or products for otheruses. This is a resource that is unevenly distributedin island regions. Harnessing biomass energy takeson a special significance in islands with high andintensive agricultural production, generally crops

69

produced for the export market.

Mini and micro-hydropowerThere is a long tradition and much experience ofobtaining energy from water falls on many islandswhere these resources are abundant andgeographic conditions make it possible to harnessthis energy. Onemust not forget that the first watermills to be discovered from ancient times were builton islands.Turbine technology currently used in mini and

micro-hydropower stations is extremely reliableand can be broken down into modules. Thematurity of the technology can be seen from thelarge number of small power stations that havebeen operating for decades.

Energy saving and efficiency as a complementDeveloping techniques and procedures for increas-ing savings and for a more efficient use of availableenergy is an essential complement to incorporatingrenewable energy sources. Fitting energy vectors tofinal use, choosing the most efficient andappropriate equipment to meet the requirementsof island consumption, incorporating controlsystems and adopting good practises are solutionsthat are generally within our reach already, allow-ing a more rational sizing of energy demand.Squandering energy, forced on us by the scale

and new models of island consumption, issomething that is generally inadmissible. Suitabledemand management, therefore, is vital, in orderto reap the social, economic and environmentalbenefits of renewable energy.

BarriersBarriers to the development of island energy

sustainability are not just technological in nature.There are also political, financial, legal andtraining barriers preventing the generalisation ofrenewable energies, which must be overcome inorder to create a favourable socio-economical andtechnical space, particularly when we comparethem with conventional sources of energy.The main barriers include:

� Lack of international and island institutionalframeworks supporting energy sustainability.� Non-existence of differentiated and specificenergy policies directed at insular areas.� Inappropriate legal frameworks for the imple-

mentation of RE and RUE.� Regulatory biases or absence.� Lack of connection with, and identification ofpotential market operators.� Lack of energy planning.� Greater environmental integrationrequirements.� Below long-run marginal cost pricing and otherprice distortions.� Lack of qualified information.� Lack of trained personnel and technical andmanagerial expertise.� High transaction costs.� High initial capital costs or lack of access tocredit. High user discount rates.� Mismatch of the incidence of investment.� Mismatch of the incidence of investment costsand energy savings.

The need for an Island StrategyInstruments for changeBased on the need to overcome existing barriers

to achieve island energy sustainability, the IslandSolar Summit promotes a strategy aiming at:� Promoting and harmonising co-operation bothat an island and international level, particularlywithin the fields of training, research,technological transfer and industry alliances.� Supporting regional inter-island co-operationwith regard to the transfer of replicableexperiences and the consolidation of service andinformation networks� Helping, where necessary, to draw up energypolicies, rules and guidelines applicable toislands, as well as efficiently improving islands�capacity for planning, management andsupervision.� Promoting a thorough auditing of the possibilityof developing new and renewable energy sourceson islands� Developing the necessary awareness actions thatwill allow the essential role of renewable energieswithin the energy supply and island environmentprotection framework to be strengthened.� Promoting the widest possible dissemination ofrenewable energy applications in differentsectors of economic activity and geographicalsituations.� Supporting appropriate funding actions, and theappropriate institutional and regulation reforms.� Developing legal and financial frameworks fa-vourable to RES.� Identifying priority projects and implementingthem by organising partnerships between private

70

International frameworkfavourable to RES� Recognition of the specific status of islands byinternational organisations and programmes.� Progress in implementing the Programme ofAction for the Sustainable Development of SmallIsland Developing States.� Encouraging multi and bilateral donor andfinance organisations to recognise the specificenergy needs of the islands.

Legal and Regulatory FrameworkAdvancement of Renewables and the

introduction of rational energy use generallyrequire a supporting legal and regulatory frame-work to be established.Regulatory tools should be promoted, allowing:

� the harmonisation of financial and fiscalmeasures.� the prioritisation of environmental criteria whenmaking energy choices.� Ensuring energy supply and its quality.� Consolidating the use of local renewable energyresources.� the simplification of administrative obstacles forRE suppliers.

Fiscal and Funding measuresThe environmental and social benefits of renew-

able energies on islands justify favourable fundingconditions. Applicable actions include:� flexible depreciation of renewable energy invest-ments.� favourable fiscal treatment for third party financ-ing of renewable energies.� financial support for investment, start up subsidiesfor new productions plants, SME�s and new jobcreation.� financial support for consumers to purchase REand RUE equipment and services.� introduction of innovative financing measures,including micro-credits.� guaranteed prices.� grants for innovation projects and for those ofgeneral interest.� removal of the unfair disadvantages imposed onthe renewables by political pricing, which oftenprotects conventional energy sources.� prioritisation of public renewable energy fundsover other conventional options.

General market measures� Promote an enhancement of localentrepreneurial and business managementcapacity.� Support for RES market development and com-mercialisation.� Develop demand-sidemanagement programmes.� Support for energy service companies.� Enhance the institutional dialogue with the privatesector.� Create co-operation frameworkswithmainmarketactors.� Create markets through price support and regu-lation.� Favour inter-island partnerships, which allow bet-ter market scales.

Fair Access for Renewables to the ElectricityMarket� Get distribution system operators to accept re-newable electricity when offered to them, sub-ject to provisions on transport in the internalmarket in electricity.� Establish guidelines on the price to be paid togenerators using renewable sources, whichshould at least be equal to the cost of electricitythat has been saved on a low voltage grid of adistributor plus a premium reflecting therenewables� social and environmental benefitsand the manner in which it is financed: taxbreaks, etc.� Avoid discrimination among electricity producedfrom solar radiation, biomass, hydro-energy andwind.� Build the necessary infrastructure for renewableenergy (planning, grid connection regulations).� Plan accumulation systems that guarantee themaximum use of RES in electricity production:water desalination, pumping, charging electricvehicles, etc..

Market Acceptability andConsumer Protection� Implement appropriate public education andawareness programmes, including consumer in-centives to promote energy conservation.� Enhance consumer information on quality goodsand services for renewable energies.� Establish standards at island level, with the aim of

71

maintainingminimum levels of guarantee and re-liability, given the specific features of island re-quirements.� In order to respond to and mobilise the existingstrong public support for renewable energies,products should be clearly labelled as such andbest practise experiences, in particular for serv-ices and system operation (a typical field for thisis passive solar applications), should be collectedand widely disseminated.� Set up regional focal points for information andconsumer advice.Good practices guidelines - la-bellingGood practises guidelines-labellingThe development of best practise guidelines on

RUE and RES should be promoted, as well as theirvoluntary adoption by the different sectors ofactivity.Guidelines and Codes of Conduct in sectors like

tourism, transport, building, small industry andservices demonstrated their efficacy in manyislands. Sometimes these guides are at the baseof labels that differentiate services and productsaccording to their energy quality.Transfer of models, experiences and

applicability ideas through guidelines is animportant objective in the development of theinformation systems proposed during the IslandSolar Summit.

StandardsStandards and labels are powerful tools that guar-

antee and control appropriate implementation ofRES andRUE technologies. Islands are exceptionalfields of application where adaptability has priorityover all other considerations. This need can be de-tected in aspects like environmental integration,modularity, flexibility and guarantee of service andtraining.To this end, a commission needs to be created,

supported by the Island Solar Council, whose taskwill be to elaborate the specific island applicabilityrequirements of RES and RUE technologies andmanagement systems.

Research, Technological,Development and DemonstrationIt is generally recognised that there is still much

scope for Research, Technological Developmentand Demonstration to improve technologies,

reduce costs and gain user experience in demon-stration projects, on condition that technologicaldevelopment is guided by appropriate policymeasures for their introduction into islands mar-kets and subsequent their implementation.

Priority areas anddemonstration projectsIdentify priority projects and organise govern-

mental and private sector coalitions to launchthem, particularly in the following areas:� Rural development� Incorporation of renewables to the electricitygrid� Water production� Incorporation of RES and RUE measures in thetourist sector� Low-impact transport� BuildingsPromote demonstration projects in order to

show potential RES users that new energytechnologies work and can be readilyimplemented. At a regional level, we recommendcalling for demonstration project networks to beset up, with the following characteristics:� Capacity of replication� Accessibility (visits and stages)� Technologically innovative� Timeliness and exemplarity� Socially necessary� Environmentally integrated

Energy AgenciesThe creation of local Energy Agencies for Islands

is an essential step towards a rational developmentof island states and regions. Their creation is anecessity for studying, on a the energy potential ofrenewables, the economic and technical aspects ofRE implantation, and its maximum penetration inisland grids, on a local scale.In the future, agencies would play a fundamental

role in:� carrying out extensive energy audits of the re-newable energy potential of islands.� promoting demand side management aimed atreducing energy needs.� evaluating technologies and markets.� providing assistance to island market actors.� supporting regional centres.

Information and educationfor renewable energiesIt is necessary to promote the elaboration of easy-

to-understand information on renewable energies

72

� The establishment of better co-ordinationbetween energy needs and the choice of RES andRUE appropriate equipment.� The creation of maintenance teams able tointeract with the rural population in order tosolve the technical problems theymight face andalso to provide them with the necessary informa-tion on how the equipment used operates.� Raising user awareness on the effective useof this equipment.� After identifying the candidates for a trainingprogramme, the duration of training shouldnever be long, especially for decision-makers andfor those engaged in field activities.Two powerful tools can underpin the RES and

RUE training strategy: the consolidation ofRegional Centres and the specific application ofthe Global Education Solar Programme in islandareas.

Regional CentresIt is necessary to select, support and consolidate

island regional centres capable of:� developing effectivemechanisms for the transferof energy technology.� establishing databases to disseminateinformation on experiences in the use of newand renewable sources of energy and on theefficient use of non-renewable energy sources.� acting as focal points for general information onRES and RUE.� providing information on technology marketsand financial instruments.� advising island agencies and institutionsresponsible for energy matters.� establishing themselves as and specialised skillstraining centres.� acting as a link between the differentdevelopment and research centres.� promoting technological innovation in RES andRUE.The ITER set itself up as the first regional centre

of this type.

The Island 100% RES campaignAs an RES promotion measure among islands,

an international campaign has been proposed,oriented at supporting island proposals. Itsobjective is to achieve total RES cover for theirpower supply.The ISS Secretariat, with the support of ITER,

INSULA and the World Solar Programme, will setup the appropriate measures aimed at:� Providing counselling for local island adminis-trations and governments in identifying feasible100% RES opportunities. Preferably: smallislands, protected natural spaces widely used bythe public, medium-sized rural settlements withpotential for applying mixed systems.� Developing a label under the denomination of«Island 100».� Co-ordinating with island-related agencies in pro-moting Island 100.� Co-ordinating with island-related initiatives andorganisations.

Telematic alliancein favour of RESSome initiatives (information systems, distance

learning courses and networks related tosustainable and renewable energies) are to bedeveloped in the islands over the next few years.Some of the problems arising out of these isolatedinitiatives are:� Duplicity of efforts. Many of these initiatives havecommon objectives and involve developing ap-plications or implementing similar telematicservices.� Greater cost. Use is not made of other availableresources and infrastructures for these projects,most of which are implemented from scratch.� Restricted application of results, in spite of thefact that many of the systems and services can bedesigned for application in various sectors or tosatisfy the needs of larger groups.� Lack of local resources, an obstacle to more am-bitious objectives. Many islands lack the know-how necessary for properly and fullyimplementing certain projects, with anyguarantee of success.The solution is to create a collaborative environ-

ment, and share to compete.The first step for the optimisation of the island

resources is the proposal of a telematic platformdeveloped in co-operation between INSULA andSIDSNET, with the support of other initiatives inthe field of distance learning courses.

RES: Renewable Energy SourcesRUE: Rational Use of Energy

74

Clean energy availability and water for human con-sumption throughout the world has dwindled dra-matically with increases in population. Thissituation in islands is very critical and particularlyaffects are coral islands where the water qualitywithin the water into the water lens and theresidues of its living inhabitants and the domesticanimals.

The damage to its ground water lens from its overpopulated areas has been identified and relievedto some extent. However it is still persists in itsover populated islands and will continue toincrease the suffering of its people, if clean wateralternative supply are not considered.

The Island Solar Summit may wish to identify new

methods of providing assistance for the afflictedpopulation in areas where the applicabletechnologies could be practically applied. TheWorld Solar Commission consider the genuineneed of small islands for the provision of good andsafe drinking water to its populations, as one of itshigh priority project. The project to comprise adesalination plant operated by solar energy, arenewable source of energy that is readily avail-able for the continual existence and well being ofthese people under the Solar Water Programme1996-2005.

The Island Solar Summit may wish to launch amajor global programme entitled �Clean energyand water for future generations� as an integralpart of the World Solar Programme 1996-2005.

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Clean Energy andWater Programme

Weundersigned,participantsof the IslandSolarSummit,heldinTenerife,CanaryIslands,6-8May1999,Aware thatoneof thepriority tasksof theUnitedNa-

tionsforthebenefitofpresentandfuturegenerations istheeliminationofpovertyandthe improvementof thequalityof lifeof themillions living inmisery.Recalling in the concept of theRioDeclarationon

Environment andDevelopment, that sustainable de-velopment is oneof themain goals of theUnitedNa-tions system and that one of the key elements for at-taining it is the application of sustainable energy sys-tems,which includes thewideruseofenvironmentallyfriendly, renewableenergies.RecallingthattheworldSolarSummit,heldatHarare

on 16 and 17 September 1996, adopted theHarareDeclarationonSolarEnergyandSustainableDevelop-

World Solar Programme 1996-2005Island Solar Council

ment andapproved thepreparationof theWorld So-larProgramme1996-2005aimedat improvingthequal-ity of life in both industrialised anddeveloping coun-tries through thewideruseof renewableenergies, no-tably in the rural areas of developing countries, andthat theProgrammewas approvedby theWorldSolarCommissionnJune1997,Recalling also resolution 53/7, World Solar Pro-

gramme1996-2005, adoptedbyUnitedNationsGen-eralAssembly, 16October1998,DecidedtolaunchwithintheframeworkoftheWorld

SolarProgramme1996-2005andactivitiesof theIslandSolarCouncila jointInternationalProgrammeentitled:

Clean Energy and Water

Follow the signatures of the island representatives.

76

Head-Table of the ISS Final Session:

from left to right: Luis Marqués (member of the Spanish National Commission for

UNESCO), Boris Berkovski (UNESCO), Adán Martín (Vice-President of the Canary

Islands Government), Ricardo Melchior (President of the Tenerife Island Council) and

Pier Giovanni d'Ayala (Secretary-General of INSULA).

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IslandPresentationsIsland

Presentations

79

Using Renewable Energy Sourcesin the Mascarene Islands:problems, policy and challenges

PREM SADDULMinistry of EnvironmentREPUBLIC OF MAURITIUS

At thedawnof the21st century, electrical energy isconsideredasoneof thepriorityneedsofmankind inall parts of the world andmore so in rural areas. Inmost of thedeveloping countries and in Small islandStates, thedemandandconsumptionofelectricityhascontinued tomaintain a steady trendof growth sincethe1960�s, followingsustainedeconomicdevelopmentin themanufacturing, tourismandtransport sectors inthe rise innumberofdomestic consumers aswell as inthe riseofpercapita consumption.Thishasbroughtasignificant increase in the consumption level of com-mercial fuel.Most (around 90%)of the commercialfuel is in the formofpetroleumandis imported.Theseoil imports represent amajor component of the totalbillofSmall IslandStates.Theoilprice increasesof the1970�s have had a verymarked effect on their econo-mies, particularly sinceoil priceescalationhas farout-stripped the correspondingprice increaseof the agri-culturalproductswhich these small islandsexport.Theextensiveuseof nonrenewable energy sources

(fossil fuels) uponwhich island states are highly de-pendent is the root cause of atmospheric pollutionand theemissionofgreenhousegases.Since small islands have a delicate ecosystem, they

should continue to strive for economically efficientenergy development paths that are increasingly envi-ronmentally safe and sound.Thiswill require relianceon the adoptionofmethods and techniques that willensure better efficiency in energy production, trans-mission, distribution and consumption, as well as onthe use of new and renewable sources of energy that

willnotdegrade thequalityof theatmosphereandtheenvironment ingeneral.TheMascarene Islands have enoughpotential for

exploitingnewandrenewableenergy sources for a va-riety of uses.What weneed is to convince the respec-tive authorities on their existence, their importanceand theurgencyof acquiring, quick and soon, the ap-propriate technology andknowhow todevelop thesesources. These will undoubtedly require a sustainedinter sectoral and regional cooperation among smallisland states of theSouthWest IndianOcean througheducation, research, technology transfer andadapta-tionmeasureswith special attentiontonewandrenew-able sourcesof energy.

Key Question

What are thepossibilities for theefficient andeffec-tivedevelopmentof theexisting renewable sourcesofenergy in theMascarene Islands andwhat are thebar-riers andconstraints that arepreventing these Islandstowardsachieving theobjectivesprescribed in theBar-badosMeeting (1994) and theKyoto Summit (1997)andhowcanwe remove these barriers ?Having access to renewable energy sources is now

more than ever the essential prerequisite towardsachieving sustainabledevelopment.Manmustbeableto harness the forces of nature (waves, wind, fallingwater and solidwastes), burnbiomass andconvert en-ergy from the rays of the sun to producemore and

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more energy services in order todepend less and lesson the importationof fossil fuels -whicharecostly andnotenvironmentfriendly.Insmall islandstates, thetran-sitionfromnonrenewabletorenewableenergysourceshas topass throughtheacquisitionofappropriate tech-nological development and adequate human re-sources.TheUniversitiesandotherTertiaryInstitutionshave a crucial role toplay in this areanot only by pro-viding education andawareness-raisingprogrammesbut also in experimenting and adapting energy effi-ciencyprojectswith theapplicationofnewtechnologyappropriate to the specificity of each island state.Producingelectricity fromthe sun,waves,windand

biomasshasmanyadvantageswhichareenvironmen-tal andeconomic innatureandcanbeput todifferentusesboth sectorally and spatially aswell as in the inten-sity of use - fromdomestic level to industrial andcom-mercial use. In terms of technology demand, the ex-ploitationofrenewableenergysourcesrangefromsim-ple artisanalmethods used inmany rural areas of de-velopingcountries,tohightechnology.Hence,thisproc-ess is accessible toallwhether inruralorurbanareasorinremote islands.Thequestionwhichwehave to askourselves is how

muchprogresshas so farbeenachieved in thegenera-tion of electrical power from new and renewablesources. A recent survey shows that the generationofelectricity from renewable sources contribute onlyabout20%ofelectricityneedson theglobal scalewithHEP contributing around 6% and biomass 13%(Chabot,1998).

The case of Mauritius

InMauritius, importedpetroleumproductsaccountfor about 90%of the total primary energy input. Thisfigurehas remainedvirtually constant for thepastdec-ade. The sugar industry which consumesmore thanhalfof the island�senergyrequirement, is self-sufficientenergy-wise, using bagasse, a by-product of sugar-processing, for all its energy requirements.The total primary energy supply which increased

annuallybyabout7%during theperiod1970 to1993,declinedgradually toabout3%annually till 1990.Thecurrentgrowthrate is5%whichwillbe thegrowthratebeyond theyear2000.With theexceptionof the sugarindustry, the transport sectorwill remainthemaincon-sumerof energy. Electricity consumptionhas contin-ued tomaintain a steady trendof growthwithanaver-

age increase of 9.1%.Thenumber of customers roseby 3.04%and the annual consumptionper customerincreased by almost 6%. As far as production is con-cerned, 61.62% is beingproducedbydiesel base sta-tionswith gas turbines andHydro stationsproducing19.3% and 9.02% respectively and electricity fromburningbagasse 10.35%(1996),which represents anincreaseof41.43%over theprevious year.Energy sup-ply in1997 isprovided inTable1.

Table 1: Energy Supply in 1997

(primary-KTOE) Source. Beeharry.1996.

Power Sector ActionPlan for MauritiusIn consideration of the sustained increase in elec-

tricity demandresulting frompopulationgrowthandlivingstandardsandthesmallmarginavailable tomeetpowerdemand, theGovernment is envisaging the set-tingupofnewgenerationunitsusingoilproductsoverthecomingyears.Unfortunately, this is theexpensive solutionboth in

terms of trade and energy dependence and the envi-ronment.Recentgenerationplanningexercisecarriedout in Mauritius by the Central Electricity Board�s(CEB) consultantRustKennedy andDonkin and theJapaneeseConsultants have recommended the con-structionof a newbase load thermal power station atFortWilliam(near the capital city ofPortLouis) tobeoperational by the year 2002. Accordingly,USTradeandDevelopmentAgency (USTDA)was approachedto financea feasibility study todeterminewhat typeofthermal power stationwouldbemost suitable, that is,coal,dieselorcombinedcyclegas turbines, taking intoconsiderationthesourcesandsecurityof supply, stabil-ity of long term fuel prices, handling and storage ca-pacity and the strategicoptimumgenerationmix.The

Energy Type Year - 1997 %

Hydro 17.27 2.4

Bagasse 61.00 8.6Gasoline 83.46 11.9

Diesel 186.77 26,2Kerosene 79.90 11.3

Fuel Oil 217.55 30.7LPG 44.72 6.3

Coal 8.26 1.02

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study will also focus on the sizing of the units on thebasis of the country�s futureelectricity demand, trans-mission line requirements to connect the power sta-tions to the national grid andmore importantly, theenvironmental impact assessmentwith respect to theoperationof thenewpower station at FortWilliam.Thenewpower stationwhichwill have a capacity of

about 500MWis expected tobe inoperation as fromthe year 2002 to cater for the country�s generationcapacities up to the year 2010 (Production in 1996 :1,150GWh).However, theCEBwouldmost likely re-quire,overandabovethebaseloadunitsatFortWilliam,twogas turbines of capacity 50MWeach tomeetpeakdemandrequirements in the late2002andbeyond.The transport sector, themost «energygreedy» sec-

tor has been by far the largest consumer of energy,accounting for about 60% of total final energy use.Thetransport sectorusesonlypetroleumproductsandtherearehardlyanysubstitutes tomotorvehicles,whileall other sectors use at least a certain proportion ofhighgradeenergy in the formof electricityTo further close the gap between energy demand

andenergysupply,andtoavoidforeignexchangedrain-age and sustain the economic development process,efforts to develop locally available alternative energysourcesmust be reinforced. This is more so is smallislands.Wehavepotential toexploit sources likethebiomass,

direct solar energy and other alternative energysources,which shouldhavea significant impacton theenergybalanceofour island in the short,mediumandlong term.

The exploitation ofrenewable energy sourcesin the Mascarenes and otherSmall Island States of theSouth West Indian Ocean

Solar EnergyThe futureof electricity generation in small islands

fromrenewable sources lies to a large extentwith thesun - themost importantprimary sourceof energyonEarth.Unfortunately, a highpercentage of this valu-able energy is reflectedback to space andat the sametime,weareburningcombustibleandhighlypollutedimportedfossil fuels toprovideuswithwarmth, to lightour homes, public buildings and streets.Harnessingthe sun is not a new idea, but has taken anewdimen-

sion.TheMascarene islands, given their latitudinal lo-cationreceiveabove8hoursofsunlightdaily(Beeharry,1996).This energy which is equivalent to some 2000KWh/m2canbetappedformultipurposeuses throughthe installation of photovoltaic cells and solar waterheaters.This is theminimumwecando.This will not help save the world overnight, but at

least itwill help togoa longway towards achieving theobjectives of Barbados andKyoto.Wehave topursuefurtherourprogrammeofdevelopment in this sector.In order to succeed, weneed to reinforce regional

cooperation among small island states of the SouthWest IndianOcean.The time will soon come when authorities will re-

quest architects of private andpublic buildings to in-corporate in their blue print solar water heaters as amustfortheissueofapermitespecially inregionswhereinsolationishigh.InAgalegaIslands(population300),PVelectricityo\is

providedtosome40households,Theproject is fundedbyUNDP-GEF/SGP(GlobalEnvironmentFacilities/SmallGrantsprojects).APVbasedSurvivalCentre forfoodstorageanddesalinizationisbeingsetup.I would like here to quote the Director of EDF

(Electricite de France) Réunion in his concludingspeechduringtheConferenceonrenewableEnergy intheIndianOcean,heldatLaRéunioninOctober1998:«Il conviendra également de mobiliser d�autres

acteurs à nos côtés: par exemple les maîtres d�ouvrage,les architects et les bureaux d�études qui conçoivent etconstruisent les bâtiments de demain, Intégrant lesfacteurs d�économie d�énergie. Derrière toutes cesactions, les enjeux sont importants et dépassentlargement le seul intérêt dEDF: bien sûr, il y aura moinsd�ouvrages à construire, moins de combustible à im-porter, moins de pollution, mais aussi cela contribueraà de nouvelles perspectives d�activité économique et àpréserver le cadre de vie tant apprécié de notre île.»

Theproblem is that a decentralised systemof elec-tricity transmission using locally available renewablesources to smallunitsofconsumption iscostly.There isa need to sensitize consumers on the importance ofthismethodandwhynot subsidize its cost at all levels.Many individual local users of solar heaters in the

Mascarene Islands find it too costly to install one ontheir roof and inmany cases thematerials withwhichthey aremade get rusted and perforated with time.There is a need todevelop low cost and relatively lowtechnology solarwaterheaters.

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Current situation

Mau r i t i u sCurrentutilisationofSolarwaterheaters inMauritius

� Inmanycoastalhotels - forhot showers.This is,how-ever,onthedeclineasthetechnologyhasfailed.Hotelsarenowhaving recourse togasboilers.� Domestic - About 5%of the total domestic house-hold.Almost90%of thehouseholds inMauritiususeeither electricity or someother fuel toheatwater.

Rodr i gue sInRodrigues, thenatural foresthasbeenreducedto

less than1%of the total area.Theuseof firewood forcooking is still usedby a greatmajority of the inhabit-ants.This iswhygascookersare finding theirwaymoreandmoreintotheRodriguanhousehold.Ontheotherhand, generationof electricity fromhydrowill be toocostly andeconomicallynot viable, given thenatureofthe relief andrainfall uncertainty.Theonly viable renewable energy sources are solar

and wind power and to a lesser extent, solid wasteswhichhave invaded the island.However,nonof themhavebeen successfully andeconomically exploited.

Solar HeatersOnly some 50 households have one on their roof

excludingthehotelsandguesthouses.The installationof these solar units are too costly and the incentivesprovidedby thedevelopmentbanknot tooencourag-ing for theusers.

Photovoltaic cellsThe sameargument as aboveholds true.However,

fromapurely experimental point of view, a solar vol-taicpowered irrigation systemisbeing tested inoneofthe river mouths where intensive cultivation ispracticed.With regards to solar energy, a contracthasbeen awarded last year for a pilot project on the de-sign, supply and installationofaphotovoltaic (PV) sys-tem for street lighting and lighting of GovernmentBuilding, using fluocompact lamps, to promote thedevelopmentof renewable sourcesofenergyonmain-landMauritius andRodrigues. The pilot project willconsist of the supply and installation of a total of 125solar powered street lighting units (to be installed inMauritius,RodriguesandAgalegaIslands)togetherwiththe installation of a grid tied photovoltaic systemontheNewGovernment Centre building in the capitalcity of Port Louis.

Rodrigues Island is thebest sitewhere small scalePVsystemscould replace theuseofdiesel generators. ForMauritius, theargument is that theuseofPVdoesnotmakemuch sense at present sincepeakdemands arein the evening and in themorning.TheUniversity ofMauritius proposes to study the use of PV systems onRodrigues island,payingcarefulattentionto thewater-pumpingapplications,problemswith salt-intrusion towells, etc. and the general hydrology ofRodrigues, aswell as themore straight forward technical aspects ofPV water-pumping systems, eg. Size of array, type ofpumps, economicsofdeliveredwater, and integrationwithexistingdieselgeneratingsystems.Thepossibility of setting up aPVmodule assembly

industry in theExportProcessingZone(EPZ) inMau-ritius seems tobeareliableoption.PresentPVmoduleconstruction is quite labour intensive. InexpensiveMauritian labour could significantly lower costs formodules exported toAustralia andAfrican countriesformingpartof theSADCRegion.

Hyd r o p ow e rHydroelectricity, with the exceptionofReunion Is-

land, isnot fullydevelopedintheMascareneIslands. InMauritius, the average annual electricity output fromhydropower is around103GWh,whichrepresents9%of the total output.Hydroelectricity is nonexistant inthe islandofRodrigues. Theproblem inMauritius isthat thehydopowerstationsare fullyoperational in therainy summermonthsonly.The reservoirs areof aver-age storingcapacity and the terrainnot tooconducivefor the constructionof otherHEP stations. The sameapplies toRodrigues.Beeharry et al (1996), argues that in viewofdifficul-

ties with the availability of water near hydroelectricplants for release of water for power production, itmay be both desirable and necessary to construct apumpedhydropower systemat certain sites, using theexistingupper reservoir, andanewdaily storage reser-voirbelowthepowergeneratingstation.Suchapumpedhydropowersystemmakes senseonly if cheapbaseloadis available, providedby improved steamutilisationef-ficiency at sugar factories andeconomicbagasse stor-age for year-roundbagasseburning.

The use of BagasseElectricity production and exportation to the na-

tional grid using bagasse produced from sugar facto-rieshasbeenpracticed since the1950�s.The sugar fac-tories inMauritius, bymaking use of excess bagasse

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andsteam,producedsome60GWhin themid80�s. In1994, almost 13%of the945GWhofelectricity gener-ated inMauritiuswasproducedfromsugar industrybyusing thebagasse/coal systemwithbagasse alonepro-viding around8.1%of the electricity. The fuel oil sav-inghere to theMauritianCentral ElectricityBoard intermsofTOE isquite significant.In thepast, bagassehasbeenviewedas awasteprod-

uctdisposalproblemandthebagasse-firedboilerswerenotdesignedwithhighefficiency inmind. It hasbeenshown that, by using steammore efficiently for rawsugarmanufactureandbymakinguseofhighpressureboilersandcondensingturbinesasopposedtolowpres-sure boilers and counter pressure turbo alternators,exportable electricity productioncanbe increased10fold(Baguant,1985) .Suchahighpressuresteamfacil-ityhasbeeninstalledat the largestof the17sugar facto-ries. It is expected in the short term that the total con-tributionof the sugar industrywill bearound80GWh,representinga fueloil savingof19,000TOE.

Wind energyAs part of theGovernment ofMauritius plan to di-

versify its useof alternative energy sources, theMauri-tius Meteorological Office (MMO) initiated a pro-grammeintheearly1980�s toevaluate thewindenergypotential ofMauritius.The survey forMauritius has shownamajor poten-

tial for exploiting wind energy at various sites. How-ever, thewindenergyprogrammeneeds toconsider itsexploitation in relation to the energy resources andcapital investment costs. The case for exploitingwindenergy ismuchclearer forRodrigues,whereelectricitygenerationbyothermeans is lessuniversally available.It is thepolicyof thegovernment topromote theuse

ofwindandsolarenergy.Measuresarealsobeingcon-sideredtoboost thedevelopmentofrenewablesourcesof energy other thanhydro andbagasse. Taking intoconsiderationtechnologicaladvancements in the fieldofwindenergy, and the favourablewind regimeas as-sessedbya study financedby theUNDP in1985, it hasbeen agreed to encourage the development of windfarms inMauritius andRodrigues on aBOO(Build,OperateandOwn)schemebyprovidingaproperpric-ingpolicy. Inaddition, incentiveswouldbeprovided,asit has been the case inmany other countries, to en-courage the development of clean, environmentfriendly and local source of energy to generate elec-tricity with a view todecreasingourheavy relianceonimported fuel.

In this context, the Australian Embassy has beenapproached to finance a consultancy service to pre-pare a feasibility study on the development of windenergy inMauritius. So far, all projects related to theconversionofwindenergy intoelectrical energywithaview to feeding thepresentgridhave lamentably failedinbothMauritius andRodrigues. Efforts fromdiffer-entAgenciesandOrganizations(UnitedNations,Ger-manDevelopmentBank, AustralianTradeCommis-sion) inthesettingupof smallwindfarmsonthe islandhavebeencommendable, but all havebeendamagedby cyclonic winds, corroded and finally dismantled.Lack of available funds, lack of appropriate technol-ogyandtrainingandofregionalcooperationaresomeof thediscouraging factors.It is to be noted that wind energy will not provide

firmpowerbut thewindfarmswill supplyenergy to thegridasandwhenavailable todisplacesubstituteenergyfromimported fuels. InRodrigues, the installationofa50KWhwind turbineof the vertical blade type ratherthan the horizontal one, which was damaged by thepassageof a cyclone is being set up.

Reunion IslandReunionIsland�senergysupplies(imports)andlocal

resources have grown steadily since the 1980�s. Theyrepresent 425 KTOE�s in 1981 and reached 1.011KTOE�s in1997whichrepresents a riseof theorderof138% in 16 years, i.e an average of 3.6 KTOEannualextra consumption and a 54KTOE(5.3%) rise from1996 to 1997. Energy demand has soared both as aresultof rapidpopulationgrowthandhigher standardof living.InReunion Island, energy typebreakdown is as fol-

lows:

Oil Products 56.4 %Bagasse & Steam 6.8 %

Electricity 31.7 %Wood & Solar 5.1 %

Renewable resources are an asset to Reunion.Though thehydraulic potential is practically tapped,there are still a numberofpotential siteswheremicropower stations canbe installed. Since its settingup in1946,L�ElectricitédeFrance(EDF), has included in its strategic ActionPlan for

energydevelopment,objectives relatedtomaintainingthequalityof theenvironment.ReunionIslandhasalso

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joined theRegional network of themember states ofthe IOCwith a view to achieving sustainable develop-ment.Typical to all theother islandsof theSouthwestIndianOcean,Reunion Islandhas investedheavilyonproducing electricity from renewable sources. In sodoing, the islandhas saved import of fossil fuel to thetuneof30MW.Development of renewable sources of energy has

been focussedon solarwaterheaters (10,000units al-ready inoperation.), and theuseofphotovoltaic cellsboth inurbanandrural areas.Throughthe«Abonnezvous au soleil» campaign launched by SOLELEC -Réunion, a branch of the TOTALENERGIE, some1500 solar heaters are being installed every year. Thetappingofgeothermalenergy is alsoenvisaged.This isbecausehavingaccess towarmwater represents about50%of electricity consumerperhousehold.EDFandL�ADEME (Agence de L�Environnement et de laMaitrise de L�Electricité) have set up a structure toencourage households to purchase a solar heater byprovidingvarious«saveenergy»incentives.Oneofthemis the provision of a soft loan of 5.5%.The campaignaimsat sensitizing thepublicon their contribution to-wards solvingenvironmentalproblems suchasclimatechange, acid rain etc.This is theonlyway foreachone tocontributehis lot

towards achieving theBarbados andKyotoobjectives.However, thegenerationofelectricity fromwind farmhas so farnotbeenencouraging.Much remains to be done to encouragemore and

more units of solar water heaters to be installed overthe whole of theMascarene islands. The constraintsaccording toBeeharry (1996) are as follows;� Relatively high capital investment required for a so-lar water heater compared to an installed electricheater.� Thecost of cyclone andcorrosiveproofmaterials isbeyond the reachofmanypeople.� Absenceofpropermaintenance services.

Thepassingofproper legislationgoverningthe issueofbuildingpermits forbuildings incertainareasof theMascarene islandswith inbuilt water heaters, furthersubsidization from the Development Bank and thedevelopmentof lowcost locally availablematerials aresomeof themeasuresproposedby the study.

Wave energyInMauritius, theMauritiusWaveEnergyProjectwas

conceived in 1958 focusing on the possibility of con-

vertingwave energy into electrical energy atRiambel,in the southofMauritius.However,progresshasbeenminimal.Several problems associated with the wave project

havebeen identified:� Proper sitingof the turbines.� Permeability and strengthof the reef� Ecological impactsof thewave-ramponthereef andcoastal areas (saltwater infusion)� Theeffectof seasonal variationon theelectricalout-put.

Though it is recognised that wave power willmostprobablynothavean impacton theenergybalanceofMauritius during this century, continualmonitoringandreviewingofdevelopmentelsewheremustbemain-tained.

Energy conservation

Conservationefforts shouldbecomplementedandreinforced by the development of amore active andsystematic conservation programme.Within such aprogramme,energyconsumingsectorsneedtobeiden-tified where conservation could have significant im-pact in the immediate and the long term. For exam-ple, conservation in the transportation sector, whichconsumes almost 50% of the total primary energy,wouldhavea significant impactonenergy savings.Ap-proaches to increasing theuseof formsofpublic trans-portother thanbuses (lightmonorail), and legislatureto on the use of private cars by individuals are to beinvestigated.In the industrial sector, introduction of systematic

energy auditing schemes would help to identify thepotential for substantial energy savings. Even at thesugarfactories, suchschemeswouldhelpinsavingproc-ess steam.In the residential sector, introductionofnewcook-

ing fuels and stoves will reduce the demand for im-portedkerosene forcooking.Also, the introductionofnewhousingdesignbasedonpossibleheating/coolingconcepts could increase thecomfort factorofhousingin theMascarene Islands. The use of Ecowatt lamps,solar energy captors onhouses, photovoltaic genera-torswithbatteries andregulator fordomestic lighting,refrigeration etc, solar powered beacon lamps, solarpower water pumps etc, will go a long way towardsenergyconservation.

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The role of Universities andother Institutions of higherl ea rn ing

Notonlymust theuniversitybe seenasbeing involvewith scientific and technologicalmatters as best it canbut also, andpossibly of greater immediate relevanceand importance, theuniversitymustbe seen tobepre-pared togiveexpert andcomprehensiveadviceon thesortof technologies in theenergy fieldwhichacountryshouldemploy, develop indigenously orpay fromtheoutside (Prof.J. Manrakhan Vice Chancellor - Univer-sity of Mauritius)

Universities, indevelopedanddevelopingcountries,haveamajorcontribution tomake to theplanning fora long-term shift to renewable energy technologies.Those in small states, cannotbe just centres ofhigherlearningdedicated to thepursuitof academicachieve-ment, pure and simple.Theyhave to act, andbe seento act, as instruments innational development strate-gies,beingfully integratedinthedevelopmentprocess.Universitiesmust be able to convinceGovernmentsthat theycanbeprivilegedpartners fornationaldevel-opment,with constant interactionsbetweendecision-makers at thenational level and theuniversity staff.These ideaswereexpressedby theActingChairman

of theCouncil of theUniversity ofMauritius,Hon.A.Gayan,whowas addressingdelegates on theneed forpartnership between theUniversity and theGovern-menton theDevelopmentProcess of Small States.Higher Education Institutions canmake a useful

contribution to renewable energy bydevelopingnewtechnologies andproviding courses at all levels fromDiploma toDoctorate as well as set up sustained linkprogrammeswithInstitutionsofhigher learningof theregion andwith the developedworld. Research Pro-grammeswhichshould involvestaffexchangebetweentwoormore institutions.There is a real need for government to invest with

confidence towardsdiversificationof its electricitypro-ductionandforcheaperandcleanerproduction.Hereagain the University of Mauritius and the RegionalUniversityof the IndianOceanhavean important roletoplay in carrying research andproviding the appro-priate technology and knowhow. TheUniversity willcontinue to participate in energy conservation pro-grammesmounting seminars, workshops andenergyconservationcampaigns inclosecollaborationwiththeprivate andpublic sectors.Training courses inenergy

management could also be conducted at theUniver-sity toupgrade the skill ofpolicymakers,planners andplantmanagers.As far as the development of photovoltaics is con-

cerned, it is essential that theUniversity staff shouldbefamiliarwith suchaspects as thePVmodules availableon themarket, their characteristic efficiency, properinstallation techniques, etc. Demonstration unitsshouldbe setupat theUniversity to identify and inves-tigate thepossible applicationsofPV�s for small irriga-tion projects, safe domestic water supply, and solarcooling. Economic analysis and comparative cost ofthisenergysourcewouldhavetobetakenintoaccount.Publications from Tertiary Institutions on energysources anddemandwill have to be continuously up-dated. Bettermethods of bagasse storage during theintercropseasonneeds reexamining.Economically vi-able strategiesneed tobedeveloped, and to thateffectefforts already initiatedat theUniversitymust be rein-forcedandmaintained.

Regional Cooperation for thedevelopment and promotion ofrenewable energy sources

TheIndianOceanCommission(IOC)andtheIEPF(L�Institut pourL�Energie etL�Environnementde laFrancophonie)have takenthe initiative inbringing to-getherall theislandsof theSouthWestIndianOceaninsettingupaconcertedActionPlan forRegionalCoop-erationinthedevelopmentofexistingandpotential re-newableenergy sources in thedifferent islands takingintoconsiderationthespecificityofeachinsularstate. Insodoing, theyhave takenapledge toadopt therecom-mendationsof theActionPlanofBarbados(1994).TheIOC,which is coming forwardwith the ideaofa

RegionalUniversityoftheIndianOcean,hascompletedastudytoassess thepriorityareas in thefieldof technol-ogy related to thedevelopmentofnewandrenewableenergysourceswhichtheUniversityshouldofferforthebenefitof techniciansandengineersofmember states(Mauritius,Seychelles,Reunion,Madagascar).During the secondroundtableorganisedby IEPFat

SaintDenis(Reunionisland)inOctober1998,theneedfor Inter IslandCooperationwasagain stressed.This isbecauseRegionalCooperation is still considered as aloose concept althoughauthorities fromthedifferentislands are conscious of the importance andmultipleadvantages of developingnewand renewable energy

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sources. It is to be noted that although all the IOCmember States have several commonenvironmentalcharacteristics, yetpurchasingpower, levelof technol-ogy, consumptionpattern andother socio economicparameters arenotnecessarily the same.Duringtheconference, thefollowingprojectsrelated

tonewandrenewable sourcesofenergywere tabled inresponse to theKyoto call:

References

1. Beeharry, R.P. 1996. «The State of Renewable Energy

Resources Development in Mauritius». Le Reduit. Uni-

versity of Mauritius.

2. Chabot, B. 1998. «Energies Renouvelables et

Développement Durable». Système solaire No. 24. Bul-

letin du Réseau Scarabée. ADEME Réunion

3. Central Electricity Board Annual report. 1996.

4. Gimmer, D.P.and Baguant,J.1985. «The University Role

in the Study of the Energy Potential in Mauritius». Le

Reduit. University of Mauritius.

5. Prof. Manrakhan,J. 1960. «Energy in the quest for sur-

vival». Le Reduit. University of Mauritius.

6. Power Sector Plan. Ministry of Public Utilities. Govern-

ment of Mauritius.1999.

7. «Protection of the Atmosphere».Agenda 21. UNCED.

1992. Rio de Janeiro.

8. Reunion Islands� Energy Profile. ADEME 1997.

PROJECT PRIORITIES

� Maximising use of bagasse.

� Setting up of wind farms InMauritius and at Canne

Paul in Rodrigues.

� Use of solar heaters and photovoltaic cells for

Hotels and Government buildings

� Use of low energy street lights

Same as Mauritius except for use of bagasseand setting up wind farm.

� Rational use of woody biomass to

combat deforestation

� Setting up of photovoltaic cells inremote areas.

� Investigation of geothermal energypotential

� Same as the Comoros

� At present 56% of the potential for renewable

energy sources have been exploited. Furtherexploitation of solar and geothermal energy

sources to be exploited.

ISLAND STATE

MAURITIUS

SEYCHELLES

COMOROS

MADAGASCAR

REUNION

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Electrification of Kiribati RuralAreas Using Solar PV System

TERUBENTAU AKURASolar Energy Company Ltd.KIRIBATI

TheRepublicofKiribati is a formerBritishColony,theGilbertIslands,whichgainedindependencein1979.It consists of 33 atoll type islands scattered 5o NorthandSouthofequatorand150oWto170oE longitude inthe Pacific Ocean, and sub-divided into threemaingroups:

� The Gilbert group: a chain of 17 atolls spreadover680kilometersinthewestwhichincludesTarawa,the seat ofGovernment;� The Phoenix group: a cluster of 8 atolls lyingabouthalfwaybetween theGilbert andLinegroups;� The Line group: a chain of 8 atolls spread over2,000kilometers, located some3,000kilometerseastof theGilbert group. It includes Kiritimati Island,which accounts forhalf the country�s land area.

Thetotal landareaofall these islandsaddedtogetheris only 746 square kilometers. Kiribati�s population isapproximately75,000peoplewithover25,000 livesonthe southernpart ofTarawa.The landelevation aver-ages less than twometers and does not exceed 5me-ters, frequently consist of a thinbrokenribbonof landpartly enclosing a lagoon. It is composedprimarily ofcoral sand and rocks. Droughts often occur due toirregular rainfall patterns.The soil is poor andvegeta-tion ismainly limited tococonutpalms,breadfruit andpandanus trees,whereproductionofagricultureprod-ucts oncommercial basis is virtuallynon-existent.Theprimary local food sources are coconuts, pandanusfruit andbreadfruit plus the vast resources of the sea.

Socio-economic ConditionsTheI-KiribatipeopleareMicronesian,withsomeresi-

dentPolynesians andEuropeans.The level of literacyexceeds90%andthe1990GDPwasestimatedatUS$525percapita.Kiribati isoneof theworld�s least-developedcountries.Becausealmostallmanufacturedcommodi-ties are imported, thegovernment is trying todevelopsmall-scale industries suchashandicrafts, tourism,andcommercial fishing.Recently, theexportof seaweedtotheEuropeanmarkethasgrowntoasignificant level.Thecapital island,SouthTarawa, iselectrifiedbyDie-

sel engines.Fossil-fueledgeneratorsarenormallyusedtopower theouter island(rural area)governmentof-fices and larger secondary schools. There is no grid-based electricity provided apart from Tarawa andKiritimati Island.

Environmental Concernsand Responses

Thepoor soil, the limited supplyofpotable groundwater and the small size of the islands, itmakes whatwouldbeminor environmental issues in larger coun-tries,majorones inKiribati.Throughtheages, thepeo-ple of Kiribati have evolved a rigorous systemof life,which kept the precarious balance. In recent years,rapid change in thedirectionofwesternisationhas sodisrupted that balance on the capital islandof SouthTarawa that it has become impossible to support theisland�spopulationwithoutheavydependenceonout-

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side resources.Thus far, the rural islandshavenot losttheir ability to live in harmonywith the environmentandremaincapableof independent survival.TheGovernmentofKiribatihas recognizedthedan-

ger to the survival of its rural people due to uncon-trolled«modernization». Inthis respect, thesocial,eco-nomicandenvironmental impactsof its ruralprogramsarecarefullyconsideredbefore implementation.How-ever, it will only accept those components that canimprove the lives of the rural people without endan-gering their ability to retain the self-sufficiency,whichis vital to longtermsurvivalof thepeopleandthecoun-try itself. Ingeneral, economicdevelopmentprogramsare centeredon improving access anduse of the verylargeoceanresourcesavailable to theruralpeopleandnot on changes to the use of the limited, fragile landareas.Socialdevelopmentprogramsemphasizedmoreon improvedhealthcare, education, communicationsand the quality of life. The impact of the programswhichwouldchange traditional agriculturalmethods,theuseof the limited freshwater resourcesof theatollor thebasic patterns of existenceof thepopulace arevery carefully consideredbefore implementation.Ona larger scale, the specterofa risingoceandueto

globalwarming isof verygreat concern.Asea level riseofonemeter in thePacificOceanwouldnotonlycausetheeffective lossofat leasthalf the landareaofKiribatibut it would adversely affect the vital freshwater lensmaking life on the remaining land areamuchmoreprecarious. The great importance toKiribati of boththe local and global environment have resulted instrongsupportof theGovernmentofKiribati for local,regional andglobal environmentalprograms.

Why Solar Energy for RuralElectrif icat ion?

Alternatives sources of energyfor the outer islandsKiribatihadbeenrelyingheavilyonimportedenergy

andwill continue todo so in the years ahead. Ithasnoriver, sohydropower systematany scale isnotpossible.Ontheotherhand,windenergy in theGilbertgroupisnotpracticaldueto lowandnon-persistentwindspeed;however, there isapossibility thatKiritimatimayhaveawindpotential. In this connection, awindmonitoringsystem todetermine the viability ofwind speedon theislandwill be installed sometime this year.Wave, tidaland ocean thermal energy conversions are other

sources but at this point in time, the technologies arenot yet commercially viable. Biomass in the form ofcoconut residues andhardwoodhasbeenconsideredpotential energy sources for the rural area in termsofcookingonly.However,biomassuse forpowergenera-tion isnotencouragingas thesupply is insufficientandits environmental effect is disastrous to the islands. So-larenergy isanabundant sourceofenergyreadilyavail-able inKiribati. Therefore, at this time thechoices forpowergenerationare limited to two sources:1. solar and2. fossil fuelpoweredgeneration.InspiteoftheabundanceofsolarenergyinKiribati, its

useonitspresent stateofdevelopment is limitedtocer-tainareas.Fossil fuelgenerationwill continuetobe themainbaseofpowergenerationforKiribatiespecially tosupportenergydemandofSouthTarawawhere theav-eragedemandisat1,998kilowatts.Tousesolarenergyinits presentdevelopment state as substitute tomeet theenergydemandonSouthTarawawillnotbeapracticaloption.However, there is potential for the use of thesolarPV system in theouter islandswhere theaveragedemandofhousehold is less than1kilowatt.TheapplicationofPVsolarsysteminKiribati ismainly

concentrated on social activities rather than in sup-port of direct commercial economic developments.The initial area of concentration of the PV Solar sys-temhasbeenfor theprovisionofefficientelectric light-ing services in the rural areas ofKiribati. Recently theneedhas expanded to the connection of radios, cas-setteplayersetc.ThechangesareunderstandablegivenKiribati can not distant or shield itself fromdevelop-ments ongoing around it. Energydemandwill rise asthepeopleareexposedtothese influences,placingthepresent PV systemuneconomical to operate when itexceeds1kilowatt.

Environmental IssuesWith the fragile landand theenclosed reef, there is

concernonenergyproduction thatwill havenegativeeffect on theenvironment.Thepossibility of fuel andlubricating oil spills contaminating both the groundwater and the reef is a concern togetherwith thenoiseand thegreenhousegases emitted fromthediesel en-gines. Thedisposal and recyclingof usedoil and leadfrombatteries aremajor environmental concerns inKiribati. At this time, the used oil returned to theKiribatiOilCompany fromthepublicutility company(PUB) andothermajor users are sendback toMobilin Fiji for recycling. In the caseof solar PV system, the

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only environmental concern is thedisposal and recy-clingofusedbatteries.However,GNBabatterymanu-facturer inNewZealandhas indicated itswillingness inrecyclingusedbatteries. Therefore, fromanenviron-mental point of view, solar energy for electricity pro-ductionforruralhouseholdelectricityneedshasmanyadvantagesoverother alternative sourcesof energy.

Cost Issues of Solar PV SystemLooking at the current electricity demand of the

rural Kiribati citizens, the solar PV system at presentoffers themost economical system to use to providethat level of powerdesired.The cost advantages of us-ing the solar PV system is that it does not require con-structionof an interconnecting grid; (2)having littlepotential forenvironmentaldamage(providedameansfor recycling failedbatteries is included); (3)requiringa predictable one-time capital investment with lowoperatingandmaintenancecosts; finallybeingmodu-lar the systems canbe specifically sized to fit theneedsof individualhouseholds.Althoughnot directly related to cost, other advan-

tages of PV over diesel for rural Kiribati include thecontinuousavailabilityofpowerratherthanafewhoursper day which is all that can be affordedwith a dieselsystem to reduce its high operational cost. The factthat each solarPVsystemis independent the failureofone systemhasnoeffectonanyotherwhile the failureof a component in adiesel systemoften leads to a lossof power tomany if not all customers.

1984 - The Founding of theSolar Energy Company

The Concept and itsImp l emen t a t i o nBackground of SECTheinitialusedofPVsystemsbetweenthe1970sand

1980swasmainly for communication, lightingandwa-terpumping. Itwasabitdifficult thentoget solarprod-ucts fromany retail outlets and therefore to improvethe situation, a company known as the Solar EnergyCompany (SEC)witha responsibility of sellingout so-lar products to the public started off in 1984 by theFoundation for thePeoplesof theSouthPacific (FSP),aU.S.basedNGO.ThecompanywasestablishedusingUSAIDfundingandwasorganizedasaprivate, limitedcorporation. The shareholders at that timewere FSPandtheMinistryofWorksandEnergy. Itsoriginalchar-

terwas toact as a retail outlet for solarproducts and toprovide technical assistance where needed for theirinstallationandmaintenance.SolarPV systemswerenew thenand itsusedwasnot

widelyknown. In this connection theEnergyPlanningUnit (EPU) in theMinistry ofWorks&Energywas as-signedwitharesponsibilityofprovidingtechnicalassist-ance to the company and thepromotionof theuseofsolar PV systems throughaid fundedprojects.Withinthisunderstanding theSECconfined its activityon thesalesof solarproductswhile theEPU, thecoordinatorofenergyactivities inKiribati, promote theuseof solarPVsysteminthecountryby identifyingprojects thatuti-lisedsolarenergyandletthecompanyimplementsthem.

Failure of the Companyafter a good startIn an effort to improve the SEC technical capabili-

ties,onmaintainingandinstallingsolarPVsystems, thecompany was invited to take part in training coursesconductedby S.P.I.R.E inTahiti. To further improvereliabilityandtoincreasepublicawarenessontheouterislandson theuseof solarPV systems training courseswereheldonTarawa in1986and1988.Theobjectiveof thecoursewas to trainpeople in theouter islandsonmaintaining and installing solar PV systems, togetherwith SEC technicians. In doing this, two participantsfromeach of the island in theGilbert groupwere in-vited to attend the course. The requirement for theparticipantswas one shouldbe amechanic or techni-cianemployedbytheislandcouncilandtheotherfromtheprivate sector. The rationale being that the islandcouncilworkerwillberesponsible formaintaininggov-ernment solar poweredprojects while the other par-ticipant attend to request fromprivate users of solarPV systems.With this in place, it was hoped that thereliability and acceptance of solar PV systems in theouter islands would improve.Despite these attemptsand thatof theUSAIDgrants in supportofSECopera-tion, the SECby 1989was at the verge of bankruptcy.Annual sales declined to the point where operationcost can not be covered from revenue, let alone pro-vidingmoney for reinvestment in inventory.In an attempt to determine the reasons for the de-

clining in sales and toprovidedataonhow toproceedwith further PV implementation, theEPUrequestedtheForumSecretariatEnergyDivision(FSED)to funda country wide survey of rural PV system users. Thepurpose of this survey was to determine the cause offailure andnon-acceptance of the Solar PV Systems.

9 0

Theemphasison the surveywasputonsystems soldbythe SEC. The survey was carried in all villages of theouter islandsof theGilbertGroup,where thePVuserscouldbe found.From the survey, it was found that 270 solar systems

have been installed in the rural area. Of the 270 PVsystems, about 90%wereonlymarginally operationalor not in use at all. It was also found that the mainproblemswere:� About100%of thesystemshadnotbeenmaintainedotherthanthereplacementofdefectivecomponents.Battery life was shorter than anticipated andmostcomponentswerenevercleanedandhavebeendam-agedby insects.� 50%of the systemshadbeen installedwithout con-troller, a requirement for satisfactorybattery lifewiththese small systems.� 48%of the installationshad seriouswiringdeficien-cies, usually in the form of twisted connections orwires thatwere too long for their size.� 43%of the systems had replaced the original deepdischargebatterieswithautomobilebatterieshavinginadequate capacity anda short life expectancy.� 16%of the systems receivedminimumchargingbe-causeof poororientationofpanels.� 13%of the systemswere placed in locations wherepanelswere shadedmost of the time.Manyusershadreplaced theoriginalhighefficiency

fluorescent lights with automobile head lights or taillightswhenthe fluorescentbulbs failedmaking thesys-temconsumedmorepower thanoriginally designed.Others addedCBradiosandotherappliancesmakingthe systemunder sized.Arisingout of the failure of the systempeoplewere

discouraged topurchasea solarPVsystemas theyhaveknown it to be unreliable and expensive. It was con-cluded that the concept of sellingout solar PV systemwithout the company�s technical back up servicewasnot a practical approach.

Reorganization ofthe Solar Energy Companyand its approach

Service instead of sales, SEC be-comes a solar utility companyFollowing the survey itwas clear that thepresent ap-

proachwasnotasuccessandanalternativemeansneedtobe identified to further implement the solar based

rural electrification in Kiribati. In this regard, assist-ancewas sought fromS.P.I.R.E. to advise theKiribatiGovernmentand theBoardofDirectorsof theSECastowhat should bedone. The result was a recommen-dation topromote a serviceoriented approachbasedonautility concept.Toadopttheutilityconcept,itwasrecommendedthat:

1 The systemshouldbeownedandmaintainedby theSEC.Appliances andhousewiring after the batteryconnectionownedandmaintainedbythehomeowner.2 To set up rural electrification districts with not lessthan fiftyhouseholds.Thedistrict shouldbeof a suf-ficientsizetoallowproperservicingofthesystemsbyasingle SECemployeewhowouldbedesignated as afield technician. Itwas considered that a single fieldtechniciancouldproperlymaintainupto125systemswherethiswasbasedas themaximumsizeofadistrict.Ifmorethan125systemscouldbeinstalledinavillage,itwouldbesplit into twodistrictsprovidedthehouse-hold intheseconddistrict isnot less than50.3 Users to signacontract inwhichthey shouldagree topay an installation fee of $50 and after installationnot to tamper with any of the utility owned equip-ment, tomaintain the panel area free of shade, topay the levied feemonthly and to use the system inaccordancewith published guidelines�which in-cludes not attaching any appliances to the systemwithout prior approval of the utility. In return, theutilitywouldkeep theelectrical supply in satisfactoryrepair, replacing all failedparts at noaddedcost ex-cept for theuserowned lights andappliances.4 Toestablish amonthly fees basedon the cost of op-eration andmaintenance which is the sum of thecosts of battery replacement after an estimated lifespan of 4-7 years (according to the type of batteryand its service requirements), the cost of replacingthe controller at the end of its useful life and theoperating cost of the utility organization. Themonthly fee range fromUS$7 for basic lighting tooverUS$40permonth fora full systemwithcapacitytooperate a refrigerator and video aswell as lights.5 The field technicianwho lives inornear thedistrictto visit each installation once amonth to check theequipment and to collect themonthly fee.6 ASeniorTechnicianfromheadquarters inTarawaof-fice tovisiteachdistrict twiceayearandaudit thefieldtechnician�sperformance.Additionally,aseniortechni-cianwouldbeavailableoncalltoassistfieldtechniciansintroubleshootingandrepairs,whicharebeyondthelevelofthefieldtechnician�strainingandexperience.

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7 Toestablish auser�s committeewithin eachdistrictconsistingof five to sevenmembers.Thecommitteewouldbe thebridgebetweentheutility andtheusersrelated tocomplaints andrequests fromusers to theutilitymanagement, andtocommunicateutilitymat-ters to theusers.Thecommitteewouldalsoarbitratein thecaseofproposeddisconnectionon the failureof theuserwithin thedistrict topay themonthly fee.TheBoard ofDirectors of the SEC accepted these

recommendations.Theacceptanceof therecommen-dationcoincideswith the implementationof the Japa-neseGovernment fundedrural electrificationprojectwhere theconceptwas applied.

Rural ElectrificationProgramme usingthe Utility concept

The Pilot Project Fundedby Government of JapanA 55 Households and 1 Maneaba TrialOnthe submissionof theKiribatiGovernment, the

Japanese International CooperationAgency (JICA)agreed to support the new institutional structure ofSECand theutility concept in the implementationoftherural electrificationproject.Themaincomponentof theprojectwas the fundingof the installationof 55home system, and the full operation of SEC as a fullscale solarutility.The site chosen for the implementa-tionof theprojectwasNorthTarawa for its closeprox-imity toSECheadquarters.Theprojectwascompletedin 1992 andmonitored directly by JICA for one yearand indirectly for theyears following.Theresultswerevery favorablewith surveys showingahigh level of cus-tomer satisfaction with themonthly fee collectionspromptly paid and technical inspections showing acontinuinggood levelofmaintenance.At the endof theproject period in 1994, both JICA

and the EPU reported that the solar utility conceptwas working well and that the concept was ready forlarger scale implementation.

Expansion of the Program

The EU Funded ProjectThree Islands, 300 Homes ElectrifiedWiththesuccessoftheJICAruralelectrificationproject

using theutility concept, theGovernment ofKiribatiapprovedtheexpansionof theprogramtootherouter

islandsusing theEuropeanUnion fundingassistanceunderLomeIIPVFollowUpprogram.TheECprojectinvolvestheprovisionof250systems.Indistributing, thesystem100oftheunitswasaddedtotheJICAprojectonNorthTarawa in an attempt to fill at least part of theaddeddemandgeneratedby theJICAproject.Therestof the systemwasequallydividedbetween the islandofMarakai,northofTarawaandNonouti locatedsouthofTarawa.ThetwoislandswerechosengiventheirdistancefromSECheadquarters inTarawawhereoperationalcontrolwouldbedifficult. Inimplementingtheproject,theutilityconceptwasagainapplied.TheEUsystemswere installed in1994andfollowup

inspectionsby theEUwasmade in1995.Thefollow-upinspections concurred with the results of the JICAproject inthat(a) installationswereall functioningwell;(b) customer satisfactionwas high; and (c) technicalmaintenancewasbeingproperly carriedout.

Rural Solar Electrification Impactson the Rural PeopleIt is nowmore than five years after the commission-

ingof theprojects fundedby JICAand theEUand thesystemsare still working.Of the55 systems installedbyJICAin1992,therewereonly5batteriesthathavefailed.On the EUproject from the 250 systems installed in1994, onebattery has had tobe replaced. Light bulbsandlight fixtureshavebeenthemainitems,whichhavefailed,but thenecessary spareparts arekept in stock toprovideinstantreplacementwhenneeded.Theseitemshave tobeorderedfromabroad.Thecontrollermanu-factured locallyby theSECusing thedesigndevelopedby S.P.I.R.E. has proven reliable to ease the financialpressureonSECtoorder thecompleteunit fromelse-where.Becauseof the success of JICAandEUprojectpublic perception towards PV system, have changedresulting inan increase indemandof solarproducts.The SEC in providing after sales services involving

regular maintenance on the system, the system hasbecomemore efficient and reliable. In addition, theutilityconcepthasnolongerusers toaccumulate fundsto invest in the solar PV system. As a result, the ruralpopulationhas come to realize the convenience andthebenefits they canget fromusing a solar PV systematanaffordableprice.Thewomenbenefiteda lot fromthis program as they can do extra works in the nightsuchasweaving, sewing, family gathering, school chil-drencandotheir studyatnightandmanymore.OuterIslands thatwerenot covered in theprogramhave in-dicated theirwillingness to join theprogram.

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Apart fromthe support to social activities in villagesthePV systemarenot cost effective to address the en-ergydemandofeconomicactivities that areadaptableto thevillages and support the island�s economy.Mosteconomic activities undertaken in the outer islandsbecause of their high energy demand has to rely onfossil fuel generators, suchas theFish IcePlants, SmallScaleCottage SoapFactory etc.

Supports to theRural Electrification ProgramIn spite of the existenceof thedemandof the solar

based system fromtheouter island, SEChasbeenun-able toattendto thenewdemands.Themainproblemlies in the initial capital investment required for thenew system.Within the revenue derived by SECon amonthly fee from the 300 systemusers SEC can onlymanage tocoveroperational andreplacement cost. Itthereforemeans that further expansionof the systemrequire injectionof funds intoSEC.The SEC to self finances this expansion, it will re-

quire to raise itsmonthly fee. Any inclination to raisethemonthly feewouldbe financially expensive to therural household. SEC to self finance this initiative fur-therdevelopmentof the solarPVsystemson theouterislandswill be at a snail pace.Given the limited finan-cialoptions to support furtherexpansions to theouterisland theGovernment supports the SECexpansionactivity through sourcingexternaldonors to fund fur-ther expansionof theexisting systemat a larger scale.

Expe r i e n c eFromwhatKiribati learned through the implemen-

tation of the solar PV powered rural electrificationproject, the following factors need to be consideredfor theutility concept tobe successfully:1) Sufficientnumberofhouseholdsofnot less thanfiftyfor the systemtobeeconomically viable tooperate.

2) Systemstobeproperly lookedafter,whereinKiribaticase a field technician. It is considered that a singlefield techniciancouldproperlymaintainup to125systems.

3) That the households in the target area can be ex-pectedtoneedless than1kWh/dayofenergyuseontheaverage.Higheraverageenergydemandcanbemetmoreeconomicallybyfossiloralternativesourcesof energy that areproven technically andeconomi-callyviable.

4) That there is the potential for at least 1000 totalinstallations by the operating company. Formost

situations, the break even point for the operatingcompany is from500to1000 installationsaccordingto the level of fee which can be afforded by themajority ofhouseholds in the service area.

5) Aswith anyproject, thequality of the staff involvedis very important tomaintain thesystem.Training isthe important element to both senior and field of-ficers.

The FutureFollowing the successful implementationsonNorth

Tarawa,MarakeiandNonouti, theMinistryofWorks&Energybegan seekingdonorassistance for full electri-ficationof rural Kiribati through solar photovoltaics.ThecostofoperatingtheSECdoesnot increase instepwith thenumberof systems inoperation, therefore theprofitability of the SECwill rise as additional systemsare installedmaking the SECnot only self-sustainingbut, after about 1000 systems are installed, capable ofgeneratingsufficientcapital forexpandingexistingsys-temsoraddingnewsystems.

Case StudySummar y

Throughtheuseof solarphotovoltaics for ruralelec-trification,Kiribati hasmanaged to increase the ruralqualityof life significantly,particularly forwomenwhoare able to spread their productive work over longerperiods through the use of electric lighting and forchildrenwhoseeducationaleffortsareseento improvethoughtheavailabilityofelectric lighting.Thishasbeenpossible with almost no environmental impact, an is-sue of great importance to the government andpeo-pleofKiribati.The significance of the proper institutionalmodel

for solarelectrification isespecially clear in theKiribaticase sinceboth a salesmodel andautilitymodelweretriedwith the sales approach clearly a failure and theutility approachequally clearly a success.Ofparticularimportance is the fact that no external inputs otherthan seedcapital haveneeded tobemade.As one of the few truly sustainable approaches to

rural electrification through solar energy, the innova-tive structureof theKiribatiSolarEnergyCompany isaverypositivemodel forothercountriesandwithminormodifications to fit local conditions and culture, hasthepotential for successful replication inmost devel-opingcountries.

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Renewable Energy Sourcesin the Canary Islands

ANTÓNIO LÓPEZ GULÍASDirectorate General for Industry and EnergyGOVERNEMENT OF THE CANARY ISLANDS

The geographical situation and theweather con-ditions in theCanary Islandsmake themspecially suit-able for the use of solar and wind energy, as well asotherRESsuchasgeothermalenergy,biomassenergy,solid waste incineration, wave energy, etc, which arebeing studiedat themoment.RESare important in theCanary Island fordifferent

reasons.Ononehand,REScontribute to improve theenvironment because of the reduction of pollutantemissions to the atmosphere aswell as ionising radia-tion causedby the traditional energy sources.On theotherhand,REScontribute todiversify theenergy sup-plying, improving the securityof the systemand, sincetheyare theonlyendogenousenergy sources, increas-ing the Islands� self-supplyingcapacity.Wehavetopointout theexistenceofa largenumber

oractivitieswhoseenergyconsumptionarehigherthannecessary, that iswhy is important to intensify theedu-cation anddissemination actions as well as the finan-cial support inordertorationalise theenergyconsume.TheCanary Islands consist of six independent sys-

tems whosemain characteristics are their very smallsize and the longdistance from themain supply cen-tres.Moreover, because of the non-existence of con-ventional energy sources in the islands, theenergyde-pendency is absolute.All these reasons together with the increasing pro-

ductionofwaterdemandedbythetourist sector,whichhas a strongparticipation in theGNP(GrossNationalProduct),makedifficult the implementationof someplans of energy policy. For this reason, the «Plan

EnergéticodeCanarias» (EnergyPlan for theCanaryIslands)definethemainobjectives fortheEnergypolicythat canbe summarise in the following functions:� Assure theenergy supply� Reducethevulnerabilityof thesupplyingbydiversify-ing theenergy sources� Promote the rational useof energy (RUE)� Reduce the energy dependency fromexternal en-ergy sources by promoting asmuch as possible theuseofnewenergy sources� Assure a stable and reliable energyoffer� Minimise energy costs in the different productionsectors� Contributetotheenvironmentalprotectionandcon-servation

It isevidenthowimportant it is for theCanary Islandsto increase itsenergyself-supplyingcapacitybydevelop-ingitsownresourcessuchasrenewableEnergysources.In theWhitePaper, theEUestablishes, as a general

objective for theEuropeanCommunity, an increase inthe utilisation of RES to the level of 12%of the grossenergyconsumptionin2.010.Nowadays,RESrepresentapproximately6%of thegrossenergyconsumption intheEU.Spanish legislationestablishes identicalobjec-tives so thatRESwill supply12%of the total energyde-mand inSpain.Theseobjectiveshave tobe taken intoaccountwhensettingthebonus forpromotingRES.In January 1998, theCanary IslandsDeclarationon

the Promotion or RES was dictated during anInterparliamentaryMeeting on «Renewable Energy

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Sources in theEuropeanUnion»that tookplace in theIslands.Finally wewant to point out that the Parliament of

theCanary Islands,on8th July1998,urged theGovern-mentof theCanary Islands topromote theuseofRES,in the citizens interest, developing legislation andad-ministrative dispositions in order to propitiate theirpenetration in theEnergyMarket.TheParliamentoftheCanary Islands insistedonthenecessityof influenc-ing onother administrations in order to get supportfor the implementation of actions and proposals in-cluded in the Canary IslandDeclaration and in theEuropeanCommission�sWhitePaper«Energy for thefuture:RenewableEnergySources».

The legislation that regulates theSpecialRegimeoftheRESare:� Law 54/1997, 27th November 1998, of the ElectricalSector,� Law 11/1997, 2nd December 1997, of the CanarianElectrical Sector.� RD 2818/1998, 23rd December, on production of elec-tricity by installations that use RES, Solid Waste orCogeneration.� Order of 20th August 1996, by which the Register ofInstallations of Energy Production in Special Regimein the Canaries is create and regulate the access tothe Special Regime

In the followingparagraphswedescribe thediffer-ent plans for thepromotionand the implementationof theRES in theCanary Island:

Wind Energy

Thepotential of this source in theCanary Island isassured by theTradeWinds, whosemoderate speedanddirectionare constant throughout the year.The first initiatives started in 1984 when the

«Consejeríade Insdustria yEnergía» installeda55kWaerogeneratorwith thepurposeof studying theuseofwindasenergy sourceandsupplyingelectricity toa seawaterdesalinationplant.Thewindgeneratorwas alsoconnected to thegrid so that theexcessof energypro-duced sometimes couldbeused.In1986,anagreementwas signedinorder to install a

300 kWwind farm inGranadilla (Tenerife) with theparticipation of the «Consejería de Industria yEnergía»,UNELCOand the IDAE.

InDecember 1986, the IDAE, the Consejería andENDESA signed an agreement for the installationof20MWofwindpower inGranCanaria and20MWinTenerife.Althoughnoinstallationwasdeveloped,manyprevious studiesweredone,whichhavebeen thebasefor the definition of the present situation of someofthewind farms in service at thepresent.At that time, thebiggest support to thedevelopment

ofwindenergyandthiskindof installationscamefromthecommunityprogrammeVALOREN.In the islandofGranCanaria , in1995, a20.100kW

windfarmwas installed. Itconsisted in67national tech-nology wind turbines of 300 kWeach one andnowa-days it is the largestwind farmoperating in theCanaryIsland. The second largest wind farm is the one inFuerteventurawith10.260kWthat represent the11%ofthetotalenergyproductioninthe island, thehighestpercentage of penetration of RES in the grid in theCanary Island.Throughout, 1995and the firstmonths in1996, the

numberof initiativesdirected towards the installationofnewwind farm increase considerably.Inorder toorganise this situation, theConsejeríade

Industria yComerciopublished theOrder of 14thMarch1996bywhichtheconditionsforthewindgenerators toconnect thegrid intheCanaryIslandsareregulated.InthisOrder,theyfixedthemaximvaluesforthewind

potency thatcanbeconnected toeachoneof the insu-largridsdependingonthedifferent timeperiods.In order to comply theOrder of 14thMarch, it was

published the Order of 9th May 1996 by which it callsfor an open competition for the assignment of thewind power that can be connected to each one of theinsular grids. Themaximum total power that was ad-missible in thatopencompetitionwas:

� GranCanaria: 18.400kW� Tenerife: 22.000kW

Theresolutionwaspublished inAugust1996On 25th November 1996 a newOrder was published

by which it is call for an open competition for the as-signment of wind power that can be connected to eachone of the insular grids. The maximum total powerthatwasadmissibleforthisopencompetitionwas36.440kW inGranCanaria and25.520kW inTenerife.WiththisOrder it was reached themaximum total powerthat canbeconnected toeachoneof the insular gridsthatwasestablishedby theOrdenof14March1996 in80MWforGranCanaria and55MWinTenerife.

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pour it into the grid, the future of theRES in theCa-nary Islands includeapplications suchasdesalination ,pumping and transportation of water, as well as gen-erationof energy in installationsnot connected to thegrid.On theotherhandwehave topointout that self-consumer installationsarealreadyareality inourcom-munity. Someexamplesare:� Artes Gráficas del Atlántico, S.A., inGranCanariawith 450 kWsupplying energy to the rotary press ofthemost importantnewspaper in the island.� La Vereda with 225 kW supplying energy to adesalinationplant inGranCanaria� Awindturbine,330kW,supplyingenergytodifferentdesalinationplants in the ITERinTenerife.

There is two important reasons that justify thedevel-opmentof thiskindof installations in the Islands.First,the scarcity of water in the islandsmake necessary tolook for new energy sources for obtaining water, bypumpingordesalination,thatrespecttheenvironment.The second reason is that, even though the CanaryIslandsaregeographically andclimatically suitable fortheuseofwindenergy, thebiggestproblemsagainst itspenetration is the uncertainty about the fluctuationsin small sizegrids.Finally, the 31st December 1997 it was signed and

agreementwith theCabildo Insular theGranCanariafor the development of a Special Plan of protectionfor the implementationof installation and infrastruc-ture for obtaining wind energy on non-urban areas.ThisPlanwill allow to findoutnewareas for the instal-lationofwind farms, aswell asdiminutionof thevisualtheir visual impact.

Thermic Solar Energy

Thermal SolarEnergy is oneof themost importantsources inCanary Islandswhich is stillwaiting forbeingintroduced. This energy presentsmany benefits notonly environmental, avoidingatmosphericpollution,it also contributes to improve the ecological image intourist establishments, of grate importance in our is-lands, andgivingavisionof respectwithenvironment,looking for it, andquality of life.Themost importantapplicationshallbe theproduc-

tionofhotwater indomesticandhotel sector,althoughapplicationsofwarmingpoolwater isalso interesting.In the Canary Community there is factory to pro-

ducesolarpanelsplacedinTenerife island,propertyof

The resolution of the open competition was pub-lishedinJun1997.InOrder to determinate and clarify which installa-

tions canbe considered as self-consumer , it was pub-lished theOrder of 7th July 1997, bywhich it wasmodifytheOrder of 14th March 1996, that regulated the condi-tions for the wind generator to access to the Canariangrids. ThisOrdermodify the thirdarticleof theOrderof 14thMarch,modifying themaximumwind powerthat canbeconnected toeachoneof the insulargrids.So that themaximumwind power that can be con-nected to thegrid inLaPalmawouldchange from1,9MWto4,6MWduring lowconsumptionperiods.TheOrder of 18th July 1997 calls for a public open

competition for the assignment of wind power thatcanbeconnected to thegrind inLaPalma.Themaxi-mumpoweradmissible for thisOpencompetitionwas500kW.Since therewasnot anyapplication for it, thispowerhasnotbeenassignedyet.The present situation of the wind farms in theCa-

nary Islands is summarised in the following table

:

The future of RES in theCanary Islands was estab-lished in the frameworkof a collaborationagreementbetweentheConsejeríadeIndustria yComercioof theGovernmentoftheCanaryIslandsandtheIDAEsignedin1994,whichhasbecomethe frameworkof thecrite-ria, actions andmeasures that should be taken in ac-count for assuring thepenetration anddevelopmentof the technologies for theutilisationofRES.The Renewable Energy Plan of the Canaries

(PERCAN)plans to install128MWmorebefore2.002.Thisprojectwillmeananinvestmentof25.000millionsof pesetas, ofwhich8.500millionswill be grant by thepublic sector.Thesenumberswill beprobably reachedat theend

of 1998. Although the installations developed at thepresentconsiston farmsgeneratingenergy inorder to

Installations Number of Total power

windturbines (kW)

Gran Canaria 235 72.360

Lanzarote 53 6.405Fuerteventrua 51 11.610

Tenerife 147 52.730La Palma 18 4.110

La Gomera 2 360El Hierro 2 280

Total Canarias 508 147.855

9 6

«EnergíaEólicaySolarEspañola(E.S.E.)».E.S.E.com-prises the 70%of themarket and actuallymanufac-tures two thermosyphonequipment and twomodelsof solar panels. Referring to foreignmanufacturers,the most important are two Israeli: AMCOR andCHROMAGENandinSpain: ISOFOTON.The Renewable Energy Plan for the Canaries

(PERCAN)promote the installationof 36.000 squaremetresof solarpanels inaperiodof6years. Inorder toreachthisobjective, it establishesaprogrammeinclud-ing the followingmeasures:� Set up anoperator agent to start theprogramme.� Asystemof financing installations.� Some technical reasonswhich limits the kindof in-stallations thatmaychoosetheprogramme:Officiallyapprovedcollectors, installationsmadebyanaccred-itedenterprise,maintenanceguarantee, etc...� Promotion actions, as demonstrations in public es-tablishments, promotion inhotel sector, press andradiodissemination,particular incentives to localen-tities, privatepotential users, etc...� Legislative actions such as the obligatory characterof pre-installations in domestic sector and in sometypesofhotel establishments.

According to this programme, therewaspublishedthe Order of 26th May of 1997, by which it regulates thesubsidies for the installations of solar plane panels des-tined to the production of hot water, according to theprogramme of promotion of solar installations in theCanary Islands (Procasol programme).For a bettermanagement of possible subsidies re-

latedto theprogramme,anagreementwas signedwiththe«InstitutoTecnológicodeCanarias, S.A.», toman-ageandverify the installations thathavebeengranted.The objective of the Procasol programmewas the

financingof installationsbymeansof adouble form:1 Subsidy form2: attending to the number of squaremeters installed (about20.000or30.000ptas/m2)2 Subsidy form2 and interest rate: financing thebankinterest rate for the loan.Due to thecampaignsorganised, and the startingof

the Pymes programme of the «Instituto deDiversificación yAhorrode laEnergía (IDAE)», is ex-pected a great growth in this sector, beingpossible toinstall from5.000 to6.000m2per year.The Order of 3rd April of 1998, set the regulation

basis for years 1998 and 1999 to give subsidies for theinstallations of solar plane panels destined to the pro-duction of hot water, according to the programme of

promotion of solar installations in Canary Islands(Procasol 98).Themost important numbers fromProcasol pro-

grammein1998were:

Number of projects: 620 projectsm2: 2.201�2 m2

Total subsidy: 52.464.447 Pts

Ontheotherhand, it is important toremember thatall the calls published by theGovernment of CanaryIslandsaredirectedto installationshaving lessof30m2,because thegrouphaving30ormorem2 is subsidedbythe laws of theMinistry of Industry andEnergywhichare included in theEnergySavingandEfficiencyPlan(PAEE).Due togeographical criteria, it is theGovernmentof

theCanary Islandswhohas toworkout thecalls for theopencompetitions,whichis takingplaceat thepresent.Nowadays there are installed inCanary Islands about51.000solarpanels.

Photovoltaic Solar Energy

In theobjectives forphotovoltaic energy actions areincluded that, in first place, mean the realisation ofinstallations isolated fromthegrid indomestic (whichare the90%of the installedpower), agricultural, light-ing applications, or that allow to reinforce electricitysupply in those areas that, due to whatever circum-stances,havenota satisfactory supply.Additionally, in-stallations that are forenergyexchangeswith thegrid,are also included. It is important to say that electrifica-tionof isolatedhouses fromthegrid is reducing,help-ing to increaseotherdemands.WearegoingtotalkaboutsomePhotovoltaicCentrals

placed inCanary Islands:� PhotovoltaicCentralofLaGraciosa:Thiscentral sup-plies electric energy to the community of PedroBarba,situatedinLaGraciosa islandhaving21houseswith25Kwp.� PhotovoltaicCentralofLaPalma:This installation issituated inthe«LlanosdeAridane», in theroofof theschool«JoséMaríaPérezPulido»,givingtheextraen-ergy to theelectricgridofUnelco.Power:25Kwp.� Photovoltaic Central ofGranadilla: This Central isplacedwiththeinstallationsof«InstitutoTecnológicoydeEnergíasRenovables, S.A.(ITER)» in the indus-trial areaofGranadilla inTenerife, power27Kwp.

97

In 1997, theOrder of 16thMay of 1997waspublished,bywhich theywere approved the regulationbasis forgivingsubsidies toenergy savingprojects, energydiver-sification anduseof renewable energy. Theobjectiveof this law is theelectrificationof isolatedhouses fromthegridwithphotovoltaicpanels, so as littlewindgen-erators ormixed systems, liveability studies toprojectsdestined to achieve anenergy rationalisationwith theintroductionof advanced technologyof savinganddi-versification.For theperiodof 1998, it was published theOrder of

23rd March of 1998 by which they are approved theregulation basis, for 1998 and 1999, for giving subsidiesto energy saving projects, energy diversification anduse of renewable energy and they are called for thesubsides for 1998.TheEnergy Saving andEfficiency Plan (PAEE)de-

fines someactions to achieve a rational useof energy,forexamplesubsidies toenergysaving inapplicationoflaw82/1980of 30December, about energy conserva-tion. The law of 7th February 1997 was published, inwhich were approved the regulation basis for givingsubsidies in the framework of PAEE, for the period1997-1999, andcalled thebasis for1997.In9thMayof 1997anarrangementwasmadeby the

«ConsejeríadeIndustriayComercio»andtheMinistryof industry and energy for financing the RenewableEnergyPlan forCanary Islands(PERCAN).Accordingto this arrangement, all the projects included in thespecific planof both administrations, will be grant bytheMinistry of Industry and Energy with an averagesubsidy of 50% from its cost. The law of 6th February1997,bywhichtheywereapprovedtheregulationbasisforgivingsubsidies in theframeworkof thePAEEis theinstrument that will carry out the agreements. Thebudgetof theMinistry is 3.700.000ptas.Wemust showup someof theseprojects as the con-

centrationplant basedon theprototype that is beingdevelopedintheITERofTenerife,with480Kwp, itwillbe thebiggestconcentrationplantwhenopenedat theendof1998.For the1998 financial year andaccording to the ar-

rangementmadeby the cabinet, the territorial distri-bution of the subsidies is established in favour of the«ComunidadesAutónomas», applyingobjective crite-ria, and trasferring the fund tomake it possible. Thefunds that correspond to the Canary islands are66.000.000ptas.Thefundscouldbe increasedwith thetotal subsidy IDEA-FEDER, for thoseprojects comply-ingwith the requirements. At themoment, an agree-

ment is beingelaborate tobe singby the IDAE, aswellas calls for the subsidies for 1998.

Minihydraulic Energy

The use of hidraulic energy under 10Mw is called«Minihydraulic».Thehydrologic aspect is a key factorthat conditions the general development of the Ca-nary Islands, since thereareareason the islandswherethere is a high limitationof hydraulic resources. Thenecessaryequipment forusinghydraulic resourcesarein singular locations and for reducedpower.Actions includedintheobjectivesaredirectedmainly

to the islandsofTenerifeandLaPalma.Actually, thereis thehydrauliccentralofVergara-LaGuancha,having463Kw. InLaPalmathere is thehydraulic centralofElMulato,withaninstalledpowerof800Kw.Ontheotherhand, the increaseofwaterdemandandthenewinfra-structure for its distribution could have entailed therealisationofhydroelectricdevelopments,andso,com-pensatepartially theenergy costs ofpumping.There is an investigationproject that is beingmade

by the ITCabout «Viability studyof theminihydraulicpotential in the islandsofGranCanariaandTenerife»,which is an evaluation of the energy resources thatwouldbeextracted fromthose islands.Therealisationof this project was regulated bymeans of an arrange-ment signedbyUnelco and ITCon8th July of 1997.

Sav ing

There are included in the performances of thena-tional energetic politics all the actions that promotedenergy saving anddiversification to reduce the ener-geticdependenceonexternalplaces, todiminishcon-taminant emissions and to improve the competitive-ness in the productive sectors. They were organiseddifferent campaigns in1997 tomakeaware the touristsector and schools of saving.

Energy Audits

According to the energy saving anddiversificationenergy plan started by the «Consejería de Industria yComerciodelGobiernodeCanarias», ithas supportedlocal corporations so that theycouldmakeanefficientuseofenergyandpay lessmoney.Applyingthatpolitic,

9 8

anenergyauditprogrammewasdevelopedinCityHallsof theAutonomousCommunity, tobedone in severalphases.Therewereaudited15municipalities, actuallythere are being audited the followingmunicipalities:Aguimes,Guimar, Frontera andPuertodelRosario.The audits comprises all themunicipality sections,

includinginstallationsof street lighting,administrationoffices, schools, sportscentre, installationsofwater sup-ply andwastewater treatment, etc�Inthe future, theauditswill extendtoall theexisting

municipalities in the archipelago, and there will beobtained important saving in the energetic bill theAutonomousCommunitypays for the importationoffossil oil andwill reduce the emissions levels andwillhelp to improve thequality of life.

Cogenera t ion

Cogeneration is the sequential productionof elec-tric ormechanical energy and thermaluseful energy,from the same primary source. Actually the installa-tions thatworkare the following:

European Project

Becauseof thecall forof thepluriannualpromotionprogramme(1998-1999) for renewable energy in theCommunity (ALTENERII),whoseobjectives are:a) Contribute tocreate thenecessaryconditions toap-ply a community action plan about renewable en-ergy, inparticular juridical, socio-economicandad-ministrativeconditions.

b) Impulse public andprivate investment in the pro-duction and consumptionof energy derived fromrenewable sources.

Thefollowingprojectswerepresentedin1998,whichhavebeenapprovedandactually are inphaseof reali-zation:� PRIORACTIONSOFTHEPROMOTIONPLAN.Theobjective of this proposal is to design an indus-trial renewal for thepromotionplan and theneces-sary processes for its control.� CONTROLLINGTHEPROMOTIONOFTHERE-NEWABLEENERGYPLANINSPAIN.Theobjectiveof thisproject is controlling the imple-mentof that plan.� DEVELOPINGOFREINVESTMENTPROJECTSINISLANDSFROMTHEBIOSPHERE-RESERVE.

This project is presented togetherwith ICAENandthe objective is the realization of thermic solar en-ergy projects in tourist urbanizations at Lanzaroteisland. The cost of the project for Canary Islandsamounts to 40.000 ECU.Other islands included inthe project are Guadalupe (France) and TheGalapagos (Ecuador). The subsidy will be a 50% ofthe total cost.

WEB Page(h t t p : //www . c i s t i a . e s /dg i e )

ThisWebpage,withon-line information in the«Di-recciónGeneralde Industria yEnergía»offers severalpossibilities aboutenergetic themes inCanary Islands,and the different action ways to develop them. Thewebuserhas thepossibilityofconsultingdirectlyaboutthe following themes:

� Windfarms� Thermic solarenergy� Photovoltaic centrals� Minihydrauliccentrals� Pricesof fuels� Energyaudits inmunicipalities� Actions inenergy savingandefficiency� Electrificationplan inCanary Islands (PELICAN)� Cogenerationinstallations� Installations included in the special regime registerof-Canary Islands� Subsidies for the implantationof renewable energyandenergetical efficiency� Consultingandgivingopinions� Savingcampaign in schools� Daily advices to saveenergy

Installation Power (Kw)- state

Melia Salinas Central 1.460 In hand

Cogeneration of 38.200 OperatingTenerife, S.A. (Cotesa)Brewing Industry of 5.530 In handGran CanariaBrewing Industry 5.530 In handof TenerifeEast dock 13.000 Operating

Las Palmas Y 24.200 OperatingMare Nostrum 5.100 Operating

Cogeneration Pino II 6.164 In handTotal 99.184

99

Implementation Plan for the LargeScale Deployment of Renewable

Energy Sources in Crete

ARTHOUROS ZERVOS, GEORGE CARALISNational Technical University of Athens - RENESNIKOLAOS ZOGRAFAKISRegional Energy Agency of CreteGREECE

Crete is the fourth largest island in theMediterra-nean with an area of 8335 km2 and a population of540,000. Itspopulationmarked inrecent yearsbyanetincreasingtrendandeconomicgrowthratesdoublethenational average. It faces a chronic energy problemcausedbythehighratesof increaseinenergyandpowerdemandandthereluctanceof thepopulationtoacceptthe installationofnewthermalpowerstations.Crete isanidealareaforthedevelopmentofRESdue

to theavailabilityof a richand largelyunder-exploitedRESpotential, thehighinvestmentinterestandtheposi-tiveattitudeof thepublic towardsRESexploitation.TheRegionofCretehas adopted since 1994 anen-

ergy policy, which gives a particular emphasis on theutilisationofRES. In theframeworkof thispolicy, ithasset thegoal tomakeCrete«aprivilegedfield inEuropefor large scale applications ofRES».TheNationalTechnicalUniversityofAthens, incol-

laborationwith theRegional EnergyAgency ofCretehave formulated the Implementation Plan for RES.Theplanhas beendeveloped in the frameworkof anALTENERproject [1].Theobjectiveof thisworkwas toanalyse theperspec-

tivesofRESinCrete.ThedefinedImplementationPlanfor theperiod1998-2010 is focusedontheexploitationofRES forelectricityproductionsince themajorprob-lemofCrete�s energy systemis the inabilityof theexist-ingelectrical systemtomeet the increasingdemand.In formulating the ImplementationPlan, adetailed

analysisof theenergysystemofCrete,carriedoutwithin

past studies [2], is considered.AgeneraldescriptionofCrete�s electrical systemanda forecast of the island�selectricity demand are presented. Furthermore, therationaleused in the formulationof the Implementa-tionPlan and theproposed actions are detailed. Theimpacts of RES integration into the electrical systemare considered. Finally, a special emphasis is given tothedefinitionof thenecessary investmentcosts for therealisationof theplanand the related socio-economicandenvironmentalbenefits.

The energy system of Crete

ElectricitydemandinCreteincreaseswithlargerratesthan in themainlandsystemdue to thehighgrowthofthe island�s economicactivity.Several failures of Crete�s electrical system tomeet

thedemandhaverecentlyoccurred, resulting to rejec-tions of loads. The reason is thepower shortages dur-ingpeakhours both in summer andwinter.Theelec-trical systemofCretehas the followingcharacteristics:� Thebaseloadis lowduetothesmall industrialactivity.� Strongseasonalvariationsoccurinelectricitydemanddue to thedevelopmentof tourism.� Bothdomestic and commercial sectors show a rateof increase in electricity demand that exceeds thecorresponding ratesof themainland system.The structure of the electricity demand inCrete is

depicted inFigure1.

1 0 0

Figure 1. Structure of the electricity demand in Crete,

1975-1997.

Concerning theelectricity production, twenty ther-mal power units compose the existing electrical gen-eration systemof the islandofCrete.Geographicallytheseunits are suppliedby twopower stations.Theproductionunits� scheduleofentering intoserv-

ice for thesatisfactionof theannual loadrequirementsis determinedbyeconomic reasons, aswell as by theirtechnical minimums. The «divided» load durationcurve ispresented in figure2.

Figure 2. Entering schedule of the units to cover the

electricity demand (1997)

Theplanningof theelectricity systemisbasedontheforecasting of annual electricity net production andon the forecasting of maximum andminimumnetpowerproduction(hourly averagevalues).Theelectricitydemandforecastingspecifies thekind

of additional units and the energy policy to cover theelectricitydemand.

Figure 3depicts the evolutionofnet electricity pro-duction inCreteduring1975-2025.

Figure 3. Predictions of the net electricity production.

An implementationplan for RES in Crete

The Implementation Plan was formulated on thebasis of theavailableRESpotential, the technical con-straints for theRESpenetrationand theexisting legis-lative framework.Thus, the ImplementationPlanpro-vides the framework for thepotential «optimum»de-velopment ofRES inCrete taking into considerationthe investors interest.Theobjectivesof the ImplementationPlanare:

(a) to cover theadditional electricity demand ina sus-tainableway,

(b) tocover themaximumaveragenethourlyproduc-tion,

(c) to provide the electrical systemwith an adequatesafetymargin,

(d) to require theminimuminterventions to theexist-inggrid, and

(e) touse themostmatureandcost-effectiveREStech-nologies

Formulating a scenario for themaximumpossiblepenetrationofRES into theelectrical systemofCrete,theassumption thatRESwill beused tocover100%ofthenew-after1998-electricitydemandwasconsidered.However, consideration of this assumption denotedseveral technical and financial constraints, as well asoperational andmanagementproblems:

101

1. Technical constraints:� Wind farms,photovoltaic and solar thermal systemscannot reliably covermaximum loads due to theirintermittentoperation.� AlthoughlargePumped-Storagesystemscanstorewindandsolarenergy,suchsystemsshouldnotbeexpectedtooperatebefore2005dueto technicaldifficulties.� AlthoughRES technologiesproposed in this reportarematureenough, technical risks still exist.

2. Operational and management constraints� Harvesting of agricultural by-products for bio-elec-tricity production could face several difficulties as ithasnot been testedbefore inGreece.� CompatibilityofRESplantswith theexistingelectric-ity gridcouldpostpone their exploitation.

3. Financial constraints� The significant existinggrantpolicy as far asRESex-ploitation isconcerned(40%onthetotal investmentcost), is unlikely to continue indefinitely due to lim-itedbudgets.Thereare twogeneralgroupsofactions(table1)dif-

ferentiatedbyboththe timethatcanbeappliedandby

theirsignificance.Short-termactionsrefertotheperiod1998-2005andmedium-termactionstotheperiod2005-2010.Theplanpromotes electricityproductionbyex-ploitingRES(Wind farms,Biomass, PumpedStorageUnits, SmallHydroelectricUnits,Photovoltaic installa-tions) at amaximumpossible penetration rate is pro-posed in order to cover the increase of electricity de-mand.Moreover, it suggestsadditionalactionsaimingatElectricity savings(solarhot-watersystems,replacementof incandescent bulbs, passive andhybrid systems forcooling, time-zonepricingsystemetc.).Thecontributionof various sources to theelectricity

supply for theyears2000,2005and2010arepresentedinFigure4.Thecontributionof theconventional fuels(diesel and fuel oil) decreases from almost 100% in1997 to 81% in 2000, to 61% in 2005 and to 55% in2010. The total renewable electricity productionwillreach19%ofthetotal in2000,39%in2005and45%in2010. The annual electricity demand increases from1078GWhin1990, to1815GWhin2000,2484 in2005and 2700GWh in 2010. Energy savings due to addi-tional SolarHotWater Systemsutilisation are consid-ered (52.5 GWh in 2000, 218 GWh in 2005 and 300GWhin2010).

Table 1: Implementation Plan for RES in Crete

1. Energy-saving measures

� Replacement of incadescent bulbs at the residential sector and in street-lighting� Passive and hybrid systrems for cooling at the dwellings, hotels and bungalows

2. Solar Hot Water systems� Intensive use of Solar Hot Water systems at the domestic and tourist sectors.

85000 m2 in 2000, 365000 m2 in 2005 and 500000 m2 in 20103. Actions for the smoothing of the daily average hourly load curve

� Time-zone pricing system

Short Term Medium Term2000 2005 2010

Maximum load (MW) 409 527 647Energy demand (GWh) 1815 2484 2700

Safety margin (%) 21% 36% 20%Total non-intermitent sources (MW) 491 717 776

Mean Net Power of Conventional Units (MW) 469 546 585Mean Net Power of RES (MW) 110.2 373 445

4. Wind-farms (MW) 89.3 200 2505. Biomass units (MW) 20 40 60

6. Small hydro-electric units (MW) 0.6 6 67. Photovoltaic installations (MW) 0.2 2 4

8. Pumped-Storage units (MW) - 125 125

IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR THE ISLAND OF CRETE

DEMAND-SIDE

MANAGEMENT(1998-2010)

ELECTRICITYPRODUCTION

1 0 2

Figure 4. Contribution of various sources to electricity

supply (year 2000, 2005 and 2010).

Theexact locationof theRESplants is crucial bothfrom the economic and the technical point of view.The selectionof suitable locationswasmadevia agen-eralmethodologyof resource assessments supportedby aGISprogram. Ingeneral, site selection is theout-put of the implementation of several considerationsandrestrictionsover the regionunderexamination:� RES potential (wind speed, biomass potential,streams, etc.).� The topography of the region (altitudes, terrainslopes, etc.).� Subregionsdedicated to special activities (archaeo-logical sites, airports, urbandistricts, etc.).� Difficulty of access andenergy transportation.� Balanceddistributionof theplants (leads toa stableelectrical system, reduces electrical losses, leads tobalanced localdevelopment)� Existingelectrical grid� Environmental impactsFigure5presents theproposedsites forall theplants.

Economic Evaluation of theimplementation plan

The economic evaluation of the proposedRES in-vestments has been carried out and the implementa-tionplan as awholeduring theperiod1998-2010hasbeenevaluated.Thebasicoutputof this analysis is theNetPresentValue (NPV)and the InternalRateofRe-turn (IRR)of the total investment.TheRES installations expected during the period

1998-2005anddataused, arepresented inTable2.Thefinancialparameters requiredfor theeconomic

analysis have been set, according to the law 2601/98and therequirementsof theOperationalProgramforEnergy (OPE)of theMinistry ofDevelopment, as fol-lows:� Grants:40%of thetotal investment(incaseofSHWSthe grants are assumed the 15%of the total invest-ment),� Owncapital: 60%of the total investment,� Exchangerate: 350drachmas/ECU,� Price of the electricity sold to PPC: 0.0714 ECU/kWh

Considering the aboveparameters, a discount rateof8%anda15years lifetime, the indexes InternalRateofReturn (IRR) andNet PresentValue (NPV)of theImplementation Plan of RES inCrete for the period1998-2005are:

NPV=229MECUI RR = 1 7 . 5%

For the period 1998-2010 the total initial expendi-ture is 740MECU.Theamountof the required subsi-

Figure 5. Existing and future electricity production units and the electrical grid of Crete.

103

dies is 244MECU. Themaintenance and operationcost is23.3MECU/year.Consideringthesameassump-tions, the following indexesarecalculated:

NPV=289MECUI RR = 1 7 . 6%

EnergyProductionCost (CEP) for the investmentsthat exploit REShas been calculatedby the followingexpression:

ÿ��

�ÿ�+⋅= , ( ) ÿ�

�� −+−

=ÿÿ

where TIC the total investment cost (kECU),Mtheannualoperational andmaintenancecost inkECU,Etheannualenergyproduction inMWh, idiscount rate(%)andN the lifetimeof theproject.

Figure 6 depicts the electricity production cost foreachRES technology.Most of RES present low elec-tricityproductioncost.Anexceptionexists in thecaseof photovoltaics. The significant production cost re-strains the further development of these systems, un-less important cost reductionoccurs.

Figure 7 depicts the electricity production cost forthe implementationplanas compared to theelectric-ity production cost by existing conventional thermalunits.Theaveragecostof thekWhproducedbyRES islower than thatof theThermalUnits averageproduc-tion cost and much lower compared to that of gasturbines andcombined-cycleunit.

Figure 6. Energy production cost of RES technologies

Figure 7. Comparison of RES and conventional systems

Energy production cost

Socio-economic andenvironmental evaluation

Me t h o d o l o g yRES investments create new jobs and local income

andhavebenignenvironmentaleffects. In thischapterthe socio-economic andenvironmental aspects of theImplementationplanarepresented.Themethodologyadopted for the assessment of the relative impacts ismainlybasedontheexistingassessmenttoolsandmeth-odologies(3,4).Inaddition,actualdataaboutRESprojects thathave

been launched inCretehavebeencollected, analyzedandused toadapt theabove-mentioned theoretical in-put to thespecificaspectsof theImplementationPlan.The tool was applied to the different sectors of the

ImplementationPlanandtothePlanasawhole,assess-ing the socio-economicandenvironmental impactsofRESdevelopment inCrete.

Actions Installed Energy Investment Maintenance

(1998- Capacity Produced cost and

2005) or saved (MECU) operation

(GWh) cost

(MECU/year)

Wind Farms 200 MW 500 224 4.6

Biomass 40 MW 237 63.8 8.9Small Hydro 6 MW 26 8.42 0.092

PSU125 MW 212 157 2.4PV2 MW 2.75 13.6 0.068

SHWS 363,000m2 217.5 124 1.2

TOTAL 1,195 591 17.2GWh MECU MECU/ year

Table 2: Data used for the RES economic analysis

period 1998-2005

1 0 4

Themethodologythat supports theAssessmentToolestimates theeffects ofRESprojects on theeconomicdevelopmentof theregion, regionalemploymentandthe environment. Thepresent analysis examines theimpacts that only affect the regionofCrete.

Regional added valueRegional economic effects of the Implementation

Planmainlydependontheextendedaddedvalue thatthe region cangenerate on theRES investments dur-ing the manufacturing, installation and operationphases.Addedvaluedependsontheinfrastructureandthe perspectives of local firms to contribute to theImplementation Plan as well as on the quality of thenecessaryhumanresources.

Share of Net Incomes in Added ValueRegionalAddedValue includesNet Incomes that, in

general, concerneither revenues fromworkor returntoentrepreneurial andcapital inputs. Foreveryphaseof the investmentprocedure(manufacturing, installa-tionandoperation) thework contenthasbeencalcu-lated analytically. Thenusing averagewages and sala-ries, net incomes fromwork result easily.

Conventional energy substitutionThe cost of the primary conventional energy, at its

entry to the region, whichwill be avoided due to theImplementation Plan, is regarded as regional ben-efit.

Contribution to Public FinancesTheImplementationPlanwill require subsidies that

will burden public finances. The Public financial in-flows concern:� Income taxandsocial chargeson localnet incomes.� Avoidedunemployment payments due to employ-ment created.� ValueAddedTax(VAT)

Thepay backperiodof the subsidy can thenbe cal-culatedusing theannualpublic inflows.RegionalBenefitThe regional benefit of the Implementation Plan,

for the total operational life of the RES projects, isdefinedas the sumof:1 Totalnet incomesdistributed in the region.2 Avoided importedconventional fuel cost.3 Totalpublic inflows.Theindex«regional internalrateofreturn»canthen

be used to evaluate the regional socio-economic ef-fects of the ImplementationPlan.

Local Employment EffectsTherewill be short and long termemployment ef-

fects during themanufacturing, installation and op-erationphases respectively. In general, short termef-fects concern non-permanent employment duringmanufacturingand installationphase,while long termeffectspermanent jobcreationduringoperationphase.Indirect employment due to the spin-off effects of

the Implementation Plan, and possible losses in theconventional energy sector are also considered.

Contribution to environmental protectionElectricityproducedbydifferentRESprojects substi-

tutes conventional electricity whichwouldhavebeenproducedbydifferentconventionalunits,usingdiffer-ent typesof fuelswithdifferentefficiency rates anddif-ferent CO2, SO2 andNOx emissions by their combus-tion.Dealingwith these issues theamountofemissionsavoidedisassessedforeachtypeofrenewableenergy.

Socio-economic evaluation

Comparison of RE technologiesConsidering thevariousREtechnologies tobeused,

indicators that quantify the socio-economic andenvi-ronmental impactshavebeencalculated.The indicesare then used for the evaluation of the Implementa-tionPlan, considering inparallel the technical aspectsthat the large-scaledevelopmentofRESentails.

Figure 8. Regional benefit created by 1 kECU investment

of various RE technologies.

InFigure8 theRegionalBenefit createdby the vari-oustechnologies iscompared.Theindexesarereducedperunit costof investment.Figure9shows theemploy-ment effects due toRES investments. Formost of theRESemploymenteffectsduringmanufacturingphaseare limited.Anexemptionexists in the caseof SHWS,

105

as local industry employs local people.Duringopera-tion, thecreationof regionalpermanent jobs is impor-tant for combatingunemployment

Figure 9. Employment effects in the region created by

1kECU investment of various RE technologies

Evaluation of the Implementation PlanIn thediagrams 1 and2 thedetailed applicationof

theaforementionedmethodology ispresented for theshort-termactions(period1998-2005).InDiagram2theassessmentof theSocio-Economic

evaluationof the ImplementationPlan ispresented.InDiagram1 the employment effects of the Imple-

mentationPlanduringmanufacturing, installationandoperationarepresented.

Withregard to the socio-economicevaluationof theimplementationplanwecannote:� Theimplementationplanduring1998-2005requiresaninvestmentof591MECUandatotal subsidyof205MECU.Ontheotherhand it creates 392MECURe-gionalAddedValueandreturnsaRegionalBenefitof967MECU(Totalnetincomedistributedintheregionis 76.9MECU, the cost of avoided fuel is 702MECUandthepublic inflowsare188MECU).TheRegionalInternalrateofreturnis18%andthepaybackperiodof thesubsidy to thepublic receipts is11.6years.� 230 newpermanent jobs will be created due to theoperation of the plan in the region. The total em-ploymentduringthemanufacturing, installationandoperationphase is6272man-years.� Significant fuel substitution is expected due to theImplementationPlanandpollution is avoided.TheavoidedCO2emissionis976,000tnperyear2005and1,238,000 tnperyear2010.Different effects are expected during the various

phasesof implementationofeachplant.Foreachtech-nology thepotential contributionof local firms variesbetweenthemanufacturing, installationandoperationactivities.Moreover, differentduration is required foreachprojectmanufacturingand installation.Dealingwith these issues, time scheduleof impacts for thepe-riod 1998-2005 has been carried out. After 2005 thedefinedimplementationplanwillcontinuetohaveposi-

Diagram 1. Calculation of employment effects of the Implementation Plan - Period 1998-2005

1 0 6

tive impacts due to its operation activities, intensifiedby newprojects (long-term actions)manufacturing,installationandoperationactivities.

Conc lus ionsTheproposedImplementationPlan is realistic, feasi-

ble and economically viable. It takes into considera-tionall the technical, social and legislative issues. It is inaccordancewith thepriorities of theECWhite Paperfor RES and the targets of CO2 emissions reduction.Thanks to the implementationplan the installedelec-tricalcapacity inCretewillbeincreasedinaneconomic,ecological and socially acceptedway.The implementationplan:

� maypartly cancelordelay future installationsofcon-ventional units. The construction of new thermalplants in Crete to fully cover future demand raisessignificantobjectionsduetopublicopinionreactionsandenvironmental impacts,� covers themaximumaveragenethourlyproduction,provides theelectrical systemwithanadequate safetymargin, anduses themostmatureandcost-effectiveREStechnologies,� improves the operation of the electrical system ofCrete,minimizingthetransmissionlossesduetotheirregionalcharacter.

With therealisationof the ImplementationPlan thecontributionofRESwill reach39.4%ofthetotalannualelectricitydemandof the islandby2005and45.4%by2010. Inadditionhotwater solarheaterutilisationwillcontributetoreducetheelectricitydemandby218GWh(approximately10%)by2005and300GWhby2010.Withregard to the socio-economicevaluationof the

implementationplanwecannote:

� the ImplementationPlanas awhole is aquite attrac-tive investment,� themean cost of RES electricity production is lessthan themeancost of conventionalunits� electricityproduction,� the implementation plan creates significant eco-nomic regional benefit, local employment andcon-siderableamountsofCO2emissions reduction.� The island of Crete may and should constitute apreferential area for the extensive deployment ofRES. It couldbecomeapilot region in theMediter-ranean and one of the first «100Communities» torealise the goals andobjectives of theECWhite Pa-per. The results and the experience gained shouldbe disseminated to other Regions. Themethodol-ogy of the socio-economic evaluation of RES inCrete, can also be used in other regions to supporttheir energypolicy.

References

1. NTUA (GR), «Implementation Plan for the Large Scale

Deployment of Renewable Energy Sources in Crete-

Greece», Final Report, Altener project XVII/4.1030/Z/

96-0139, November 1998.

2. NTUA (GR), «Developing Decision Support Tools for

the utilization of Renewables Energies in Integrated

Systems at the local level (DRILL)», Final Report, Joule

project JOU2-CT92-0190, March 1996.

3. FEDARENE, «Evaluation Guide for Renewable Energy

Projects in Europe (ELVIRE)», ALTENER publication.

4. EEE and ENCO, «Methodology for the assessment of

employment benefits and local economic effects of a

RES installation», EXTERNE, Vol.6, European Commis-

sion, 1995.

Diagram 2. Socio-Economic evaluation of the Implementation Plan - Period 1998-2005

107

Rural Renewable Energyin the Falkland Islands

TIMOTHY COTTERFalkland Islands Development CorporationFALKLAND ISLANDS

The Falkland IslandsDevelopmentCorporation(FIDC) is the commercial division of the Falkland Is-landsGovernment. Its function is to encourage andassist all aspects of local business. This includes indus-try, agriculture, construction, fishing, retailingetc.

FIDCoffer a rangeof services including:� Financeassistanceandservices� Trainingandvocationaleducationassistance� Practicalbusinessplansandassistance� Cost savingmeasures includingenergy

The Falkland Islands aremuch bigger thanmostpeople imagineandthehighwindregimemeansthereis a lot of scope forwindpower.In recent summers, theAntarcticozoneholehasex-

pandedto includetheFalklandIslands. In timeofhighUVrisk, thepopulation iswarnedbyradiobroadcast.

Energy Distribution

Themainpopulation centre is the townof Stanley.Diesel generatorsprovideacontinuouselectricity sup-ply from Stanley Power Station. The normal load isbetween1 and3Megawatts and thepower station ca-pacity is 6.6Megawatts. There is also a plan to installfour250kWwind turbines toaugment this supply.There isno island-widepowergrid systemtodistrib-

ute power of the remainder of the population acrossthemany islands. Itwouldbeuneconomicas the smallpopulation is scattered toowidely.Most farmsmaketheirownenergyusingsmalldieselgenerators3-20kW.The larger farmsandsettlementshaveacentralpowersourceofbetween20-100kW.

Early RenewableEnergy History

Earlyattempts tousewindpower topumpwaterandgenerate electricity were verysuccessfulandanumberfarmsused12voltbatterywindcharg-ers. Some larger settlementsusedsmalldirectcurrent(DC)gridsoperatingon120Voltforlighting.Powerwassuppliedbythewindand stored inbatter-ies.Someofthesesystemslastedintothe1970s.

Falkland Islands data

Land Area 11650 km2

Population 2564 (1996)

Climate Cool Temperate

Mean temperature range 0 C - +14 C

Annual rainfall 600 mm

Average wind speed 8 m/s

Latitude 50 South

1 0 8

Renewable Energy Projects

Inthe1980sFIDCinvestigatedalternativeenergywithanumberofprojects.Muchof the technologywasnewanduntested.A 20kWhydroelectric scheme at PortHowardwas

installed tooperate inconjunctionwith thedieselgen-erator.

Windpower trials startedonPebble Islandwith theinstallationof a10kilowattwind turbine, batterybankand inverter.The systemwasnot successful as inverterfailureswere frequent and trialswere abandoned.These projects did not live up to expectations and

damagedpeople�s confidence inrenewableenergy.Dueto the fairlyconstanthighwinds,equipment life

wasmeasured inmonthsorweeks.Inverterswereunreliableand inefficientbut fuel sav-

ingswere significant.In the late 1980s, FIDC launched a scheme tooffer

financial assistance to farms for a small inverter andbattery.Thiswasnot takenupbyanyonebecausemanywere still convinced that renewableenergywasunreli-able andawaste of time andmoney

Renewable Energy Test Projects

Estancia FarmAnew initiativewas startedwith a renewable energy

installation at Estancia Farm completed inOctober1993.The installationcomprised:� LMWturbine800W� AES2kWinverter� SiemensPVcells� 24VLead acid battery

TheAES2kW inverter performedwell, but provedtobe slightlyundersized.These trials also showedup shortcomings in theex-

istingdieselgeneratoralternator thatwas replacedasaresult of the tests.InDecember 1995, a Trace 3 kWPowerCenter re-

placed the2kWinverter.This transformed thewholeproject.This TracePowerCenter inverter has proved to be

very successful and is able tomanageautomatically allday todaypower situationswithout interruption.Themost importantbeing fully automaticdieselgeneratorstart and stop control.The Solar panels performedwell but wind turbine

proved it couldproducemore thanenoughenergy.This system is still in servicebut the leadacidbattery

hasbeenreplaced.

Pebble IslandThe abandoned10kWBergeywind turbinewas re-

habilitated with the installation of an AES 20kW in-verter, a 120VLead acidbattery. This workedwell for15monthswhen the inverter failed.The settlement iscurrentlyundergoingapower systemupgradeandwillbeback in service later on in1999.

Size of renewable system

Mostpeoplehaveno idea as to their power require-ments and believe that the renewable systems FIDCpropose are not large enough to power their farmhouse.FIDChas a recordingelectricitymeter to accurately

establishconsumptionpatterns.Installingthemeter takesaround15minutesandit is

normally left for between7 -10days.It is the only way to establish the actual energy con-

sumption.

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Theresultsarediscussedwiththefarmerandtheyaremadeawareofadditionalenergysavingstheycouldmake.Manyhaveadaptedbetterenergyconsumptionhab-

its after the renewable systemhasbeen installed.

This is a typical power survey result using15minuteintegrationperiods.Thisdiagramclearly showsthata3kWinverterwould

handlemost of thepowerdemand.This generator actually supplies 2 houses and the

generator usually operates below 50%, which is veryinefficient.Thesepowerprofiles areused toadvise farmerswhy

the inverter systemdoes not have to be as big as theirexistingdieselgeneratorandthat further savingscouldbemadebyturningoffunnecessaryequipment,chang-inghabits andreplacingold, inefficientequipment.

Diesel Generator Efficiency

TheListerTS2 is widely as a generator engineusedacross the Islands.Theblueline(bottom)showshowthefuelconsump-

tion increaseswith load. (Litres/hour)

The red line (top) shows how the efficiency of thegenerator increaseswith load. (kWh/litre)Maximumefficiency is achievedat about 75%Researchhas shown that it is usual for a diesel gen-

eratorof this type tobe runningbelowa load factorof40%, sometimesas lowas25%.Theoverall quantityof electricityproduced is there-

fore small compared to the fuel consumed, the run-ninghoursandtheservicingcosts.Littleefforthasbeenmadetooptimisethegeneratorsize totheactualpowerdemandof a farmor settlement.

Typical Power Demand

This is the cumulative power pattern over an 8 dayperiod at the same site.

It shows that a 3kWpower source would copewithup to 60%of the demandbut a 4.2kWpower sourcewould copewithup to97%of thedemand.However, the slope of the graph indicates that it is

likely that a 3kW inverterwould cause frequentdieselgenerator operation and a 4.2 kW renewable systemwouldbemore suitable for this site.

Rural Energy Situation -Results of research

Observations show:� Generatorsoversized formean load� Generators run for longhours at low load factors� Poweronly available for limitedperiodduringday� 24hourpowernoteconomicusingdiesels� Energywasted(No incentive to save)� Generatingcostsbetween50c -$1.20perkWh

1 1 0

Rural EnergyProgramme 1996

Reducing thecost ofRuralEnergywas themain tar-get of this programme.From the outset it was believed that the following

secondary aims couldalsobeachieved;

1 Improvedomestic living standards2 Improveelectrical safety standards3 Createnewopportunities fordiversification4 Increasegeneratoroperatingefficiency- Decreasegeneratordowntime- Reducemaintenanceand spares costs.- Reduce fuel requirements (and transport and stor-age)- Reduceexhaustandnoisepollution

Project Strategy

Based on the success with theEstancia project, theRenewableEnergyProgrammeplanwas toprovidetheRural Community with economic 24 hour powerthrough theuseofhighefficiencyelectronic invertersandpowercontrollers,modernwindturbinesandleadacidbatteries.Theexistingdieselgeneratorwouldbe incorporated

into the system toprovidepowerduring calmperiodsand surplus generating capacity is used to charge thebattery.Most farmshave fairlymoderngeneratingplantand

adequate electrical equipment suitable formodifica-tion to24hourpowerwithout toomuchdifficulty.

Rural Energy Grant Scheme1996 - 2000

TheSchemewas formulated inmid1996by theEn-ergyAdvisoryCommitteeof theFalkland IslandsGov-ernment to use EUStabex funds to help finance theinstallationof systems toprovide24hourpower in ru-ralhouses that serveas firsthomes.ThewholeSchemewasapprovedby theExecutiveCouncilof theFalklandIslands inJune1996.It was decided to split the Scheme into two phases

so that a farm could spread the cost of the renew-able installation over a longer time period to easethe costs.

Phase oneGrant levelof50%.Inverter/charger, leadacidbattery,E-meterInstallationandFreight costs

Phase twoGrant levelof70%.WindTurbine,Mast,ControlequipmentInstallationandFreight costs

Thehigher level ofGrant attached to thewind tur-binephaseistoencouragetherenewableelementwhichalthoughdesirable, isnot essential for24hourpower.Theoverall levelofGrant (approximately 60%)was

chosen to support the farm asmuch as possible butfirmfinancialcommitment fromthefarmwasrequiredtopromoteongoing interestwithoperationandmain-tenanceof the system.All costs associated with the installation such as la-

bour,cables, safetyequipment, fixturesandfittingsandtransportof theequipmentarecoveredwithin the rel-evantphase.

Funding for scheme

Because of the fall inworldwool prices in the early1990s, theFalkland Islandswool industryqualified forfinancial assistance fromDG VIII of the EuropeanUnionunder theSTABEXrules.Fourmainproject areaswere identified thatwould

improvebusinessopportunities for farmers.1 RuralRoads,Tracks and Jetties2 NewmodernAbattoir3 NewAgriculturalLaboratory4 RenewableEnergySystems for farms

Thismeant therewouldbe financeavailable to con-tinueandexpand theRuralEnergyProgramme.Amajor problem is that Stabexmoney should be

spentonEuropeanproducts and services.Evenwithhelp fromconsultants, finding appropri-

ate equipment from Europe was very difficult. Thehardest item to sourcewas the inverter.Notonlydoesithave tobeanefficient sinewave inverterwithsuitableoverloadprotectionbut also has to be a programma-blehighcurrentbatterychargeranddeliver thepowerdemandedwithout interruptionorfailure. Inaddition,ithas tohaveabuilt in systemtoautomaticallyoperatethedieselgenerator.

111

The only inverters we have been able to locate tomeet these specifications aremanufactured by AES(Australia)andTrace(USA).

Basic Conditions of the RuralEnergy Grant Scheme

� Farmmust bemainhome� Applicant shouldcontribute to the farming industry� System intended fordomesticpower supply� Generatingequipment ingoodorder� Noarcwelders,woolpresses, largemachinery.� Domestic power systemmust be tested and safe

TheDomesticElectrical Installations ImprovementGrantSchemeprovidesassistancewithwiring improve-mentsandiswholly fundedbytheFalklandIslandsGov-ernment. This was felt necessary, as many electricalpower systems island-wide were known to be poten-tiallydangerous.Amajor condition of the Scheme is the electrical

safety test, which has to be completed by a qualifiedelectrical contractor. The cost of this test is paid fromFalklandIslandsGovernment(FIG)fundsatnocost tothe farmorSTABEXfunds.The farmpays for any remedial works required to

complywith the rules.A separateGrant Scheme fromFIG funds is now available to assist with the cost ofelectrical improvements.

Selected equipment

Proven Wind TurbinesTheequipmenteligible forGrantassistancehas tobe

reliable,robust,efficient,andofgoodengineeringquality.TheProvendownwindturbinedesignhasshownthat

itcansurviveextremesofwindandproblemshavebeenfairlyminor. The slow runningpolypropylenebladesdo not erode and aremuch cheaper than fibreglassblades.A set of 3blades costs about $320.

Trace SW Series Power CenterThe Trace Sine wave inverters have survived a

number of abuses but the only total failure was be-lieved to been caused by to a lightning strike on thesettlementpower line.Webelieve that theTraceprod-uct is excellent value formoney andhas restoredcon-fidence in inverters.

Stabexrules state thatequipment shouldbesourcedfromEuropebut anexemptionwasobtained touse alimitednumberofTraceorAES Inverters

Chloride Motive Power BatteriesWeconsideredleadacidgelcellsandnickelcadmium.

Capital costwas amajor factor sowedecidedon tubu-lar plate traction batteries. Estancia farm is now run-ningonAlCadnickelcadmiumbut thesecellswerenotnewandwearemonitoringprogress.FIDCassistedwith the trainingof local companies to

installandmaintainrenewableenergyequipment.Thisinvolved training sessions in theUK, theUSandAus-tralia. This investment has proved invaluable nowwehave theskills

Small Farm Systems

TheSchemehas standardisedon two systems.4 . 2 kW� TraceSW4248E� Chloride/Fulmen660Ah leadacidbattery� ProvenWT2500WindTurbine

3 kW� TraceSW3048E� Chloride/Fulmen330Ah leadacidbattery� ProvenWT2500WindTurbine

Early 3kWsystemswere24volt

Trace Powercenter Inverter/charge r

Thekey to theTracePowerCenter is that it simple tooperate.Once setupby the installer, themicroproces-sorwill run thewholepower system.Most farmersnowopt for full automatic control.ThePowercenter is veryrobust andhas survivedmanyaccidental abuses

1 1 2

Thechangeoverprocessisverysoftandnotnoticeable.Thegenerator run timecanbeadjustedas canvoltagechangeoverthresholdsandmanyotherconditions.TheTracePowerCenteroperate intwomainmodes;

Normal ModeElectricity supplied by inverter and the battery

chargedbywind turbine

Overload or battery low modeThe inverter can cope for short-term surge (8kW

peak) but if certain parameters are exceeded or thebattery capacity is low, the inverterwill start thedieselgenerator, and transfer load todieselwithoutglitches.The inverterwill transfer to chargemodeand surplusgeneratorcapacity is thenusedtochargebattery.Whenloadhasbeenreducedorwhenbatteries are charged,diesel generatorwill shutdown

Proven Wind Turbine

The turbine nacelle is a space frame covered in apolypropylenecasing.Slipringsare standard.Theper-manentmagnet 3phase alternator is at thebottom.Thepolypropylene casing is attachedand thewind

turbinehoistedupon itshingedbase.The foundation is 1 cubicmetre of concrete and is

prepared in advance of themain system installation.Themast is only 6.5metres highbut this ismore thanadequate.

Chloride Lead Acid Battery

We considered a variety of battery types includinggell cells and Each systems is fitted with an E-meterwhichgives instantaneous readingsof battery voltage,current, stateof chargeand the time remainingat thedischargerate.Itwill also recordotheruseful information. Itmoni-

tors charge and discharge currents and calculates acharge efficiency factor as a percentage. If this figurefalls, it indicates that equalisationmaybenecessary.Themetermonitors the totalnumberofdischarges

morethan10%,thedeepestdischargeandtheaveragedischarge.Battery life is always a concern but at the current

discharge patterns, we believe that farms should getbetween6 to 8 years.

Trace/Proven Installations

Lively IslandAlex and Elliott JaffrayTrace3kWSW3048EProvenWT2500Chloride360Ah1house

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This systemwas installed2 years ago andwasoneofthe first in the Islands installations. In that time thefarmdiesel generator has used less than 122 litres offuel. Inthefirstyearofoperation,Alexusedwindpowerto shear3500sheep.

Weddell IslandJohn and Stephanie FergusonTrace4.2kWSW4248EProvenWT2500Chloride660Ah4houses

This isprobably themostheavilyused inverter in theIslands asWeddell has 4houses. Johnhasmadeanac-tive effort to reduce his power load by installing lowenergy lightbulbs, andreplacedold inefficient equip-ment.Weddell Islandhasa telephonerepeater station,which is run from the inverter. Last winter, the Islandwas unoccupied for 6 weeks. The inverter and windturbineranunattendedandkeptpowerontothefreez-ers and telephone system.Overall, Johnestimates thathis generator fuel consumptionhas droppedby 65%andtherunninghourshavedroppedby80%.

Large Farm Systems

Stabex rules prevent us using AES inverters andBergeyWindturbines.Wehavehadproblems finding suitable equipment

fromEuropeanddiscussionswithEuropeanpowerelec-tronicscompanies fora20-30kWpowerconversion in-verter systemcombinedwithacharginganddieselgen-eratorcontrol systemhavenotproducedresults.We have also requested further information from

Enercon Gmbh, a major Germanmanufacturer oflargewindturbineswhohaverecentlydeveloped10kW

and30kW integratedwindpower systems.Wedonotbelieve that anyonemakes a system tomeet out re-quirements.However,weplanto install adoubleTraceSW4248E

systemwithaProvenWT6000atWalkerCreek in1999.

Project Summary� Up to80%generator fuel saving� Up to80%reduction ingeneratorhours� Electricity available 24hourperday� Theonly investment thatwill savemoney andwork-load� Opportunity fornewagricultural activities

All farmshavebeenverypleasedwith these systems.Manywereoriginally veryuncertainabout reliability.

Costs - CompleteSmall Farm System

Actual cost Cost to Farm

3.0kW $20931 $80704.2kW $23400 $9296

Installation Summary

Systems installed to May 19993or4.2kWsystems(phase1only) 73or4.2kWsystemswithProvenTurbine 2420kWsystem(Pebble Island) 1

Systems planned for 1999/20003or4.2kWsystemswithProvenTurbine 19Large systems8kW-30kW(hydro/wind) 6ProvenWindTurbines(phase2) 7

Installed Systems

1 1 4

Installed Systems 2000

Where do we go from here?

Weareveryhappywiththesuccessof theschemeandespecially with the reliability of the equipment.How-ever, it is likely thatmostof themodern technologyweareusingwillbeoutofdate in10years,probablyearlier.Wearekeen tokeepuptodatewithnewtechnology

and we are especially interested in newmethods ofenergy storage.The leadacidbatteryhasbeenwithusfor over 100 years.We hope that someone come upwithamodernalternative soon.We arewatching the progress of Icelandwith their

100%renewableprogrammebasedonhydrogen.

Falkland Islands GovernmentEnergy Policy

1 To reduce reliance upon im-ported fossil fuels for produc-tionof electricity throughouttheFalklandIslands.

2 To reduce consumer operat-ing costs throughenergy con-servation and good energyhousekeeping.

3 Toreduceproductionof carbondioxideandotherpollutingemissionsassociatedwiththeconsumptionof fossil fuels.

Broad Strategy

1 Investigate theviabilityof supplementingtheStanleyelectrical power systemthroughwindpoweras a re-newableenergy source.

2 Provide encouragement for rural residents to con-serve fueloil throughuseof renewableenergy tech-nology.

3 Promoteenergy conservationmeasures in thepub-lic sector.

4 Ensureappropriateenergy savingmeasuresarecon-sidered for incorporation into all new buildingprojects.

5 Promote energy conservationmeasures in the pri-vate sector through issueofadviceand information.

6 Evaluate a grant assistance programme for insula-tionofdomestic andcommercial premises and thesupplyof lowenergyequipment.

7 Promote electrical safety tests by qualified person-nelandprovideencouragementandfinancialassist-ancewith remedialwork.

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The islandofMinorcawith apopulationof 65000inhabitants and720 km2 of territory, is a prototypeofinsularity. It is a complex territory wheremany eco-nomic activities converge, among which it empha-sises the tourist activity, as with what it occurs in alarge part of the European islands. The protectedareas from the island occupy 46%of the surface andan another large proportion is represented by thesingular agricultural landscape that deserves its con-sideration as cultural landscape according to the ter-minology of theWorldCentre ofHeritage. Further-more, the island lodges about 1500megalithicmonu-ments of large interest.UNESCOdeclared in1993Minorca as aBiosphere

Reserve.Suchanominationconverts the island intoaninternational reference for sustainabledevelopment.It�san importantchallengeforanislandwhichreceivesmorethanonemillionvisitorsperyearandwhosenatu-ral andculturalheritagesareamong themost interest-ing in theMediterranean.TwoyearsafterwardsaSustainableDevelopmentPlan

establishes an island strategywithaims in themediumand long term.Drafting of aRenewable Energy Planthatmarks the linesof energy action in the islandwiththe perspective of themaximumpenetration of re-newableenergieswasoneof thebasic elements.The island initiatives of this type acquire a greater

relevance if we take into account that there aremore

Renewable Energy Planof the Minorca Island

ANTONI JUANEDAVice-president of the Minorca Island CouncilCIPRIANO MARÍN

INSULA (International Scientific Council for Island Development)

than 500 inhabited islands in the EuropeanUnion,and that they occupy as a whole 6% of the territorywhere about 14million European citizens inhabit.Theneed toprovide to the islandsof a framework forfuture developments in renewable energies was al-ready highlighted in the European Commission�sWhite Paper onRenewable Energy Sources, UnitedNationsConferenceonIslandsandSmall IslandStates(Barbados 94) and the 1st EuropeanConference onIslandSustainableDevelopment, which give the gen-eral principles that inspire thepresentPlan.Wehigh-light the emphasis given in the European IslandAgendaon this topic: «non-renewableenergy sourcesmust be considered as provisional solutions, inad-equate to solve in the long term the energy problemsof the islands.»So, theRenewableEnergyPlan,developedwithinthe

frameworkof theAltenerProgramand implementedin close co-operationbetween theConsell Insular deMenorca and INSULA,with the technical realisationof the InstitutMenorqui d�Estudis, is inserted in thegeneral sustainabledevelopment strategyof theEuro-pean islands and in the specific linesof action that theSustainableDevelopmentPlanmarks forMenorca.Oneof themost important aspects of theMinorca

Plan is givenby thepresent situation, characterisedbya very low renewables penetration (~ 1% of the pri-maryenergy).

1 1 6

Objectives and developmentof the project

ThePlanhascompliedwith the followingobjectives:� Identificationof theenergy economypotential andthe sourcesof renewable resources tomobilise.� Identificationof theeconomicand technicalpoten-tial todevelop.� First forecast of the degree ofmobilisation and theinterest of the actors concerned.� Identificationofpoliticalpriorities for therenewablesin thecontextof island sustainabledevelopment.

Planning and prospectiveMajor aspects

Wind energyThemodelmadefromthedataavailableofwindhas

permitted identifying the usable wind sites in the is-land. These activities indicate us that it is possible, infunctionof thegrid stability, to reachanobjectiveof 9MWfor theproductionofelectrical energyconnectedtothegrid.Thetechnological recommendationspointat thecreationofparksbasedon500-600kWmachinesof, andeven larger.

Solar ThermalIn this field there is an innovating aspect for the is-

lands, applyingamoreprecise researchmethodologyinorder todetermine the solar actual potential in thetourismsector.There is a replacementpotential, onlyin this sector of 1060 toe/year, on the basis of an in-stalled panel surface of 15100m2. Themedium termobjective is of 8000m2 of solar panels.Similarworkhas been carriedout for thedomestic

sector and small industries.

Solar PhotovoltaicThe currenthighcosts limit thepossibilities of grid-

connected systems.However, there is already in the is-landanexperimental 42kWplant and it isproposedacomprehensive long-termstrategy to allowmoremar-ketpenetrationwhentheconditionsofmarketpermit.Regarding small scale facilities, where thequality of

servicepredominatesover thecost,prospective fornewapplications has beenmade, especially in protectedareas, dispersed archaeologicalmonuments and thetraditionalapplications to theruralworldandthecom-munication.

Solar PassiveMinorca traditional architectureofferspassive solu-

tionsofgreat interest. In the tourismsector it is seenasone of the fields for the incorporation of solar solu-tions with greater future. Theneed for systematic re-furbishingof thepremises introduces thepossibilityofattacking these solutions to a certain scale. Theworkwasmade on the scope of application of 51 000 con-ventional tourist beds that exist in the island.

B i oma s sThis is the chapter of thePlan thathas shown lesser

possibilitiesofdevelopment.Themaintenanceofadis-persed agricultural-forest system that produces a sin-gular landscape and the lowdensity of urban and in-dustrialbiomasswaste,makepracticallynon-viablenewenergyvalorisationsystemsofbiomass.Thestudymadeon forest biomass has shown its energy and commer-cial impossibility. In the aspect of animal biomass lowdensity is alsodetected.

Renewable and environmentsustainability criteria

Thespecial considerationofMinorcaasaReserveoftheBiosphereofUNESCOhasbroughtabout that theresolutionof the so-calledeco-dilemmas in implemen-tationofrenewableenergysourceshasoccupiedapref-erential place in thePlan.Possibleenvironmental impacts causedby the incor-

poration of renewables have been analysed in detail,onthebasisof theexistingregulatorypackagesandthedirectives fromtheReservemanagementboard.Theplanning criteriahave includedalsoother also

important aspects in the field of sustainable develop-ment:� Employment creation according to potential bysources.� Promotionof thesmall andmedium-sized localbusi-ness.� Qualificationof thebusiness and labour staff.� Strengtheningcapacityof the imageof joint respon-sibility that implies theReserve.

Action strategies

Anyactivity that is framedwithin the sustainablede-velopmentmandate inherent intheReserveof theBio-spheremustprimarily have theperceptionandactive

117

collaboration of its inhabitants. The widespread re-course to renewable energy sources is deemeda capi-tal vector for the establishment of solid sustainabledevelopment strategies inMinorca.ThePlandevelops the followingaspects onanhori-

zontal approach:� Specific information to themarket actors� Join the renewableenergy component toMinorca�sinstitutional logo.� Establishment of a service of guidance and supportonrenewableenergies.As specific activities per renewable source thePlan

foresees:

Wind Energy� To takemeasures for at least 1 year from 40-45moverground level in thearea, in the selected sites, asa stepprevious to the introductionof thewindfarms.� Viability and environmental impact study of thesites.

Thermal solar energy� To favour specialised training for thermal solar sys-teminstallers.� Trainingand informationactions fordesigners andarchitects, as well as for the building sector on thepossibilitiesof solar thermal techniquesand their in-tegrationpotential inbuildings.� Toexemplarise,fromthepublicinstitutions,bymeansof incorporating solar concepts into new publicprojects.� Concerted action with the hotel sector aiming toreach an8000m2.Objective

Pho to vo l t a i c s� To launch as a pilot project the integration ofphotovoltaics into the rehabilitation strategy fordis-persedarchaeologicalandhistoricalheritage intotheisland (illumination, communications, traffic signsanddidactic systems).� Actionsof trainingand information towards thede-signers

Passive Solar� Actionsoftrainingandinformationonthetraditionalsolutions and on new solutions aimed towards de-signers.� Preparationofacatalogueofaccessiblesolutionsandtypological recommendations that considers as acommon factor formal solutions

Energy Saving and EfficiencyAn additional strategy to theRenewable Energy Plan

TheRenewableEnergyPlanofMinorca isconceivedin the framework of an integral sustainable develop-ment policy where energy efficiency and saving areadditional objectives to the strategy for the penetra-tion of renewables. Given the impact and relevancethat thepublic initiativeshave in the island, themunici-pal public lighting systemhas been chosen as object ofanalysis andproposal regardingenergy saving, takinginto account that the electrical consumption in thissector represents 6%of the total.Thisdemonstrationactioniscompletedwiththepro-

posal of incorporationof rational use of energy crite-ria to theCodeofGoodPracticeandRenewableEner-giesofMinorca.

Prioritising activitiesactors and sectors

Major sectors and actors

Town Councils and Consell InsularThemodelnatureof themunicipal activities andof

theones financedby theConsell Insular suggests that itis in this area where the first steps of the Plan imple-mentationare taken.� Integration thermal solar applications into theprin-cipalpublicbuildings.� Photovoltaic installations inmonuments and touristcentres innatural areas.� Passive solardesign fornewpublic constructions.

Tourism Sector� To launch a campaign aiming to install 8 000m2ofsolarpanels in the island�s touristbuildings.� To incorporate renewables as guidelines of actionwith the supportof environmentalmanagement sys-temsandBio-hotel labels.

Sources and technologicalavai labi l i tyW i n d� Toestablish a concertation schemebetweenpoten-tialwindoperators,uponthe initiativeof theConsellInsular andwith the support of the competent de-partments in theGovernBalear.

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� Toestablish, in the island and regional legal frame-works theenvironmental and technological require-ments for theuseofwindenergy inaccordancewiththedirectives of thepresentPlan.� Tocontribute thenecessary logistics thatpermits thebest identificationandcharacterisationof the sites.� Toconsolidatetheviablesites intheframeworkoftheterritorialmanagement instruments, viamunicipalplanningand inclusion inSpecialPlans that regulatetheuses inANEI(NaturalAreasofSpecial Interest).

So l a r� To consolidate and disseminate the current grantscheme, implementing Guarantee of Results ap-proaches.� Toidentify the fieldsofapplicationof isolatedphoto-voltaic projects andof small scale (rural services, ar-chaeologicalheritageand tourist sites).� Toprovideguidelines

I n s t r umen t sPreparationof aCodeonRenewableEnergies and

EnergyEfficiency inMinorcawith adoublepurpose:� To act as Guide of Good Practice in the principalsectors of activity.� To become a guide for the incorporation ofmeas-ures at regulatory level. Such a action is found be-tween the statutory recommendationsof theSevilleStrategyonReservesofBiosphereofUNESCO.Todevelop a campaign of information and aware-

ness on the renewable energy sources andenergy sav-ing in the context of the sustainable development ofMinorca as aReserveofBiosphere.

Management andco-ordination of the Plan

TheConsell InsulardeMinorca is theprincipalactorforarticulating thepromotionand implementationofthePlan. It should create a legal body for thepromo-tion of renewable energies, with the support of theinternational organisations involved, INSULA andUNESCO.It is proposed to consolidate this figure as:

� Local groupof theBalearicEnergyAgency.

� Group of Energy within the Consell, capable ofputting together andof driving the efforts and sup-porting itself in the existing bodies: IME (InstitutMenorquid�Estudis),Socio-environmentalObserva-tory ofMinorca and theBiosphereReserveBoard.

Thebody�s tasks are the following:� Tobring about thenecessary concerted actions be-tweenpublic andprivate actors.� To identify immediateopportunities for renewableenergy implementation inthedifferent sectors,espe-cially inthosewheresufficientpotentialhasbeeniden-tified.� To facilitate technical andprocedural assistance.� To identify additional financial resources.� To co-ordinate promotion and information cam-paigns on thepossibilities of renewable energies inMinorca.

Other measures

Implementationof theplanhas foreseen the adop-tionof accompanyingmeasures suchas:� Thecreationof theCodeofRenewableEnergiesandEnergyEfficiencyofMinorca.� Thenecessary regulatory and legal actions.� Deepeningof specialised training.

Regulatory and legal actions� Inclusionof therenewableenergyconcept inMinor-ca�s institutional logo.� Analysisof thecreationofa specific label that awardsinvestors.� Specific consideration for renewable energies in fu-turemanagementplansof the territory.� Negotiationwith largehotel workers established inthe island for the implementationofmechanismsof�technology procurement� in Minorca.� Co-operationwith theGovernBalear in the imple-mentationof the regionalEnergyPlan inMinorca.� Negotiationswith theGovernBalearand thecentralGovernment toensureaccess togrants forMinorcaninvestors that resort to the conclusions and recom-mendationsof thisPlan.

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The Development ofRenewable Energy Sourcesfor Electricity Generation:the Example of the FrenchOverseas

Departments and CorsicaJ. L. BAL - ADEMEM. BENARD - EDFM. LE NIR - CFGB. ROBERT - CDFFRANCE

Comparedwith themajor interconnectedpowersystems such as those in Europe, the systems of theFrenchOverseasDepartments andCorsica are quitedifferent: fromtheelectrical standpoint, theyconcernsmall isolatednetworks, because of their location onislands(GuadeloupeandMartinique, intheCaribbean,ReunionIslandintheIndianOcean)ornotconnectedtoneighbouringcountries(FrenchGuyana).Thepeakloadsbarely exceed340MWin the largest of theseDe-partments (Corsica).Asa result, theconventionalgen-erating facilities whichmay be used are costly (thesefacilities aremainly largediesel sets consumingheavyfuel oil). Furthermore, the late character of electrifi-cation and the fairly large dispersal of dwellings havestill left a relatively high number of homes not con-nected to thepowernetwork. Finally, thepotential ofrenewable energy sources in these territories situatedin tropical regions and almost always volcanic is re-markably high, whether it involves hydroelectricity,wind, sun,biomassorgeothermalenergy.The interestof electricity generation sources calling upon theseenergieshas thus increasedconsiderably.Theirdevel-opment, in which ADEME (French Agency for theEnvironmentandEnergyManagement),EDF(FrenchElectricity Board),GroupeCharbonnages deFrance(CDF) and Compagnie Française de Géothermie(CFG)havetakenpart inparticular,hasbeensustainedanddiversified.

Hydroelectr ic i ty

Historically, theuseof renewableenergy sources forelectricity generation in theFrenchOverseasDepart-ments first concernedhydroelectricity:developedeve-rywhere today except inMartinique, it providesmorethan 25%of the total output. As all of themajor siteshavealreadybeenharnessed, therecent facilities (Cor-sica,GuadeloupeandFrenchGuyana)areminihydropowerplantswithacapacityof a fewMWandhavingalimited impact on the environment.Newminihydroplants are forecasted for an estimated total of 20MW,mainly inCorsica.

Biomass energy generation,bagasse as a fuel

Bagasse: an abundant andadvantageous fuel, whichis generally under-utilisedOneof themainactivitiesof theFrenchOverseasDe-

partmentsisthecultivationandprocessingofsugarcane.The sugar cane industryproduces a residuecalledba-gasse,which is thefiberof thecaneafter sugarhasbeenremoved.Onemetric toofcaneproducesabout320kgofbagasse.BagassehasaNetCalorificValueof7900kJ/kgwhichisgreaterthantheNCVofmanylignitesminedintheworldveryexpensively.

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Besides, compared to fossil fuels burned in conven-tional powerplants, bagasse presents several substan-tial advantages:� bagasse is a by-product, its use as a fuelwould there-fore seemeconomicallymoredesirable than theuseof fuel oil, natural gas or coal� bagasse is issued frombiomass; it is a renewable fuelandtheCO²emissions fromits combustionareoffsetbyphotosynthesiswhensugarcanegrows� bagasse is sulfur free,nosulfurdioxidesareproducedwhenbagasseburns.

Traditionally, inmost sugar canemills of theWorld,bagasse is generally burnt in boilers in order to pro-duceonly the steamand theelectricity neededby themills.The leastefficient sugarmills requireyetanotherfuel (usually fuel oil) tomeet their ownenergyneeds,more efficient ones generate surpluses of bagasse(which then have to be disposed of), and themoremodernonesgeneratesurplusesofelectricityexportedto the grid, most of the time however the energeticefficiencies reached for thecombustionofbagassearemodest compared to the results which could be ob-tainedwithmoreelaboratedsolutions.Bagasse is there-fore an under-utilised resource of the planet. Everyyear 230Million tons of bagasse are producedwhichare theenergy equivalent of 45Million tonsof fuel oilor 75Million tonsof coal.

The Bois-Rouge ConceptInorder tomaximise theuseof bagasse, a new type

ofPowerStationwasdesignedandbuilt inBois-Rouge(LaReunion). It was based on the application of thefollowingprinciples:� the Power Station in built next to the sugarmill inorder tominimise transportationofbagasse� thePowerStationsuppliesprocess steamtothesugarmill andexports electricity to thegrid� Theplantboilersgenerateefficiently (90%thermalefficiency)highcharacteristics steam(80bars,520oC)� inordernot to store largequantities of bagasse, thePower Station burns all of the bagasse as it is pro-ducedby the sugarmill� when bagasse is not available (mainly during theintercropseasonwhichlasts sixmonths)asecondfuelisused,andthePowerStationisoperatedasaconven-tionalPowerStationproducingelectricity for thegrid� The impact of the Power Station on the environ-mentwouldhave tobeminimal (inparticular as faras emissionsareconcerned)

� theplantwouldbeoperatedbyacompanyownedbySIDEC (subsidiary of Charbonnages de France),IndustrielleSucrièredeBourbon(sugarmillowner)andElectricité deFrance

TheBois-RougePowerStation ismadeof the follow-ingequipment:� two boilers producing each 130 tons of steamat 80Bars abs 520oC, the two boilers can burn either ba-gasseorcoalexclusivelyaswell asanycombinationofthe two fuels. Switching fromone fuel to the othercanbedoneon lineautomatically.Theboilers areofthe twodrummultipass spreader-stoker type,with atwo-stage superheater. Bagasse firing equipment ismade onbagasse feeders that allowbagasse extrac-tionandfeedregulationfromfeedchutes.Coal feed-ers include slat conveyors andprojecting drums lo-cated at the bottomof the coal chutes� flue gas cleaning equipmentmade of two distinctdedustingsystems:onemechanicaldedusterdesignedtocollect largeparticleswhichwill be reinjected intothe furnace, the second stage consisting of an elec-trostatic precipitator� bagasse handling systemwhich includes an indoorstorage of capacity 1000 tons needed to accommo-date the different operating rates of the sugarmillandthePowerStation,a setofconveyorbelts andslatconveyorswhose function is tocarryanevenquantityof bagasse to theboilerhouse� coalhandling facility including truckweighting,un-loading, screening, grinding, two storage silos andaset of conveyor belts� two turbo-generator sets of capacity 30MWeeach,consistingoftwosteamturbineeachcomprisingahighpressure body and a lowpressure body and a steamextractionsystem,twogeneratorsandtwocondensers� two cooling towers aimed at coolingdown the con-densers, the lubeoil plant and thegenerators� ashhandlingsystem� twowaterdemineralisationunits

TheplantwascommissionedinAugust1992andhasachievedexcellentresults thenceitwasdecidedtobuilda secondplantof the sametypenearLeGol sugarmill.Thisplantwascommissionedinthelastquarterof1995.

Bois Rouge and Le Gol ResultsThemaintechnicalchallengesfacedbytheengineers

and theoperatorsdeltwith:� thesizeof theplants (circa60MWeeach)comparedto theoverall sizeof the islandgrid (260MW)

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� the necessity to switch automatically fromone fuelto theother� thenecessity tomeet at the same time the demandfrom the grid and the demand from the sugarmillwhich could vary in totally differentdirections

Thesechallengeswerebrilliantlymet.Bois-RougeandLeGol power plants provide today 44%of the totalelectricity produced on La Reunion Island, with anaverageavailability of 90%

Le Moule projectAthirdplantof thesametypeandof size2x32MWe

hasbeencommissionedin1999inLaGuadeloupenearthe townofLeMoule.With this project, bagasse available in the French

Overseas Departments will be almost totally used toproduceelectricity and steam.

Geothermal

Geothermal productionof electricity GeneralitiesTheproductionof electricity bygeothermal energy

demandshigh-temperatureresources, essentially asso-ciatedwith current volcanic activity.TheworldconferenceonGeothermalEnergyatFlor-

enceinMay1995reviewedtheevolutionof theproduc-tionofelectricityusinggeothermyonthewholeplanet.This represents a significantmarket with a present

installed power of 7045MWandmore than 700MWunderconstructioneachyear,whichrepresentsoverabilliondollars innewprojects annuallyworld-wide.Despite a high investment of between 1200 and

2000US$perkW,operationandlow-maintenancecosts,generallyrepresentingbetween10and20%ofthekWhproduced and a high availability of about 8000h peryear,make this formof energy extremely competitiveat between 5 and 8US cents per kWh for aminimuminstalledcapacityof10-30MW.

Geothermal Production ofelectricity in the French OverseasDepartments: Guadeloupe,Martinique and ReunionTheproductionof electricity bygeothermal energy

in theFrenchOverseasDepartmentspresents certainadvantages:� anattractiveproductioncost:anislandcontextmeansthat geothermal energy production costs compare

advantageously with those of standardproduction,even for small installed capacities,� geothermal energy uses local resources andhas nogreenhouseeffect,� geothermalenergy is a significantpotential resourceat regional-demandscale:

Guadeloupe: a 5MW pilot geothermal plant wasconstructed andbrought intooperation in 1986byEDF.Followingrecentrenovationwork, it isnowoper-atedbyaprivatecompany, combiningCFG(subsidi-aryoftheBRGM[BureaudeRecherchesGeologiquesetMinières])andCharth(EDFsubsidiary).Anavailability rateofaround90%over the first years

makes this plant highly promising. A minimum of20MWcanprobablybe installedat theBouillante site,i.e.12%oftheisland�speakdemand,15%inproducedenergy (baseoperation), andexploitationofa furthersite seems foreseeable.CFGhas been carryingout re-search since 1995on these twopoints andon the suc-cessful installation of 40MWe.Thedrilling phase forthe extension to 20MWof the pilot plant will beginduring the2nd semesterof 1999.

Martinique: 5MWcould be installed in a first phaseat theLamentin sitewith, if possible, 10-20MWdur-inga secondphase.Three zones showpromising in-dications.Development includesanexplorationdrill-ingphase that is scheduled tobegin in1999.

Reunion: 20MW could be installed when the de-mandcurrentlymetby thebagasse-coal plantsneedthe installationof supplementaryproductionmeans(2006).Twodeepexplorationboreholesweredrilledin1985at theGrandBrûléandSalaziesites.Althoughnon-productive, theseboreholesandassociatedstud-ies have shown that potential exists for discoveringexploitablehigh-temperatureresources,especiallyatSalazie.ItshouldbenotedthatinHawaii,sixboreholeswereputdownbeforea resourceof358oCwas foundat2100mdepth.

The Bouillante plant inGuadeloupe: an examplereproducible in the CaribbeanThe original specifications drawn up at the start

were retained during the renovationwork. They arebasedon:� automationenabling theplant tobeoperatedby fivepeople that permanentlymonitor the smooth run-ningofoperations via anassistancenetwork.

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� daily remote transmissionof themainoperatingdatatoadependable,butexternal, technicalunit, locatedin this casemore than5000kmaway. This unit peri-odically interprets theoperatingdata.Apermanentdialogue thusexistsbetween theplantand theexter-nal technical unit, whichmust be able to intervenerapidly upon request. It intervenes in the samewayforothergeothermal sites elsewhere, alsoexternal.� integration inadifficult environmental setting.

This plant is sufficiently soundproofed thatnormaloperation is imperceptibleoutside theplant site, eventhough this plant, originally built on the urban out-skirts, is nowcontainedwithin thebuilt-up-area.Totalsteamcondensationalso removes any visual impactoftheplant�s operation.A returnof seawater at 40oC inan area of natural,major and very hot (70oC) subma-rinespringscompletes thisenvironmental integration,assisted by the fact that the geothermal fluid atBouillante(andthatof its springs) is a50-50mixtureofseawater andmeteoricwater infiltrationwithout spe-cific chemistry.TheH2Scontent is very lowanda trap-ping systemis currentlybeing installed.

Other projects in the CaribbeanTheCaribbeanbasin is an area of active volcanism

that, since the 1950s, has enabled the production ofelectricitybygeothermalenergy tobedevelopedalongthewesternmargin: 1039MWeare already installed,including793MWinMexico,105MWinSalvador,70MWinNicaraguaand70MWinCostaRica.The easternmargin, constituted by theCaribbean

volcanic island arc, was subject to an inventory thatrevealed several areas of interest, themain ones be-ing the islands of Nevis, Montserrat, Guadeloupe,Dominica,Martinique, SaintLuciaandSaintVincent.Drilling was carried out in Saint Lucia andGuadeloupe in the 1970s followingwork carried outbyBRGM.TheBouillanteplant inGuadeloupe is an example

of the integrationofa small electricityproductionunitanddemonstrates thatgeothermalenergy is ameanofproducingelectricity in theCaribbeanand involcanicislands ingeneral, specific areas thathave incommon:� a favourable geological setting for significantgeothermal resources,� relatively high costs for conventional productionmethods,� favourableenvironmentalsettingforthesitingofsmallelectricity productionunitswith low impact.

Wind Energy

Specific technological difficultiesin the Caribbean islandsAlthoughthewindresource(tradewinds)isquitehigh

in theCaribbean islands, theuseofwindpower topro-duceelectricityhasnotbeendevelopedinthese islandsuntil very recently. It ismainlybecause in thepastacer-tainnumberof technologicaldifficultieshave inhibitedanyrealdevelopmentof this sourceofenergy.The logistics and technologyof thewindpower sta-

tions in theCaribbeanhavenothing in commonwithwhat exists inEuropeor theState. It seemsdifficult toget a 40 to 60metre high crane carrying several tonsaroundthe islandswhere theaccess roadsoftenhavealimitedcapacity.TheCaribbeanisoftenhitbyhurricanes,whichcould

up beyond repair the type ofmachines designed forthemilder climates inEuropeor theStates.Themaintenanceandup-keepof thewindmachines

must be possible without any special equipment andwithproperly trained localworkers.Evenmore restricting is the fact generating wind

energyonadieselgrid isonlyof interest if it representsamajorpartof theenergyconsumedaltogether.How-ever, themachines on offer from themain buildersonly allowbetween10 to15%of thepetrol consumedtobe replacedbywindenergy.Furthermore, the diesel grids in the Caribbean is-

lands oftenwork in a rather haphazardmannerwithfrequentpower cuts.

Wind machines adapted to theCaribbean contextIf themachinesonofferfromtheEuropeanofAmeri-

can constructors arenot adapted to this context, theyhave nonetheless led tomajor technological break-throughsonthewindpowerfrontwiththedevelopmentof lowormediumpowerwindmachineswhichareper-fectly adapted to theCaribbeancontext: thewindgen-eratorsproducedbyVERGNETCARAIBES.Noparticular equipment is needed for the installa-

tion and maintenance of these machines: they aremountedonpost that canbe loweredwith just awinchor a «tirfor» that is motorised hoisting gear. Thesemachines have beendesigned in such away so that alocally trainedmechanic canmaintain them.Themaintenanceof theGuadeloupeanequipment

ismade soeasy by theoriginal technologybehind themechanical speedcontrolmechanism.

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Theirexceptionalability towithstandhighwindsandsea spray and thepossibility to lower them if a violenthurricane is on the horizonmeans that their perma-nent installationcanbeenvisaged in theCaribbean.Lastly, the technology developed by VERGNET

CARAIBESforGuadeloupe�swindturbinesallowsthemto coast alongwhichmeans that they can contributerelatively highly to to energy produced on the dieselgrids, even if they areofmediocrequality.Up to60 to70%ofenergy canbegeneratedbywind turbines.This technology, perfected in Guadeloupe, with

materialsmanufacturedhere followingstudiescarriedout byVERGNETCARAIBES, is behind thedevelop-ment of low andmedium powered wind power sta-tions, that iswith turbineunits of between10 to60kWandsoonwith200kWturbinesunits.ThepriceperkWhisalreadycompetitivecompared

to theprice of a kWhproduced from fossil fuels.

Rea l i s a t i on sThe firstwindpower station,onDesirade island(off

Guadeloupe) up and running since 1992 showsVERGNETCARAIBES� Guadeloupean technologypotential for adaptationandcompetitiveness.In thebeginning theDesiradewindpower station�s

capacitywas140kW, thishasbeen increased to500kWwhichcovers all of the island�s energyneeds.A secondwindpower stationwitha1.5MWcapacity

has been commissioned at the endof 1997onMarie-Galante Island(alsooffGuadeloupe).The other projects for Antilles (Martinique and

Guadeloupe)witha total capacityof12MWhavebeenapproved for financement in the frame of the Eole2005Programme.This newwindenergy technology fromand for the

Caribbean is of interest for all the region and someprojectsarealreadyunderway inSantoDomingo, stud-ies are being carriedout inHaiti and theGrenadinesandCubahasalready shownaninterest.Thestudiesofthis natural resource, themanufacture, installation,training andmaintenance, even themanagement ofthepower stationare all available inGuadeloupe.

Development under progress:Co r s i c aThe technical potential of wind energy in Corsica

has been identified: 433MWfor annual averagewindspeedhigher than7m/s.On thisbase theeconomicalpotential is estimated at the level of 100MW. In theframeof theEole 2005programme, 11projects have

been approved for a total of 52MW.The first realisa-tion is planned for theendof1999.

Solar Energy

There are several thousands of dwellingswhich arelocated in remoteplaces inCorsica and in theFrenchOverseasDepartments, and thereforenot connectedto thegrid.Averysignificantnumberof thesedwellings,andalso

farminstallations,pumpingstations...havebeen fittedwithphotovoltaïc systems:at theendof1998 their totalnumber reaches almost 4000 and the total installedcapacity is about 4MW. It is worthnoting that the «PVdensity»of theFrenchOverseasDepartments,definedas thenumberofWc per inhabitant is probablyoneofthehighest in theworld.Thepopulationof theseDe-partmentsbeingclose to1.5millions, theirPVdensityis about 2.5Wcper inhabitant.The unit installed PV capacity is quite high (about

1kWc).Evenwhenexcludingprofessionaluses, theunitinstalledPVcapacity ineachdwelling is still highespe-ciallywhencomparedwithSolarHomeSystems inde-velopingcountries, theunitcapacityofwhichis typicallyin theorderofmagnitudeof50 -100Wc.Thishighunitcapacity isnecessarybecauseof thesubstantial amountofelectricityservicesnecessaryforrelativelyhigh-incomepopulations. It in turnnecessitateshighquality installa-tions, sophisticatedenergymanagementandverygoodreliability.Themainoperators in this fieldare thecom-paniesSolelec-CaraïbesandSolelecReunion,subsidiar-iesofTotal-Energie.CHARTHacquireda35%stake inthesharecapitalof this firmin1996.Solar energy is also used on a large scale in its ther-

mal form, for the production of hot water in solarwaterheaters as a substitution for theuseofelectricity.At the end of 1998, the total number of solar waterheaters reaches40.000compared toa totalnumberofdwellingsofabout650.000.Morethan10.000solarwaterheatershavebeensoldduring the last twoyears. In thisfield too, agreatemphasishasbeenputonquality andreliability, withmaintenancecontracts up to10 years.

Conc lus ion

Renewableenergiesprovideabout35%of totalelec-tricitygeneration in theFrenchOverseasDepartmentsand40% inCorsica.Combinedwithmajor electricity

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demand sidemanagement programmes in theseDe-partments, their usemakes it possible to substantiallyreduceelectricitygenerationbasedonpetroleumprod-ucts inconventionalthermalplants,withatriplebenefit:� from the environmental point of view, a substantialreduction of global (CO2) and local (SO2, NOx,dust...)pollutants� fromaneconomicpointof view, a significant reduc-tionof generation costs (partially due to the tax ex-emptions schemeswhichexist in theseDepartmentsin favourof renewableenergies)� from a societal point of view, the use of renewableenergies insteadof importedoil providesmore jobslocally, inDepartments which are heavily struck byunemployment.Besides that, people living far fromthe electricity grid cannowbenefit fromelectricityservicesprovidedby theabovementionedPV-electri-ficationprograms.All thecorrespondingtechniqueshavebeenadapted

to thedifficult climatic characteristicsof theseDepart-ments (hurricanes, substantial rainfall, air that is hot,salty and extremely damp, and therefore very corro-siveintheislands),andareavailablelocally,whichmeanstheycanbereadilyusedwithoutadditional adaptationinother tropicalorMediterraneanregions, inparticu-lar those in the area of the FrenchOverseas Depart-ments,whereelectricity supply isprovidedunder simi-larconditions: islandsof theCaribbeanandtheIndianOcean, and theAmazonregion.TheRenewableEnergydevelopment in the island�s

context is a real success story. The RE technologieshave proved their reliability and their economicalcompetitivity, notablywith theconceptof longperiodplantmanagement by private operators and energysales to theusers.

Considering these results,ADEMEhasproposed tothe FrenchGovernment a Renewable Energies De-velopment Program1999-2006 adapted to the conti-nental context.

Theenergetic targets for2006are the followings:

� Biomass*+200.000tepincollectivedwellingsandtertiarysector

� Electricity fromrenewable energy sources

Wind:*+500MW(1.2 to1.5TWh/ky)*+3.000MWin2010.Small hydro:+100MW(0.5TWh/y).Photovoltaïc (grid-connected and off-grid):*+10MWGeothermy:+25MW(0.150Twh/y)

� Heating and hot waterGeothermy:+10.000equivalentdwellings(5.000tep).Solar thermal:+85.000SolarDomesticHotWaterSystems+35.000m² incollective/tertiary+1.500Solarheatingsof individualdwelling.

The targets are also to enhance the economicalcompetitivityofRenewableEnergies technologiesandtosupportthedevelopmentofastrongprofessionalsec-tor, industrialists,engineeringcompanies, installers�Toreach theseobjectives, a setof financialmeasures

will benotified in thenextweeks to theEuropeanUn-ionCommission.

* stability at 8Mtep in individual dwelling sector with efficiency improved by 10%.

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Full Supply forEl Hierro by means

of Renewable Energies

JAVIER MORALES

El Hierro Island CouncilEL HIERRO - CANARY ISLANDS

El Hierro is the smallest and westernmost of theCanary Islands. Ithasapopulationof8,000 inhabitantsand a total surface area of 275 km2, with awide rangeofmicro-climates, which vary according towhichwaythey face(NorthandSouth-facingslopes)andaltitude.The island, like thewhole of the archipelago, is ex-

posed to theN.E. tradewinds, whichblow constantlythroughout theyear.Theterrainismarkedbylargeescarpmentsandslopes,

a central plateau and flat lands onNorth andNorth-West facingcoastalareas.Maximumaltitudeis1,500m.

Context for acting

Aplenary sessionof theElHierroCabildo (Is-landGovernment) adopted the SustainableDe-velopmentProgramme inNovember, 1997.Theobjective of the programme is to use a broad se-riesofprojects, inaccordancewith theguidelineslaid downby theRio Summit to strike a balancebetweenhumandevelopment and the conserva-tionofnatureon the island.SustainableDevelopmentisunderstoodtobehu-

man,socialandeconomicdevelopmentasawhole,in which resources are used in such a way as toprevent theiravailabilitybecomingcompromisedfor future generations. Resources donot just in-cludematerialassets, theyalso includesomeintan-gibles, suchas scenery, bio-diversity, social values,cultureandthechannelsofsocialparticipation,etc.

An illustrationof this concept would be the follow-ing:weshouldliveoftheinterestgeneratedbythe�natu-ral capital� at our disposal. If wewant to spendmoreeach year, the answer is not todip into the capital, butto increase capital so that it cangeneratemoreannualinterest.The SustainableDevelopment Programme covers

aspects likeAgriculture,Transport,Tourism, Industry,Energy,Water,Architecture,Livestock,etc.Thus,cleanand sustainable energy production on the island is afundamental part of thebroad strategy.

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Characteristics of the Project

Averageelectricityconsumptionontheislandispres-ently 2,000Kw,withpeaks in the summer,when therearemorevisitorson the island,ofup to4,000Kw.Elec-tricity is produced in aUnelco conventional powerstation inLlanosBlancos,next toPuertodeLaEstaca.On theotherhand, there are twowind turbines in-

stalled in Valverde. These are connected to the gridand produce 180 and 220 kw of power. These windturbines have been in operation for about five yearsandhave proved their consistency and efficiency. Infact, for somemonths of the year, they are themostregularwind turbines in theCanary Islands.Despite this fact, the unpredictable nature of the

wind, fluctuations, periods of calm and the need forstability inanelectricitygridsubject tovariabledemandmake it technically difficult tomatchenergydemandand supply withwind generation if it does not have asuitable storage system.Therefore, andbearing inmindthe terrainandpre-

vailingmeteorological conditions, the solution pro-posedhere is tobuildawind-hydraulic systemmadeupof the followingcomponents:� A20-turbinewindfarmwitha totalgeneratingpowerof10,000Kw.� Awaterpumping system� Awater storage reservoir sited at altitude (700m)andwitha total capacity of 500,000m3,meaning the

reserveswould cover an8-dayperiodof calm.� A return loop and turbine connected to an electricgenerator.

All these elements would be necessary if the waterusedcame fromthe sea. If freshwaterwerechosen forthe system, the following components would also benecessary:� Awater reservoir down at sea level, the same size astheupperone.� A seawaterdesalinationplant.

The systemwouldworkas follows: thewind turbineswouldpumpwater up fromsea level, or from the sea,to the reservoir at 700m, where a potential energyreservoirwouldbecreated.Thewaterwouldbepipeddown from the reservoir to a turbine and generator,and the flowwouldbe regulated according to energydemand from thegrid.If freshwaterwereused, adesalinationplantwould

be necessary for producing it and to off-set evapora-tion from the two reservoirs and the extra power re-quired.Thedesalinationplantwouldbeessential forafresh water project, because of the water shortagesgenerally sufferedby the IslandofElHierro. The ad-vantagesofusing freshwater,wouldbea reduction inthe level of corrosion in systemcomponents, and thepossibility of using the water produced for domesticuseand irrigation.

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At the same time as it generates energy, theprojectwouldalso improve its service to the local community,within its SustainableDevelopment strategy in the fol-lowingmanner:� Tourist andeducation services, with aProject Inter-pretation Centre to explain the details of how thesystemworks to visitors.� Commercial services and support for the ruraleconomy by selling local craft work and productsfromElHierro in a shopnext to the InterpretationCentre.� Leisure and sports facilities, with aRestaurant andaCentre forpromoting sports like rowingandcanoe-ing(the reservoirwill havea surfaceareaof5haandwill be located2km from the Island�s capital)-.� Productive services,with fish farming.

Having studied thedifferentpossibilities for sitesonthe Island, we propose that the system should be lo-cated in theareaofValverde for the followingreasons:� There is anatural depressionofmore than500,000m3 at 700m above sea level, next to the Valverde �Frontera road, close to thecapital. Thiswouldallowsavingsinearthmovingandwouldalsominimisevisualimpacton the landscape.

� Constantwindconditionsandexperienceinharness-ingwindpower(2windturbines)2kmfromtheabovementioneddepression.� Proximity of the present energy generating plant,which is locatedat sea level, almostdirectlybelowthestoragereservoir.� There is an electricity distribution grid close to thesystem.� The land tobeused for theproject is suitably zonedin the IslandLandManagementPlan.� There are roads and channels of communicationsclose to the site of thewind turbines.� Relativelyclosetotowns,makingmaintenanceeasier.

Investment and currentstatus of the Project

Planned investment is approximately 3.5billionpe-setas. The Plans are currently being drawn up and aCo-operationAgreementhas been signedby the ITC(Canary IslandTechnological Institute),Unelco (theelectricity company)and theElHierro IslandCabildoforco-ordinatingthestudies.Weestimatethat thePlansshouldbedrawnupandcompletedwithin9months.

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Renewable Energy Proposalson Cape Clear Island

Cork County, Ireland

BRENDAN DEVLINCork County CouncilIRELAND

This Project cameabout as a result of a successfulapplication to the EuropeanCommission in 1994 tocarry out a study on the Island of Cape Clear. It waspartofaEuropeanPartnershipwith theNorthAegeanIslands ofGreece and the Isle of Ponza off Italy. Theproject received33%fundingfromDGXVIIunder theRegionalandUrbanEnergyPlanningProgrammeandwork commencedon theproject in January 1997.This paper gives a summary of thepresent position

of theproject as ofMay 1999.

Executive Summary

H i s t o r yDuring the past two years a partnership has been

createdbetweenComharchumannChléireTeo(CapeClear IslandCommunity Council) andCorkCountyCouncil�s Public Energy InformationOffice based inMallow. The aimof this partnership is to develop allaspects of renewable energy andenergy conservationon the island.Thepossibilities for various kinds of re-newable energy aregreateronan islandand thepres-ervation of the environment and sustainable touristdevelopment shouldgohand inhand.

Projects on Cape ClearAnumberofsignificantstudieshavebeencompleted.

These include a feasibility study for a �RenewableEn-ergy Trail� on the Island commissioned by theComharchumann and carried out byHyperion En-

ergySystemsLtd.LEADERandCorkCountyCouncilfunded this. Therewas also an InterimReport onen-ergy conservation, recycling andwastemanagementand wind developments prepared by the Council�sEnergyOffice under anE.U.Contract. This contractincludesItalianandGreekPartners.ComharchumannStaff prepared an �Environmental Report� on a pro-posed upgrading of the Island�s wind energy system.(consistingoftwo30kWwindturbinesinstalledin1986.)

Cape Clear Energy TrailAll these initiatives have created significant interest

andawarenessamongsttheIslandCommunityandhavecreateda focusonenergyconservationandrenewableenergy.Thishasbeenrealised inapracticalway in theimplementation of a �renewable energy trail� on theIsland.Thefirst stepshavealreadybeentakentocreatethis trail.These �first steps� include the installationofasolarwater heating system in the school, theprepara-tionof a �biomass demonstrationplot�, and twodem-onstrationsof solar poweredpublic lightingon the is-land.A studyhas also commencedona small-scalehydro-

electric systemandplanningpermissionhasbeenob-tained to develop thewind energy system fromCorkCountyCouncil.

Energy Conservation.All houses on the Islandwere visited by the staff of

the council�s EnergyOfficewhogave free leaflets andadviceonenergy saving in thehome.Twopeople from

1 3 0

theIslandweretrainedinMallow,asEnergyManagers.The school children also visited theEnergyOffice aspartof their1997SchoolTour.CurrentlytheCountyCouncil isassistingtheCommu-

nityCouncilinpreparingandpresentingWeekendTrain-ingCourses inRenewablesandEnergyConservation.

Work Programme for CapeClear Project

Due to the two yeardelay in the commencementoftheproject, a slightly revisedworkprogrammehad tobe prepared tomake thework relevant to 1997. Thisrevised programmewas adopted at the kick-off part-nersmeeting inFebruary1997.

The IrishWorkProgrammewill bedivided into fivemainareas that arebriefly explainedhereunder.

Wind Energya Apreliminary study toassess thewindenergypoten-tial of the Islandwill beproduced,b Technical support to the Islanders, in the area ofwindenergy.

Island Energy ManagerTrainingofEnergyManager for the Island:Theex-

isting energy agency inMallowwill trainone Islanderonenergymatterswithanemphasisonenergyconser-vation.

It is anticipated that when trained this person willhave the ability to conduct� energyauditsofbuildings,� promoteenergy conservation,� promotewater conservation,� haveaworkingknowledgeof thebenefits andappli-cabilityof renewableenergyonCapeClear,

Solar Energya The feasibility of erecting solar thermal systems ontourist/visitor accommodationwill be investigated/promoted/andapilot plantwill be erected.b Photovoltaics:Thereallocationofpartof anexistinglarge-scalePV installationwill bedesignedand inves-tigated,withaviewtostand-aloneapplications forPVontheIsland.c Promotion of the use of passive solar in the newerdwellingswill takeplace.

Hydro PowerThepossibilityofoneortwosmallhydropowerunits,

e.g. 1 kW sizewill be investigated as an energy sourcefor the schoolorother installations.

De s a l i n a t i o nRegularly in the summerperiods there is a shortage

ofwaterontheIsland.The feasibilityofdesalination inthe Irishcontextwill be investigated.

Summary of Activities to - date

1 9 9 7� Participated in partnersmeeting LesvosGreece inFebruary1997.� Appointed consultant to theproject -HyperionLtd� PreparedandpresentedpublicpresentationonCapeClear to involve the Islanders.� Arranged publications for the project in localme-dia.� Prepared InterimReport to theE.U.� Visited the Island to attend the official switch-onofnational electricity grid connection toCapeClear.� Initiatedworkon fourRenewableEnergy reports.� Visited the Islandre.HydropowerSurvey.� Visited the Islandre. Solar installations.� E.U.partnersmeetingonCapeClear(October1997).� Organised and sponsored Educational visit by theschoolchildrenofCapeClear to theCouncilsEnergyOffice inMallow,(June1997).

1 9 9 8� Trained two Islanders asEnergyManagers (January1998).

Solar panel on the school

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� CompletionofeachReport (SolarThermal,PV,Hy-dro&EnergyConservation).� InstalledSolarThermalpanelsontheschool(Febru-ary1998).� Examined Sources of Funding for the individualprojects on the Island.� ExaminedPossibilityofWaveEnergydemonstrationontheIsland(April1998).� 2nd Interim Report submitted to E.U. (August1 9 9 8 ) .� Supported Islanders inWinddevelopmentpropos-als.� Brief E.U. partners meeting in Cork (December1998).

1 9 9 9� PVpowered light fornoticeboard installed.� PVElectric Fence installed.� PVpoweredwaterpump installed.� AdvisedIslandersonthe installationofP.V.poweredelectric light for slipway (January1999).� ProducedBrochures forTrainingCourseson the Is-land.� ProducedCourseNotes forEnergyTrainingCourses-April1999.� Presented2day trainingworkshopon17/18th April1999.

Proposed Activities in May� Install 1KWwind turbine for lighting.� Present paper to Island Solar Summit inTenerife -CountyEngineer.� HoldweekendEnergyWorkshop forTeachers 22/23rdMay.

Energy Conservationin the homes

Mr.PatWalsh,Mr.PadraigBarrett,Mr.GerBarryoftheCouncil�s EnergyAgencyOffice visited the Islandof Cape Clear on the 20th and 21st of February 1998.Themainpurpose of the visit was to enlighten the Is-lands inhabitants on the subject of energy conserva-tion and theways inwhich they couldput it intoprac-tice in their ownhome.Eachhouse, occupiedduringthewinter-time,was visited.As well as expert advice being given to the house-

holders, apackof approximately12 leafletsonEnergyConservationinthehomewasdistributedtoeachhouse.

Energy trail

Theaimof theproposedwork is to establish anEn-ergyTrailonCapeClear.TheTrailwill consistofnine-teendifferent renewableapplications locatedatdiffer-ent locations throughout theIsland.Therenewableen-ergy systems tobe included in theTrail areas follows:2 x 35kW wind generators� Hydraulic wind pump� PV Water Pump� PV electric fence� PV weather station� PV buoys� PV Refrigeration� PV powered security System (Holiday Homes)�PV remote supply for sheds� Stand-alone PV house� PV/wind powered system (Based on 20ft container)� PV battery charger on boats� PV radio transmitters� Biomass demonstration plot (10 Biomass plants)� Thermomax solar heating system on houses� Passive solar design of houses�Wave Energy demonstration.

Theaimof theTrail is toestablishnewbusinessactivi-tiesontheislandbasedonguidedtours,trainingcourses,workshopsand the saleof renewableenergyproducts.Themarket for theTrailwouldbe tourists, education,research, energydemonstration, training andenergysupply.Themain categories of renewable energy systems

wouldbewind, solar thermal systems, small hydro sys-tems and small PV systems. There is a large cost in-

PV light on noticeboard

1 3 2

volved inestablishingahighqualityRenewableEnergyTrail.This isdue in largepart to thehighcostof thePVmodules, but this couldbedivided into three stages:� Stage1:Mini-trail inNorthHarbour� Stage2:MediumsizedPVsystems� Stage 3: PVSystems forR&D

Themain possible sources of funding for the pro-posedTrail are:� UdarasNaGaeltachta� Leader� FAS� EUR&Dprogrammes� DepartmentofEnergyAERProgramme.

Thesuccessof theTrailwilldependonthequalityofthesystems, thequalityof thepersonnelpresentingthelectures/tours/courses and theeffortused inpromot-ingtheTrail.Thesupportof thecommunity isessentialto ensure the success of the initiative.Thelonger-termsuccessoftheTrailwillbebasedonthe

operationoftheTrailasabusinesswithpropermarketing,trainingandmaintenanceprogrammesinoperation.

Present Position - April 1999

AminiTrail is presently inoperationon the island:� A solar thermal systemhasbeenerectedon the roofof thenational school.Thiswas funded50%byCorkCountyCouncil and50%byUdarasnaGaeltachta.� VoperatedPublicLighton the slipway.� PVoperatedwater pump.� PVoperatedelectric fence.� PVoperated lighting fornoticeboard.

� 10BiomassPlants� 2x30KWwindgenerators (previouslyon the island,currently switchedoff)

Conc lus ion

Thisproject isnowwelladvanced.ThefinalReport isdue for submission to the EuropeanCommission inFebruary2000.Even thougha small project, it is anexcellent exam-

ple of how a small island community can establishstronglinkswithaLocalAuthority,PrivateConsultancyCompanies,Suppliers,EuropeanPartnersandtheE.U.

Acknowledgements

TheCorkCountyCouncilwouldliketoacknowledgethevaluablecontributionofthefollowingorganisations:� TheE.U. support receivedunder theRegional andUrbanEnergyPlanningProgrammeofDGXVII,nowamalgamated into theSAVEIIprogramme.� ComharchumannOileanChleire.WhentheCouncilthought of this idea in the first instance in 1994, wealways felt thatwewere«pushinganopendoor».TheIslanders were very enthusiastic and indeed, the Is-landers themselves have undertaken several of theactions listedhere� At the start of the project Consultants fromWatergrasshill,HyperionLtd,wereemployedand itwasHyperionwho thoughtof the ideaof anEnergyTail andproduced the report for theEnergyTrail.� NationalMicroelectronicsResearchCentre(NMRC),whocontributed financial support and several ideasfor theEnergyTrail concept.� Leader&UdarasNaGaeltachtawho supplied somefinancialsupporttosomeoftheactionsimplemented.

PV Light

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Bioclimatic Buildings:Solutions for Islands

GUILLERMO GALVÁNI.T.E.R.CANARY ISLANDS

Thegrowthof thepopulationduring the last dec-adeshascreatedadebateabout thepossibilityofmain-taining the development and the quantity of naturalresources available inourplanet. An accurate viewoftheprospects suggests that it is impossible to fulfil andsatisfy theneeds of this uncontrollable growth, and itadvises forachange intheway theexploitationanduseof thenatural resources are conceived.Thedegradation of nature has been caused by the

systematicexploitationof thenatural resourcesandtheuse of non-renewable sources such as petroleumandcoal.That typeofenergyhas clearly contributed tode-gradetheplanetplusoriginatingenergydependence.Forexample, inSpain,houses andcars spendmore

thanone fourthof the total energy consumption, thatis 17millions of tons oil equivalent (mtoe), or 13,000millions of ECUper year.Mainly due to the climate,theconsumptionofaSpanishhouse isonly40%com-pared with one from another country of the Euro-peanUnion.Tenerife Island in theCanary Isles is alsoconcerned

about this situation.The factofbeingan islandmakesthe dependence of outside areas even stronger. Thelackof conventional energy supplies is another incon-venientbesides thenumberof inhabitants ina limitedamountof space.The Excellent Island Government of Tenerife

(CabildodeTenerife)andtheInstituteforTechnologyandRenewableEnergy Sources (ITER), and theCol-legeofArchitects of theCanary Islands (COAC)pro-motedanInternationalTenderforPreliminaryProjects

homologatedby theInternationalUnionofArchitects(UIA) onMarch 1995, for the selection of proposalsfor theconstructionof25 isolatedone-familydwellingsdesigned to take theutmost advantageof bioclimaticconditions.Also andwheneverpossible, recycled andrecyclablematerialswillbeused.Thedevelopmentwillbe locatedon landbelonging to theWindParkofTen-erife,whichis situatedinthemunicipalityofGranadilla,in theSouthofTenerife. The tendererwhoobtainedthe first prizewill be commissioned for the executionof aVisitors and InformationCentre.Theendresult shall beanautonomousunitwithar-

eas for visitors andsupplementaryopenspaces.Anon-pollutingdevelopment inspiredonecological princi-ples.

The Tender

Theprojectbeganwith thecall for the internationalandpublic tender,whichwasopentoarchitectswhosequalifications had been accepted by any of the Na-tionalDepartments of the InternationalUnionofAr-chitects, and theywere able toparticipate either indi-vidually or asdirectors ofmultidisciplinary teams.Thediffusionperiodlastedfromthe1sthalfofMarch

until the 2nd ofMay 1995, when the registration fin-ished. The admission of works took place until 6thOctober1996,afteraperiodofconsultationsansweredby a Technical Committee and delivery of informa-tion.

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The total number of teams that attended was 397fromall over theworld:

Germany 6 Israel 3

Argentina 5 Italy 21Austria 16 Japan 1

Belgium 3 Kazakhstan 1Brazil 1 Kenya 2

Canada 1 Mexico 7Colombia 1 Norway 1

Croatia 5 Peru 1Cuba 2 Poland 1

Czechoslovakia 1 Portugal 1Denmark 11 United Kingdom 19

Spain 169 Reunion 1USA 14 Rumania 2

Finland 8 Russia 5France 55 Sweden 10

Georgia 6 Turkey 1Greece 4 Venezuela 1

The Netherlands 6 Yugoslavia 1Hong Kong 1 Zambia 1

TheSelectionCommitteeproceeded to thepublicreadingoftheresultonthe27thofOctober1995,whichdate coincidedwith theopening(theexhibitionof allthoseworks whichwere accepted, distinguished andprized). Said exhibition took place in the Tenerifepremise of theCollege ofArchitects of theCanary Is-lands.TheCommittee took intoaccount the integral value

of theproposalsandtheir financial feasibilityandyield,their adaptation to theenvironment, their response tothe surroundingconditioning factors, theusewhich ismade of the bioclimatic conditions of the location,and research into the use of recycled and recyclablematerials.Also the tenderer who obtained the first prize was

commissionedfor theexecutionof theproject, includ-ing theVisitors� andInformationCentre tobebuiltonthedevelopment.

General description

Theenergy consumed inaSpanishhouse is distrib-uted as follows: 29% for heating, 28.5 for hot water,11%for thekitchen, 10%for illuminationand21.5%for appliances. Heating and hot water expenses canalmost be eliminatedby thebioclimatic designof the

houses and theuseof solar collectors; this reduces theelectric energy consumption to a third part, that canalsobeminimisedusingwind and solar energy. If thehouses consumption is reduced in a 25%, the savingswouldbe1,700MECUs in theeconomic scopeand11mton of CO2 in the environmental. In the EC, theenergyconsumptionfor theheating,coolingandlight-ing of buildings is approximately 50%of all primaryenergy.Thedwellings selected in theTender are supplied

with the electricity generated fromPV panels, windturbinesand/orenergyfrombiomassandrubbish.Theelectrical gridwill support these installations to guar-antee a continuous supply. A desalination plant willproduce freshwater, and the sewagewill be used in apurifying plant for irrigation purposes. The hot do-mesticwaterwill beobtainedwith individual solar col-lectors, fulfilling theneedsofeachhouse.Therubbishwill be treated togenerate electric energy.Theuse of renewable energies and the techniques

for desalination andwaste processingwill cause ano-ticeable drop inpollutants and a important saving ofthe scarce traditional resources and, as a result self-sufficiency.The incorporation of renewable energies, such as

solar or wind, in domestic life, shall constitute an im-portant step todivulge technicalknowledgewithin thisfield.Theprojectalso foresees theuseofbiomassandsolid

residues for theproductionof electricity.Someguidelineswere tobe followed in theelabora-

tionof theproposals:� standard 500 sq.m. plots with amaximumbuilt-upsurfaceof 120 sq.m.� 3 -4bedrooms,andstandingnomore thantwostorehigh.� cost of constructionper squaremetre shall not sur-pass150,000ptas(US$1,200).

Thisproject gives a local solution tomanyproblemslikeenergyproductionandconsumption,aswellas theuseof renewable energies ona small scale.Thedwell-ings will be integrated in a small urbandevelopmentthat would allow a technical and scientific tourism tocome and stay in this place using the common areasandevaluating theresults.Theexperiencecouldbeapplied later inotherareas

with similarcharacteristics, allowing thedisseminationofexperienceandknowledgedevelopedinthiskindofbuildings.

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S i t u a t i o nThe25bioclimaticdwellings shall be locatedon the

coastlineof theSouthof the islandofTenerife, alongadry ravine.Themainreason forchoosing this locationlies in theenormouspotentialof the islands inrelationto renewable energy sources: large number of sunhours,constantwinds(mainly fromtheEastandNorth-east) of a considerable force (7.5m/s), scarce rainfallandarid land.Nevertheless, its situationnear thecoastenables experiences onwater desalinationusingRE.Tenerife is one of the islands of the Canaries archi-pelago, which is situated in theAtlantic near theAfri-cancontinent.Thedevelopmentwill beplacednear theheadquar-

ters of ITER, and it is conceived as anoutdoor labora-tory.Oncethedwellingsarebuilt, theefficiencyofeachoneof themwill bemonitored,with anexpectedout-put that will be really useful for later applications in anational and international scope.

Mon i t o r i n gEachhousewillhave several sensors andprobes that

willmeasure certainparameters in eachof themfor alater analysis andmonitoring, andother specific onesdependingon themain characteristics of eachdwell-ing (anemometers andwind vanes in air tubes, tem-peratureorhumidity in special places, etc.).Thedevices for eachof thedwellings include:

� Vertical temperatureprofileprobes� Inside/Outsidewall temperatureprobes

� Humidityprobes� Air flowmeasuringdevice� Peoplepresence sensors� CO2anddustmeasuringdevice.

Thesesensorswillbecomplementedwithweathersta-tions,whichwillmeasureparameters suchas sunradia-tion,outsidetemperature,pressure,humidityandparti-cles,andenergyconsumptionandgenerationregistersthatdiscriminate thesourceoforigin(PVpanels,windgenerator, otherREandgrid).All thedatawill be col-lected in a concentrator thatwill process all the infor-mationandsendit,withaspecificprotocol, toacentralcomputer intheVisitors�Centerand,eventually,a localcomputer for thedataacquisitionofeachof thehouse.The central computer will perform a global data

compilation of the whole development, allowing ac-cess to the results either individual or globally in real-timeanalysis. Itwill also serve as a storageunit andwill

allow,with theuseof severaldevices, a real-timemoni-toringof theperformanceof thedwellings andadataprocessingof thedesired time space.

Building considerationsEnergy savings canbe substantiallymadewithout in-

volvinggenerationplants; that isbyusingmaterialswithcertain characteristics to avoid losses or devices to re-duce theconsumption,aswell asdesigning techniquestomaximize theuseofdaylighting.

CLIMATIC PARAMETERS -1.981-1.992

AVERAGE AVERAGE SUN DAYS PARTIALLY

TEMPERATURE WIND HOURS WITHOUT CLOUDED

°C SPEED m/s CLOUDS DAYS

JAN 18,42 7,55 191,57 10,33 19,33FEB 18,36 7,59 192,59 8,50 17,17

MAR 19,41 7,97 210,42 10,17 18,33APR 19,24 7,59 199,23 6,50 21,17

MAY 20,16 7,17 233,13 4,67 23,83JUN 21,91 7,43 237,08 7,83 21,00

JUL 23,93 8,19 271,26 18,17 11,83AUG 24,89 8,03 256,63 15,50 15,00

SEP 24,75 7,31 191,18 8,50 20,17OCT 23,40 7,06 199,49 3,33 24,00

NOV 21,53 7,13 185,61 5,83 21,33DEC 19,50 7,01 190,82 4,67 24,00

TOT 21,28 7,50 2.559,31 104,00 237,17

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Passive Solar EnergyThe basic concern is theminimisation of heat loss

and takingmaximumadvantage of useful solar gain.Thehousemust be isolated to avoid losses of heat orcoolness, not tomention theaddedvalueof reducingnoises fromoutside.Doubleglasses in thewindowswillalsohelp(theyreduce theheat losses to itshalf), aswellasusingother systems tokeepdoors andwindowsper-fectly shut, as 40%ofheat is lost if they arenot.For passive solar heating, there are four configura-

tions available: direct (largeareasof south-facingglaz-ing), indirect (walls and roofs), isolated (the heat istransferred inandout the living spaces) anddualgainsystems (uses the advantagesof theprevious three sys-tems).Otheraspectsmayhelp in thecooling:buildingformandexternalfinishes,buildingenvelope,airmove-ment, shading, reflectors, orientationdependingonwindandsunconditions, etc.Forpassive solarcooling, an indirectgain systemcan

bemadeusingwater wall or roof pond. For the heat-ing, the collection system is exposed during the dayandisolatedbynight transferringtheheat tothehouse,performing the reverse way for cooling. Fountains,ponds, etc. canhumidify the surroundingair, therebyhelpingthecooling.Abioclimatic designmay save a 70%of theheating

costs, producing anadditional cost varying fromzeroto20%inextremecases.Natural lightingmaybeprovideddirectly to interior

spaces(CoreSystem)oradjacent to thehouseexterior(PerimeterSystem).Advancedwindows, light shelves,skylights, roofmonitors andside lightingwill alsohelpto reduce lightingcosts.

Environmental ImpactThedesignof themicroclimatearoundthehouses is

very important. The site planning and orientation isbeing carefully studied, not only to provide the bestenergetic conditions, but also tomatch the environ-ment.Many designs are integratedwith local rural archi-

tecture. The energy generation andwater treatmentplantswillbemade insuchaway that theydonotaffectthe landscapeeitherhidingor integrating themto re-duce the visual impact to aminimum. A landscapedarea will be planned to avoid environmental impactplus improving the surroundingsand itsweather.The autochthonous vegetationwill be respected in

themaximumway, reinforcing itwithanadequate irri-gation. This vegetation ismainly formed by tabaibasand cardones, dominated by different species ofEuphorbia and anumerous groupof shrubs,mainlyendemic.

Materials and AppliancesThematerials used for themakingof thehouse are

recycled inthemaximumwaypossibleand,dependingon theweather,with thermal inertia.Theappliances of thehouse shouldbeperfectly fit-

ted to theneedsof theresidents (capacity,power, etc.)andwould preferably have the �Ecological Label� oftheEuropeanCommunity.Insteadofusing the traditional bulb lights, lowcon-

sumeones(20%of thenormalconsumption)orhalo-gen lamps will be used. It saves 0.5 ton of CO2 to beemitted to the atmosphere to change a 100 w. tradi-tional light for a lowconsume.Photoelectric andpeo-plepresencesensors switchoffunnecessary lightswhennotrequired,producingasavingbetween10and80%.

Energy productionEven though a great percentage of energy is saved

with thedesign andequipmentof thehouse, autono-mous installationsareneeded(windandsolarenergy,biomass) tomeet the electricity needs of eachhouse,besideswater treatmentplants.Themachines that transformwind energy in a us-

able one are calledwind turbines or generators, andtheirpower ranges froma fewwatts tomegawatts.Themain generated energy is mechanical, but it can betransformed to electrical with a gearbox and an elec-tricalgenerator.Photovoltaics is thedirectconversionof sunlight into

electricity usingdevicesmadeof thin semiconductors

137

layers; thesedevices are called solar cells, andaPVmodule consists of a number of cells con-nected together. The peak output power of amodule, defined as the power delivered at anirradianceof 1.000W/m2at25ºC, ranges from30 to 120W.ThePVmodules can formPV sys-temswhen theyare connected together.Biomass is the organic part that comes from

animal, vegetal andmicroorganismwastes, thatcanbe converted inusable energy or productsfor other purposes. Consideringbiomass as anenergy source, theoneproducedbyphotosyn-thetic organisms capableof transforming solarinchemical energy is very interesting.PVpanels andwind turbineswill notbe com-

monresources, but individual solutions for theconsumptionofeachof thedwellings.TheVisi-tors�Centermayhaveamedium-sizedwind tur-bineorPVpanels for theelectric supplyofpub-lic installations, likewater treatmentplants.Dueto theoptimalenvironmental conditions

of thearea(plentyofhoursofsunshineandhighwindspeed),ahybridplanthasbeendevelopedinsomeproposals, assuringabetterperformanceduringmoretime.Rather thanhaving anautonomousgeneration sys-

tem, the houses will collect the extra energy neededfrom theelectrical grid.

Water supplyAdesalination(reverseosmosisorelectrodialysis)and

apurifying system, bothplaced in the visitors center,willbe thesuppliersof thewaterneededfor thevillage.Therewill be threedistributionnetworks.Thewater obtained from the sea will be treated in

the desalination plant to produce fresh water; it willsupply thehouseswith the firstpipenetwork.The sew-ageoriginated in thebuildingswill be sent to theVisi-torsCenterbyasecondnetwork,whereitwillbetreatedin a sewage farm.The third networkwill supply puri-fiedwater for irrigation.Active solar energy systems of low temperature use

anenergy collector, especially suitable forheatingwa-ter forhumanuseandheating.Themaincomponentsare the solar collector, a storage systemand thedistri-butionorconsumptionsystem.Thebasicelement, thecollector, contains anabsorberwhich converts the in-cident solar radiation into collected energy; later on,the energy is transferred to the water for transportdirectly to the loador to isolated tanks for later use.

Waste treatmentEachSpaniardproduces 1Kg.ofwasteperday, that

is 1 ton per family and year. The treatment of thatwastes could supplywithpart of theelectricity for thatsame family,maybe inapercentageof 15-20%.All thewastesderived fromahousewill be reused to

minimize its volume andweight, which is a big nowa-daysproblem.Awell-dimensioned storageholewill bemade, con-

sidering that no smells or dust should comeout of it.The techniques used for the energy generation fromwastes will be the ones technically feasible and eco-nomically available in themoment of the construc-tion.Oneoftheseprocedures ispyrolysis,wherethewastes

are pressed, obtaining fuel with complicated tech-niques.Thewasteswill be separatedby the typeofmaterial

they aremadeof: glass, organicwastes, plastics, paper,etc., with theobjective of agreeingwith the �ThreeR�postulate, also adoptedby theEC: reduce, reuse andrecycle.

Use of the developmentThe houses will be exploited for the lodging of a

technical-scientific tourismthatwill inhabit themtem-porarily. Their studies and remarkswill beof great in-terest for future applications.

1 3 8

Thedevelopmentmaybevisitedbypeople interestedin these subjects, and for that reason, a Visitors� andInformationCentre isplanned.ThisCentrewill informon theexperienceachievedandmayalsobe thequar-ter ofConferences andCongresses on renewable en-ergy.Theresultswillbevastlydisseminatedandperiodical

reportsontheperformanceof thevillagewillbemade.Assistance on thedevelopment and implementationof this idea all over Europe will be available, and thehouses will be the subjects of all the necessary tests toimprovetheirdesignsandcollectdata ina longperiod.Every year a seminar will bemade in collaboration

with theCollegeofArchitectsofCanary Islands, toana-lyseanddiscuss thedesign improvements,newdevices,innovative techniques andall other aspects relating tosolar architecture.

The Awards

Theprizedproposalswere:

1ºMADRID (SPAIN)

RUÍZ-LARREA CANGAS, César

ÁLVAREZ-SALA WALTHER, Enrique

RUBIO CARVAJAL, Carlos

NEILA GONZÁLEZ, Javier

MONEDERO FRÍAS, Alberto

ORTEGA BARNUEVO, Gonzalo

2ºVICENZA (ITALY)

PULITZER, Natasha

LOS, Sergio

BOGHETTO, Cristina

COZZA, Enrico

LOT, Sergio

MIOTTO, Alberto

PANDOLFO, Salvatore

BERTAZZON, Annamaria

3ºBARCELONA (SPAIN)

ADROER PUIG, Marta

SERRA CASALS, Sergi

3ºENGELSTRAAT (BELGIUM)

EECKHOUT, Luc E.G.

VAN DEN BROEKE, Jean Pierre

Other 21 works were awarded (from teams of theUnitedKingdom, Francer, Denmark,United States,Finland,Venezuela,MexicoandPoland).All of them,togetherwith a reservation list of 10works, plus other22 formthe travellingexhibition thathasalreadybeenshown in several cities, likeBerlinandBarcelona.

The Prizes

First Prize: LA GERIAThemost sensible �bioclimatic architecture� for any

place shouldnotbedifferent fromanyonearisen fromthesensitiveandnatural readingandtranslationof thespecific conditionsof thecontext.That is, toanalyse itsclimatic, landscapeandculturalparameters, the tradi-tional construction, thematerials, the collectivehabi-tats that have been made, the vegetation, colours,shapes, etc., with the objective of proposingarchitectures that arise fromand for the area.For that reason, that architecture is not a cultural

option and anown technique taken as a reference toverify andcorrect it afterwards in an specific location,but an adequate solution that theplace suggests afteran accurate observation andpreceding experiences.Consequently, theproblemcreatedhas an strictly ar-chitectural nature, andbioclimatism is only a variable

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with the same importanceof thosewhich takepart inthematerializationofthetime-spacecrossroadinwhichlife develops in a certain time -place.Themain objective of the work is to project archi-

tecture capable of doing that, where a shelter fromsun, wind and rainmay be found, and where the se-lected sitemay have ameaning for the rootlessmod-ernman. An architectural system rooted on agricul-tural andconstructive traditionsof the islands andca-pable of definingmorphologically the whole unit isproposedand,more than that, of generating agroupthat will be able to give the urbanisation a peculiaridentity.An ownmicro-climatic space protected fromwind

andabstract in its internal spatial configuration isguar-anteedby theuseof anenclosurewalledwith volcanicrocks.A sequenceof rocky circleswith a20mts. diam-eter placed along the gardened andpedestrian path(materialized inawalkwithwoodelements)givearchi-tecturalmeaning to thewhole landscape. That circlemaybe found standingon its ownor against the slopewithbigger inclination,using thenaturalorographyasa limit in certain cases.This circle allows for each loca-tion the adequate orientation of the protected inte-rior space towards theoptimalbioclimatic conditions.Thehouse is supportedonthe landandprotects it in

the sameway hundreds of shelters built by the shep-herds all around the island to protect the cattle do.Spectacular geological nature. Let us protect itsmin-eral silence. Let us think in the shelter. Let us isolatethe living spaceswitha rockyenclosure.Wegently set-tleon thearea.Withoutharming it,withoutusingarti-ficial terraces.Respectingitsautochthonousvegetation.Suavementenosposamos sobre la zona.Sinromperla.Sin introducir artificios aterrazados. Respetamos suvegetaciónoriginal.Endemic species thatonlygrow inthese latitudes.Thiscontext is thegreatestdetermining factorof the

architectural problem. Thewind is constant and an-noying there. It is the energy that breathes theplace.To tame is purely an architectural concern. On theotherhand, theclimate isoptimal.Allover theyear it ison the fringe of comfort. There is notmuchwork todo. Just to have enough sense to combine those vari-ables and thehabitat is created.Thewall architectureis the element that has always been used to solve it.Once this is done, man watches the sky, looks for acloudtoprotecthim,andbringhimwaterandshadow.We anchormore andmore in each situation.Man isplacedonearth inhorizontal platforms, protected.

¿Whichwill be the architecture here?The coveredcloud, theplatform, its shadow, theenclosure...will bein fact themagical energy establishedbetween the in-teractionof theplatformanditscover.Theupperedgeof that and the lowerof this is turned intoarchitectureandlandscape.Somelocalmaterialsarepiled,oxidisedcolour palettes are used, active elements for energycollection areprovided andnature is hoped tobe ab-solutelypassive to theelements that formtheproposal.Flexible interior space. The enclosure limits its hori-zon.Theuser chooses themost appropriateplace forhis activities for eachmomentof theday.Thehouse isproposedasa seriesof spaces interchangeable in time.Watch-see-think-create.

Second Prize: The PlaceTheproject focusseson the following issues:

� AMULTI-SCALEARCHITECTURE:theproposal configuredabioclimatichomeadapt-

able todifferent locationsandwhich in the final imple-mentation could be appropriate either for a singlebuilding or a combination to form a settlement thatavoids thenasty imageofhouses as parkedcars.

� THESITEDBUILDING:the responsewhich thedrawings try to convey is the

delineation of a �way of inhabiting / constructing inthe south-east coast ofTenerife�.Currently, themoreusefulresourcesof informationaboutcopingwithsuch

1 4 0

problems come from the historical urban or villagecontexts, which demonstrate a cultural evolutionaryresponse to landandclimate.However the traditionalarchitecture ofTenerife has had a very short lifespanandithasbeendisturbedby the internationalbuildinghabits, furthermore, we lack such local supports be-cause the south-east coast is quiteuninhabited.There-fore theproject should contribute tooriginate suchatradition, consideringboth thecultural and thephysi-cal contexts. The cultural context refers to the tradi-tionofSpanisharchitectureandmoregenerally in thedomainof theMediterranean landscape; thephysicalcontext to that of a wild rocky landscape crossed by astrongwind.The typological precedents at thebuild-ing scaleare theMediterraneanporticos andpergolasdiffused everywhere in theLatin culture countries; atthe settlement scaleare thewindyvillageswithamicro-urban tissuecharacterizedbyplots surroundedwithinshelteringwalls, as those subjected to theTrieste �bora�in theCarso region or to the �ora� wind that blows intheneighbourhoodofGarda lake.

� ASUSTAINABLEDESIGN:theplanningisfocusedonthemorepermanentbuild-

ing characteristics - those entrusted to a lasting archi-tecture, which is able to resist the elementswith a lowmaintenance standard - andnot toamodernist, short-life, consumer building. These houses could be leftempty for somemonths andoperatewithout their in-habitants. The concept clearly distinguishes betweenthoseelementsthatbelongtothemassiveterracedland,consideredasakindof site�sprothesis, fromthosevari-ous technological device which reflect the will of in-habitants to invest resources into increasing thebuild-ing�s self-sufficiency.Howeveroptionsareprovided inorder to facilitate the various kinds of life style thatcouldbe leadwithin.

� ACIVICARCHITECTURE:a frameofwalls for supporting andprotectingboth

private activities and thepublic domainhas beende-signed.Anetworkofpublic spaces isproduced thatwecall a �civic architecture�. Sowe achieve threedistinctlevels of privacy; that of the building interior, that ofthe outdoor rooms and that of the street and square.Supports havebeenprovidedwhichgive flexibility intermsof thedegreeofopenness/closeness andallowfor personalisationof thehomeand thepossibility ofself-construction. The project background could besynthesised in a set of issues that forusdistinguish the

designandconstructionof immovableproducts(build-ings, agricultural structures, infrastructures, etc.) fromthat ofmovableones (cars, ships, planes, etc.):

� amulti-scale system� adoubleenvelopearchitecture� anasymmetricorganization� asitebuilding� a geometric field frame� compositiveelements

Third Prize:La Estrella (The Star)Thedwelling is created from thegeometrical char-

acteristics of the circular plot, trying to take visual ad-vantage of the remaining land included in the con-structionarea in themostextensiveway.The intentionis to plan a house that defines an imaginary buildingsite from a radial structure generated by stonewalls,with theparticularity ofhaving to cede the land that isnoturbanised to thevillage,withoutputtingupafenceroundormakinguseof remaining landof theplot.Thehousehasall the rooms interconnectedandre-

latedbyanopencentralpatio,whichisalsotheentranceof thebuildingandthekeyroomdueto the favourableclimatic conditions.Thehouse is semi-buried2mts. intheperimeter.Arampstair saves theunevenness toac-cess thehouse fromthepatio. Someearth slopeshide

141

the inclinedcover fromtheNorthperimeter and theyelevate theSouthernfacadeof thepatio toenable solarcollection.Theroofs inthelivingroomandthekitchenfall to thepatio indifferent directions inversely in theSouthernsidetoallowthesunradiation.Theproject is conceived for the applicationof pas-

sivesolarenergy, includingdirect solar installationsandwindprotections inwinter, shadowingandcrossedven-tilation in summer,aswell as a thermodynamicallyeffi-cient design for the cover of the building. In this re-spect, the coolingandheatingmechanismsare inher-ent to the building (one-storey distribution, orienta-tion,openings, etc.).Because the landprotects it, thedwellinghasa trans-

mission factor (K) smaller than0.4w/m2ºC in all thenon-glass closings, which allows the use of direct sys-temswhereall theelements that formapassive system(collection,absorption, storage,distributionandregu-lation) are in contactwith the inhabitants.Therefore,the fluctuationof temperature in thedifferent roomsis small during the year, and theyhave ahigh thermalstability. The design is also protected from exteriorsounds like the strongwinds fromNortheast. A venti-lated cover is planned, protected by adequate land,because the accumulatedheat is expelled by convec-tion. At the same time, ventilation induced by stackeffect is proposed.Theactivedevices includesolarcollectors forhotdo-

mesticwaterandPVpanels forenergy supply.Theroofof the living room is themost appropriate for their in-stallation.Agalleryunder thekitchenhas thehotwaterstoragesystem,pumpsandthenecessarymachinery fortherequiredperformanceof the system.

Third Prize: Adobe CubeThinkingaboutenvironmentally awareandenergy-

savinghousing, themodel isbasedonspecificenviron-mental characteristics, onoptimisedmodern technol-ogy, and of course on lessons learned fromhistoricexamples.Historic architecturehas developed a richcollectionof solutions thathappentoresponddirectlyand efficiently to the characteristics of the environ-ment. Creating favourablemicro-climatic conditionswasdonethroughpassive systems thatdonotwasteanyenergy resources.These traditional systemshavebeenincorporated, translated into amodern design, andintegratedwith a collection ofmodern solutions, forthepurposeofproducing anewkindofbuilding thatresponds adequately to its environment and its time.Somebioclimatic solutionswere:

� Reducing the surface to volume ratio: a cube is avery compact volume� Anextra earth shelter: keeping the interior cool insummerandmoderate inwinter.� Orientationand layout:werechosen tocapturepre-vailingN-Ebreezes.� Thermalinertia:thisdwellingshouldbebuiltinadobe:earthbricks, shaped inmoulds anddried in the sun.� Unbakedearth - a regulating,healthy,non-pollutingand recyclablematerial - absorbs day�s warmth, toradiate it onlywhen theoutside air has cooled aftersunset.� Shading: by roof overhangs, filtering roofs, remov-able andadjustable louvers and shades� Coolingandventilation:usingapatio-sunkenandcov-ered-withcontrolledairmotion, evaporationby veg-etation, andapermanent irrigationsystemwithrain-water andpurifiedwastewater.� Ventilation: adequate air exchange by conductingoutside air (from the coolest place) through claytubes buried in the earth (floor vents) and locatedunder the roof (eave vents).By using energy saving appliances with thehighest

efficiency and optimised water saving taps and tech-niques, thedemandforelectricity couldbereduced to1400 kWh/year (for an average family of 4 to 5 per-sons) and the demand for water to ±80000 l. Acomposting toilet offers amanagement system thatconservesmorethan50000Ltrs.peryear,andofcoursetheenergy toprovideandpurify thiswater.Supplyof electricity isdonebyacombined system:a

windgenerator (bladesofwood-ratednominalpower180W) inparallelwithaPVsolar system(integrated inglass panels, running above the patio-rated power396W). This energy systemwas designed to be 100%autonomous,conqueringtheworst imaginableweatherconditions in this region.Theproductionofdomestichotwater isdoneby the

I.S.C. (Integrated solar collector), an optimised, un-complicated installation(inwhichcollectorandboilerareunified), placedupon the roof.Someverysimpledevices toreducewaste tothemini-

mumare the composting toilet, the soil bed/greywa-ter filter, and the classificationunit for solidwaste.The choice of the constructionmaterials was done

after a bio-ecological evaluation of their properties,basedon their life-cycle analysis.Onlyhealthymateri-als are used, withno affectionof ecosystems, no toxicemissions, with aminimal energy content, withmini-mal treatments to obtain the endproduct, which are

1 4 2

recycledorrecyclableafterdemolition.Theadobecubeis merely built out of sun baked earth, trass mortar,local clay tiles and natural stone, timber frameworkusing durable pine tree (larch and cedar), celluloseinsulation,naturalplaster andpaints.It should be emphasised that climate, technology,

materials and functiondidnotonlydetermine thear-chitectural form. This house was also designed to af-fect the spirit of theoccupants (andvisitors), in aposi-tive way. A place to enjoy life. Architectural imagina-tionisworkingbest inthesmallmarginsofall theabove.

Visitors� CentreThe tendererwhoobtained the first prizewas com-

missioned for the executionof theproject, includingtheVisitors� andInformationCentre tobebuilton thedevelopment.TheVisitors�Centre responds to the fol-lowingguidelines:� Thepurposeof thebuilding is to receiveand informall thosepersonswhomaybe interested in learningabout the research that is being carried out on thedevelopment.� It shall have amultifunctional hall for exhibitionsand acts with a capacity for at least 100persons.� It shall containoffices for the administrative staff ofthedevelopmentandcorresponding services.� It shall also contain a small cafeteria, which shall bein the service of the research staff thatmaybe livingtemporarilyon thedevelopment.� Themaximumheightof thisbuildingshallbeof twostoreys.� Thebuilt-upsurfaceshallbeofapproximately900m2.Several strategies, both preventive and curative,

shouldbeappliedtoavoidtheoverheatingof thebuild-ing. For example, a white wall reflects 85%of sun ra-diation,comparedwiththe3%ofonemadewithbrownbricks.Weareusing �tosca� as thebuildingmaterial, soanair chamber is used toprevent theheat tobe trans-ferred to thebuilding.Ventilation isused toeliminateheatexcesses inside theCentre.TheVisitors�Centrehasbeendesignedtoavoidaffect-

ingtheecosystembyusinglocalmaterialsandfollowingtheshapeandformsoftheterrain.It isbuiltonanaturalwall,hiding fromthedirectionof theconstantwindsofthearea. It iscompletelymadewithrecyclablematerialsandprotectedfromhightemperaturesbywallswithhighthermalmass,pluscoolundergroundair currents thatflows frombottomto topof thebuilding.The roof is covered with plants to refrigerate the

ambient.TheCentreisonlyopenedtothesouth,where

special double glasswindows areused toprevent overheating, and it uses solarpanels andcollectors for theproduction of electricity and hot water. All accessesaremade by ramps, and several patios can be foundwith local vegetation.

Conc lus ions

Fromthebeginningof theproject,whentheTenderwassummoned,theinterestarisenhasevensurpassedtheinitialexpectations. Inthisnewsociety,close tothenextmillennium,anewsensibilityisbeingbornregardingtheseissues.Todaywethinkofaglobalplanet,mainlyduetothefast improvementof technologyandcommunications.Therespect for theenvironmentandtheplanet isakeyaspectoffutureandsustainabledevelopment.Bioclimatic architecture and theuse of renewable

energy is thereforea securebet for tomorrow.There isnoplace left for ahomogeneousarchitecture that canbeusedanyplace,withoutconsideringthesurroundingsandtheknowledgeacquiredintraditionalconstructions.We arenowbeing conscious of theneed to integratebuildingsinitsenvironment,adaptingthemselvestotheclimate, the landscape, and the local architecture, aswellasre-usingthebuildingmaterials, thatshouldalwaysbenatural,nonpollutant, recyclableandrecycled.Thebioclimaticdesign isnotonly theresultofapply-

ing several special techniques, but a different way ofthinkingwhen it comes todevelopmentof theprojectinall itsphases and the implementation,withoutover-looking theusual technical and artistic aspects of thegoodarchitecture.This compromisegoesbeyond themere solutionof

closing or opening the building to sun radiation, toavoidoverheatingor toreducecoldness.Theobjectiveis to reach,maintain and regulate the thermal com-fort of the inhabitants during all the seasons, with aminimumconsumptionof traditional energy sources(mainly fossil). Passive solutions should be appliedthrougharchitectural aspects tocondition theoutsideenvironment toourneeds.This ambitious project will be a great scale labora-

torywith25prototypes,whichwill be testedunder thesameenvironmentalconditionstoanalysetheperform-ance of different solutions, with a high value output.But the interest goes beyond that, as thewhole settle-mentwill bebioclimatic, whichmakes it a pioneer ex-perience to really study howwould a world based inthis innovativeapproachwork.

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Use of Solar Energy in RemoteAreas, Natrional Parks andvarious Islands in Costa Rica

SHYAM S. NANDWANISolar Energy Laboratory - National UniversityCOSTA RICA

CostaRica is located inCentralAmerica, betweenlatitude8and11degreesnorthandlongitude82.5and86 degrees west. It has a total surface area of 51,000Km2, population of 3.5million. It has 21 Indian Re-serves (1%of total population), 29National Parks onthe firm lands and on the islands, and 13 Islands, asshown in theFigure1and include countless differentecosystems.TheNationalPark systemandequivalent reservesof

CostaRica (forest reserves, biologial reserves,nationalmonuments, etc.) extend over a total area of 12,661Km2 (in1997, excludingoceanpart), which is equiva-lent of 24%of the country´s territory. Costa Rica hasbeen recognized throughout theworld for its naturalbeauty anddedication to theprotectionof its ecologyandenvironment.Of the total ENERGY consumed by Costa Rica

(85X1015 J) , it uses national sources (50%) like fire-wood andother biomasic sources, geothermal, windenergy, hydroelectricity and rest 50% is imported inthe formofpetroleumand somederivatives.On theotherhand,of the totalELECTRICITYcon-

sumed(1370MW),79%(including3%byprivate sec-tor) is producedbyhydroplants; 9%(120MW), fromGeothermal,2%(30MW)bywindfarms(private)andthe rest 10%fromoil based- thermalpowerplants.CostaRicahasnationalelectrificationof92%onthe

global level. Although the urban area is blessedwithalmost100%electricity, theruralareahasonly80-82%.Inotherwords, 8-9%of the families (55,000 families)arenot connectedwithelectricity.

NeverthelessCostaRicahas veryhighhydroelectricpotential and isusingonly12-14%of its totalpotential,however to satisfy thepresent and futuredemand (6-8% increase per year) it is not an easy jobdue tohighinitial investment forgenerationandtransmissioncost.Most of these families either live in remote anddis-

persedplaces, like in rural areas, indian reserves, andsome on islands etc., and it will always be difficult toconnect thesepersons to theelectric grid.

Figure 1 Places where solar systems are installed

1 Pacuare IndianReserve2 ChirripoNatinal Park3 DrakeBayWildernessCamp4 TortugeroNational Park5 Forest Reserve (Peninsula ofOsa)6 CorcovadoNational Park (Peninsula ofOsa)7 Cocos Island&National Park8 Caballo Island

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Becauseof this and inorder topreserve theenviron-ment,CostaRica ispromotingtheuseofsolarenergy insomeof theseplaces (Fig. 1),mainly for lighting, radioandtelevisionsets(Ref.1,2), leadingtoasustainablede-velopmentintheenergysector.Inthepresentarticlewewill bedealingonlywithone Indigenous village, 5na-tionalparksand2islandswheresolarenergyispresentlyused fordifferentapplications.For theconvenienceofthereaders, theseplacesarenumberedinFigure1.

Use of solar energy - NationalParks and Islands

Pacuare Island ReserveIn 1991, 4panels of 33watts and12Veachandone

panel of 47watts, were installed (Fig. 2) in two Indianreserves (district ofPacuario, cantonof Siquirres, andtheprovinceofLimón). In addition to regulator andbatteries it has an inverter to convert 12VDC into110V AC, so that the their normal radio could be used.The system ismeant to run light 3 fluorescents of 20watts eachandone radio (3,4).Before the installationof these systems, the families

wereusingbateries forradioandcasetterecorder;kero-sene and candles for illumination. Earlier an Indianfamily was spendingpermonthColones 3,500- 5,000(US$13-US$18) for batteries, candles andkerosene.With theavailability of this solar electricity, they spendonly ($1.5)permonthmainly forkerosene.

Figure 2

Chirripo National ParkChirripó is the topof theworld forCostaRicans.The

highestpeakat3,820meters isbeautiful.Situatedalongthe southernTalamancamountain range, it containsthegreatestbiologicalwealthanddiversity in thecoun-try, as well as the largest remaining virgin forest andprotectmanyof the species indangerof extinction. It

has tworefugeecamps,onefor25peopleandtheotherfor 15people andpotablewater andWood stoves.As shown inFigure3, six solarpanels, regulator, and

batteries were installed in this park in 1993 for parkrangers to satisfy their basicneeds.

Figure 3

Drake Bay wilderness campOn thenorthwestern coast of theOsa of Peninsula

(Puntarenas),DrakeBay (remotely located) is apara-dise for the fisherman,birdwatcher,naturephotogra-pheroradventurous vacationer.The sprawling10acre (privately owned)DrakeBay

wilderness camphas a radio- telephone, andoffers 19comfortable cabins on thebeach,with thebasic com-modities including electricity. I had a chance to visitthecamp in june- july, 1992.For the tourist theownerwasusing:

a Natural gas for cookingmeals,b Absorptionrefrigerator(typeElectrlux,usinggascyl-inders) for storing food items,c Diesel plant for small electric generator forilumination,d Thermal solar system (black pipes) for water heat-ingande Solar panels for chargingbatteries to beused forTV(Fig. 4a) and TelephoneandFax (Fig. 4b) etc.

Figure 4b Figure 4a

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Tortuguero National ParkOneofCostaRica´smostpopular ecotourismdesti-

nation- the canales, rivers, beaches, rainforest, fresh-waterand lakes isTortugueroNationalPark.Thenest-ingof sea turtles is oneofnature´smost amazing spec-tacles. Green Turtles nest along the beaches ofTortugueroNationalPark fromJuly toOctober.In 1996, solar photovoltaic systemwas installed for

providingelectricity for thehousesof theparkrangersin Jalova(1).

Forest Reserve (Peninsula of Osa)In1998,30panelsof65wattseachhavebeeninstalled

in thepeninsulaofOsa, in thesouthofCostaRica.This project concerns 32 families in sites such as

Miramar,RioNuevo,RioTigre,BalsaandProgresodePuerto Jimenez, in the cantonofGolfito (provinceofPuntarenas). Financingwasprovided through thebi-lateral Convention for SustainableDevelopment be-tweenCostaRicaandtheKingdomoftheNetherlands,for an amount of $29,000. The counterpart of theCostarican InstituteofElectricity amounted to$8,500.The families pay a monthly fee of 1500 colones

(<US$6) forusing theequipment.The resulting fundwill enable battery replacements,moving the equip-ment and acquisition of newunits for other familieslivingoutside the area coveredby thenational powergrid.

Corcovado National Park(Peninsula of Osa)Anothersolarsystemisaeducationalproject(Escuela

de Carbonera) in the same area (6) but near deNa-tionalPark.Formerly conductedby candlelight, the classes will

nowbe illuminated by stored electricity of the stand-ardalternatingcurrent SolarEnergySystem.Light fromthe sun is absorbedby four single- crystal

siliconsolarpanelson theroofof schoolcafeteria.Theenergy is stored in batteries and is converted into us-able electricity bymeansof an inverter.Lights in class-room,aswell as appliances in the teacher´shousenextdoor, runonstoredenergy.The systemprovides 600watt hours perday of elec-

tricity.Approximately 30 stand- alone solar energy systems

havebeen installedbySistemasdeEnergíaEficientes,in hotels andhomes of theOsaPeninsula, where theCostaRicanElectricity Institute (ICE)doesnot reacheverycorner.

Thefunds for theUS$5,000systemwereprovidedbyAsociación de Educación de Punta Carbonera, cre-atedby JohnandKarenLewis,ownersof theLapaRiosHotel and1,000- acreprivatenature reserve.

Cocos Island and National Park(2,400hectares land, 97,235hectaresmarine, inPa-

cificOceans).OneofthecrownjewelsofCostaRica´snationalparks

system lies 500 kmout to sea. It is a lush, densely veg-etatedworld, far removed from thebustle ofmodernlife, visited by only a fewpeople each year. Accessibleonlybyoceangoingboats, this uninhabitated island isCostaRica´s «Treasure Isle». The real treasure of theisland is its untamed splendor,withevergreen forests,waterfalls, flora y faunas, and thecrystallinewaterwithmarine life (7).Diverscomeinsearchoftheisland´s famedschoolsof

hammerheadsharks.From200to500sharkshavebeenseen at a time, sometimes swimmingwithin touchingdistanceof theadventurers.All of the sea life seems togrowbiggerandschool inlargernumbersatCocosthananywhereelse intheworld(Fig.5).

Figura e

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Ithas longbeencherishedandprotectedbytheCostaRican government. InDecember 1997, this jewel ofpark,Cocos Island,wasdeclaredWorldPatrimonybyUNESCO, in recognition of its natural beauty anduniquebiological treasures.Authorvisited this Island in1982andafterobserving

the transportation and the consumption of conven-tional fuels (gas, diesel etc.), recommended inoneofthenational conference (8), thepossible useof SolarEnergyat least to savepartof these fuels.Well after tenyears, ICE installed first system for illuminationof thecamps and for communication for park rangers, andalso for thebenefits of tourists. In1998 the systemsizewas increased.As shown in the Fig. 5, island has two PV systems,

installed at two different points, one at the sea coastandother somewhere inside the island. Each systemhas its regulator,batteryandone inverter to feedACtoFaxmachine.Thetotalpoweroftheinstallationis850W(16panelesSiemensM55).

Caballo IslandThis islandcanbereachedbyonehourbyboat from

puntarenas. Thirty four families (about 200persons)liveonthis island.As this is theonly islandwhere various solar systems

havebeen installed recentlyby ICEandSIEMENS,wewould like todescribe theproject indetail.Onthis Island:

� 90%of thepopulation is born there,� somepersons are living there for last 30-40 years,

Figure 6

� for cooking,most of the families use gas cylinders,and someuse firewood,� theydedicate in fishingmainly for sale andcanearnUS$200- 250permonth,� seven- eight familes (related to each other) have acommondiesel electricgenerator,� otherfamiliesontheaveragecanspend(permonth),$4 for illumination (candles/kerosene) and $6 forradio(chargingbatteries),� transportmedium fromnearest coast is by boat. Itconsume 2 gal. of diesel (costingUS$2.5) for oneround trip (2hoursof journey),The communityhave thebasicneedof:

� Electricity,� potablewater,� healthcenter,� education,� initial help for increasing theproductivity and smallworkshop.Thevarious systemshavebeen installed to satifypart

of different demands.OnDecember 15, 1998, solarinstallation was inaugurated, in the presence pfAmbassador of KindomofHolland, ICE, SIEMENS,communityandthe invitees. Ihadthechancetoattendtheactivitiesandwitness the installations(Fig.6).Someof these are:

E lec t r i f i c a t i onLighting for illumination in thehouse(35 families)

andonthe island.Each familiy has an individual system, consistingof

onesolarpanelof100W,12V;onebatteryof100Amph;regulator of 20 Amp; and 3-4 flourescent tubes of12VDCand13-20W.Althoughtheusersdonothavetopay the cost of the system, market price is aboutUS$1,000(includingthe installation). If theywant theycanconnect(at theirownexpenses)either12VDCTVor standard110VACTVbutwithan inverter

WaterAssuming the need of 25 gal/ day of each family,

three wells have been dug at the depth of 6m. Eighttankswith thecapacityof3000 l(each),havebeenkeptatdifferent levels.Topumpwaterfoursolarpanels,eachof12VDC,and

75Wandonechargeregulator,havebeenusedforeachpump(submergible).Nobatteriesareused.Duringtheday,water ispumpedandstoredinvarious tankskeptathigher level.Whenrequired,watercanbecollectedbygravity. In total about3500mof tubesareused.

147

Ice machineIceisrequiredmainlyforpreservingthefishforlonger

periodand it can increase thepossibilityofbettercom-mercialization.Usually the fisherman has to buy ice at the rate of

$2.5/bagplus cost of transport (2 gal of diesel/ trip).Recently installedphotovoltaicsystemformaking400kgof iceperday,has the followingcomponents:

� 8 solarpaneles of each36W,12V, for twopumps,� 60 solarpaneles eachof100W,12V(Fig. 6),� 36 batterias (cell type) of 2 V y 2500Amph,(each),arranged insuchaway toproduce24VDCand7,500Amph.As theIcemachine(compressor system)runson220VAC,thereisoneinverterof24VDC/220VCA,ratedat 2000W(10amp.).

Cost of the system is $75,000plus $ 3,000 for the in-stallation.

Thisplant is expected toproduce2800Kgof iceperweekandcanbeconnectedtotheexistingplant,whichwas runningwithdiesel. Theplant canuse seaorwellwater.Asalreadyplanned in theproject, shortlymore solar

panels will be installed in two schools for computers,Faxetc., onehealthcentreandsmallworkshop for themaintenanceofboats andotherhousehold itemsetc.Thecostofall theseprojects isUS$350,000,ofwhich

US$300,000areprovidedbyHollandKingdom(agree-ment. SustainableDevelopment), andUS$42,200areprovidedbyCostaRican Institute ofElectricity.

Conc lus ions

Inbrief, all theprojectsmentionedare expected toimprove thequalityof lifeof thepeopleandacceleratetheproductiveactivitiesandat the sametimemaintaintheenvironmentcleaner.Remote areas, national parks, Indian reserves and

Islands around the world are installing photovoltaicpower systems at an increasing rate. The benefits ofwelldesignedphotovoltaicpowersystems include(10):� lowest cost formanyapplications,� virtual elimination of fumes, noise, chemical emis-sions,� power lines, generator fuel tanks, hazardsof fueltransport, transfer and storage,� highreliabilitywithminimummaintenance,� publicdemonstrationof effectivedirect useof solarenergy,� PVarrays are silent, theydonot emit anypollutants

or odors, they do notradiate heat, but theycanbe seen,�Canreducetheemis-sionofCarbonDioxidein theatmoshpere.

In addition to elec-tricsystems, islandscanuse thermal systemslike solar cookers forcooking,dryers forde-hydratingmarine/agri-cultural products andstills forpurificationofwater etc. (11).

Acknowledgements

Author is pleased to know thatUNESCO throughSolarWorldCommissionandSolarWorldProgramme(1996-2005) ispromotingSolarEnergy throughtheor-ganisationof this andother similaractivities (likeSolarCookingatMilan).IamgratefultotheOrganisingCom-mittee of Island Solar Summitt for the invitation andenablingme to share the experiencewith other par-ticipants.

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1 Misael Mora Pacheco, Antecedentes Proyectos Foto-

voltaicos en Costa Rica; Departamento de Conserva-

ción de Energía, Instituto Costarricense de Electrici-

dad, Costa Rica, July 1998 (personal communication).

2 Shyam S. Nandwani, Panorama de la electri-ficacion

rural fotovoltaica en Costa Rica; Article presented in

Taller RIER-IIE sobre Controladores Electrónicos para

Sistemas Fotovoltaicos de Electrificaciòn Rural, realized

in Cuernavaca, Mexico, 27-31, July, 1998.

3 Eugenìa Obando S., Manual Ureña C., Proyecto ex-

perimental de Energìa Solar en Palenques, Indigenas;

Tecnologìa ICE, Vol. 2,no. 2, pp. 23-26, June, 1992.

4 Shyam S. Nandwani, La Energía Solar como alternativa;

Aportes, Popular magazine, CEDECO, Costa Rica, No.

67, June 1990, pp. 24-25.

5 Electrificaciòn rural en la penìnsula de osa con sistemas

Solares Independientes; document prepared by ICE,

ASIADE (Asociación Interdis-ciplinaria de Analisis Para

el Desarrollo), Fundecooperaciòn para el Desarrollo

Sostenible) y SIEMENS, 1998.

6 Tanya Kleifoth, Solar Education Comes to Osa Penin-

sula, The Tico Times, Weekly Central American News-

paper, Sept. 11, 1998.

7 COCOS ISLAND in NATURALLY COSTA RICA, public-

ity brochure, Costa Rica, 1998-1999, pp. 62.

8 Shyam S. Nandwani, Aprovechamiento de la Energía

Solar en la Isla de Cocos; Costa Rica, Presented at II

Seminario sobre Ciencia, Tecnica, Sociedad y Desarrollo

en Centro America, San José, Costa Rica, 18-22, Octo-

ber 1982.

9 Electrificación Solar in Cocos Island; in Instalaciones de

Energías Renovables en Latinoamerica, published by

THERMIE (Comisión Europea), Institut Catala

d�Energia,TEAM (Tecnología Energía Ambiente Mate-

rial) y CEEETA.

10 Cedric G. Currin, Photovoltaic arrays for Parks and

Campgrounds, bolletin Asociación Costarricense de

Energía Solar, Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, Vol.

5, no. 3/4, 1994.

11 Shyam S. Nandwani, La Conversión de Energía Solar

en Energía Electrica para Aplicaciones en Zona Rural,

Presented in XIII Conferencia Latinoamericana de

Electrificación Rural, Organized by Instituto

Costarricense de Electricidad, Compañia Nacional de

Fuerza y Luz, Costa Rica, 14-20, April, 1990, published

in Proceedings, Volume 3, No. VIII, pp. 1-19.

References

149

The Water-Energy Binomiala challenge for islands

FRANCISCO PÉREZ SPIESSI.T.E.R.CANARY ISLANDS

Islands typically can be regarded as relatively smalland isolatedsystems. Ifweconsider theenergeticpointof view, thereareonly a few islands in theworld linkedtoacontinental energy supplynetwork.Energy andwatermanagement are twoof themore

important issuesanislandgovernmentconstantlyhastodeal with. In fact, electrificationplays a fundamentalrole in thedevelopmentof anycommunity, andwaterresourcesdirectlydeterminesurvivalpossibilities.Water, heat andelectricitymanagementmust cope

with thegeneration, transport, distributionandusagestrategies.Regarded fromanabstractpointof view, three types

of schemes arepossible for every resource:� Centralised production and distribution: Big produc-tion sites care for resourcegenerationand largedis-tributionnetworkscovernearly thewholegeographi-cal area of the island. A vastmajority of the popula-tionand industrieshaveeasyaccess to thegeneratedresource. This type of scheme is very common forhigher incomezones,orurbanpopulationzones.� Decentralised production:Nodistribution network isneeded,astheresourcesaregeneratedonthedemandsiteby relatively small productionelements.This is atypicalschemeinplaceswithlowpopulationdensities.� Combined centralised and decentralised schemes:Somegeographical areasarecoveredbycentralised,some others by decentralised ones. This kind ofscheme isusual for some transitioneconomies,withcomparableurbanand rural population figures, to-getherwitha lowruralpopulationdensity.

Thereare fewrestrictions inusingdifferent schemesfordifferent resources. Inonescenario, electricity andheat could be producedusing a centralised scheme,whilewater isproduced inadecentralisedway,directlyat theconsumption sites.All of the electrical and thermal energy that is con-

sumedon an islandhas to beproduced there as well.This leads to severalmajor logistical, economical, envi-ronmental and social constraints. Presently, electricityand heat are usually produced by thermal plants orengines,burningoilderivativesornaturalgas.Refinedoil goods, as well as other fossil fuels, have to be im-ported,which in turncreates additional specific infra-structure, storage and safety requirements.This leadstoextra investments andexternal supplydependency.Renewable energies offer a clean and sustainable

approachtoenergyproduction.Even ifwedonotcon-siderenvironmental factors, they can still beeconomi-cally attractive, as they can for instancehelp to reduceexternaldependency.Theirapplicability is verymuchsite specific,withsun,

wind, waterfalls, geothermal, waves, tides or biomasspotentiallybeingenergysuppliers.However,allof themsuffer fromsmallerorbiggerbehaviour irregularities,aswell as aquiteunpredictableproductionnature. Inthepast, these properties strongly limited their possi-bilitiesofmore intensiveuse:� In centralised energy production schemes, an ex-tendeduse of renewable energy resources canpro-ducegrid instability, aspowergenerationcan fluctu-ate in adifferentway than thepowerdemanddoes.

1 5 0

� In standalone systems,high specific investments areneeded, as systemdimensioninghas tobebasedontheworst production andhighest demandcase sce-narios. This leads designers to oversize energy pro-duction and storage elements, and to high energycosts, whencompared to centralised schemes.Oneof themost important drawbacks of electricity

is that with currently available technologies it is stillexpensive and energetically inefficient to store largequantitiesofenergy. Ifelectricitycouldbeeasily stored,energyoverproduction couldbe retrievedduringde-mandpeaks, in thisway smoothing thedifferencesbe-tweengenerationandconsumption.Comingnowtohydrologic resources, it is typical for

many islands to suffer from freshwater supply short-age.The reasons for theseproblemscanbemanifold:� Climatic reasons , as for example low rainfall.� Populationconcentration,whichcanbeseasonal(tour-ism),overwhelminglocalproductioncapacities.� Inefficient use of water resources, for instance dueto infrastructure reasons.� Distribution losses,whichhad figuresashighas40%incertainareas.

Amodern integralwatermanagement shouldbaseonaproduction-usage-recycling-disposalpolicy. Freshwater is producedor retrievedat someplace, then it isstoredwaiting forusage.Wastewaters are treatedandrecycled for agricultural use, and final wastes are dis-posedwithminimal environmental impact.Recyclingpolicies, togetherwith freshwaterproduc-

tioncomingfromseawaterdesalinationcanbeconsid-eredasasustainablephilosophy.However,desalinationisarelativelyhighenergyconsumingprocess.Commonlyuseddesalinationtechniquesaredistilla-

tionormembranebased,but fromanenergeticpointof view they canbe categorised into:� Mainlyheatconsumingprocesses (distillation).� Mainlyelectricityconsumingprocesses(membrane).

Typical figurespercubicmeterof freshwaterare8-15kWhforcommercialdistillationand4-7kWhforcom-mercialmembrane systems. Large per capita energy

demands have to be supplied to cover the daily freshwaterdemandsof a certainpopulation.A typical dailywaterconsumption figurecan lie somewherebetween125and200litresperperson,dependingonlivingstand-ards. Agriculture can reachmuchhigher figures, de-pendingonseveral factors, likeclimate, irrigationtech-niques, soil types,andofcourse, theplantsgrown.Compared to electricity or heat, water storage is a

quite simplematter. Water tanks and reservoirs areeasy to build: The skills andmaterials are world-wideavailable.Moreover, theycanbe long lasting,which isafinancialadvantageas itpermitsconsidering longtermreturnsof investment.Water storage is thus a straight-forward issue formostof the islands, andevenmore, itis already anecessity derived fromcurrentwaterman-agementpolicies.It was mentioned before that renewable energy

sources suffer fromirregularenergy supply, leading toeitheroversize systemsanddumpingoverproduction,or to infra-useandstrongerexternalenergeticdepend-ency.However, with an increasingdemand forwater,as well as with the development ofmore energy effi-cient water production and retrieval technologies,making themadaptive to energy availability, thepen-etrationofrenewableenergiescanbesupported,push-ing themforward tomuchhigher levelsofpenetrationthan at present.Water production plantsmay play amajor role as variable loads for any kind of system,helping to absorbproductionpeaks, and adapting toenergy demandpeaks by down-regulating their out-put.Aswatercanbestoredwithoutdifficultiesforlongerperiods of time, water demandpeaks do not have toaffect water production rates, as large reservoirs canact as buffers.A rational, technically advancedwater-energy tan-

demcanbeconsideredasa single, stablewhole, actingas a storage and retrieval systemwhichmakes anopti-mal use of sustainable and clean energy sources, andminimisesexternalenergeticdependencies.Withsuchan integralapproachphilosophy the finalgoalofeveryislandgovernment,namely to lead theircommunity tohigher living standards,withoutenvironmentalpenal-ties, canbe at last achieved.

151

Insular Context ofRenewable Energies

theMadeira case

FILIPE OLIVEIRA

AREAM- Regional Agency for Energy and the EnvironmentMADEIRA

Theultra-peripheral insular regionspresent somespecific problems concerning energy supply and themajorenergynetworks(naturalgasandelectricity)arenot available and are not expected to be. As conse-quence of the isolation anddistance, insular regionsare typically verydependentonoil products andhaveadditional costs for similar quality of energy supply,namely the electricity supply, due tomaritime trans-port of oil products and relatively small dimensionoftheenergy systems.In these insular regions,major oil alternatives are

usuallynot feasible.However, renewableenergies andrationaluseofenergyare frequently attractive in theseregions, due toover-costs andhigherprices of energysupply and theavailability ofnatural conditions. Insu-larregionsseemtohaveidealconditionsforsomedem-onstrationprogrammes fornewenergy technologies.RegiãoAutónomadaMadeira(AutonomousRegion

ofMadeira) is anarchipelagocomposedby two inhab-itedislands(MadeiraandPortoSanto)andtheDesertasand Selvagens islets, whichdonot have a permanentpopulation.In1991, ithad253426resident inhabitants,which represents about 2,5%of thenational popula-tion,withanadditionalnon-residentpopulationofabout11000people,duringtheyear.In1998,theresidentpopu-lationisestimatedinabout260000inhabitants.Concerningprimaryenergy, the local resources rep-

resent about 13%of the global demand and the re-maining is importedoilproducts.The localenergyresourceswithhigherexpression in

the regional energy balance are the hydroelectricity

and forestal biomass (firewood), which is essentiallyused toproduceheat in the residential and industrialsectors.Bothwindandsolarenergy,whichexpression isnot

sohigh, are also of considerable importance, amongthe renewable energy sources available inMadeira.These energy sources present a relatively highpoten-tial and can have an important development in thefuture.Theenergy valorisationof solidwasteby incin-eration isenvisaged in the futurewaste treatmentplanttoproduceelectricity.

Madeira

Primary energy sources 1997

1 5 2

Madeira

Renewable energy sources 1997

Madeira

Electricity production 1997

Localenergy resourcesarevery important to reduceenergy importation, as well as the rational use of en-ergy.A largepotentialof energy savings is estimated intheresidential, buildings, transports and industry.

Referring to electricity production in 1997, thehy-dro contributionwas 23%, the windwas 2%and theremainingwasproducedbyDieselpowerplantsusingfueloil.Theannualpeakofdemand inMadeira islandwas 100MW in 1997, occurred inDecember, that is5,4% superior than in 1996.Thepeak inPorto Santowas 4MW, that is 5,3%more than in 1996, inAugustdue to the tourismdemand.The total electricity con-sumptionby finaluserswas418,08GWh,being405,02GWhinMadeiraand13,06GWhinPortoSanto, show-ingan increaseof 4,5% inMadeira and9,9% inPortoSanto, comparingwith1996.Thegrowthof theelectricity in this decadewas very

highmainlydue to the residential and the tertiary sec-tors. In7 years, theelectricitydemand increased from261,30GWhin1990 to418,08GWhin1997.This is anincreaseof60%thatcorresponds toanaveragegrowthof 7%per year.The growth of the electric power supply capacity

during thenextdecadewill beessentiallybasedonthethermal production. It is not forecasted a largedevel-opment on renewable energies for thenear future tofollow the increaseof thedemand.

1991 1994 1997Regional energy sources 24387 25401 30570

Biomass 17539 16533 15581Hydro 4274 4515 9744

Wind 24 1054 978Solar 2550 3299 4267

Oil products 156036 185841 211626Fueloil 65123 78964 78474

Diesel 48237 54549 70918Petrol 24314 31320 38867

LPG (propane and butane) 17545 20180 22613Kerosene 379 326 176

Jet A1 (Madeira-Porto Santo) 438 503 578TOTAL 180423 211241 242195

153

Renewable Energy IslandsThe Danish EnergyWay

IBEN ØSTERGAARD

Energy Centre DenmarkDANISH TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

Denmark covers approx. 9% of its energy con-sumptionwith renewable energy, and 9%electricityconsumption is coveredbywindpower.Denmarkhasone officially nominatedRenewable energy island, acounty in Jutland is coveringmore than 100%of itselectricity consumptionwithwind, and several otherrenewable energy societies andRE-technologies areflourishing in thebackgarden.Of course, ourRE islandSamsøwill beof interest in

thismatterandsowillourother self-grownREsocietiessuchasÆrø.Wefindinformationanddisseminationofresultsofgreat importance,andwealreadyhadaEuro-peanREislandconferenceonSamsø last summerwithrepresentativesfrom14countriesandpresentationsfrom10islandsalloverEurope.AnewglobalconferencewithfocusonREinislandstates isgoingtotakeplaceonÆrø

inSeptemberthisyear.BothconferencesaresupportedbytheDanishEnergyAgencyandtheCommission.

Samsø � 100% RE island

IntheDanishActionPlan,Energy21from1996itwasdecidedthat thegovernmentshouldworkonthedesig-nationofa localareawhichshouldchange its supplyofenergy to localREsources.AsaresultofthiscommitmenttheDanishislandSamsø

was in1997chosenamongfivecompeting islands tobepoweredandfuelledbyrenewableenergyonly - includ-ing the transport sector -within thenextdecade!On Samsø they are busy planning and carrying

through the ideas, in order toprovide the islandwithrenewable energy sources and to live up totheexpectationsinvolvedintheappointment.Beingchosen,asarenewableEnergyIsland

doesnotmean that theenergy agency/Gov-ernmentdecidesandpayseverythingand-hereyouare:AREisland.No,withoutthecontribu-tion of the population, there will be no REisland.Therewill be local involvement in alltheprojects for instance localworkshopshavebeensetupinthedistrictheatingareas.Work-inggroupsuse their influenceontheprojectsconcerningownership.Alsoinrelationtowindturbines, citizensmeetingarebeingheldcon-cerningownership, visual impactonoffshorewindfarms,etc.

Renewable Energy on Samsø

1 5 4

The Samsø plan

Samsø is an islandof 114 km2with a population ofapprox.4,400people.Theplanconsists of 5 cornerstones:

1 Energy savingsand increasedefficiency: (20%cut inthe340TJ forheating inbuildings)2 Expansionofcollectiveheatingsupply systemswith4locally based systems fuelled with RE (wood chips,central solar, biogas)3 Expansionof individual heating systemsusingheatpumps, solarheating, etc.4 Establishmentof landbasedandoffshorewindpowerplantstocovertheelectricityconsumptionandtocom-pensate foruseof fossil fuels in the transport sector.5 Savings in the transport sector andgradual conver-sion of the transport sector from petrol and oil toelectrical power. (5% reduction of traffic, 15% re-ductionof energy consumptionbyusingelectric ve-hicles. Still this leaves 250TJ fossil fuels. (1/3 for theferries). 75%shouldbeproducedbywind turbinesthe rest by biomass and solar cells.It will take app. 600mio.DKK to carry out the plan

over a 10 yearperiod, and itwill create 45 fulltime jobin this periodand35 jobs after the10 yearperiod.

District heating plantsCiticents groups from twoof thedistrict heating ar-

eashavedecided that theelectricity ulilityARKE is go-ing to establish the two plants , and the constructionandfinal implementationwillbecompleted in theendof year2000.Market ananlysis on the local interest forjoining adistrict heating scheme takeplacenow, , be-cause an important factorwill be the amountof inter-est fromhouseownerswhen they are asked to signup.TheMunicipality of Samsøwill guarantee the neces-sary loans.TheNordbyMårupdistrictheatingplantwillbebased

onwoodchips anduse a central solarheatingplant

TheBallenareadistrictheatingsystemwill be based on a groundloadof biogas from thewaste dis-posal site and the liquidmanurefrom several local pig farms. Thiscanbecombinedwithastrawfiredplant and andperhaps a connec-tiontotheexistingstrawfiredplantinTranebjerg.Otherplans arenot so far:One

plantwithbiogasCHPandsurplusheat from ferries andwaste disposal gas.Oneplant isgoing tobe suppliedwith straw.

Wind turbinesTheenormous local interestofestablishingwindtur-

binesonSamsøhasbeensignificant for therestofDen-mark:40privatepeoplehaveappliedforpermittoestab-lishsolo-windturbineontheirownland,butonly15windturbineswillbeallowedbytheplanningauthorities.Onecouldexpect thismatter toendupinadogfight.

Butafterapublichearingandasuccessfulcitizensmeet-ingandnegotiations, status is that therewillbe3-4windturbines in four groups in amixture of single ownedand cooperative owned. This ownershipmodel hasbeenthedriving force in thediffusionofwindturbinesinDenmark.

OffshoreAoff shorewind farmof 10wind turbines of each2

MW is planned to be established on share basis. Alsohere therewill beapublichearingandcommentswillbe incorporated in the finaldeteminationofwhichsiteSamsøwill givehighestpriority.As another exampleof thedynamicDanish energy

world IwillmentionanotherRE Island,Ærø:

Ærø � tradition with RE

90km2and7.600people,Ærøhas traditionallybeenaRE island inDenmark, as ithasworkedwithREsincetheearly80s, andcovered15%of its energywithRE in1996(3timesasmuchastherestofDK).Ærø,ofcourse,joined the competition but did not receive the hon-our, andonecouldhaveexpected that theywoulddis-regard it; buton thecontrary: it seemsas if theGovern-ment support forRenewableEnergy Islandsgave thema new start, so they continued their work with evenmore effort: with the goal of 100%RE.

Renewable Energy on Ærø

155

Theplanofhowto fulfill it isnot completedyet�theplanningwork is subsidisedbytheDEA�andwhat theyintend todo first is:1 Wind to cover 100%of the electricity consumption(9x1.5MW=40miokWh,private+ shareholders)2 Three district heating plants with someRE (Solar,straw,woodchips)3 Neighbourhoodheating(Solar�woodpellets)4 Increasing amountof biomass (newhedges, fencesenergycrops)5 Energy savings. (Visits toprivatehouseholds, energyaudits)

Starting new initiatives andsupporting ongoing avtivities

These2 islandscanbeseenasexamplesof thediffer-ent typesofcontributionfromtheDanishEnergyMin-istry inorder to support and createRE islands:TheSamsøcase,whereamoreor less virgin islandas

torenewablesgets the inspirationfromanationalcom-petition,encouragingpeople tocommit themselves tobecome100%renewable -(by joint forces in order toreach thegoal)with all the local contributionandco-operation that takes.AndÆrø, where governmental policy already sup-

ports ongoing initiatives - and the support toÆrøhasnot beendecreasedeven thoughSamsø is theofficialRE island�neitherhas the local engagement.

Information - dissemination

Samsøwaschosenashost forthefirstEuropeanSemi-naronRenewableEnergy islandsbecause the island in1997was selected as theRenewable Energy Island inDenmark:Theprojectwillbea showroomtothemanychallengeswhichare facing theauthorities, planners,and not at least the inhabitants of such comunities.Being on the doorstep to this project - with severalpossibleways togo -Samsøwas theperfecthost for thissemianr. The semninarwas supportedby theDanishEnergyAgency and theEUALTENERprogramme.Firstofall the semianarwasanexcellentplayfield for

the 80 participants from14 countries to getmore in-formation about renewable energy islands and to ex-change experience - as well at the sessions but also inthebreaksandmaybeespecially at the site visits.As thiswas the first seminar on these topics several contacts

was established and the seedwas put in the earth forestablishment of networks and further developmentof existingcontacts andnetworksbetween the islands.Tenislandswerepresentedinthe2dayseminar, from

Orkney Islands in theNorthWest ,Gotland inNorthEast ,Madeira, CapVerde andCanary Islands in theSourth West to Crete in the South Eastern corner.Those islands were presented focussing ondifferentaspectsconcerningtheenergysituationsuchasorgani-sation,planning, financing, localdevelopmentandofcourse also the technical solutions. Besides those is-lands,different ingredientswhichareusefulwhenplan-ning with renewable energy or energy savings on is-lands:Technicalsolutionsandpossibilitiesforlargescaleimplementationof renewableenergy, and stateof theart of electric vehicles.

Site visits

Two very succesful site visits were carried through,the Samsø tour and the tour to the Tunø KnobOffShoreWindFarm.On the SamsøTour the renewable energy sources

and -potential, andalreadyestablished renewableen-ergyplantswerepresentedandvisited:Thestrawfireddistrictheatingplant inthemaintown

Tranebjergwas established in1993, andevenwithouttilslutningsplig it supplies 90%of the possible userswithdistrictheatingcorrespondingto13%oftheoverallenergyconsumption.Awoodpelletboilerwaspresentedasanexampleof

the renewable energyplantwhich togetherwith solarheatingcouldbeanactuality for supllying the inhabit-ants in the �opencountry�, whodonothave access todistrictheatinggrids.The 30 participants visited 2 �old� 80 kWwind tur-

bines owned by a typical Danish wind turbine guild,and the real oldpostmill inBrundbywitnessedaboutancient tradition for exploi-tation of wind energy. Sev-eral smallwindmillofdiffer-ent types fromthe70tiesand80ties showedthat therehasbeenapublic interest in thisfield since theenergy crises,and that several conceptswere triedbefore the typical�Danish� concept becamedominant.

1 5 6

Twosmallboatswithguides fromVestasWindTech-nologytook25participants to theTunøKnoboff shoreWindFarm.With10VestasWindTurbinesofeach600kWownedby the electricity company .Altogether the tours gave the participants a good

wiev of renewable energyplants and - ressources, andhowit is expected tobeexploitedonSamsø,andalso itgaveanimpressionofDanishenergypolicyandtheleg-islationandtraditionfor implementationofrenewableenergy.Togetherwith thepresentationsaboutSamsøitalso gave a very important impression about the con-cernfor involvinglocal inhabitants inenergyplanning.But first of all the seminar createdagoodgrow field

for furtherexpansionofcooperationandexchangeofexperience inRenewableEnergy Island,andtheexpe-rience from the seminar can be very useful for theglobal conferenceonrenewable islands�..

Coming up soon

Asafollowut to theEuropeanseminaraGlobalCon-ferenceonRenewableEnergyIslandswillbeheldonÆrø,Denmark, in september.Theaimof thisglobal confer-enceistobringtogetherrelevantactorsfromallovertheworldtoexchangeexperience,toincreaseawarenessonREislandsandtoestablishaplatformforfuturecoopera-tionandnetworking.TheconferencewillbesupportedbytheDanishEnergyAgency,DANIDAandEUcommis-sionenergyprogrammesSynergyandALTENER.

How did we reach this stage

Whentheoilcrisiscametousinthe70sitwasanaturalcontinuationof old traditionswith renewable energywhenanenormousactivity started inall cornersof thecountrywith theoldpeopledelivering gently of theirexperiencewithwindmills,woodfurnacesetc.Theyoungones contributedwith their enthusiasmandnewly ac-quiredknowledgefromtheeducational institutes.Butanother very important thing,withoutwhichwe

wouldnothavebeenwhereweare today, is thegovern-ment and official bodies caught the public opinionvery soon, and thepolicy of supporting theREdevel-opment in different ways has survived changing gov-ernments throughout all the years. Andwithout thisgovernmental support carriedout as direct subsidies,researchanddevelopmentprogrammes, informationanddissemination services,without this,wewouldnot

have come so far. This dynamicDanish governmentpolicy has been successful because it supported thediversity of activity. Just as well as we can say that thewindturbine industrywouldprobablynothavebecomeanythingif thefirstearlyentrepreneurshadnotboughtthewindmillseventhoughtheblades flewawayandtheinvestmentwasmore thandoubtful. Just aswellwecansay that the wind industry in the entire world wouldprobablynothavebecomewhat it is today, if theDan-ishGovernmenthadnot subsidised the investment inwind turbines from1979 to1989.Danishenergypoliticshasgenerallybeenbasedona

largeamountof contribution fromthepopulation, aswell savings as investment inRE, so for instance therehasbeeninvestmentsubsidiesforWT,Solar,heatpumpsandbiomass.Andprivatepeopleownmore than80%of allwind turbines.TheDanishREdevelopment is characterizedbynu-

meroustechnicaluniversitiesandotherinstitutionswhichhavegivenroomforthedevelopmentofREfor25years�whichhaveallowedtheforward-lookingandenthusias-tic engineers toworkwith this interestingniche eventhoughitwasnotthemostprofitableniche.PleaseallowmetomentionmyownDanishTechnological institute,wherewehavebeenamong the technological leaderswithintheareasofbiomass,heatpumpsandnottheleastsolarenergy.Duringthe last15years thefinestgoals forthe test laboratoriesherehavebeen toensure theper-formanceandquality of theREplants aswell as in theproductionas in the installationphase.AtSolarEnergyCentreDenmarktherelevant solarenergypartnersarejoiningforces,andtheEnergyCentreDenmarkcarriesoutOPETactivities(alsosupportedbytheCommission),bringingDanishandEUpoliciestogether.Participationinthis internationalnetworkhas ledto invaluableexpe-rienceanddissemination.Another example of governmental subsidiationof

RE isRISØNational Laboratory. As for theother teststations and laboratories: Their importance for thedevelopmentofwindmills inDenmarkandthereby forthewholeworld is recognisedallover theworld. �Andwithout governmental subsidy in different forms itwouldnothavehad the same strength.TheDanish results are based on a dynamic energy

policywheregovernmentalbodies inspire,provoke, lis-ten to, and support a broaddiversity of RE-activity allover the society, ranging fromgrassroots, researchandtechnical institutes,consultants,manufacturersetc.andvice versa.This combinedwith therightpeopleon theright time andplacehas after allmade adifference.

157

Renewable Energy Resourcesand Utilisation in Fiji:

an Overview

SURENDRA PRASADUniversity of the South PacificFIJI

Fiji has always reliedon importedpetroleumprod-ucts for all its transportationneeds as well as for elec-tricitygenerationand industrialuses. Since1983,how-ever, themajor islandofViti Levuhas beenprovidedwith electricity from a hydroelectric power station.Energy for domestic cooking and heating has beendominated by biomass which has also provided en-ergy to the four sugarmills in Fiji through bagasse,the waste product of the sugar producing process.Biomass also provides energy for commercial, indus-trial and agricultural use. Themajor energy sourcesare biomass, hydro-power andpetroleumproducts.This paper presents an overview of the renewable

energy situation in Fiji. The current supply and enduses of energy fromrenewable sources are examinedand prospects and constraints for the greater futureuse of renewable energy are addressed.

In t roduct ion

The importance of energy in its various forms tothe social andeconomicprogress ofmankindcannotbe overstated. We need energy in ever-increasingamounts for the provision of a comfortable environ-ment for living, for lighting, cooking, heating andcooling, for communications and transportation, formanufacturing and commercial purposes, for enter-tainment and for a whole range of other purposes.Renewable energy, derived from the sun, is a be-

nignandsustainable formofenergy.While ithasmade

substantial contribution towards meeting energyneeds in thedomestic rural and remote sectors, it hasnotmade significant inroads into the electricity gen-eration and industrial sectors, with the exception ofhydroelectric power generation. Part of the reasonfor this has been the generally diffuse nature of re-newableenergyaswell as thepooreconomicsofpowergenerationusing renewables.With the recent globalconcerns regarding the adverse effects of the use offossil fuelsontheenvironment, renewableenergy tech-nologies are well placed tomake amore significantcontribution to the global energy supply.For small developing countries such as Fiji, being

devoid of conventional energy sources such as petro-leum products, coal or natural gas, there is alwaysheavy, and inmany cases, total reliance on conven-tional energy sources for transportation, industriesand forelectricity generation. Fiji has relied veryheav-ily on petroleumproducts for all of these, except forelectricity generation since1983,whenhydroelectric-ity became the major source of electricity for thecountry.TheMonasavuhydro-electricity scheme, located in

the centre of Viti Levu, and with a rated capacity of80MWsuppliesmostofViti Levuwithelectricity.Thisleaves Vanua Levu and all the other islands still de-pendent of electricity fromdiesel-fuelled power sta-tions. Electricity from the hydro-power station is notenough tomeet the demands in Viti Levu, with theresult that several major industries, including theVatukoula goldmine, as well as many remote com-

1 5 8

munities still rely on electricity from diesel powerplants.In 1993, around47%of the population of Fiji had

electricity supplies. This consisted of grid electricityfrom the Fiji Electricity Authority (FEA) as well as vil-lageor community-baseddiesel generatedelectricity.The totalnumberofdomestic consumersof gridelec-tricitywas143,000households in1993,representinglessthan47%of the totalpopulation.Some8000consum-ershaveaccess toelectricity fromdiesel-fuelledpowerplants, representing5.5%of thepopulation.Thus, asat1993,around150,000householdshadelectricityavail-able.

Renewable Energy Sources:The Global Picture

Renewable energy has always played a vital role inmeeting energy needs on the global scale. For exam-ple, solar energy has been, and still is being, used fortheprovisionof energy for crop and fooddrying andpreservation, forprovidinghotwater for cookingandwashing and, in recent years, has provided electricityandother fuels for domestic, commercial and indus-trial uses. The energy in the wind has been used formany centuries to power sailing ships and to providemechanicalenergy forwaterpumpingandgraingrind-ing. Since the beginning of this century, the kineticenergy of the wind has been used to generate elec-tricity for awide rangeof applications, in scales rang-ing from a few watts to several million watts per sys-tem. Similarly, the kinetic energy of fallingwater hasbeenconverted intomechanical andelectrical forms.Solar energy trapped by plants has provided energyfor cookingandheatingandotherpurposes since theexistence of mankind. For the last two centuries,biomasshasbeenconverted intoawiderangeof solid,liquid and gaseous fuels which aremore convenientto transport, store anduse, and are richer in energy.Some of these fuels include charcoal, methanol,biogas, producer gas, ethanol andhydrogen.Even if hydro andbiomass sources are ignored, the

other renewable energy sources aremaking a signifi-cant contribution to the global energy demand. In1988, renewable energy technologywasworth anesti-matedUS$5 billion, excluding hydroelectric powergeneration. In theUSA in the same year, electricitygenerating capacity usingwind power was over 2000MWand growing quite steadily. Solar thermal elec-

tricity generation is a billion dollar industry globallyand is also expected to show steady growth. Largescale electricity generatingplants utilizing renewableenergy sourceshavebeencompeting successfullywithfossil-fuelledpower systems forquite awhilenow.Theglobal electricity generating capacity from hydropower stationswasover500GWin1980and is around1000GWcurrently. Countries such asNewZealand,Norway and Sweden have a heavy reliance on elec-tricity fromhydroelectric power stations. In Fiji, over80 % of all electricity generated comes from theMonasavuhydroelectric power station.

The Current Energy SupplySituation in Fiji

Currently, themajor energy sources arepetroleumproducts, biomass, hydropower and coal. Energyfrom coal contributes less than 5% to the total en-ergy supply.Biomass andpetroleummakeupover 70%of the total primary energy. Table 1 shows the en-ergy supply situation since 1981. Before the commis-sioningof theMonasavuhydroelectricpower schemein 1983, electricity was generated by diesel-fuelledpower stations. Since 1983, however, electricity haslargely been generated from theMonasavu hydro-power system, with around 95%of all electricity forthe island of Viti Levu coming from it. Electricity forconsumersoutsideVitiLevucomes fromdieselpowerstations operated by FEA.Biomass,mainly in the formof bagasse for the four

sugar mills, and wood bark and chips for the Drasasawmill, also is used to generate electricity (andproc-ess heat), for industry. The Fiji Sugar Corporation(FSC) has a collective electrical generating capacityof 27MW in its four sugarmills. Themills utilise thecombustion of bagasse to generate steam and elec-tricity. In 1993, 43,823MWhof electricity was gener-ated, from940,500 tonnes of bagasse. TheDrasa saw-mill inLautokahas a 3MWpower station, which sup-pliedall theenergy requirements for the sawmill.Thebark andchips-firedboiler consumes some24 tonnesof fuel daily to generate steam for process heat andfor electricity.Table 1 shows energy supply data for Fiji between

1981 and1994.Themixof imported and indigenousprimaryenergy supply, alongwith the individual com-ponents of eachcategory are shown inenergyunits aswell as in percentage terms.

159

Renewable Energy Sources

Renewableenergysources inFiji includedirect solar,wind, hydro and biomass.Hydroelectricity has beenthemajor electricity source for Viti Levu since 1983,with a capacity of 80MW. Inaddition there are2minihydroelectricity schemes and a number ofmicro-hy-dro plants. Biomass sees extensive use, for domesticcooking, cropdrying and for electricity generation insugarmillsusingbagasse.These sources are discussed inmore detail in the

followingsections.

Direct Solar EnergyFiji, located in the southern tropical zone,hasagen-

erally good solar regime.Meandaily insolation variesfrom17MJ/m2 (June) to 22MJ/m2 (January). Aver-agedaily sunshinehours range from5to7hours/day.Theannualdailyaverage insolation,basedona10-yearmeasurement cycle, is 19.5MJ/m2 and the annual av-erage sunshinehours is6.2hours.Thecurrentutilisationof solarenergy inFiji includes

provisionofhotwater throughdomesticandcommer-cial hot water systems and for electricity generationthroughphotovoltaic power systems.These latter aremainly for village level domestic use and for remotetelephonerepeater stations.There is significantpotential for greateruseof solar

energy for hot water systems as well as for electricitygeneration fordomestic, commercial andeven indus-

trialuse.However, thecurrenteconomicsofPVsystemsdoesnotprovideanincentive for thisapplication.How-ever, there is significantpotential forsolar thermalelec-tricity generation, the economics forwhich are quitefavourableandcomparable to fossil-fuelbasedsystems.

Hydro Power ResourcesIn Fiji, the 80MWMonasavu hydro-electricity sys-

tem, incentralVitiLevu,hasbeenprovidingelectricitytomostpartsofVitiLevu since1983.Over400GWhofelectricity is currently generated fromthe schemean-nually. Twomini-hydro systems, rated at 100 kWand800kWrespectively, provide electricity to two remotecommunities.Fiji has a relativelyhugehydro-powerpotential.As a

resultof thenatureof the islands,whichareof volcanicorigin andaremountainous, there arenatural catch-mentareas inmostof the larger islands.Fiji alsoenjoyshigh rainfall, with anaverageof 4000mmper year.Estimates put the total potential of the resource to

over1GW.Electricity from the 80MWMonasavu hydroelec-

tricity scheme in the interior of Viti Levu, the largestisland in the Fiji group, is distributed to over 90%oftheelectricity consumers suppliedby theFEA.Apart fromthis largehydropower scheme, twomini

hydro-schemes (with a total capacity of 250 kW) sup-plies electricity to two remote communities. There isvery significantpotential for greateruseofhydroelectricity, generated fromsmall-scalemicro-

units ormediummini systems.

ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY SOURCE : 1981-92

YEAR COAL PET. % ELECTRICITY

PROD C+P DIESEL HYDRO BAGASSE TOTAL WOOD TOTAL

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ % TJ % TJ

1981 485 7762 62.14 881 0 164 1045 7.87 3980 29.99 13272

1982 541 6930 59.17 924 0 179 1103 8.74 4053 32.10 126271983 479 7170 59.68 830 114 93 1037 8.09 4131 32.23 12817

1984 535 7165 58.8 87 945 155 1187 9.06 4208 32.13 130951985 428 7077 57.99 65 974 129 1168 9.03 4268 32.98 12941

1986 601 7698 59.61 67 1067 151 1285 9.23 4339 31.16 139231987 485 6925 56.81 68 1059 129 1256 9.63 4377 33.56 13043

1988 333 6575 54.56 122 1105 111 1338 10.57 4415 34.87 126611989 446 7266 56.66 114 1169 162 1445 10.62 4453 32.72 13610

1990 431 7686 57.45 116 1252 153 1521 10.77 4491 31.79 141291991 571 8206 59.25 122 1249 138 1509 10.19 4528 30.57 14814

1992 462 8664 59.87 160 1247 144 1551 10.18 4566 29.95 15243

Table 1: Energy Supply for Fiji: 1981-94

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Biomass Energy ResourcesTheavailabilityofbiomass varies considerably inna-

ture and amount from country to country. Some ex-amplesofwastebiomass available inFiji includecoco-nuthusksandshells, sawdustandwaste timber, loggingresidues, cane tops, rice andmaize straws, rice hulls,andanimalwastes frompigs, cows, chickensandotheranimals.Biomass, in combinationwithpetroleumproducts,

makesupover70%of the totalprimaryenergyused inFiji. Biomass, in the form of bagasse from the foursugarmillsandwoodchipsandbark,providesthesugarmills and a large sawmill with electricity and processheat. In 1993, some 940,500 tonnes of bagasse wasburnedtoprovidesteamfor themillsand44,000MWhofelectricity.Themajor use of biomass resources is for energy,

mostlyforcooking,withsmalleramountsusedforsteamraisingandelectricity generation for industries.Theseresources includewoodfromforests,wastewoodfromsawmills andcropwastesandresidues.Many industriessuchas sugar, copra, soapandoilproduction, riceandtimbermills use wood for raising steamand for elec-tricitygeneration.Boardingschools,abattoirsandevena few restaurants and bakeries use wood for cookingand/or steamraising.Biomass accounted for 51% of the total primary

energy supplyof27000TJ inFiji for1992(DOE,1992).Of this, bagasse (9123TJ) was the dominant source,contributing 34%with the rest (17%)being contrib-uted by wood. Domestic cooking in the rural areasmakesupthelargest singleend-usefor theenergy fromwood. The sugar industry uses around a third of thebagassegenerated in the sugarmills togenerateproc-ess steamandelectricity, selling any surplus power totheutility.The1984 installedcapacityof thesugarmillsusingbiomass- fired turbineswas almost 29MW(TataReport, 1985). Some2.8GWhofelectricitywas sold tothe Fiji Electricity Authority in 1985 (Fiji ElectricityAuthority, 1986).Aroundamillion tonnesof bagassewasused forelectricity generation in themills in1989.There is abundantbiomass resource, in the formof

forests as well as agricultural and industrial waste, towarrantseriousconsiderationofbiomass-fuelledpowersystems.The twomajoroptionsaredirect combustionsystemsusinga steamengineor turbine connected toanalternatorandpowergasificationsystems.Thesugarmills, for instance,usebagasse togenerateall theirelec-tricalenergyrequirements;afewsawmillsgenerateelec-tricity and steamon-site anda25kWwood-fired steam

powercogenerationsystemsupplieselectricityandheatfordrying copra at aplantation inTaveuni.

Wind Energy ResourcesThe power in the wind varies as the cube of the

windspeedandisdirectlyproportional to thecross-sec-tionalareaof theharnessingdevice throughwhich thewindpasses.Thismeans that if thewindspeed inacer-tainlocationdoubled,thewindwouldpossesseighttimesmorepower.Duetotheintermittentnatureofthewind,intermsofbothitswindspeedanddirection,windpowerisnotveryreliableand, forelectricitygeneration,a stor-ageandbackuppowersystemarerequired.A study onwind power in Fiji determined that the

averagewindpower flux over themost windy areas isbetween42and140W/m2 (windspeedbetween4 to6m/s)(Prasad ,1982).Thepower in thewindcanbe(andhasbeen succes-

sively)utilised toprovidemechanicalpower(forwaterpumping, for instance)and forelectricity generation.Thereisgoodpotential for theuseofsmall-scaleWECS,usingbattery storage, toprovidepower toremotecom-munitiesandforremotetelecommunicationsinstallations.Ingeneral, thewindregime inFiji isnot verypromis-

ing forharnessing thewind�senergy forelectricitygen-eration.Themeanwindspeedformost locations inFijivarybetween4and6m/s.Therearelocationswherethewindspeed ismuchbetterbut it isnotconsistently so.

Electricity Generation

Electricity is generatedmostly from 3 sources- hy-droelectricity generation, generation from diesel-fuelledpower stations andbiomass-fuelled electricity(sugarmills, sawmills).Apart fromthe sugarmills anda large sawmill, electricity is generatedby theFiji Elec-tricityAuthority either through theMonasavuhydro-electricity generating system(formostofVitiLevu)orthrough its thermal power stations fuelled by dieselfuel.ThePublicWorksDepartment ischargedwiththeresponsibility of generating electricity, through smallandmediumscalediesel generatingplants for remoteandrural communities.Figure 1 shows electricity generated by various

sources since 1981. Electricity generated from the ru-ral diesel power systems are not included; nor is thatgeneratedby theVatukoulagoldmine.The lattergen-erates its ownelectrical power requirements throughdieselpower systems.

161

Barriers to Greater Useof Renewable Energy

Despite the relatively abundant renewable energyresources, thecurrent levelofutilisation inFiji is ratherinsignificant, except for biomass and hydro power.Other resources such as solar, wind, wave and tidalsourceshaveyet tomakeany impressionontheenergyfront inFiji.Themainreasonsare thecurrent stateof renewable

energy technologies, the economics and the generallack of government and industry support forrenewables.Renewableenergysystems,particularly thesmall-scale ones, cannot compete economically withthe large or evenmedium scale fossil-fuel based elec-tricity generation systems.Apart from theobvious ad-vantages of economyof scale for fossil power systems,the renewable systems suffer fromunreliability and in-termittencyof energy supply, thediffusenatureof theenergy(solar,wind)and thewideacceptanceandwelldevelopedcurrent levelof technology for fossil-fuelledsystems.Currentopinionhas it that barriers due to the tech-

nologyandeconomicsofrenewablepowersystemsthatprevent their widespread acceptance and adoption(Bannister,1989).Heprovidesevidencethatrenewablesface cultural barriers of considerablemagnitude andfurther examines the background to the renewableenergydebate(Bannister,1990).Bannister argues that renewable energy technolo-

gies havenot been able tomake significant contribu-tion to theglobal energybecauseof �cultural� barriers.Hepoints out that for too long, renewables have suf-

fered the label of �alternatives� and this has beenoneof themajor drawbacks to thewider acceptance andadoption of renewables. He further points out thatunless theattitudeof society-at-largewaschangedvis-a-vis renewablesandtheirbenignandsustainablenature,therewouldbe littlepoint inrenewables trying tocom-pete with conventional energy systems on their ownterms. Bannister and others advocate that the key togainingacceptanceofrenewablesonanindividual levelin society lies in not appealing to their pockets but toappealing to their conscience.He goes on to suggestways topromoterenewablesusingexisting institutionalstructures.Weightman (1996) lists various constraints on the

development and expansion of renewable energyprojects withinNewZealand. Someof these includethe following:

� lackof commercialisation� lack of established infrastructure of some re tech-nologies� lowcost of energy fromconventional sources� evolving pricing regime for national grid transmis-sion cost for electricity� lackof anenvironmental externality cost in the cur-rentpriceof fossil fuels� lack of familiarity with the technology by investors,professionals and thepublic� lack of specific andmore general information onrenewableenergy technologies.All of these constraints are applicable to the situa-

tionwithregard touseof renewableenergy inFiji, andindeed toeverywhereelse, to somedegree.

ELECTRICITY GENERATION IN FIJI

Figure 1: Electricity Generated from

Various Sources: 1981-1992

1 6 2

Conc lus ions

In Fiji, energy comes from anumber of sources ofwhichthethreedominantarepetroleumproducts(fortransportation, household and industrial use and forelectricitygeneration),hydropower(forelectricitygen-eration) andbiomass (for cooking, process heat andelectricitygeneration).Other sources includecoal(forindustrial use), solar energy (for hot water and light-ing), geothermal (mainly for cooking),Electricity isgeneratedusinghydropower,diesel fuel

andbagasse ( for the four sugarmills).Biomass, in theformof firewood, sawdust, barkandagriculturalwaste(mainly coconut husk and shell), is used to provideprocessheat for industriesandcommercialenterprisesaswell as to generate electricity.While there is good scope for greater use of

renewables(suchashydropowerandbiomass) forelec-tricitygeneration,itappearsunlikelythatthesewillmakesignificant inroads.However, thereare industries suchas the sugarmills, sawmills, copramills and other in-dustries that are looking increasingly at the feasibilityof generating their ownpower through theuseof thewasteproducts theygenerate.Thus, Fiji�s electricity generationwill continue tobe

dominatedby thehydroelectricity facility atMonasavu(formost of Viti Levu) while the rest of Fiji will con-tinuetorelyupondieselgeneration, throughlargecen-tralpower stationsor smalldieselgenerator sets for therural and remote communities.

References

1 UnitedNationsEconomic andSocial Commission for Asia

and the Pacific. (ESCAP). 1985

«Energy Issues and Prospects in the Asia and the Pacific

Region». Energy Resources Development Series #31.

2 Prasad, S. B. (1989) �A Biomass-Fueled Steam Power

Generation System: Modelling, Performance and Con-

trol Aspects�. Unpublished Thesis, Department of Engi-

neering Physics, Research School of Physical Sciences,

Australian National University,Canberra, Australia.

3 World Bank (1992) «Issues and Options in the Energy

Sector». Country Reports for Fiji, W. Samoa, Tonga,

Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. The World Bank in co-

operation with the UNDP/ESCAP PEDP, the ADB and

FSED. May, 1992.

4 Etherington, D. M. 1987. «The Coconut Connection:

Towards Regaining `Subsistence Affluence� in the South

Pacific. Part 1: A Policy Perspective». Economics De-

partment, Research School of Pacific Studies, Austral-

ian National University.

5 Bannister, Paul (1989). «Cultural Barriers to Renewable

Energy». Proceedings of the Australian and New Zea-

land Solar Energy Society (ANZSES) Solar�89 Confer-

ence. 30 N0v.-2 Dec. Brisbane, Australia, 1989.

6 Bannister, Paul (1990) �On the Philosophical Background

to the Renewable Energy Debate�. Energy Research

Centre, research School of Physical Sciences, Austral-

ian National University, Canberra, Australia.

7 Department of Energy, Fiji. (1994). Energy Statistical

Yearbook, 1992.

8 Fiji Electricity Authority, 1994. Annual Report 1994. Par-

liamentary Paper No. 1/1994.

9 Fiji Sugar Corporation (FSC) (1995). Annual Report.

163

Neverland Island

GIANFRANCO D'EREDITÁCRISTINA MANICARDI

Ansaldo Renewable Energy Consortium - ENERINITALY

The system

Inthe frameworkof renewableenergy sourcedevel-opment and integration, the commonest ecosystemsinMediterraneanare its islands.Islands offer sources of renewable energy andpro-

videanattractiveexploitationopportunity inbothtech-nical and economic terms, as well as benefitting em-ploymentand theenvironment.The «island system» represents the best opportu-

nity to demonstrate an integrated development ap-proach to:

� using locally available«renewable resources» tocon-serve the environment and improve the social andeconomic fabric;� connecting«renewableresources»available ina flex-iblemanner using innovative distribution and con-trol systems.

System integration andop t im i s a t i o n� Thedifferent generators installedon the Islandwillbeoperated inparallel and their output, accordingto the availability of primary energy sources, will beoptimisedby an intelligentpowerdispatcher (possi-blybasedon fuzzy logic techniques).� As farasenergy saving is concerned, acontrolwill beimplementedon theusers� sides, bymeanof intelli-

gent plugs or other similar devices, able to connectlowpriority loads onlywhen theoverall balancebe-tweenpower demand andpower availability allowssuch loads tooperate.Thiswill sensibly increaseover-all systemefficiency and therefore reduce theneedforexpensiveenergy storagecapacity.� Asimpleprototypingtool isusedto investigateclosedenergy systems including several generators (Wind,PV,Mini-hydro, FuelCells, etc.) anddifferent typesof users (residential, water desalinators, etc.). Thetool allowsa fast tailoringof the systemto theclient�sneeds and to the existing infrastructures in aoptimisedconfiguration.

Energy and information links

Ventotene integrated projectThe project, now under development, has been

made by Enerin according to Italian andUE laws, inpartnershipwith local contractors andpublic author-ity and is aimedat:

� Integratedutilizationof renewable sources: Photo-voltaic,SolarThermal,Biogas(thatwillgradually sub-stitute diesel oil) with the existing local energy gridfedby fossil fuel (1.2MWdieselpowerplant)� Potablewaterproductionbydesalinators andwatersupplyby theexistingdistributiongridwithpumpingfedby electric systemorPVplant

1 6 4

� Energy saving system+ intelligentpowerdispatcherThis project is the result of a careful and realistic

evaluation, above all concerning the timing, to turnover a «fossil» system to a «renewable + fossil» systemandat last to a «renewable island» system.

VentoteneIslandcanbeclassifiedasasmallsizeisland(300residents,300beds in7Hotels,2500people inthesummerperiod-bed&breakfast).This Islandis subjecttoenvironmentalandnaturalisticbonds:Ventoteneisanaturalandseaparkwithendemicspecies.

ENERGY AND INFORMATION LINKS

165

National Energy ProgramCROTOK

Energy Development on Islands

ALENKA KINDERMANEnergy Institute Hrvoje PoþarCROATIA

Historical development of the islands and theirpresent situation canbe clearly observed at Figure 1.showing the changes in demographic pattern in thelast hundred years. The diagram shows that the de-creasing trend is linear and very steep. If the emigra-tion andmortal trends are not changed, the popula-tionshalldropveryquicklyand in2005 itwouldbe justahalf of the year1921-population level.

Figure 1: Number of inhabitants on islands (1900-1991)

Theupgradingandimprovementoflivingconditionson the islands, economic growth andpreservationofenvironmental values, were themotives to introducetheNationalProgramofDevelopmentof Islands.TheProgramis coordinatedbyMinistryofReconstructionandDevelopment of the Republic of Croatia and itsystematically takes care of all segments of the prob-lems related to the islands.The Program recognizes the energy supply of the

Croatianislandsasavery important infrastructurecom-

ponent, whichmust be observed in the context of vi-ablegrowth.Thatwas the reason that theEnergy Insti-tuteHrvojePoþar starteda specificnational programCROTOK.TheProgramelaborates different aspectsof energydevelopmentof theCroatian islands.The Programhas been started with the aim to im-

proveenergyeconomyof the islands,useof renewableenergy sources, preservationof theenvironment, andtomobilize experts in accomplishing the taskswithintheCroatianenergy supply sector.

Institutional framework ofEnergy Planning in Croatia

At the beginning of 1994 the Government of theRepublicofCroatia adoptedanewresearchproject inthe energy field called PROHES -Development andOrganizationof theCroatianEnergySector.Thepre-liminary resultsof theproject�s implementationwhichwere published in 1995. have showed that there is aneed formoredetailed studies consideringCroatiandevelopmentbothglobally andby sectors.During 1996 seven studies were finished analysing

futureenergydemand in industry, services, transport,building construction, forestry, agriculture as well asglobal economicdevelopment.In March 1997, Government of the Republic of

Croatia and all competentministries and other stateinstitutions and companies signed the agreement tomanagetennationalenergyprogramswith theEnergy

1 6 6

Institute �HrvojePoþar�.Theprogram�sobjectivesareto develop a number ofmeasures to overcome exist-ing barriers for wider implementation of energy effi-ciency andrenewableenergy sources.The first phase of research on the projects lasted

about one year and preliminary results published inthe summerof 1998, servedas abasis elements for theDraft study Energy Sector Development Strategy ofthe Republic of Croatia.TheeleventhNational Energy Program-CROTOK

was started in1999as apartof thePROHESproject. Itisparticularorganizationof tenothersnationalenergyprogramswhose goals is to provide conditions for in-creasingenergy efficiency, alternative energyuse andenvironmentprotectiononcroatian islands.

Figure 2: Organization of activities

in the project PROHES

National EnergyPrograms in Croatia

PLINCRO -Gasification program in CroatiaProgramobjective is to increaseuseoggasnenergy

consumption structure as whole as a prerequisite forgas network expanding to all until nownon-gasifiedregions.Currently, about15%ofCroatianhouseholdsareconnectedtogaspipelinesystemanduntil2025theexpected increase is about40%.

KOGEN-Cogeneration ProgramCurrently, cogenerationplants contribute toalmost

10%of theCroatian electric consumption. Programobjective is toobtainallpreconditionsand takeoff the

obstacles for increasingcogenerationplants construc-tion,everywherewhereheatandelectricity areused intechnologicalprocesses.

MIEE Network of IndustrialEfficient Use of EnergyThenetwork installing programobjective is to en-

sureall institutional,organizationalandexpertprereq-uisites for increasingenergyefficiency in industry, serv-ice and public sector, based in experiences of devel-opedcountries.

MAHE-Small Hydro PowerPlants Construction ProgramThisprogramaimstoprovideallconditionsforagreat

numberof small plants construction. total amountoftheinstalledpowerinsmallhydropowerplantsis24MWandtechnicalpotential isestimatedataround150MW

SUNEN - Solar EnergyUse ProgramThisprogramobjective is to give all legal, incentive,

promotionalandotherprerequisites for significant so-lar energy use. At the present level, total potential ofsolarenergy is estimatedat1,4PJ in2000, about5PJ in2010andabout15PJ in2020.Thepotential ofpassivesolar architecture is estimatedat about 350TJ in2000and6430TJ in2020.

BIOEN- Biomass andWaste Use ProgramTheprogramplans tousewaste-wood, straw,biogas ,

andotherwaste,andconversionfrombiomass to liquidfuel(ethanol,methanol).Thetotalenergyresourcesofbiomass in Croatia are at about 50 PJ whereby 39 PJmakestechnicalenergyresourcethatcanbeusedtoday.

ENWIND-Wind Energyuse programTheprogramhas shown that the yearly electric en-

ergy production fromwindenergy couldbebetween380and790GWhon29 locationsanalysed.apart fromproductionofelectric energy thewindgenerators canbeused inwater supply systems (desalination)what isalso interested for theAdriatic islands.

GEOEN - Geothermal EnergyUse ProgramInCroatia there is ehundreds years old traditionof

using geothermal energy fromnatural resources for

167

medical andbathingpurposes. It is alsopossible tousethermalpotential inagriculture,hospitals,hotels, resi-dential buildings, etc. Theamountof geothermal en-ergy resources of theknowndeposits inCroatia is 812MWtand45,8MWe.

KUENzgrada- Building EnergyEfficiency ProgramTheprogramof energy efficiency in building con-

struction includes the changes of regulation inorderto favor increaseof thermal insulationandreconstruc-tionofexistingresidencebuildings.

KUENcts-Energy Efficiencyin Centralised ThermalSystems ProgramThe aimof the program is to define all conditions

for energy efficiency increase, ranging from thermalconsumptionmeasuring to theoverall situation in theenergy sector in thermsofownershipandeconomy.

CROTOK-Energy developmenton islandsThegoalof theprogramofenergydevelopmenton

islands is to ensure institutional, organizational andexpert prerequisites for increasing energy efficiencyandalternativeenergyuseon islands.

Energy planning onCroatian islands

Regarding to the specific climate, economyanden-ergy supply system inparticular areas in theRepublicof Croatia it is necessary to organize regional energyplanning.Thebasicadministrativeunitof theregionalplanning of energy sector in Croatia is a county. Inadditiontothat, theareaofplanningmayincludemorecounties at the regional level or certain specific partsof somecounties, as forexample, theCroatian islands.However, regional development of energy sector

mustbeinco-ordinationwithdevelopmentonnationallevel, especially with electric power and gas systemaswell as with system for oil derivatives production anddistribution.Energy offices will undertake the responsibility for

thedurationof theprocess of energyplanning in thecounties and for the implementation of the plans.Those offices will be given expert and scientific sup-port for their activities by theEnergy institute �Hrvoje

Poþar�andregionalcentres inSplit,RijekaandOsijek.Basically,anecessary levelofuniformity inthemethodo-logicalpartof theco-operationbetweencertaincentresandofficeswouldbe inchargeofEnergy institute.Croatian islandsareaspecificnatural resourceof the

RepublicofCroatiaandtheirgeographicandeconomiccharacteristicsdemanda special approach inmanage-mentof energy generationandconsumption.There-fore, theyareorganizedas separate regionalentityandcorrespondingCountiesandtheirenergyofficeswilltakeresponsibilityofenergydevelopmentonislands.

Figure 3: Relations between the country

energy offices and regional energy centres

Methodological concept ofenergy planning on islands

Themethodological concept of the island�s energysystemdevelopment is based on the regional energysystemplanning in thecountriesof theEuropeanUn-ionusing theLeast-Cost Planning andDemandSideManagementmethods. InCroatia, such experienceswere achieved through the project Regional energyplanning in Istria (Sinergy,Exergija,EIHP).Thedevel-opment plan evolves in twophases. The first phase isthe elaborationof the starting points followedby thedefinition of the development plan for the improve-mentof energyefficiency andrenewable resourceuti-lisation.Bothphases, includingtheindividual steps,areshownin figure4:

1 6 8

� Economic develop-ment of the island de-termines its energy sys-tem development,therefore it is necessarytoconductananalysisofall available resources.� Energydatabase showsthe current state of af-fairs of the energy con-sumption and at thesame time creates thebasis for further plan-ning of the island�s en-ergy system develop-ment. It consistsof indi-vidual consumer cat-egories andenergyconsumptionaccording to struc-ture andpurpose (heating, non-heating, cooling).Mostof thedatanecessary for theelaborationof thedata base can be gathered throughpublic opinionpollswiththeauthozisedinstitutions furnishingsomegeneraldata.� Renewable energypotential is elaboratedbasedonthe locationrecordsofallpossible renewableenergyresources.� Housingpotentialdata review theexistingbuildingsaccording to theirpurpose, type, age,heatingcondi-tionsetc.,andarealsogatheredthroughopinionpolls.� Pollutantemissionswiththeexistingenergyconsump-tion result from the present records andmeasure-ments.� Analysisofcurrentconsumptionandfutureneedsofusefulenergy inallconsumptionsectors isperformedbymeansof several scenarios. It isbasedonthemaineconomicdevelopment guidelines and someotherelements suchasdemography, climate, technologi-cal progress, etc.� Possible renewable resourceutilisation andenergyefficiency enhancement in order to meet futureneeds: The competitiveness of the renewable en-ergy potential is compared to the classical supplysystems in time sequence. Improved energy effi-ciency inhotel business, industry andbuilding con-struction also affects future supply andprofitabilityof investments.� According to the foreseen scenarios of energy con-sumption and supply, pollutant emissions create alimiting factorwhichwillbear influenceonthestruc-tureof theenergy consumed.

Preliminary resultsof investigation onthe project CROTOK

Thepreliminary results of investigationon thepro-gramCROTOKshowpresentenergyconsumptionandpredictionsof futureenergydemandsuntil 2020.Theyear1996hasbeen takenas a reference year forwhichdetailedenergyconsumptiondatabyenergy formandenergyuse are available. Projections of future energydemands have beenmade according to the generaldevelopmentprojections, infrastructuredevelopment,theprotectionof thehumanenvironment, thedevel-opmentof theeconomic activities aswell as thedevel-opmentof social activities.Energy systemon islands is analysed through three

consumer categories: households, services and indus-try. Agriculture is not developed, so its consumption,compared toothers sectors, is not significant.

Energy consumptionon islands in 1996

Househo ld sAmong717 islands inCroatia 66of themare inhab-

ited, and110953 inhabitants liveon them.Themajor-ityof thepopulation liveson15 islandswhile less than5percent live on others. The total number of house-holds is 39643, but this number is bigger during thesummerperiodwhenpeople formmainlandcome totheirholidayhouses.Households are themajor energy consumers on is-

lands.Concerningtheenergystructureandneeds they

Figure 4

169

are incomparison to thecontinentalpartofCroatia.Averageannualenergyconsumptionin a household is calculated from the dataobtained from a questionnaire which wasconduced on several islands. Results showthatonehouseholdneeds46,43GJper yearfor its thermal andnon-thermalpurposes aswell as for thecoolingandoverall consump-tiononislands is1842,17TJ.Themostusefulenergy source is fuel wood and its share inoverall consumption is 50percent. Electric-ity has very high share of 36percent as a re-sult of its intensiveuse for thermalpurposes(heating, cooling andhot water). Light oilandLPGhave shares less than10percent.

Serv i ce sThe service sector on islands comprises

tourismand catering, trade, health, educa-tion public administration and others. Re-garding to the fact that tourism is themostdevelopedbranchon islands this sub-sectoris the largest energyconsumer in servicecat-egory.Total accommodationcapacity on is-lands is 129305beds, and29percentof thatnumber belongs to the primary capacities(hotels).Total energy consumption in serv-ices in1996 is 477TJ, 54percentof that energy is usedfor thermalpurposes, 38percent fornon-thermalpur-poses and the rest for cooling.Mostly fossil fuels areused for thermal purposes while other demands arecoveredbyelectric energy.

Indus t r yIndustryonislands isverypoorlydeveloped,

but there is shipbuilding, textile industry,plas-tic production, salt industry andarhitecturalandbuilding stones extraction. In 1996, 250TJ,mostly fueloil andelectricity, in this sectorwasconsumed.

Total thermal energyconsumption onislands in 1996Figure4showstotalthermalenergyconsump-

tiononislandsaccordingtotheirgeographicalpositionandconsumercategoryin1996.Totalamountofusedenergywas1206TJ,74percentbelongingtohouseholds,16percenttoservicesand10percenttoindustry.

Prediction of futureenergy demand onislands until 2020Base year energy consumption is themain prereq-

uisite for the elaboration of energy balances. The ta-ble 1 and figure 5 show increasing trends for all threecategories of consumption:households, industry andservices.

Figure 6 : Thermal energy consumption on islands in 1996.

Figure 5: Energy consumption prediction until 2020, TJ

1 7 0

Totalend-useenergydemandonislands in2020willbe2,38 timesbigger thanin1996.Thehighest increasewill have the service sector becauseof theplanned in-tensivedevelopmentof tourismas a leadingeconomybranchon islands.With that the share of service sectorwill increase in

totalconsumption.Energyconsumptioninhouseholdswillalsorise.Until2020theirdemandwill increaseabouttwice. It ispredicetd that thenumberof inhabitantsonislands will rise. Also, a better living standard is pre-dicted, so the average yearly consumptionperhouse-holdswill growupaswell.Also, energy consumption in industry and agricul-

turewill rise, however their share in total energy con-sumptionwill stay the same.

1996 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

HOUSEHOLDS 1204,68 1435,00 1673,00 1890,00 2060,00 2228,391,00 1,19 1,39 1,57 1,71 1,85

SERVICES 419,04 640,00 900,00 1150,00 1420,00 1707,381,00 1,53 2,15 2,74 3,39 4,07

INDUSTRY 166,81 220,00 285,00 320,00 330,00 333,621,00 1,32 1,71 1,92 1,98 2,00

TOTAL 1790,53 2295,00 2858,00 3360,00 3810,00 4269,391,00 1,28 1,60 1,88 2,13 2,38

Table 1: End-use energy consumption prediction on islands until 2020, TJ

Conc lus ionCroatianislandspresentanenormousnaturalresource

whichrequiresa special attentionandcareonthestatelevel.Thepurposeof theprogramCROTOKis tohelpenergy systemdevelopmenton the islands inorder tocreate conditions for a high-qualitymanagement ofenergygenerationandconsumption.Owingtospecificgeographical and climatic conditions the renewableenergy resources and energy efficiencymeasures aregoing to play a crucial role when defining futuredevelopmenttendencies.Theywillhelpdevelopasystemwhich meets all world standards and regulations inrelationtoenvironmentalprotectionandpreservation.Apart frompositiveenvironmentaleffects, theprogramisexpectedtohaveawidesocialandeconomicinfluencesuch as an improved standardof living, employment,infrastructuraldevelopmentandmodernisationandtheenhancementofagriculture, industryandtourism.

References

1 Graniæ, G., et al.: Energy Sector Strategy Development

of the Republic of Croatia, Draft proposal, Ministry of

economic affairs & Energy institute �Hrvoje Poþar�

Zagreb, 1988

2 National program for islands development, Proceedings

of the Symposium on National program for Island Devel-

opment, Ministry of Development and Recovering, Krk

22.-24. February 1996

3 Regional Energy Planning for Istra, Sinergy Programme:

Regional Energy Planning in Istra, Exergia & Energy

Institute Hrvoje Poþar, Athens 1997

4 Majstoroviæ M., et al.: Energy Balances and Energy

Demand Forecasting up to 2020, Project Energy Sec-

tor Development of Splitsko-dalmatinska County, Fac-

ulty of Electric, Mechanic and Naval Engineering -Split

and Energy Institute Hrvoje Poþar-Zagreb, 1998

Basic information on Croatian islands

Croatian Islands are the second largest archipelago of

the Mediterranean Sea. They encompass all islands of the

Adriatic East Coast and its central zone. There is a total of

1185 islands, including 718 islands, 389 sounds and 78

reefs. They determine the territorial sea of the Republic of

Croatia, which makes 37 per cent of its overall territory.

The total surface of the archipelago is 3300 km2, which is

5.7 per cent of the total national land territory.

They are situated in the area with Adriatic type of Medi-

terranean climate. Summers are hot and dry, winters are

mild and wet, and the insolation degree is high. July aver-

age temperature range from 23,7 oC to 25,6 oC. Croatian

islands are among the areas in Europe most exposed to

the sun, the annual average of insolation ranges from 2200

to 2650 hours of sunny weather, which means over 7 hours

of sun daily. The regime of precipitation is typically Medi-

terranean. There are 266 to 1141 mm of precipitation.

Adriatic Sea belongs to the group of warm seas. The sea

surface temperature in winter period does not drop bellow

10oC and during summer season it can reach up to 25oC.

171

InitsenergyactionplanEnergy21from1996theDan-ishgovernmentdecided thataDanish islandasadem-onstrationproject shouldbecomeaRenewableEnergyIslands (REI), i.e. 100%self sufficient fromrenewableenergysources(RES), includingtransportation,within10years.InNovember1997theDanishislandSamsøwasselectedamong5candidates tobecomeanofficialREI.TheDanishCouncil forSustainableEnergy,whichisanindependentcouncil advising theDanishgovernmentandparliament, foundtheREI-conceptagoodstartingpoint forexchangeofexperienceandinformationandglobal co-operation.TheCouncil therefore asked theDanishNGOForumforEnergyandDevelopment(FED)to initiateaglobalmappingof renewableenergydevel-opment on small islandswith a size below500 squarekilometres.The reportRenewableEnergyon small Is-landswasavailable inApril1998.Belowaresomeof themajorconclusions fromthis report supplementedwithinformationgatheredsince.

Major Reliance onimported Fossil Fuels

Most small islands around the world today are de-pendent on imported fossil fuels for themajority oftheir energy needs especially for transport and elec-tricity production. E.g. in the Caribbean petroleumimports are responsible formore than75%ofprimaryenergy demand and in the insular areas of the Euro-peanUnion(EU)oil accounts forapproximately90%of theprimary energydemand.

Renewable Energyon Small Islands

THOMAS LINGE JENSENForum for Energy and Development (FED)

Becauseofsmall sizeandisolatedlocation, infrastruc-ture costs suchas energy arehigher thanon themain-land and cost of fossil fuels constitutes a substantialproportion of the total value of imports. E. g. energyoften accounts formore than 12%of all imports inSmall IslandDevelopingStates (SIDS)andmore than15%ofall imports in the islands in theEU.This is alsoreflected in thecostofelectricityproduction.Thepro-duction costs for diesel power in theCaribbean is forexample10-15UScents per kilowatt-hour (kWh)andinthePacificapproximately20USCentsperkWh.Theaverageproduction cost per kWhat diesel power sta-tion inSIDScaneasily be3-4 times typical productioncosts in forexampleDenmark.Fuel imports are thusagreat drain and a significant constraint on develop-ment because they crowdout vital capital.

A few islands with SignificantRenewable Energy Penetration

In general there is not a higher penetration of re-newableenergyon islands compared to the restof the(mainland)world. This is a paradox. Thehigh pricefor fossil fuels, and the lowdemand increases theunitcosts of production for conventional power produc-tion, which creates a competitive situation for renew-able energy technologieson the islands. Furthermostof the islands are endowedwith good renewable en-ergy resources, primarily sunandwind.However, dispersed around the world there are a

few islands with a significant utilisation of renewable

1 7 2

energy. To give a few examples - in Nan�ao Island(China), La Desirade (Guadeloupe, France) andPellworm(Germany)more than75%of theelectricityis generated by wind power, in Fiji and Dominicahydropowerprovidesmore than50%of theelectricityproduction, inBarbados thereare installed solarwaterheaters in1/3ofthehouseholds, inTuvalu�seightouterislandsmore than 45%of the households have theirelectricity supplied from small photovoltaic systems,and inRéunion (France)more than18%of the elec-tricity is provided frombiomass (bagasse).Below are shownmain figures for the investigated

islands regarding: renewableenergypenetration,kindofRESutilised,geographicaldispersionandsovereigntystatus.

Penetration Investigated Islands75-100% 9%50-75% 9%25-50% 21%0-25% 61%

Table 1: Renewable Energy Penetration

Source Investigated IslandsWind 48%Hydro 21%PV 16%Biomass 11%Solar Thermal 4%

Table 2: Renewable Energy Sources utilised

Area Investigated IslandsNorth Pacific 18%South Pacific 15%Caribbean 13%North Atlantic 29%South Atlantic 4%Baltic Sea 11%Mediterranean 5%Indian Ocean 5%

Table 3: Geographical dispersion

Status Investigated IslandsNon-sovereign 82%Sovereign 18%

Table 4: Sovereignty Status

RenewableEnergypenetration in thepower sectoris agood indicatorofhowmuchREcontributes to theenergy supplyon the investigated islands.Average fig-ure for renewable energy penetration is about 25%(seetable1).Approximately20%hasmorethanhalfofthe electricity generated fromRES. This figure is ex-

tremelyhigh, not only comparedwith islandaverage,butalsowhencomparedwithworldaverage.ThekindofRESutilised iswind: nearly 50%of the islandshaveutilisedwind. 20%of the islandshaveexperiencewithhydro, and this figure is almost similar with regard tophotovoltaics.The islands investigatedare scatteredallover theworld(see table3),butalmost1/3are locatedinNorthAtlantic.Regarding sovereignty Statusof theislands the conclusion is unambiguous: 80%of the is-landsarenon-sovereign(see table4).

Islands interesting?

Are islands interestingwhen it comes toquestionsofdevelopment of renewable energy ona local andglo-bal scale?Theanswer is yes for twoprimary reasons.Thefirstreasonis thecompetitivesituationforrenew-

able energy technologies and thegoodrenewable en-ergy sources.These twomajorbarriers for thedissemi-nationofRESdonotexistonmost islands.Thereareofcourseotherbarriers, technical institutionalandpoliti-cal.Themostsignificant isnodoubtfinancial�thehighinitial capital costsassociatedwithpurchaseofREtech-nologies.This isclearly illustratedinthereview.Approxi-mately80%oftheislandswithrenewableenergyexperi-encesarenon-sovereign.Theyare formally connectedtoamainlandandthereforehavesubstantialeconomicsupport inall sectors,amongothers infrastructure.Theislandstatesdonothavethis financialbaseofsupportsomostof themaredependentonbilateral, regionalandmultilateral aid agencies.Throughaconcentratedef-fortbydonors it ispossible to increase theutilisationofRESonmanysmallislandstatessubstantiallyandtherebycontribute to the social andeconomicaldevelopmentandimprovethe localandglobalenvironment.Thesecondreason islandsare interestingwhenitco-

mestoquestionsofdevelopmentofrenewableenergyisthat experience gathered at islands can serve asdemonstrationprojectsformainlandlocalcommunities,notonly indeveloping countries.There are about 2.5billionpeoplelivingoutsideanationalgridindevelopingcountries.ThesepeoplealsoneedelectricityservicesandexperiencesfromREIsarehighlyrelevantinthiscontext.Furthermoreislandscannotonlyserveasdemonstrationprojects for local communities in the developed anddevelopingworld�throughconcentratedefforts somesmall islands statescanserveasdemonstrationnations.Despitetheirsizesmall islandstatescouldsetanexampleto theworld�snations.

173

Wind PoweredReverse Osmosis Desalination

for stand-alone island operation

MATTHIAS GROTTKE,P. HELM, H. EHMANN, M. STÖHRWIP Renewable EnergiesGERMANY

Thepresenteddevelopmentandoperationexpe-rienceaddresses the strategic topicofprovidingdrink-ingwater through seawaterdesalination.Thereliableand safeprovisionof freshwater supply is turningoutto be one of themajor constraints which countriesaround theMediterranean Sea, including the south-ern European regions, NorthAfrica and theMiddleEast are currently facing.A contribution to the solution of actual and future

freshwater shortages ispresentedhere throughaveryenergy-efficient and cost-competitivemodular windenergy converter (WEC) - reverse osmosis (RO) seawaterdesalinationconcept.Theconcept targetsessen-tially applications in remote, oftenoff-grid, areaswithsmall andmediumlocalwaterdemand, suchas islandsand isolated villages in coastal areas.Theprototype plant consists of a 200kWWEC, the

ENERCONE-30, andanROunit with 3 identical ROblocks(1,2).TheROblocksareconstructedaccordingtoanew,innovativedesign.ThisrepresentsacompletelynewapproachtotheROprocessandamilestone inseawaterdesalinationtechnologyaswellas forwindenergyapplication.Thedesignof theROblocksallows forop-erationat fluctuating feedwater flowandpressureandfacilitates themswitchingonandoffwhilereducingthespecificelectricityconsumptionof theROprocess.Thispaper focuseson the furtherdevelopeddesign,

set-up and operation of the twomodular WEC-ROplantswhichwere set upon theCanarian IslandTen-erife,Spain,andtheAegean island,Greece.Theyhavebeen installedandoperatedwithin theprojectModu-

lar Desalination under the framework of the ECDGXII JOULEIIIprogramme(3).

Modular plant concept

ThepresentedpilotplantsonTenerifeandSyros fol-low both the general modular plant concept whichcombinesWECsof various sizeswith variousnumbersofROblocks. TheWECare in all cases 3-blade, activepitch controled, gear-less ENERCONmachines. Thelackof agear-boxandother fast rotating componentsreduces� energy lossesbetweenrotor andgenerator� soundemissions� mechanicalwear and tear� oil losses� mechanical friction losses

and leads to lowmaintenance requirements.

Optionallyanenergystoragesystemisincludedwhichadapts theWECoutput power to the power require-mentsof the loadand includes adiesel generator, bat-teries anda flywheel generator.Theoutput of the en-ergy storage systemis connected to theROunit and tothe electric grid if available. The connection to theelectric grid can be interrupted if necessary. In addi-tion, a secondaryelectricity source likeadieselgenera-tor might be included. The general plant design isshown inFigure1.

1 7 4

Theproduceddrinkingwater is stored ina secondstorage tank, suchprovidinga furtherenergybufferandthepossibility toadapt the wind poweravailability to the actualwaterdemand.All the components of

theROunit arehoused instandard20' and40' containers, thus facilitating trans-portandon-siteassembly.Figure2providesanoverviewofanROunitwith8ROblocksas setuponSyros.Themodularity of theplant concept is reflectedby

theoperationandcontrol softwarewhich is composedofmodular sectionswith exactly defined interfaces.

Pilot plant in Tenerife

ThepilotWEC-ROplantonTenerife (Figure3)hasbeenintegratedintotheexistingwindparkofGranadillawhichbelongs to the regional authority.

Figure 3: View on the RO

unit of the WEC-RO pilot plant on Tenerife.

TheWECwhich is used in thepilotWEC-ROplantonTenerife is an ENERCONE-12machine, a newlydevelopedWECwith a permanentmagnet synchro-nous generator, 30kWnominal power and a passiveyaw system.TheE-12has extremely lowmaintenancerequirements, thus being specifically suitable for re-mote areas, and for combinationwith remote, smallROseawaterdesalinationplants.

The ROunit is subdivided in a sea water pretreat-ment section, a number of identical ROblocks and adrinkingwater storage section.The seawater storagesectioncontains a tankwhichacts as anenergybuffer:theoperationof the seawaterpumpcanbe restrictedtoperiodsofhighwindpower availability if required.ThenumberofROblocksdeterminesessentially the

seawater desalination capacity of theplant. EachROblock incorporates anenergy recovery systemwhich isbased on the piston accumulator principle. A highpressurepumpisonly requiredonthe freshwater sideof the ROprocess, thus reducing the high pressurewater flow rate and the energy consumption. Theomitmentof a seawater resistanthighpressurepumpisalsoadvantageous,because it reduces theequipmentcosts.By varying the speedof thehighpressurepump,the desalination rate can be adapted to the availablewindpower andwaterdemand.

Figure 2: Flow diagram of the RO

unit with 8 RO blocks on Syros.

Figure 1: General WEC-RO plant design.

175

TheE-12gridmanagement system first rectifies theACoutput of the generator and then, depending ontheapplication, transforms thegeneratedcurrent intoan AC current of specific voltage and frequency. Incase of a grid connection, the AC current is fed intothe grid via a transformer at a voltage and frequencyaccording to the requirements and standardsgivenbythe utilities. When using an electricmotor as a loadsuch in the caseof aROplant, theoutput of theman-agement systemhas a variable frequency andvoltage.Thepilotplant inTenerifedoesnot include theop-

tionalenergy storage systemandcontainsonlya singleROblockwith awater desalination capacity between60 and 110m3/day, thus presenting an ideal case fortesting the internal energybuffer capability of theROplant.

Figure 4: Arrangement of three containers which

house the RO unit on Tenerife.

TheROunitisinstalledintwo40'andone20'contain-ers (Figure 4). The 40'main container (Haupt-con-tainer)houses theROblock, thepurificationplant forthe incomingseawater, therinsingsystemandapumpforfeedingtheproduceddrinkingwaterintotheisland�swaterdistributionsystem(Figure5).Therinsingsystemis requiredbecause theROmodulesmust be flushedwith freshwater after each switch-off, in order to pre-vent themembranes fromgettingblocked.Themaincontainerhousesalso theconnectionfor theelectricitysupplyof theROunitandthemaincontrol.

Figure 5: Interior view of main container on Tenerife.

The40' tankcontainer(Tankcontainer)houses two14m3 tanks, one forpre-filtered seawater andone fortheproduceddrinkingwater.Theseawater tankservesas a buffer for the sea water and hence as an energybuffer,while thedrinkingwater tankservesprimarilyasa storage for the rinsing system.The 20' collection container (Sammelcontainer)

houses theconnectionpipes fromthemainand fromthe tank container. It houses also the dosing stationsfor the seawater and for thepurification system.

Pilot plant on Syros

OnSyros, theWECand theROunit (Figures 6 and7) are installed at twodifferent sites, about 1.5kmdis-tant, and linked via amediumvoltagegrid line.

Figure 7:

View on

RO unit

on Syros.

1 7 6

TheWECusedinthepilotplantonSyros is thewidelyexperiencedandprovenENERCONE-40machinewithsynchronousringgenerator,500kWnominalpoweranda gridmanagement systemwhich allows for outputfrequency and voltage control and self-adaptationoftheWEC toweakelectric grids.TheelectricityfromtheWECisbufferedintheenergy

storage systembefore it is fed into theROunit and theelectricgrid.TheROunitcontains8identicalROblockswith awater production capacity varying between 60and900m3/day.Since themaximumpowerconsump-tionof theROunit isonly200kWwhereas thenominalpowerof theWECis500kW,a large fractionof thegen-eratedelectricity is fed into the island�selectricgrid.TheROunit is installed infive40'containers(Figure

8). Themain containerhouses thepurificationplantand the rinsing system, as well as themain electricalconnectionand themaincontrol.EachofthetwoROcontainershousesfourROblocks.

The tankcontainer is identical to its counterpart in theplantonTenerife.Thecollectioncontainerhouses theconnectionpipes to the island�swaterdistribution sys-temand to theROand tank containers as well as twopumps:apre-pressurepumpsuppliestheROcontainerswith seawater andanotherpump feeds theproduceddrinkingwater intothewaterdistributionsystem.

Figure 8: Arrangement of the five 40'

containers of the RO unit on Syros

Operation experiences

The long-term operation of the prototypeandpilotplantshasallowedtoverify the follow-ing features:

� Allplantsproducehighqualitydrinkingwaterwithatypical conductivity of 0.85mS/cm(seawater valuesare about 41mS/cmonTenerife and61mS/cmonSyros).� The combinedWEC-ROplants can operate in au-tonomousaswell as grid-connectedmode.� In the autonomousmode, theROunit follows per-fectly theavailablewindpower.� Switchingprocesses aremanagedcorrectly.� Thepowerconsumptionof thehighpressurepump,and as a consequence the water flow and pressurecan vary over a wide range, e.g. 5.5 to 15.3kW onTenerife.� Theenergyefficiency is veryhigh.The typical evolutionof theWEC-ROoperationpa-

rameters are shown inFigures 9, 10 and11whichdis-play operationparameters for theWEC-ROplant onSyroswhich incorporates 8ROblocks.Thechart«60DaysDataModularDesalinationPlant

of Syros» (Figure9)displays the threemost character-istic parameters of themodular desalination system:The average daily wind speed, the daily energy con-sumptionof theROunit and thedrinkingwater flowrate.During the60daysperiod shown inFigure9, theWECoutputpowerwas limitedto200kWandtheplantwas operated in a quasi-autonomousmode, i.e. theconsumed energy of the ROunit follows closely theproducedenergyof theWEC.Figure9 shows that thethreemost characteristic parameters evolve in paral-lel, except if thewind speedexceeds thevaluewhich isnecessary for aWECpoweroutputof 200kW.

60 DAYS DATA MODULAR DESALINATION PLANT OF SYROS

Figure 9: Average daily values of wind speed, RO unit energy consumption and

drinking water production during 60 days of quasi-autonomous operation.

177

Thechart «24hDataModularDesalinationPlantofSyros» shows a characteristic day at the modulardesalinationonSyros (Figure10).Thesample intervalfor the data is 15minutes and the data are averagedover the sample interval. The wind speed varies be-tween5.5 and7.5m/son that day, i.e. below the valuewhichisnecessarytogenerate200kW.AsaconsequencetheROunit operates in the crucial part load range.TheROunit�s energy consumption follows closely

theWECenergy production, thereby smoothingoutthe available energy from theWEC.Thedrinkingwa-ter flowrate followsalmostproportionally theROunitenergyconsumptionthoughthenumberofROblocksis switched in steps from4up to7and thendown to3.Evenwhen thenumberofoperatingROblocks is constant, theconsumedenergy and the drinking water flowrate can still vary and adapt to theavailable wind power, because eachRO block can operate over a widerangeof inputpower.The chart «15minDataModular

Desalination of Syros» (Figure 11)showsoperationdata for a15minpe-riod inwhich theROunitwasgearedup from1 to 5ROblocks operating,while switchingonall peripheral en-ergy consumers inparallel.The power curve showing the en-

ergy consumptionof the peripheralcomponents has three steps corre-sponding to the threemajor periph-

eralenergyconsumers:whilethepre-treatment unit is operating duringtheentireperiod,apumpwhichgen-eratesprepressureontheROblocksas soon as two or more RO blocksoperate is switchedonatabout10:22and the two seawater pumpswhichfill the sea water tank are switchedonat about 10:29. The irritations at10:28 are due to a problem whenstarting thewellpumps.While thepower consumptionof

theperipheral componentschangesessentially in three steps, themainpower change is due to the changeof the number of operating ROblocks.Thecurveshowingthepowerof theROblockshas also essentially

three components: the control unit gives a constantcontributionofabout0.2kW.The secondcomponentis thehighpressurepumpwhose consumption variesaccording to thenumberof revolutionsof thepump.The third andmost characteristic component are thestuff pumps in thepiston typeaccumulator systemsoftheROblockswhosepowerconsumptionhasa typicaloscillatingstructure.WhenseveralROblocksareoper-ating, theoscillations fromthe stuff pumpsbelongingto different ROblocks interfere and partially cancelout eachother.It must be noted, that the conductivity of the pro-

duced drinking water is constant over the entire pe-riod.Only if anadditionalROblock is switchedon, the

24H DATA MODULAR DESALINATION PLANT OF SYROS

Figure 10: Typical daily operation cycle in the crucial part-load range.

15MIN DATA MODULAR DESALINATION SYROS

Figure 11: Operation data of a 15 minutes period with a quick switching on

of several RO blocks and peripheral components.

1 7 8

conductivity increases shortly for a very small amount.However, the conductivity of the drinking water de-pends slightly on thepressure andwater flowwhich isdeterminedby thehighpressurepumpwhich isoper-ated in a constantmode in thedisplayedperiod.

Conc lus ions

In total three innovative,modularWEC-ROplantsof different sizehavebeendesigned, set up andoper-ated. They allow for perfectlymatching the drinkingwaterproductionrate to theavailablewindpower, thuspermitting autonomous, grid-connected andhybridoperation. Through the implementation of a totallynew, inherently energy savingROconcept a veryhighenergy efficiency of the entire RO unit could beachieved, evenwhen including the energy consump-tionofperipheral components into theconsideration.The developed and pilot-operated technology is

particularily suitable for remote areas with small andmedium local water demand and can provide a con-tribution for combating up-coming serious water

shortages in theMediterraneanarea, including south-ern European countries, North Africa and theMid-dle East.

Acknowledgements

Thisprojecthas received co-financing fromtheEu-ropeanCommission,DirectorateGeneralXIIwithinthe framework of the JOULE III programmeunderprojectnumber JOR3-CT95-0018.

References

(1)Prodesal, EC DG XII project RENA-CT94-0018, Final

report, 1997

(2)H. Ehmann, A. Wobben, M. Cendagorta, Prodesal -

Pro Desalination, The development and pilot operation

of the first wind powered reverse osmosis sea water

desalination plant, in: Proceedings of the 1996 Euro-

pean Union Wind Energy Conference, Göteborg

(3)Modular Desalination, EC DG XII project JOR3-CT95-

0018, Final report, 1999

179

Energy in CubaPresent situation and main actions

ALFREDO CURBELO ALONSODirector of Industry and EnergyCUBA

General description

Cuba is an archipelagomade up of the island ofCuba, with a surface area of 104,945 km2, Isla de laJuventud island, 2,200km2, andmore than4000 smallislands and keys with a total surface area of 110,922km2.Cubahasapopulationof11.1millioninhabitants,27%ofwhomlive in rural areas.Theelectricity servicereaches approximately 93%of the population, withthose living in themoreremoteregionsof thecountry,basically inmountainous or forested regions, havingno access to the grid.

The energy situation

Theislandishighlydependentonfuel imports,whichcover60%of theeconomy�senergyneedsandaccountfornearly 30%of the total import bill.Domesticoilproduction is around1.5million tonsa

year.Thehighviscosityandsulphurcontentmakes thisoil typically of a lowquality. It is useddirectly for pro-ducingcementandelectricity.90%ofelectricity isproduced in fuel-oil firedpower

stationsand70%ofall thefuel-oilusedfor thispurposeis imported.Theuseofbio-mass fuel is concentrated in the sugar

industry,whichproduces theequivalentof30%of thefuel used in the country. Crude sugar production is

donealmost entirely using sugar canebagasse as fuel.At the same time, thisprocessproducesnearly 10%ofall electricity generated.The use of firewood is very limited as this is used

mainly as fuel for starting up the sugarmills and forproducing charcoal for cooking in rural areas. Theshare of firewood in Cuba�s total energy balance isaround1%.Hydroelectric energypresentlymakesa very limited

contribution, because the long, narrow shape of theislandmeans there areno large rivers. Total installedpower is 42MW in ahydroelectric power station andaround10MWinsmallandmicrohydroelectricplants.As we can see, themain contribution of renewable

energy sources comes fromsugar canebio-mass. Thepossibility of increasing the share of renewable ener-gies in the country�s energy balance, however, is astrategic element, as it would increase the energy se-curity of the island in situationsofpolitical, economicor commercial changeon the international scene. Incertain conditions, it wouldalso improve thenationalbalanceofpayments, generateemployment andevenincreasegrossdomesticproductwhilstmakingamod-est contribution to mitigating climate change andhelping to raise environmental awareness among thepopulation.To this end, there is not just a need to introduce

renewableenergy sources, especiallywhere thiswouldbeeconomically advantageous, there is also aneed toincreaseenergyefficiency in its enduse.

1 8 0

Main actions

In theareaofenergyefficiency, themainopportuni-ties are to be found in the industrial sector and evenmoreso in theareaofpeople�shomes.Peopleathomeconsumenearly40%ofallelectricitygenerated.Moreo-ver, it is a sector that is characterisedby theuse of lowenergyefficiencyequipment.Presently, theCubanElec-tricity SavingProgramme is targeting this sectorwithmeasures such as compact lamps and improvementsin refrigerator technology.In the tourist industry, oneof the fastest growing in-

dustries on the island, the government is working tointroduce theuse of energy efficient equipment andtechnology, on the onehand, and to harness the ad-vantagesofbio-climatic architecture to reduceenergyconsumption inbuildings,on theother.Nowadays, renewableenergyplaysan importantrole

by contributing30%ofprimaryenergyused. Its shareincovering thecountry�s energyneedscouldbemuchgreater if efficiency could be improved in the use ofsugar cane bio-mass for generating electricity andbyincreasing the installed capacity of bio-mass.Bio-masscouldgenerateup to50%ofelectricityproducedandthemain constraint to growth in this area is financial.Nowadays, the use of firewood for energy genera-

tion is very restricted,mainly due to the limits of thetechnologyavailable forpreparingandhandling it asafuel and forusing it inovensandboilers as a substitutefor fuel-oil.Studiesof thepotentialofwindenergyhaveenabled

us to identify some sites that could be used for thispurpose.The firstCubanwind farmwasopened,with675kWof installedpower.Therehas beenan increase in theuseof solar heat-

ers in commercial tourist installations andphoto-vol-

taicpanels areused for supplyingelectricity forhousesandsocialestablishments inremotecommunities.Thisis the result of support that has been given by non-governmentalorganisations thathave shownsolidaritywith Cuba. The Cuban NGO, «CUBASOLAR» hasplayeda significant role in this.With a view to promoting rational energy use and

harnessingrenewableenergy sources inCuba, thegov-ernment has carried out a series of actions. These in-clude:TheNationalEnergySourceDevelopmentPro-gramme, whichwas drawnup in 1993 and identifiedthemain technological actions in this field; theNa-tional ScienceandTechnologyProgramme,«Sustain-ableEnergyDevelopment», implementedby theMin-istryofScience,TechnologyandtheEnvironment;andtheCubanElectricity Saving Programme, led by theMinistryofBasic Industry.

Conclus ions :

Asan island state,Cubacomesunderpressure in itsattempts to assure the necessary energy supply forachieving its targets of social and economic develop-ment.Thereare twomainwaysofdoing this: bydevel-oping national energy sources and by increasing en-ergy efficiency. Themaindifficulties the county facesarise fromour limitedaccess toappropriate sourcesoffinanceand themost suitable technology.Whilstmost of these problems are sharedby all the

other island states, collaboration among these statescouldbecomeameans,which, if usedcorrectly, couldhelp to find solutions to theseproblems.The first stephasbeentaken, thewill towork together,wenowneedtomove forwardwith specific actions inwhichwe arewilling toparticipate.

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Exploitation of RenewableEnergy Sources inthe Greek Islands

GEORGE ANDRITSOPOULOSJ. BOUKISCRES - Centre for Renewable Energy SourcesGREECE

It is knownthat significantdifferencesexistbetweenislands and themainland as far as energy issues areconcerned. In particular, islands face commondiffi-culties, requirements and problems, some of whichare listedbelow:� limited rangeof indigenous resources (insecurityofenergysupply)� smallmarkets and, hence, difficult to reach econo-mies of scale� specializationofeconomies� fragility of ecosystem.Asfarasenergyissuesareconcerned,theislandsshare

specific circumstances and themost intenseproblemsregardingproductionanddistributionofenergy.Theislandenergy issues are further characterizedby:� major relianceon imported fossil fuels� small-scale generationof electricity� highdistributioncosts� under-use of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) incomparisonwith the existing and technical exploit-ablepotential� integrationofRES in theexistingenergy infrastruc-tureof the islands.

Present Situation

TheGreek islandsareknowntohaveahighRESpo-tentialandit is consideredthata significantproportionof theirneedsmaybecoveredby renewableenergy.Aserious effort topromote theuseofRES in theGreek

islands has beenundertaken in the frameof theNewDevelopment Law 2601/98 and the Operational Pro-gramme for Energy (OPE) of the Ministry of Develop-ment, which constitutes a part of theCommunity Sup-port Framework I and II forGreece. TheDevelopmentLaw2601/98andtheOperationalProgrammeforEn-ergyoperateundera legislationregime,whichcreatesvery favorable conditions for applicationsofnew tech-nologies and investments,utilizingRenewableEnergySources,RationalUseofEnergyandEnergySaving.Thepositiveresultsofthiseffortarealreadyvisible,con-

sideringthat,untilnowaboutU.S.$600millionshavebeenallocated forenergyproductionprojects fromRenew-ableSourcesandEnergySaving,.Outofthisamount,U.S.$400millionshavebeenallocated for renewableenergyproductionandthroughtwocallsoftenderU.S.$62mil-lionshavebeenalreadyabsorbed for53projects in theGreekIslands.Athirdcalloftenderisexpectedlaterthisyear.Theprivatecontribution,fortheaboveprojects,risesto59%of thetotalbudgetandtherest41%iscontribu-tionof theEuropeanUnion(about30%), throughtheCommunitySupportFrameworkIandIIforGreeceandNationalsources(about10%).Uptonowthe installedpower isabout113Mwefrom

Wind turbines and the total expected fromall the re-newable technologies in three years time will rise toabout 300Mwe.Themost of this powerdeduces fromWindEnergy installations,whichalmostallof themarelocated in the IslandsofCrete, Evia and the Islandsofthe Aegean Sea. An indicative sample of the RESprojects is given in table1.

1 8 2

As has beenmentioned before this table is an in-dicative one, it includes only installations under con-struction or already operating and funded from theOperational Programme for Energy. It does not in-clude projects funded from other financing chan-nels, as for example theDevelopment Law 2601/98.However, one can see the biggest projects concernWindenergyandifoneincludesall theapprovedworksfor the whole insular region of the country the totalamount ofmoney summed toU.S. $ 62millions for53projects.

Prospects

Onecanask,why themarketprefers to investmoneyforRESprojects in theIslands.Theanswer is simple.Asit is known, for reasons of scale and varyingdegreeofisolation from themainland infrastructure, the costsof fossil fuels is veryhigh inEuropean, ingeneral, andGreek islands inparticular. It has beenestimated thatenergy accounts formore than 15%of all imports ofthe islands in Europe. Fuel imports may, hence, beconsideredasa significantconstrainton localdevelop-ment inthe islandregions, sincetheydrainvitalcapital,which could be allocated to local development, pro-motinggrowthat a local level.Thus, anumberofpioneeringcommunitiesmaybe

developed,aimingathighenergyself-sufficiency,whereREScouldbedeployed,exploringtheir identifiedhighpotential.Consequently, settlements likeresidentialar-eas, recreational areas, small rural areas, etc. couldserve as viable examples of local development and at-tract synergyactionsandnetworking, especially,when

energy production is combinedwith other issues re-lated to regional development, such as water irriga-tion, a problem commonly addressed to almost allMediterraneanislands.

Conclusions andrecommendat ions

The following conclusionsmay bedrawn concern-ingRESdeployment in theGreek islands:� a huge potential of RES (in particular wind, solarandgeothermalenergy)canbe identified inGreece� anumberof significant applications concerning theimplementationofRESintheGreekislandshasbeenundertakenboth inpublicundertakingsandprivateinvestments� the high fossil fuel costs in the islands constitute amajorbenefit to thepromotionofRESapplications.Finally, a set of actions for further penetration of

RESapplications in theGreek islands inboth theshortandmediumterm,maybe summarized as follows:� create amore favourable and less bureaucratic glo-bal framework forRES in the islands fromthepoliti-cal, legal and financial pointsof view(lobbying)� ensure thatproper attention is paid to further iden-tification of the RES potential in the islands in theframeworkofnewnationaland internationalenergyprogrammes� ensure that theexistingprogrammes shouldbecen-trally coordinated� increaseawarenessof thepotentialusersdevelopingsynergisticactions(e.g.RESdeploymentandthepro-ductionofdrinkingwater)

� identify and definepriority fields for suit-ableRESapplications

� promote industrialcontacts and co-op-erationdevelopinglo-cal production capa-bilities.

Table 1: Projects concerning RES development funded by OPE in the Greek islands

Beneficiary Location BUDGET Type of application

1 FAIA AETA KERKYRA US $ 119,000 SOLAR THERMAL2 DAFNILA S.A. KERKYRA US $ 103,000 SOLAR THERMAL

3 AIOLIKI NEORIOU SYROS US $ 3,080,000 WIND ENERGY4 KAPSIS S.A. CRETA US $ 80,000 SOLAR THERMAL

5 PUBLIC ENTERPISE KARPATHOS US $ 525,000 WIND ENERGYOF KARPATHOS

6 LITOS CRETA US $ 177,000 SOLAR THERMAL7 A/P CYCLADES MILOS US $ 1,403,000 WIND ENERGY

8 RHODES BUNGALOWS RHODES US $ 230,000 SOLAR THERMAL9 HARMI PAROS US $ 108,000 PHOTOVOLTAICS

TOTAL US $ 5,825,000

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UNELCO�s Experiencein Wind Farms

SEBASTIÁN MOLINA

UNELCOCANARY ISLANDS

UNELCOistheelectricitycompanythatproduces,transports anddistributes electricity to the entireCa-nary Islandarchipelago.Thecompanybelongs to theENDESAgroup, Spain�s leadingelectricity utility andoneof thetopfour intheworldafter therecentmergerprocess that it hasundergone.Focussingnowon theCanary Islands. This is an ar-

chipelagobasically consistingof seven islandswith sixdifferentelectricitygrids, as ithasonlybeenpossible toconnect the islands of Fuerteventura andLanzarotewitha submarinecable,due to theenormousdepthoftheoceanbetween theother islands.The Islandshave apopulationof 1,600,000 inhabit-

ants and electricity consumption is influenced to anenormousdegreeby the tourist industry, asmore than10,000,000 tourists cometo the Islandsevery year.Thishas led to growth rate for demandof around 7%perannumin recent years.In theCanary Islands,windenergyconnected to the

electricity grid is by far and away themost interestingof the renewable energies, as the TradeWinds blowstrong and consistently almost all year round. Suffi-cient technology toharness thisenergyandfeed it intothe grid is also available. Because of these factors, aseries of wind farms have been created on all the is-lands andUNELCOhasplayed anactivepart in theirdevelopmentsincethebeginning(1990).UNELCOhascreatedmanagement companies and, asUNELCOinturn,manages thewholeelectricitynetwork,onecouldsay that the companyhas extensive experience in thematter.

Installedwindpower iscurrently71.3MW,comparedwith1,553MWfromconventional sources(fundamen-tally diesel and steam-powered stations). In 1998, 115GW/hof power were obtained fromwind, of a totalproductionof5,798GW/h, that is 2.04%.In the immediate future an additional 30MWare

being installed, or are planned, so, by the endof thisyear,wehope to reach100MWofwindpower.Wind power is not uniformly distributed in the Is-

lands, as the Lanzarote-Fuerteventura system, for in-stance, provides 17.79MWof installed wind power,comparedwith219.41MWofconventionalpowerand,as ithas troughsofaround50MW, it isnomerecoinci-dence that theseare the islands thathavehad themostserious problems of grid stability, due towind-powerinput.There have been times in the Lanzarote-

Fuerteventuragrid,atoff-peaktimes,whenwindpowerhas accounted formore than 30%of consumption,leading to serious stabilityproblems.So far, the solutionadopted forguaranteeingsupply

with a certain level of quality, has been to take directaction, with remote-control systems, on wind farms,with a view to controlling thewind-generated powerthat is fed into the grid at any one time.Allof this leadsus to theconclusion thatwind farms,

whilst appearing tobe the ideal solution for theIslandsat firstglance,given the lackofotherenergyresources,haveclear limits,whichinsomecaseshavealreadybeenreached,orevensurpassed.Weconsider theceiling tobearound5%ofproduction.

1 8 4

So, in stand-alone systems (the case of the Islands),theonly solution thatwe can see for raising these ceil-ings, is todevelopnew technologies as follows:� To optimise the systems that control the input ofwind-generatedpower in thegrid.� Todevelopwind/diesel systems.� Todevelopwind/hydraulic systems

a)Hydraulic turbinesb)DesalinationThisway,webelieve that theproportionofwinden-

ergy that canbe fed into the grid canbe considerablyincreased, thus improving therenewableenergy sharein theenergybalanceof the Islands, and this couldbeextrapolated toother stand-alone systems.

185

Theproject ,nowunderdevelopment,hasbeenpro-motedby theMunicipalityofVentotene islandaccord-ingtoItalianandUElaws, inpartnershipwithpromotercommiteeP.I.V. , localcontractorsandother investors.Thegoalsof theP.I.V. are:

� to change the problems into opportunities by Inte-gratedPlanning ,oneproblemcanbethesolutionofanotherproblem� to catalyze private investments on friendly environ-mentalprojects

ANNA SIMONEAdvisor to the Municipality of VentoteneITALY

Planning IntegratedVentotene island

Ventotene island as laboratoryfor the environment of the future

1 8 6

� to coordinate the utilization of regional, national,andeuropeanfound

Ventotene island can be calssified as a small size is-land(300 residents, 300beds inhotel, 3000people inthe summerperiod - bed andbreakfast )Ventotene is subject toenvinmental andnaturalistic

bonds: is anaturalistic and seaparkwithendemic spe-ciesTheproblemsofVentotene islandare thesameofall

other islands� water cicle� sustainabledevelopment� cleanerenergy system� wastedcicle� environmentprotection� innovative strategy for employmentgrowt

Theproject torealize inVentoteneislandisanpowernetworkenvironmental friendly:� gradually substitutionofexisting1.2MWlocalpowerplant fedby fossil fuelwhithbiogas fedfuelcellplants� Integrated utilization of renewable sources: Solar

Termal andPhotovoltaic applicationswith theexist-ing local energygrid fedby fossil fuel� Applicationof energy saving systemsand intelligentdispatchers� Potablewater productionby desalinator andwatersupplybyexistingdistributiongridwithpumpingfedby electric systemorPVplant� Topromotedifferentiatedwastedcollectionandthelocal productionofbiogas andmanure

Thisproject is theresultofcarefulandrealisticevalu-ation,aboveall concernig the timing, to turnover«fos-sil 2 system toa» renewable + fossil 2 systemandat lastto a «renewable island» system.The environment frienly power network can

stimolate other key actios that wehave colled «greeninitiatives» thatbelong to innovative strategiesof localemploymentgrowth:� Fish repopulation in sea reserveandrestorationandreuseof ancient roman fishpools� Local green species repowering� Promotionof localagricolturalandmarineresources� Seaenvironmentobservatory location

187

Utilization of Solar EnergyThe Case of Cyprus

Evolution of energy consumption

Inlinewiththedevelopmentalnatureoftheeconomyenergy consumption is increasing at a high rate. Be-tween1990and1997 the finalenergyconsumption in-creased at an average annual rate of about 4%.During the sameperiodGDP increased at an aver-

age annual rate of about 4%.

Cost of imported energy

The burden of cost of energy imports on theeconomyofCyprus is considerable.

SOLON KASSINISMinistry of Commerce, Industry and TourismREPUBLIC OF CYPRUS

Importsofenergy in1997amountedto134.3millionC£, which corresponds to 61%of the country's totaldomestic exports and 9.1%of the country's total im-ports forhomeconsumption.

Energy intensity indicators

Theenergy intensity indicatorsofCypruscanbecon-sideredhealthy.However, the final energy intensity in-dicator of Cyprus reveals that considerablemarginsforenergy savingsdoexist.This is evidentby the fact thatCyprus,withaTertiary

sector which accounts for almost 70% of GDP andwhich isconsideredtobeanonenergy intensive sector(11%ofTotal FinalConsumption -TFC),has aTFC/GDPratiowhich ishigher to thatofAustria, ItalySpain,France, etc., countries of awider industrial base.

1 8 8

Primary energy sources

Noindigenoushydrocarbonenergy sources� Highutilizationof solar energy (4%of totalprimaryenergyconsumption -PEC)� Energyconsumptionispredominantlyoil-based(90%ofPEC)� Coal is the only other form of commercial energyused(Cementproduction: 6%ofPEC)

Evolution of Solar energyutilization in Cyprus

Solarwaterheaterswerefirstproducedin1960.Theiruse during the first years was limiteddue to technicalproblems.With furtherdevelopments in theconstruc-tionof solarheaters and therationalizationofproduc-tion, solarheaterspenetrated themarket.

Today, 91%of households and 50%of hotels areequippedwith solar systems.

Cyprus is the leading country inthe world in solar collectors percapita (0,86 m2) installed.ThecontributiontotheenergyneedsofCyprusfrom

solar energy is about 4%.10%ofCO2 fromelectricitygeneration isavoidedby

theuse of solar hotwater heaters.Thestockof installedsolarcollectors isabout550'000

m2.

Almost all solar systems installed inhousesareof thethermosiphon type: two solar collectors with a totalarea of 3m2 are connected in series to a hot watertank, placedat apredeterminedheight above the topof thecollectors. Since thecitywater supply isnot con-tinuous, a coldwater storage tank is locatedabove thehot water tank. Hotels are using active solar systemswithcentral storage tank.Practicehasproved that col-lector area shouldbeapproximately 0.7m2/bed.Recently , domestic active systems, telephonekiosks

and telecommunication transmitters at remote areasarepoweredbyphotovoltaic cells.

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Country profile (1997)

Area 9,251 km2

Population 651,800

Density 80

National Currency C£

1 C£ 1.71 ECU

GDP (C£ mil) 4,350.00

GDP per capita (C£ mil) 6,638

GDP annual growth rate (1990-97) 4%

Primary energy consumption 2,060.00 Ktoe

Final energy consumption 1,486.00 Ktoe

Solar energy contribution 84 Ktoe

Cost of imported energy as a

percentage of total exports 61%

Final energy consumption per capita 2.26 Toe

Consumption of electricity per capita 3.63 MWh

Solar Industry

InCyprus therearemorethan30solar systemmanu-facturers. 10of themarewell established.The total productioncapacity is about50.000m2of

solar collectors per year. Theproduction in 1996was9,700solar systems. Importsandexportsareoccasionaland in smallquantities.

Standard and codes of practice� CYS100/84: Specification for solarwaterheaters� CYS119/1980:Methodof testing theperformanceof flat-plate solar collectors.

New standards:� CYS209/1991:Methodof test for solardomesticwa-terheaters (basedonan ISOstandard).� CYS 259/1992: Testmethods of thermal perform-anceofglazedliquidheatingcollectorsincludingpres-suredrop(basedonan ISOstandard).

Energy Policy

Themainobjectivesof theCyprusenergypolicy arethe following:� Securingenergy supply� Meetingenergydemand� Mitigation of energy consumption impacts on theenvironment.� Harmonizationof the islandenergy sectorwith theAcquis-Communautaire.� Energyconservationanddevelopmentof renewableenergy sources.

Implementing energy policiesSecuring energy supply:� Increase capacity of local refinery from0.8millionsMT/year to1.3 in1996� Study thepossibilityofapplyingdiversificationofpri-mary energy sources for electricityproduction(coalandLNG).

Meeting demand:� Increase of the installed capacity of EAC from660MW to 900MWby the year 2000. (Ten years EACdevelopmentplan).� Increase of storage capacity of petroleumproducts(possible locations to accommodate a new depotwere identified).

Grant Schemes and Programmes:� Grant scheme - incentives for thepromotionofbio-gas.TheGovernment subsidizesup to66/of the to-tal investment.� EACpurchases electricity generated by alternativeenergy sourcesat the sameprice it sells to thedomes-tic consumers.� Agrant schemeforUtilizationofSolarEnergy in theHotel Industrywas recentlyprepared.� A grant scheme for Energy Conservation (installa-tionofsystemsandequipment)wasrecentlyprepared.

Applied energy centre - FEMOPET CYPRUS� AdvisesGovernmentonenergymattersregardingrationaluseofenergyanddeploymentofrenewableenergies,� carriesout energy studies,� performs solar systemsefficiency tests,

PRODUCTION OF SOLAR COLLECTORS

(In sqm) Between the years 1985-1997

1 9 0

� disseminates informationonenergyaspects, and� publishes informationmaterial and carries out en-ergycampaigns.

Future plans and programs� Grant scheme - incentives for thepromotionof solarenergyinthehotelindustry(thermalandphotovoltaicapplications) - subsidization up to 50%of the totalinvestment.� Grant scheme - incentives for the improvement ofthe aesthetic viewof existing solar systems in thedo-mestic sector.

� Introduction of standards: durability test for solarsystemsandcomponents� Introduction of standards relating to photovoltaiccells: efficiency,durability, etc.� Upgrade the testing facilitiesof theAppliedEnergyCentre.� Utilizationof solarenergy forelectricityproduction.� Utilization of solar energy for cooling andheatingbuildings.� Futureco-operationwithall countries andorganiza-tions interested in solarenergy.

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Programmes,Policies,MarketandNetworks

Programmes,Policies,MarketandNetworks

193

The Global EducationSolar Programme

OSMAN BENCHIKHWorld Solar Programme (1996-2005)UNESCO

Ineverydevelopmentprocess, theavailabilityofquali-fiedhumanresources isanecessity. It isprecisely in thisfieldwhere the lack is crucial in thedeveloping coun-tries.That is why increasing attention has been given in

most countries to the education in science and tech-nology which indicate that the development of theteachingprocess is being considered as oneof the es-sential tasks.Thegoodqualityof scienceteaching is thebestway to initiate scientific vocations.As science andtechnology are forming values in the intellectual leveland stimulate the capabilities for creativity, they ap-pear tobean indispensable tool for theperceptionofnatureandtheenvironment, aswell as for thecompre-hensionof the contemporaryworld.The rational useof scientific andtechnologicalprogress canpowerfullycontribute to solving theproblemsofdevelopment, inparticular those of hunger anddisease. Science is be-comingmoreandmoreadirectproductive forceuponwhich economic growth and social progress are de-pendent.Theroleof training in the scientific field is apparent

at three levels: forupperechelonstaff andresearchers,formid-level technicians and for qualified workers.Importantachievementshavebeenaccomplisheddur-ing the last recent years in this aspect, particularly indeveloping countries, inorder to ensure ahigherpri-ority for the scientific teachingprocess, to improve itsquality and to direct it more towards the solution oftheproblemsrelatedtoeveryday life.Thedevelopmentandameliorationof science teachingconfront serious

difficulties inmany developing countries. It is costlyteachinginthesecountrieswherethere is lackofequip-ment and laboratorymaterials, as well as the capacityof local production.Tomeettheincreasingneedsforqualifiedpersonnel

in thedevelopingcountries, adiversified trainingpro-grammebecomesanecessity.This trainingshouldtakeinto consideration the latest developments in scienceandtechnology.Itmuststrengthenthecompetenceandthe technical polyvalence in such a way as to form atechnical staffofhighquality in judgmentanddecision-making,necessaryfortheplanningandmanagementofprojects, andable to findthemostappropriateapplica-tionandutilizationformula for their localconditions.The recent growth in energy consumption, consid-

ering its cost and important role in the economy, hasledall countries to formulateandexecutevarious strat-egies to improve the efficiency of energy use, to in-creaseenergyconservationandtoexploreanddevelopnewandrenewable sourcesof energy.Aware of the rolewhich renewables canplay in the

global energy system, especially for the supply of en-ergy in rural areas, most countries expressed, in anincreasingmanner, a justifieddesire to create appro-priate trainingprogrammeson theseenergy sources.The trainingneedswhichare important in the short

termaswell as in themid termcanbeexplainedby thefact that the desire of using renewable energies com-binedwith thedecrease in equipment costs stimulatethe countries to conduct researchonnewequipmentandon theutilizationof renewables.

194

Inthefieldofphotovoltaics, forexample, thenumberofapplications is ever increasing suchas: ruralelectrifi-cation, solar pumping (mainly during dry seasons),clinic refrigerators, telecommunications, etc.It isevident thatallprogrammesusingrenewableen-

ergyequipment support theavailabilityof specialistsofvarious levels, able touseandmaintain inagood func-tioningstatusthesuppliedandinstalledequipment.Thisagainunderlinesthecrucialneedforthetrainingofspe-cialisedpersonnel.Severalcountrieshavestronglycon-firmedtheir interest totrainthestaffandspecialistswhowillbeable torationallyutilizerenewableenergies.The training in the field of renewable energymust

be ensured along threedistinct axes: «Decisionmak-ers» (engineers, economists, administrators,) localmaintenance techniciansandusers. It shouldconcen-trateon the followingaspects:� Theprogressive reinforcement of research centersand thedevelopmentofqualifiedpersonnel,� Theestablishmentofbettercoordinationbetweenen-ergyneedsandthechoiceofappropriateequipment,� Thecreationofmaintenance teamsable to interactwith theruralpopulation inorder tosolve the techni-cal problems they might face and also to providethemwithnecessary information on the operationof theusedequipment,� Raising theawarenessofusersonthemethodsof theeffectiveuseof this equipment.� After identifying thecandidates fora trainingunder-taking, thedurationof trainingshouldneverbe long,especially fordecision-makersandfor thoseengagedin fieldactivities.

Training needs

Why renewable energies?The goal of education and training is to prepare a

populationfor its future. Ifweneedtoassure theactualneedsoftrainingandeducation,wehavetoexaminetheneedsof tomorrow�s society - for thebeginningof the21st century, forexample for theperiod2000 -2030.Energy is a vital and essential need for any society,

andhas twocontradictoryaspects. Firstly, it reflects thestandardof livingandtheprogress statusofanation. Italso presents the growing awareness concerning thelevelof risks,whichwouldbefacedbyanationtosatisfyitsenergyneeds.The first half of the21st centurywill certainlyhave a

rapid progress1 in both the level of energy consump-

tion, as well as in the diversification of its productionmethods, for the following reasons:� Thepopulationgrowth in the threecontinents:Asia,LatinAmerica andAfrica are an important factorofthe increase inenergyconsumption2.Theecologicalrisks of certain energy sources, themost importantamongthem,areconsiderable;mainly, theearthsur-face warming due to the greenhouse effect causedby the emission of gases3 and the uncertainty sur-rounding themethods of the long-term storage ofnuclearresidues.� The actuating need for humanity to follow a verystrongpolicyof energyeconomy in the«North»4 , aswell as in the«South».Theneed to strengthen thediversificationofenergy

resources5 andmainly thegrowingplaceof renewableenergy in the future.

The necessity for renewable energyIt is the last point which concerns us here; it seems

thataninevitablechangeofourenergystrategieswouldresult fromtheabovementionedconstrains. It isa long-termobligation tomove towardanenergy flux, ratherthan the rapidlydepleting stocksof fossil fuels.The scenariomethodhasbeenused toquantify and

elaborate theevolutionof energy trends.A scenario isnot based on foretelling; it is a theoreticalmodel, inwhich a good internal coherence should exist.Withthehelpof several scenarioswecanexplore the fieldofpossibilities. Starting fromtoday�s situation, scenarioscandescribe future levelsofconsumptionandtherela-tive importanceofdifferentproductionmethods.Accordingly, thescenarioof theWorldEnergyCoun-

cil (WEC) ispreparedunderdifferent stateswhichare«of reference», «of development», and«of ecologicaldominance».The scenarioof reference consists of anextrapolationofcurrenttrends(businessasusual),mod-estenergyeconomy,highdependenceonfossilandnu-clear energy, andan increaseof renewableenergyuse(increasing in75years from13%to26%of the total).This scenario leads to several unfavorable conse-

quences, including:� adelayindevelopmentof«South»withrespectto«North».Itisestimatedtobeintheorderofahundredyears,� thedoublingofCO2 contentby the year2060,� Themultiplicationby50 in75 yearsof accumulatednuclearenergy residues.The scenarioNew EnergyOptions (NOE), devel-

oped at theCNRS (France), has the followingprinci-pal characteristics:

195

� TheeffortsonenergyeconomyareaccentuatedintheNorth,butarealsopracticedintensivelyintheSouth.� After a stronggrowthuntil 2020,nuclearenergywillbe reducedprogressively in away that it will cease toexist in theyear2100.� The accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere is re-ducedasmuchaspossible.

With this hypothesis, renewable energymust bede-velopedasmuchas in theprevious scenario, but theirrelative sharewill bemore important as theglobal en-ergy intensity is lower. This share will increase from13% today to 27% in the year 2020 andup to 50%bytheyear2060.Ontheotherhand theaccumulationofresidues (CO2 andnuclear)will continue.

COMPARISON OF PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTICS

OF THE THREE CONSIDERED SCENARIOS:

HerewealsoinvestigateascenariodevelopedbyShellOil Company. It has intermediate characteristics be-tween theprevious two:� modest energyeconomy,� highdevelopment in the southerncountries,� progressivedecrease in fossil flues starting in2040,� moderate increase innuclearenergy,� rapid increase in renewableenergy,� a reserved place, starting in 2050, for a source ofenergywhich isunknowntoday.The results of this model are very high growth in

energy consumption and in pollution (CO2 andnu-clear residues) which is not calculated, but probablyare intermediatebetween the twopreviousmodels.These threemodels,moreor less realistic,moreor

less optional, have a common conclusion: Amassiveincrease of the contribution of renewable energiesduring the 21st century in absolute value, as well as inmarket share.

Renewable energy credibilityNothingwillguaranteethat therealevolutionwill fol-

lowoneor theotherof these scenarios.Thatdependsonfourconditions:Technicalcredibility,economiccred-ibility,ecologicalcredibilityandpoliticalcredibility.Themassivegrowthinthecontributionofrenewable

energyduring the 21st centurywill nothappenunlessthese four conditions are satisfied.

Technical credibilityWemention,briefly, the following facts:

- Heat production:(i) woodhasalwaysbeenandwillcontinuetobelargely

used, except in the case of risk of desertification;the improvement of domestic stoves in the aridzones stay as anessentialneed;

(ii) thedistrict heatingby geothermal energy is func-tioning inseveral localities,under theconditionofsolving thedamagingproblemof corrosion;

(iii) theutilizationofdirect solargain inbuildings is anoldpracticewhichhasgotanewyouthfulnesswiththeregulationofbioclimatichousing,withawaitednewprogress in «intelligentwindows» and trans-parent insulatingmaterial;

(iv) solar crop drying, solar water heaters and differ-ent collectionequipment for spaceheatingusingsolar collectors are functioning.

-Electricity production:(i) hydroelectricity is amajor resource; the installa-

tions inmany important sites are suffering from

Scenario WEC «reference»6 1985 2020 2060Total consumption (M toe) 7680 13995 21665Energy production (M toe)

fossil 6320 9530 13190nuclear 330 1710 2910renewable 1030 2755 5750

Energy per capita ( toe/p )North 4.5 6.0 7.25South 0.6 0.77 1.17nuclear 330 1710 2910

Residues:CO2 content (ppm vol.) 340 420 540Nuclear residues accumulation (M t) 0.05 0.49 1.4Scenario NEO7 1985 2020 2060Total consumption ( M toe ) 7680 10100 11500Energy production ( M toe )

fossil 6320 6900 5500nuclear 330 450 250renewable 1030 2755 5750

Energy per capita ( toe/p )North 4.5 3.3 1.95South 0.6 0.8 1.0

Residues:CO2 content (ppm vol.) 340 400 450Nuclear residues accumulation (M t) 0.05 0.26 0.4Scenario "Shell"8 1985 2020 2060Total consumption ( M toe ) 9400 13800 30600Energy production ( M toe )

fossil 6900 9700 9400nuclear 550 1000 1500renewable 1950 3100 16500from unknown sources (yet) 3200

196

modest local consumption, necessary protectionofnatural sites and the shortageof financial capa-bilities.However small water heads are being ex-ploitedmoreandmore, especially inChina;

(ii) windgenerators are commercially distributed, ei-ther for thesupplyofelectricity in longnetworksorto satisfy theneeds for specific localapplications;

(iii) some thermal power plants burning organicresidues areoperational;

(iv) diverse typesof solar thermalpowerplants are thesubject of research, prototype construction andsometimes areoperational;

(v) stand-alonephotovoltaic systemsarecommerciallymarketed for rural electrification in developingcountries, for theelectricity supplyof isolatedhous-ingand for variousprofessional applications;

(vi) grid-connectedphotovoltaic systems are the sub-ject of numerous demonstrations, either in theformof central stations or integrated tobuildingfacades and roofs;

(vii) theresearchonphotovoltaic lanternshas indicatedthe existence of a considerable level of technicalprogress.

Economic credibilityWeshallbe limitedtotheknownfactsconcern-

ing themost important cases:� Theuseofgeothermalheatandofsolarheatbydifferent techniques iscompetitive todaywithincertaincontexts, andof course thatofwood.� Hydro-electricity isanexampleof thesuccessofrenewableenergies. Itseconomicalcharacteris-tics,whichneedan important initial investmentandthen small runningexpenses, canbe found inmanyothercases.� Windgenerators connected to thegrid supply elec-tricity at acompetitivecost in theUSAand inEuropeinregionsprivilegedbyhighwindspeeds.� Stand-alonephotovoltaic systems allow, better thangridextensionordiesels, the «microelectrification»ofisolatedruralzonesindevelopingcountries(modu-larpower around5kW).� Thebest solar thermalpowerplantsare1.5 to2timesmoreexpensivecomparedtoconventionalones,andthephotovoltaic powerplants are 5 to 7 timesmoreexpensivewhenanyof themareconnected toagrid.However improvement is veryhigh.� Certain«green fuels» are almost competitive.In conclusion, there are actual niches of competi-

tiveness, whichwill increase, in themedium termas a

functionof research results andmarket growth.At this step, it is important to introduce the social

cost of energy. It is the actual cost paid for the con-sumptionofenergy,notonlybyconsumersbutalsobycitizens ingeneral. Inotherwords, thecostsof classicalsources of energy are today under-estimated, as theydonot include important costs, termed external, re-lated, for example, to environment protection, re-search subventions or the need to transmit to futuregenerationsanunburdenedheritage influencedbythepresent consumption.Thisproblem is treated, for ex-ample,reference10.Theinternalizationofexternalcostsis recommendedmore andmoreby the specialists. Itwouldhaveasaconsequence the formal improvementof the competitiveness of renewable energies, which,ingeneral, have a limitedecological impact.Theprevious considerations concern the short and

mediumterm.Wemayalsoneed toestimate the long-termeconomicviabilityof scenarios suchas thos statedat thebeginningof this chapter. Thatwas carriedout(see reference7) andgave the following results for thecomparisonof the scenariosWECandNOE

To the direct savings (calculated for an oil price of18$/bl and an inflation rate of 10%), wehave to addenvironmentalprotection.Consequently, the«optional»scenarios(NEO,Shell)

appearnotonlyascredible(theresourcesandthetech-niques to convert energy to a usable form are exist-ent), but alsoeconomically advantageous.

Ecological credibilityAll theabove-mentioned techniquesare,producing

more energy than is necessary tomanufacture and toinstall them. For example, photovoltaic systemshaveanenergy returnperiodof 2 to 4 years compared to alifetimeof at least 20 years.Additionally,mostof thesetechniques areecologicallybenign.Theassociated so-cial costs of renewable energy areextremely small.Anexception is the dams retainingwater reserves of ex-tended surfaces. Wind generators are very well ac-

Benefits of NEO compared Direct Savings of the environmentalto WEC for the period savings protection expense1985-2020 (109 FF )Electricity sector 420 220 (green house effect)

780 (retreatment)Transport sector 660 1200 (green house effect)Thermal sector 1280 3700 (green house effect)Total 2360 5900

8260 billion French Francs

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ceptedby thepopulationof theneighborhood, as it isseen from field inquiries inGreat-Britain. The inten-sive agricultural of «energyplants», which are theori-ginofgreen fuels,wouldbecriticizedwithcertainagri-culturalmethods, but not with themodernmethodswhichallowthe localizationofadditives(pesticidesandfertilizers) under the foot of the plant(a techniquewhichneeds furtherdevelopment).Theecological balanceof renewable sources of en-

ergy is, inmost cases, better than all other sources ofenergy. At this point, we are reminded that an activepolicyofenergyeconomyisagainbeneficialforthewholeplanet from the economical and ecological points ofview;«thebestenergy is thatwhichwedonotproduce».The role of energy economy is highly considerable

and the synergybetweenenergyeconomyandrenew-ableenergy is evident indifferentapplications suchas,forexample, the solar spaceheatingofhousesand thesolar rural electrification. Note, this point has beenone of the principal merits of the first «alternative»scenariodated198811, and it stays as a superior advan-tage of the scenarioNEOcompared to the other two(WEC,Shell)discussedabove.

Political credibilityDependingonthepoliticalwillofenergyspecialists in

thedifferent countries andon the international scale.Weshallbrieflyanalysethepresentsituationofthis issueMajor countries on the international scene have

shown a firm and constant will for the last 20 years todeveloprenewableenergies.These includetheUnitedStates, JapanandGermany.Thestateandprivatecred-itsgrantedtorenewables in thesecountriesare inregu-lar increase.TheEuropeanUnionhas also adynamicpolicyofresearchanddevelopment.Someothercoun-tries,whichhaveapublicopinionagainstnuclear, arenow on the top of the movement favorable torenewables;Austria, Italy, theNetherlandsandSwitzer-land. Some others aremore reluctant, but howeveractive (France.) Amongdeveloping countries India,Brazil, China,Morocco andothers are active in someaspects, and theWorldBankhas started in 1993 to fi-nance renewableenergy in thesecountries.Nothingwouldguarantee thepermanenceofacon-

stant dynamic policy in favor of renewable energy.However,wecanpresumethatrenewableswillbemoreandmore esteemedat their real values as they possestwo favorable characteristics:� Their flexibility; the possibility to have local energysources,hopefully tocompletethelargecentralgrids,

� Theyarebeingresponsivetotheincreasingpreoccupa-tionsconcerningenvironmentalprotection.Theaware-nessthatclimatefragilitywillleadtocommitmentsstricterthanwhatwasdecidedinRiodeJaneiro(Brazil)in1992willcertainlyfavortherenewableenergies.On the other hand, it is admitted that one of the

principal obstacles facing thewidespreaduseof thesetechnologies is thedeficit of informationon this sub-ject. If thepresentproject is preciselypresented, itwillameliorate theknowledge that renewableenergypos-sesses intrinsicmerits that should lead to a growingadhesionof theworldand thepeople in itswide sense.

Job creationComparison between all the sourcesof energy productionThe renewable energy sources constitutes, one of

themost important reservoirs concerns the job crea-tion point of view compared to the other sources ofenergyproduction.Intheconstructionsectorforexample,thetotalnumber

ofemploymentcreated inthesectorof thesolarphoto-voltaic for theproductionof1TWhyearlyoutputrepre-sent 198852 Jobs. These figures represent the highernumberforthesameenergyproduced,comparedtotheothersourcessuchas:gas,coal,oilandnuclear.The following tablegives a comparativeoverviewon

the jobs created between the sources of energy pro-duction for1TWhyearlyoutput.

CONSTRUCTION EMPLOYMENT

NUMBER OF JOBS PER 1TWH YEARLY OUTPUT

DIRECT INDIRECT TOTAL

Electric UtilitiesGas 18250 39992 58242Coal 29077 78215 107292Oil 29077 65223 94300Nuclear 45073 115334 160407Photovoltaic 79541 119311 198852Bioenergy 30933 83960 114893

733986 Jobs created per 1 TWh yearly output

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Manpowerneeds for electricity generation fromre-newableenergies

Comparing the jobs createdby thedifferent formsof energy as canbe seen from the table, it is clear thatBiomass and Photovoltaic are the renewable energyforms that create the highest number of jobs . Theseresources being in abundance inAfrica, once can im-agine the total number of jobs to be created if only10%of the non electrified population in Africa willhaveaccess to the solar electricity.Apart fromthe jobsto be created the use of the renewable energies willcontribute to improvementof the local economycrea-tionandensureabeterqualityof the livingconditions.InConclusion;having inmindthatalmost2/3of the

WorldPopulation livingwithoutanysourcesofenergy,and considering that this situation will certainly notchange in thecomingdecades,The renewableenergysourcesconstitueprobably theonlysolutiontoimprovethe living standardsof thispopulation.Onecancalculate the totalnumberof jobs tobecre-

ated if aminimumof energy producedby the renew-ableenergies isgivenpercapita.Thiswill certainlycon-tribute to thediminitionof thepoverty of this alreadyaffectedpopulationandimprove there localeconomy.

Training on renewable energy

Current situationEducation in the area of renewable energy is cer-

tainlya fieldwherealmostall is stillneeded tobedone.

Thisabsenceofambitiouseducationalprogrammescanbeexplainedby thetwofollowingprincipal factors:i. Themultidisciplinary and diverse nature of thesubject.

ii. Thenon-recognitionof renewablesasamajorcom-ponentof the«Energy» subject.

The specialization in this field assumes a generalknowledgeofdiversified technologies and their adap-tation todifferent contexts anddifferent fields of ap-plications.We affirm that no specific university train-ingandeducationprogrammesareexistent inthefieldof renewable energy, which gives a degree in thisspecialty.Moreparticularly:i. Laypeoplehave very little informationon thecur-rent stateof the art and real perspectiveon renew-able energy.What little information they have isoften disoriented by what is fashionable and un-fashionable in relation to theenergyeconomyandenvironmental contexts, particularly concerningthis typeofenergy.

ii. There does not exist a specific course on renew-able energy for secondary schools capable to cap-ture the interestof youngpeople inorder toorientthem to a realistic career choice.

iii. Very fewpractical educationalmanuals in the fieldof renewableenergies areaddressed to laypeople,especially to the youth.

iv. Very little information is addressed to secondaryschool students on theprospects and the employ-ment chances thatwouldbegained througha spe-cialization in the renewableenergy field.

v. The coordination is lacking in the field of educa-tionbetween thediversifiedactivities related to re-newableenergy.

vi. Very little information is available concerning thepre-requisites and theprocedures in theuniversi-ties which would lead to a degree or training inrenewableenergy.

vii. The training needs in the field of renewable arerarely well known.Theorganizationswhichneedtrainingforitspersonnelandfieldsofinterestshouldbe identified.

viii. Very little information is available concerning therequiredprograms; technical, practical, intensivecourses,continuoseducation, specificcourses, sum-mer schools, ... etc.Inaddition, althoughthephotovoltaicpotential, for

example,isnon-negligibleontheinternationalscale,theresearchandtrainingcenters relatedtorenewablesare

JOBS FOR OPERATIONS AND

MAINTENANCE PER 1TWH PRODUCED

From Biomass 970 Jobs/TWh ProducedFromWind 60 Jobs/TWh Produced

From Small Hydro 50 Jobs/TWh ProducedFrom Geothermal 108 Jobs/TWh Produced

From Photovoltaic 400 Jobs/TWh Produced

1588 Jobs / TWh produced

for Operations and Maintenance

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mostlybadlydistributed.Theregions favoredbyahighpotentialof solarenergyandconfrontedbyadeficit inelectrification,mainlyrural,arethosewhohavethesmall-estnumberofthespecializedtrainingcentersinthefield.

Training needsThe general aspects of the needs for training are

examinedunder twoangles:� What«focuses» for theeducationalprocess? It is evi-dent that today�s needs are the actual prospects ofjob themarket.� Whatcourses shouldbe taught?Thegeneral answerwill beproposed in the following.

On the European scale, for example, the trainingneeds have been treated in 1993 for the three tech-nologies: Solar thermal, photovoltaics, andwindgen-erators12.Weare largelyusing this study inouranalysisafter adding some recent information to it.Starting at 0 in 1980, thenumberof jobs createdby

these three technologies inEurope in 1992 are 3000,3000, 6000 respectively. It should reach20,000 in theyear2000.Letusexamine inmoredetail the structureof the6000 jobsofwindgenerators technology in1992.These include2500 jobsdirectly created in thecompa-niesof thesamesector.Thesecompaniesareofa smallsize (10 to100persons),which reflects a lackofmatu-rity.Onesinglecompanyhashad500persons in1992.Of these2500«direct» jobs, 1400were located inDen-mark,400intheNetherlandsand,300inGermanyand100 inGreatBritain. This is in addition to 1550 «indi-rect» jobs (suppliers, dealers) and2900 jobs areattrib-uted to installationandmaintenance.Since1995this situationhasgreatlychanged.Accord-

ing to the review «Systems Solaires»13, thenumber ofjobs reached5000 inGermany (ofwhich 1400 aredi-rect), 3700 inGreatBritain (ofwhich1300direct and220dealingwith exports) andaplannedFrenchpro-gramof500MWofwindgenerators in10 years, creat-ing2800 jobs (ofwhich860aredirect).In few years wehavepassed from1.5 to 5.6 jobs per

installedmegawatt; a signofamoreadvanced industry.In this aspect we recall an indication from theWorldwatch Research Institute: To build a piece ofequipmentproducing1000GWhannually,100personsareneededinthenuclear sector,116 inthecoal sector,248 in the solar thermal sector and 542 in the windgeneratorssector.Thesenumberswillcertainlydecreasein the future.However, renewableswill stay as job-cre-ating sources compared to classical energy sources

(which is translated ingeneral by a tendencyof ahighcapital cost, but compensated by a smaller runningcost).These quantitative comparisonsmust be aug-mentedbynewstudies, on theonehandupdatedandgeneralized to other technologies and on the otherperformedfordifferent regions, includingrural zonesof developing countries, where renewables (basicallyphotovoltaics) has an important role to play.We canconcludeby the followingprovisional conclusion:The various renewable energy technologies are a

considerablemine fornew jobs.Tensof thousandsofjobshave alreadybeen created in few years. The loca-tionsandnaturesof these jobs, aswell as theirnumber,are in a progressive evolution: It is then a sector towhichappropriate trainingpolicy seems tobeanabso-lutenecessityWearegoing to treat, asmuchaswecan, thequalita-

tive aspect of the current jobmarket. Lacking otherstudies,weshallmakereferencetothedocumentmen-tionedasreference14(which,particularlyforthispoint,must beupdatedandcompleted):Renewable energyrequiresdiversifiedcomponents fortheconstructionofsystems.Thesecomponents shouldbeamelioratedbyintensive researchanddevelopmentandbymoreeffi-cientindustrialproduction.However, it isnotthefunda-mental researchwhichpresents theprincipalbarrier totheirdevelopment,butit is thelackoftrainedpersonneltodesign, install, andmaintainthecompletesystems.«Mostnew jobsdonot require a radicallynewcom-

petence. The needs vary according to the differentcomponents andcanbe summarizedas follows:� meteorologists andanalysts for the selectionof sitesandappropriateprogrammes,� metalworkershavingagoodcompetenceforhydrau-lics for theassemblyofwind rotors and towersor forthe assemblyof solar collectors,� plumbers and tube workers for the installation ofsolarhotwater systems,� electriciansforphotovoltaicsandwindenergysystems,� carpentersandbuildingcraftsmenfortheintegrationof solar systemswithbuildingsandforcentralplants,� architects for theurbanplanning andbuildingsde-sign,� engineers anddesigners in several sectors: civil engi-neering,powerelectronics,electricengineering,proc-ess control, quality control, chemistry, ...«All thosepeopleneed training sessionsbasedupon

their original background. For instance, engineers,designers and architects would have sufficient basicknowledge,butaradicalchangeintheirusualbehavior

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isnecessary.Theyareused toworkwithcongenital sys-tems,whichcanbeutilizinganywhere, andatanyenvi-ronment.To thecontrary, the site influences the tech-nologiesof renewableenergyandclimateand they in-teractwith consumers.Theydonotofferuniversal so-lutions (except for someapplications, suchas calcula-tors and solar lightingkits), and this is oneof theprin-cipal barriers to theirwidespreaduse. Ingeneral, theyrequiremorework thanconventional systems for theirdesign, adaptation, and commissioning.This impliesthe creationofmore jobs inorder to get durable andefficient systems.»

Specific training aspects15

Some specific considerations should be taken intoaccount inabetterway for the trainingof researchers,engineers, technicians and superior technicians, andfor the informationof decisionmakers, local electedrepresentatives, consultants andof thegeneralpublic.In the followingparagraphswill shall develop, as an

example, someof these considerations. The trainingof technicians is themost important andnecessary ac-tion for thesuccessofa renewableenergyprogramme.Itwillbepresentedfirst toreflect the importancewhichitdeserves.

Training for techniciansTechnicians do have a principal role in all steps of

solar energy projects. In fact, they participate at thelevels of laboratory work, test centers, industrial pro-ductionof components, commercial distribution, sys-temassembly, installation andoperationandmainte-nance.Thesuccessof solarprojectswillnotbeachievedunless eachstep is realized successfullyby theactionofcompetent technicians.It seems that themost important requirement is the

availability of competent technicians to ensure the in-stallation, repair andmaintenanceof systems.As amatter of fact, if one considers the example of

rural electrification, its developmentwill be achievedthrough localnetworksof installers andrepair techni-cians.Firstofall, systemdesign, sizingandoptimizationshould be performed based on the precise needs ofeither individual or village community.These systemsthen need to be installed . They will also need to beoperated,maintained and repairedwhenneeded inorder toensure thebest quality of service. Past experi-ences revealed that, even if photovoltaicmodules areof anextra-ordinaryquality, thePVsystemsare subject

to failures.Thesearemostly causedbydefects inclassi-cal components, switches, batteries, power condition-ing, connections, etc. Theseproblemswouldbewith-out consequences if onecan rectify them indue time.Itwill evidently be regrettable toneglect these aspectsof after sales services.A very similar situation occurs in the field of solar

thermal.Thedevelopmentof solarheaters ona largescalewill,necessarily,dependuponqualified installers,who will also have to ensure the repair andmainte-nanceof these systems.Accordingly, we see that verypreciseneedsof train-

ingof technicians in specialties such as PV systems in-stallers, agents for the repair andmaintenance of PVsystems, solar water heaters installers, agents for therepair andmaintenance, etc.The technical education institutes are logically the

best places to perform this training. These institutesshould work in close relation with the solar testingcenters, where their technical facilities can advanta-geouslybeusedas aneducational support to training.Thepermanent trainingconstitutes another aspect

for training of technicians. It should permit techni-ciansqualified inotherdisciplines toacquire, inashorttime, the necessary knowledge tomaster one of theabovementioned specialties.Theorganizationof thistypeof trainingconstitutesoneof theactionsofensur-ing the formationof solar technicians.

The availability of specialized documents of highquality is anecessary complementary aspectof techni-cians training.Agreat helpwill be offered to thembygettingdocumentsof the following types:� Technicians guide or handbook, gathering, in a con-densedmanner, thetheoreticalresults, theschematicdiagrams, thebasic formulas, the rules and theprac-tical recommendationswhichwouldbeuseful to so-lar technicians.� Documentation on components and solar equip-ment.Thedocumentscouldbeakindofuser�sguide,indicating the suppliers, the cost, theperformance,the best ratio of quality / price, etc.

Training for researchersWehave tounderline the importanceofpromoting

a researchprogramme in a relatively new sector, thatof solar chemistry dedicated for theproductionof fu-els. It is convenientalso tomentionotherresearch top-ics which are already well established, but should atleast continueorevenbeamplified.

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First of all, wehave toconsider the researchonpho-tocellsandphotovoltaic systems.Theperformanceandcost of these systems still need to be improved in asubstantial way compared to the current situation.Asan outcome to the rural electrification programmeand the resultingmarket expansion, the progress inthis fieldwillbeaccelerated.Thisdynamismwouldleadto an increase in industrial efforts andwill justify thereinforcementof research facilities in this sector.It is theuniversitiesandthehighschoolsofengineer-

ing in the countries of the North and of the South,whichwill take-up themissionof forming tomorrow�sresearchers whowill ensure the progress in this pro-gramme.The following actions canbe adapted start-ingnowtohelp these institutions in theirmission:� Reinforcement of theoretical andpractical educa-tion in the basic disciplines uponwhich the abovementionedresearchwoulddepend.Also, solid-statephysics, physics of materials, molecular physics,thermo-chimestry,photo-chemistry, thermalsciencesand thermodynamics shouldappear in the first rankofdisciplines tobeconsideredwithin this frame.� Definition of research topics in the field ofphotovoltaics (photocells, photo-chemistry, solar fu-els), for student thesis or graduationprojects.� Insertionof these research topics intoaglobal visionof the place of renewables among the energy re-sources for the coming century (analysis of energysupplyanddemand,economical considerations, en-vironmental constrains).� Organizationof cooperationprogrammesbetweenhighereducation institutions in theNorthandSouthonthe topicsof researchrelated tosolarenergy.Thiscollaboration could bematerialized through com-mon studies of scientific projects leading to the ex-changeof students.� Creation of a group of thinkers (under the frame-work of theWorld Solar Summit, for example) onthe training of researchers in the disciplines whichwouldpermit theprogress of solar energy.The taskof this group is to define the actions to be taken forthe trainingof researchers, to elaborate a strategy inthis fieldand toaid theuniversitydepartments to setup theseprogrammes.

Training of engineersThe realizationof renewable energy programmes,

particularly the solar rural electrification, constitutes alarge industrial project for the comingdecades. Theindustrialized countries canhave anappreciable con-

tribution in this aspect, whichwill have alsobeneficialconsequenceson the levelof jobcreation.Wecanalsohope that this dynamismwould lead to an industry intheusers� countries whichhave capabilities to signifi-cantly contribute in theseprogrammes.The industrialboomforeseen insolarandwindelec-

tricity andpassive architecture requires anewgenera-tionof engineerswhosework, initiatives, and compe-tence will be the best guarantee for success. It nowclearly appears that the necessity to ensure the crea-tion and trainingof this selectionof future engineerswhowillhave the taskof thecreation,organizationandthe setupof the solar industry in thecomingdecades.Therequired fieldsof competence in theeducation

of engineers are, as thosementioned above for theresearchers, solid-state physics, physics ofmaterials,molecularphysics, thermo-chimestry,photo-chemistry,thermal sciences and thermodynamics, ... etc.Wealsoadd to this list power electronics, electro-technology,and fluidmechanics.In this educational process the practical aspects

shouldhavepriority. In fact, thecourse contents leavea largepart for theexperimentalworkandforprojectsrelatedtorealequipmentandto full-scale installations.Therefore, there is a real interest toestablish the train-ing institutions for engineers near by the solar testingcenters ofwhicha certainnumber already exists.Thespecializededucationandtraining inrenewable

energy leading to obtain a university degree, such as«Master,» for example, constitute an adapted pro-grammewhich couldbeproposed for both research-ers and engineers working in this field. This type ofeducation has the advantage of permitting plannersandthosewhocarryoutrenewableenergyprogrammesto have an access to the totality of information andknow-how in this field during a reasonable period oftime(18months).Continuoseducationconstitutesanother important

aspect for the trainingof engineers. In fact, this proc-esswouldpermit theengineers specialized inotherdis-ciplines to acquire during aminimumof time a suffi-cientknowledge,enabling themtoworkefficiently inanew field.The short trainingcourses, suchas summerschools, are very responsive to this need. The annualsummer schoolorganizedbyUNESCOon«solarelec-tricity for ruraland isolatedzone,»presentanexampleof action in thisdirection.This initiative shouldbeen-couraged, continued, andevenextended toother sec-tors suchasbiomass,windenergy,aswellasother formsof renewables.

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To summarize, we can formulate the following rec-ommendations:� Toencourageandsupport theactivitiesof solar test-ingcenters(mentionedasexamplesare:CRES(Mali),CDER(Algeria), CDER(Morroco), SIRDC(Zimba-bwe))and topromote their contribution in theedu-cationand trainingofengineers.� Topromote in theengineeringschools the teachingof the abovementioneddisciplines related to solarenergy and to encourage the proposals of solar en-ergy topics for the training in theenterprises, for thegraduationprojects, for thepractical work, ... etc.� Toorganize at International level the collaborationof students of engineering schools from theNorth-ernandSoutherncountries, ina thoughtful studyoninteresting topics related to the solarprogramme. Inthis aspect, we can, for example, promote large in-ter-schoolprojects oriented towards integrated top-ics in theeducationand trainingprogrammes in theengineeringinstitutes.� To satisfy the needs of continuos education in thefields related to solar energy. The summer schoolsprogrammeshouldbe supportedandexpanded.� To set up a committee of thinkers on theproblemsencountered in the education and trainingof engi-neers inorder to elaborate a real policy in this field.

Information for decision-makers,local elected members, and technicalservices peopleTopromote these programmes oneof thedifficul-

ties tobeovercome is to convince thedecisionmakersof thesolidbasisof theseproposals inorder toget theirsupport.Thepresentcontext is far-away tobefavorablefor such an action. The current low cost of oil prod-ucts and the existence of other technologies, consid-ered, correctly or wrongly, more credible, have cre-ated in decisionmakers and experts a kind of uncer-tainty, skepticismandevenhostility towards solar tech-nologies.Thishard situation is also a result of the lackofgeneral knowledgeon the results and the successofsolar technologies during the last years. In addition,thepossibleprogressandthefutureprospectsareprob-ably verypoorly known.The insufficiency of information in this field is not

necessarily due to themodesty of solar researchers,but it is rather due to that of the offered facilities tothemin thepast.A real effort is toundertake todevelopabetter gen-

eralknowledgeoutside the solar researchcommunity.

Thepastexperienceshowedthat theprincipalobsta-cle to thedevelopmentof solar technology is theneu-tralismor theoppositionof the electricity producinganddistributingcompaniesandthe indifferenceof thedecisionmakers responsible for theselectionofenergymaterials for the local communityor theregions.Foranelectricityplanner, ruralelectrificationmostly

means thedevelopmentandtheextensionof theexist-inggrid. Fora locally elected representative,whodoesnothaveagoodknowledgeofthevariousavailabletech-nologies,andaftergoingbacktothenationalelectricityutility, the safest solution is adaptedeitherby inertiaorby tradition.Therefore, it isnecessary toconvinceboththeelectricity utility staff and the local representativesthat theadoptionofsolar technologies isa favoritecardforall.Thedecentralize solar technologiesarenotnec-essarily antagonist to interconnectednetworks,but it iscomplimentary to it.Certainelectricityutilitiesholdthisviewpoint, especially when the construction of a newpower stationandnewhigh tension transmission linesareconfrontedby financial, ecological, andregulatorydifficulties.They see the solar technologies as compli-mentary solutions to thetraditionalones.In the developing countries, the concept of «pre-

electrification»would result in promoting certain so-lar technologiesasa first step towards theconstructionof an interconnectednetwork.Thebest ally to solar istheelectricityengineerwhenheunderstands that solarenergy isnotacompetitor,but is a tool for thedevelop-ment of the electricity supply. Amajor effort for thedevelopmentofgeneralknowledgeandtraining inthisfield is still needed.Amongtheactionstobeundertakenforthedevelop-

mentof general knowledgeprogrammesoriented to-wardsdecisionmakers,wecanconsider thefollowing:� Theorganizationof seminars,workshopsorsummerschools targetingdecisionmakersandexpertsrelatedtootherenergy fields inorder to informthemaboutpossible solar applications in the future, their antici-patedprogress and their economical aspects.� Differentpresentationsonthepossibilitiesofsolartech-nologymarketpenetration in the formofalternativescenarios shouldbeforeseenunderthis framework.� Thepublication in scientific andeconomic journalsof theprospects of renewable energies.� Theorganizationof technical visits to themost out-standingsolarenergy installations.� The realizationof audio-visualmaterial illustratingthe existing solar installations and the future pros-pects of its technologies.

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Information to the publicThe training and information activities elaborated

in theprevious sectionwill equally beundertaken forthegeneral public, whoare ignorant today tomost oftheachievements, thepossibilitiesandtheprospectsofthe solar technologies.In the countrieswhere solarprogrammeswouldbe

realizedorwhere thepopulationwouldhave adirectcontact with solar equipment, this information pro-grammewould join that for theusers.Therefore, the informationand trainingof thegen-

eral public needmuchwork to be undertaken. Thefollowingactions canbeconsidered in this aspect:� Thepublicationofinformationintheprintedpress inthe formof study articles and comprehensive, welldocumentedreportsonsolarenergyanditsprospects.� Informationdocumentationtoconsumerassociations� Therealizationandbroadcastingofprogrammesanddocumentary filmsonTVchannels.� Thecreationoffixedexhibitionsontechnologyparkstoallowthepresentationofalongarrayofsolarequip-ment and their applications. In this regard, generalpublic visits to solar test centers canbeorganized.� Theencouragement of teaching solar energy tech-nologies inprimaryandsecondaryschools. It is in thecourses of physics, chemistry and technology that ascientific base on solar energy can correctly bebrought into theminds of young students, whowillbe the executors tomorrow of the big energy pro-grammesweareentertaining today.

General contents ofthe teaching programmesThe objective of the education and training pro-

grammesis toreach,ontheonehandthegeneralprob-lemsrelatedtoenergy, theneedforenergyconservationandthenecessitytouserenewableenergysources,andontheotherhandsuchparticulartechnologysuitingthecom-petenceoftheinstructorandthedesireofthelearner.In thepast,weweremostlyperforming trainingpro-

grammesdedicated toa specific typeof renewableen-ergyandconcentratingonacertaintechnology,withoutplacing it in thegeneral context. In addition, generaltrainingprogrammesonenergyconservationhaveex-isted which were not oriented to a specific type ofrenewablesoraparticularapplication.This situation isnotsatisfactoryanditdoesnotrespondtotherealneeds.Ageneraleducationandtrainingprogrammeonthe

renewableenergiesassociatedwithall therelated tech-nologyoptions isproposed.

Wediscusshere the«general store»ofbasic coursesandoptions fromwhichparticular «menus»will be se-lectedforeachtargetaudience(researchers,engineers,technicians,decisionmakers, industrials,endusers,gen-eralpublicetc.)

Basic general coursesHistory and geography of energyp r o d u c t i o n / c o n s u m p t i o n-(to study the past, to understand the present andimagine the future)-Non-commercialenergies.Theappearanceofcom-mercialenergy.-The appearance of centralized energy and energynetworks.-Historyofhydroelectricity.-Energy intensity and standardof living: geography,history.-A reviewof fossil energy stocks.

Renewable energy sources-Thedifferent sources.-Thenatural fluxes.-A reviewof theused resources.-Therenewableenergypotential.

Energy and the environment-Risksof theprincipal energy forms.-Thegreenhouseeffect and its consequences.-Themanagementof residues.-Residuesandrisks associatedwithrenewables.

A review of energy economics-Actualization of economic rates.-Actualization of global costs.-Examples of cost of energy systems/energy net-works.-External costs of energy/ theneed for internaliza-tion.-Competitiveness / selection criteria.-Financingoptions.-Renewable energyworldmarket.

Energy sociology-Analysis of the energy demand in the differentregions.-Potential of energy conservation.-Centralized / distributed energy.-Rate of development: research, industrialization,commercialization.

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Theabove table shows the rarity of appropriatedis-ciplines in eachof the relevant teachingprogrammesfor each technology.Wemay easily notice from thetable that, if onewould like to intensify his technicalcapabilities tosolvetheencounteredproblems,hemustselectoneof theseparticular technologiesasanoption.This should also be supported by the usual basicknowledge,whichremains thebasis for thebuild-upofthetrainee�sabilities, togetherwithanyothernecessaryknowledgecomplementary to the training.Thecomplementaryknowledgewouldbeacquired

partiallybythebasicgeneralcoursesmentionedinthgeprevious section,whichwouldoffer theunderstandingof theplaceof renewableenergy inourworld. Itwouldalso includeotherparticularpointsdependingoneachtechnologyoption, tohelp the trainees indealingwithreal field problems. It is of highpriority to implant inthemindof the trainee the real technical state of theart of systems manufacturing or utilization and, ifpossible, bothof themat the same time.Basedon thisvision the role and importanceof technologyoptionswouldbeclearandany trainingprogrammecancoveroneor twoof the technologies stated in theprecedingtable.Eachscientificeducationunitwillchoseitstechnology

options according to its interests. It is not excluded toselectsimultaneouslya«Renewableenergy»optionanda «Classical energy» one. At the same time, theexecutives of theseunits shouldbeabsolutely enticed

togivea sufficient space to thegeneralknowledgeandtoassignexternal specialists to teach it.Inthesamemanner,theeducationalunitsspecialized

in economics or human sciences wishing to launch aprogramme featuring renewable energywouldneedto hire external specialists to teach such courses onrenewable energy technologieswith sufficientdetails,in order to implant a minimum of realism at theaudience level.

Tosummarize:The education and training of renewable energy

specialists is based upon the knowledge usuallytaught in various disciplines and levels, but it needsspecific complementary components. These are oftwo classes. Firstly, a general knowledge able tocreate theunderstandingof the important rolewhichthe renewable energy has andwill have in the future.Secondly, a strengthened technical knowledgerelevant to each technology which would offer thetools for an efficient field work under the specificutilization conditions of this technology. Werecommend that, for all educational and trainingprogrammes, a common preparatory work beelaborated by general energy specialists, as well ascompetent professionals in each specific technology.These two categories of specialists should providetheir contributions to enable the professional setupof these programmes.

Technology Hydro- Wind Photo- Solar Solar Geo- Biomasselectric turbines voltaics therdyn. conv. thermal thermal

Related disciplinesMechanics ** ** * *

Geology ** ** *Atmosph. phys * ** * * * *

Thermodyn. **Thermal sci. ** ** **

Building eng. **Chemistry * * * * *

Chem. eng. * * **Phys.of mat * * ** *

Electro. phy. * ** *Electro. tech. * * * *

Agronomy **Bio. eng. **

Technology options

GUIDE OF TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS

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Proposed actions

Analysis of the education andtraining needsIn order to respond in a better way to the needs of

training,educationandinformation, the identificationand analysis of needs appears to be one of the highpriority tasks tobeundertaken.Thepreliminaryactionsto be implementedwithin the scope this frameworkcanbe summarizedas follows:1 Conductinga surveyof the initial objectiveof identi-fying theexisting trainingprogrammes in therenew-ableenergy field in theEuropeanCommunity coun-tries. The report resulting at the end of this surveyshouldbepublishedanddisseminated.2 Analyzing the needs (on the basis of a preliminarysurvey) in order to define the type of training to beundertakenand topropose a teachingprogrammefor each target audience, suchas:- university-leveleducation,- secondaryeducation,- technicians,- decisionmakers,- industrialists,- Users.3 Defining correspondents in all interested countriesfor theglobalprogrammeofeducationand trainingin the renewableenergy field.This shouldcover- various technical sectors,

- various interestedcountries,- various types and levels of education.

Establishment of an AfricanInstitute for renewable energies«Open Door Institute» (AIRE)

This institute aims towards providing a frameworkwithinwhich the various initiatives of education andtraining canbeexecuted. It shouldbeestablishedun-der the auspices of UNESCO as one of the strategicactionsof theWorldSolarProgramme1996-2005tobelaunchedby theWorldSolarSummit.The adaptation ofmodern communication tech-

niques should allow the setting up of a wide-rangingprogrammethrough:� Videocassettes� Films� Tele-conferences� Documentsmadeavailableon the Internet

This institute will depend upon «regional nodes»(researchcentersorreputable institutes todisseminatethe educational packages). For example, SIRDC(covering the SADC region), the renewable energydevelopment centers (covering the Maghrebcountries), the ENDA (coveringWest Africa), ... etc.All canplay the roleof regionalnodes.

2 0 6

1. Rapid, means here: «in some decades». It is the required time for the increase in importance of all new sources of energy,

even when a voluntary policy is continuously practiced .

2. Quantitatively, the future population growth is estimated with a goal precision, but not the level of development. The

scenarios for the future must take into consideration realistic hypotheses.

3. The content of CO2 in the atmosphere has increased by 50% since the beginning of the industrial era. The human activities

(combustion of carbon, oil, and gas, the change in agricultural methods) are mainly responsible. According to the «Inter-

governmental Panel on Climate Change» (1996),«the earth surface temperature in average increased globally by 0.3 to 0.6

8C since the beginning of the 19th century.... A group of elements suggest that there is a perceptible influence of man on

the global climate.» This climate change will continue with very serious consequences. We mention, as a value, a warming-

up of 2 8C and the increase of ocean's level by 50 cm by the year 2100.

4. In France from 1950 to 1986: More than 12% energy economy in the car industry, 20% in energy necessary for wheat

production, 50% of energy needs for new housing. This appreciated decrease in energy intensity was stopped in 1986 due

to the decrease of oil prices.

5. This trend will not go by itself. In the 19th century carbon was dominating while for the 20th century it is oil. Fossil fuels

accumulated during hundreds of million of years are being burned today at such a rate that they will be largely depleted

in few centuries. For example, oil crises in 1973 and 1979 have been overcome due to major discoveries (the North Sea,

Alaska, Siberia). However, the (probable) absence of such discoveries in the future will keep the Middle East the main

producer during the coming 50 years, with all the political risks in case that the oil share in the energy balance stays as it is.

6 B. Dessus «Energie: défi planétaire» (Belin, 1996), ISBN 2-7011-2037-3.

7 Same reference.

8 Activity report 1996 of the institute fur solsrenergietechnik ,Fraunhofer Institute, Freiburg

9 For more details, refer to the following EU documents:

- Renewable energies in Europe, Int. J. of Solar Energy No 1-4 (1994).

- T. Wrixon, A.M.E. Rooney, W. Plaz, Renewable energy 2000, Springer Verlag, 1993

10 O. Hohmeyer, R.LOttinger, Social costs of energy ( springer-verlag-1994 ).

11 J. Goldemberg, T. Johansson, A. K. Reddly, R. William's, Energy for a life world(The French Documentation, Paris, 1988).

12 Ph. Malbranche, «The training and qualification requirements to support the development of solar thermal-energy» (a

report presented by the European Materials Research Society to the European Union DG 1).

13 See 2 articles in «Systemes solaires» 113 (1996) 26. This review is dedicated to renewables (146 rue de l'Univeriste 75007

- Paris).

14 J. Percepois, Vol. 2, Summer School «Solar Electricity for Rural and Isolated Zones», Ellipse/Unesco, 1993.

15 O. Benchikh «Renewable Energy Education and Training Program» (a proposed program during the

Mediterranean solar summit, 1996).

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Background On GefRenewable Energy/

Energy Efficiency Projects

Theuseof renewable energy sources is oneof themostpromisingmeansofachievingglobalenvironmen-tal benefits consistent with local development goals.Perhapsnoother technologyor strategyhas thepoten-tial to do somuchgood. Properly designed, solar en-ergy projects can promote local economic develop-ment, improveairqualityandreduceoil imports,whilealsoreducingthebuild-upofgreenhousegasesrespon-sible for climate change.TheGEFprogram recognises the benefits of solar

energy in projects under development around theworld and includesmanydifferent types of technolo-gies, from established solar water heating systems toemerging technologies like solar thermalpowerplantsand photovoltaics. Such projects constitute amajorshareof theclimateportfolio,whichnowexceeds600million inmore than60countries,with$4.8billion inassociated financing.

Solar-Home-Systems Projects

The GEF has approved 14 solar home systemsprojects in 16 countries (India; Sri Lanka; Indonesia;China;Ghana;Zimbabwe;Benin;Togo;Peru;Bolivia;Argentina; a regionalproject in India,Kenya andMo-rocco;andtheglobalSolarDevelopmentCorporation).Thedesigns of these projects differ in several keys re-spects, but all projects address in some combinationandwithdifferent emphasis what are considered thekeygenericbarriers to solarhome systemdiffusion:� high first-cost� unfamiliarity with technology and its expectedper-formancebyusers� poorcredit-worthinessofhouseholds fromfinancierperspective� lack of sales and service firms tomarket andmain-tain systems� poor long-termsystemperformance� difficult todeterminesystemqualityand identify«fly-by-night»vendors� lackoffinancinganddifficultyofdealer/installerfirmsto finance systems� difficulty of local entrepreneurs to establish viablebusiness

Early projectsTwo early projects took place in India and Zimba-

bwestarting in1991.TheIndiaprojectprovidedcreditto commercial financiers through the India Renew-

MOHAMED T. EL-ASHRYChief Executive Officer and ChaimanGEF

2 0 8

ableEnergyDevelopmentAgency(IREDA).Thefinan-ciersweretopurchasesystemsfrommanufacturersandsupply themtohouseholds.Aseparate service firm,un-dercontract to themanufacturer,wasexpected topro-videmarketing, installation,commission,andaftersalesservice.ThisapproachprovedinfeasibleinIndiabecausethecommercial financierswereunwilling to lendtoru-ralhouseholdsduetocredit riskconcerns.

In1998, theIndiaprojectbeganimplementinganewapproach featuringmodified energy service compa-nies (ESCOs), in this case, local, community-basedESCOs.TheseESCOs lease systems fromcommercialfirms.Thecommercial firmspurchasethesystemsfrommanufacturersandreceiveataxbreak,whichtheysharewith theESCO.Ownershipof the systemremainswiththe commercial firm,not theESCO.

209

Small Island Developing StatesNetwork (SIDSnet)

HIROSHI TAMADASIDSNetUNDP

InBarbados in June, 1994, the Action Plan of theRegional TechnicalMeeting for theAtlantic/Carib-bean/Mediterraneanpreparatory to theGlobalCon-ference on the SustainableDevelopment of Small Is-landDeveloping States (SIDS, Barbados�May/June1994)madethe followingrecommendationsonInfor-mationManagement:«In viewof the vast primordial importanceof infor-

mationandthevolumewhichalreadyexists inregionalandinternationalorganizationsandinstitutions,whichrepresent great value in time and experience in thedifferentareasofsustainabledevelopment,effortsmustbemadeto tap thesedatabasesavoidingduplicationofstudies.The followingactions shouldbe taken:� improve the availability of existing information indatabases inregionalandinternationalorganizationsandinstitutionsby indexingrelevant informationforSIDSunderanew indexentry forSIDS; and� promote and facilitate inter-island exchange of in-formationonexperiences,researchanddevelopmentin theareaof sustainabledevelopmentbetween theSIDS.»

TheAllianceof Small IslandStates (AOSIS)has en-dorsedSIDSnetas thenetworkingmechanismorplat-form linking islands on issues related to sustainabledevelopment.AWebsite (www.SIDSnet.org)hasbeenestablishedandSIDSnet is actively supporting the sus-tainabledevelopment objectives of SIDSagreed to inthe Barbados Plan of Action, that resulted from the

1994 conference of the SustainableDevelopment ofSmall IslandDevelopingStates,Agenda21andrelatedpost-RioUNconferences.Geographical isolationof SIDS remains amajor im-

pediment to collaboration. Although Internet con-nectivity extends to all SIDS regions and should inprinciple, help overcome problems of distance, notall countries are well connected and very few peoplecan take advantageof the Internet. SIDSnet supportsAOSIS and the implementation of the post- Rio ac-cords on sustainable development. For stakeholdersin SIDS to fully participate inAOSIS and thepost-Rioaccords, and to utilize SIDSnet, there is a need tostrengthen local capacity to gainbeneficial use of theInternet, related information technologies andman-agement practices.SIDSnetrecognizes theimportanceof improvingthe

organizational capacity of theAOSISmissions inNewYork.Mostmissions have outdated computer equip-mentwhicharenotcapableofutilizingrecent Internettechnology. SIDSnet is committed to providing anInternetbasedfacility toenableAOSISmissionstosharedocuments,hold virtualdiscussions,makeannounce-ments anddevelopresolutions fromany Internet con-nection in theworld.Manyelements contribute to the constraint of both

theuse and the growthof the Internet in developingcountries.Theseconstraints includelimitationsofband-width,minimalaccess tocomputers andcomputerpe-ripherals, not enough telephone lines, lackof techni-

210

cal andmanagerial expertise and too littleprivate sec-tor involvement.The adoption of new information and communi-

cation technologies (NICTs) is helping to overcomethis situationasa resultof theproliferationof InternetService Providers (ISPs) worldwide. But in some ofthe SIDS, this phenomenon is confrontedby limitedmarket size and thus limiteddemand.That, coupledwith insufficient infrastructure and a lack of techni-cal andmanagerial capacity to promote appropriateIT technologiesmakes it evenmoredifficult to facili-tate andencourage Internet adoption.The enablingenvironment so necessary for this to take place doesnot exist.Theheraldedexplosionof Internet applications in

electroniccommerce, tele-medicineanddistanceedu-cation have not been applicable inmost SIDS givinglittle reason forpolicymakers topaymoreattention toTelecommunications infrastructure. For an Internetbasednetwork to succeed, SIDSnet will have to focusonprojects that encourage islandgovernments to in-vest in infrastructureand introducepro-activepoliciesthatmake access affordable.

A Global Network:Regional Endorsement

SIDSnethasbeenendorsedbygovernments ineachof the SIDS regions to deal with networking and re-lated issues under the Barbados Programme of Ac-tion.Currently theSIDSnetwebsiteprovides tools forvirtual discussions, chat conferences, focused search-ing, document submission and storage,mailing lists,events calendar and links to relevant Barbadoswebsites. SIDSnet alsomirrors thewebsites of the Pa-cific ForumSecretariat, SouthPacific Regional Envi-ronment Programme,UNDPTrinidad andTobago,UNAgencies,Mauritius and theCaribbeanConser-vationAssociation. SIDSnetworks closelywithorgani-zations inClimateChange and continues to build itsrelationships with key national bodies. SIDSnet�swebsite received over-70,000monthly hits for April1999 from over 75 countries including donors andSIDS.Regionalendorsementshavebeenreceivedasfollows:

Ca r i bb e anBeing aware of the inadequacies in data and infor-

mation systems in the area of sustainable development,

we shall encourage the development of informationsystems and processes such as the SIDS Network(SIDSnet)CaribbeanMinisterialMeetingon theProgramme

of Action for the SustainableDevelopment of Carib-bean.Barbados, 10 - 14November1997

Indian Ocean, Mediterranean andAfrica Region � Mahe DeclarationAfrican SIDS should share experiences and best prac-

tices in priority areas of the Programme of Action andtheir efforts in this connection should be facilitatedwith the use of modern information management tech-nologies, involving the systematic expansion of the In-formation Network (SIDSnet), to include all SIDS andto eventually cover the issues addressed under the MahéProgramme of Action.AfricanSmall IslandsDevelopingStatesMinisterial

Meeting,Mahé,Seychelles,7th�10thJuly,1998

Valetta DeclarationSupport the development of SIDSnet, which we con-

sider to be an important source of information for thepromotion and monitoring of sustainable develop-ment.MinisterialMeetingOnTheSustainableDevelopment

OfTheSmall IslandDevelopingStates InThe IndianOcean,MediterraneanAndAtlantic Regions,Malta:24-27November1998

Pacific RegionLeaders, conscious of the importance of reliable data

and information systems in the pursuit of sustainabledevelopment endorsed the early implementation ofSIDSNET activities in the region as part of its efforts toimplement the BPOA.Communiqué: Twenty-Ninth SouthPacific Forum

Pohnpei,FederatedStatesofMicronesia24 -25August1998

Training WorkshopsNational workshops fundedby theGovernment of

Japanwill be implemented in30SIDSbefore comple-tionofPhase I.

SIDSnet Components

SIDSnetactivitiescanbedivided into3components.Eachwithdifferent activities butmutally supportive.

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A. Component 1:The Global Network for theBarbados Programme of ActionObjec t i ve s :� Promotedialogueamongpartners/stakeholdersonissues identified in theBarbadosProgrammeofAc-tion that are not restricted by regional or nationalboundaries� Enhancecollaborationand shareexperienceson is-sues of common concern to islands to ensure thatsuccessstories,expertiseandrelevant lessonsareavail-able todecisionmakers in thedevelopmentprocess.� Provideagateway tokey informationandknowledgeresources availableon the Internet related to islanddevelopment.� Build national and regional capacities to promoteaccess to theGlobal Information Infrastructure andraiseawarenesswithdecisionmakersandstakeholdersin island countries of the importance of national /organizational strategies for InformationandCom-municationsTechnology.� Raise theprofileof theBarbadosProgrammeofAc-tionandof the informationneedsofSIDSatregionalandglobal forums.

Ac t i v i t i e s� ContinuehostingSIDSnetwebsiteatwww.SIDSnet.organdensuring that the siteprovides relevant tools forinteractive discussions, document storage, virtualconferencing, focused searching of islandwebsitesandotherpertinent services.� Continueprovidinga �technologywatch� and �tech-nology testbed� to identify, select, test andapplynewinformation and communication technologies forthebenefit of SIDS� Employapersonineachof thekey islandregions(In-dianOcean andAfrica, Caribbean andPacific), at-tachedtoaregionalorganization.AregionalSIDSnetofficerwill be responsible for relevant SIDSnet con-tentandtargetingSIDSnet stakeholders incountriesandkeyorganizationsfor trainingandawareness.� Workwithregionalorganizations toensurethatSIDShave a comprehensive andwell coordinatedpublic-ity campaign at specific regional andglobal confer-ences relevant toSIDS.� Promote thepublishingof national content on theInternet byBPoA stakeholders andensure relevantmaterial andnews ispublishedelectronically� Advocacyrolewithpartnerorganizations topressuretelcosandgovernments toprovideaffordableaccess.

Outpu t s :� GreaterparticipationbySIDSstakeholders in thefor-mulationofnational/regionalandglobalresolutionson issuesof concern toSIDS.� Stronger tiesbetweenAOSISandnational/regionalorganizationsandenhancingpreparationandcoor-dination for globalmeetings and ondevelopmentissues ingeneral� Increasednumberof organizations and individualsfromSIDS involved inanactivevirtual communityofstakeholders sharingexperiences.� More island development content published bystakeholders.� Greater impactofSIDSin internationalnegotiations,treaties, conventions, etc., andmore benefits fromglobalization, international tradeandrelated issues

B. Component 2:Strengthen AOSISMissions CapacityAOSISisinstrumentalinadvocatingtheislandagenda

at a global levelwithin theUnitedNations systemandother critical conferences.HoweverAOSISmissionsare often hampered by restricted budgets and oldequipment.SIDSnetwillbuildandmaintainanAOSISprivate virtual Intranet that will enablemissions andinvited stakeholders to store and share documents,collaborateonresolutionsandreports, and formulatestrategies fromanywhereintheworld.TravelingAOSISdelegates / negotiators will remain updated onprogress athomewhileprovidingreportsonmeetingstoAOSISmissions inNewYork.This componentwillimprove computer equipment inmissions, providetraining and the central virtual repository for AOSISinformationexchange.

Object ives :� Strengthennetworkingcapability of theAOSISMis-sions� Improve theabilityofAOSISmissions tocoordinatecommondocumentation, formulate strategypapersandotherwork that requires input fromseveralmis-sions.� Strengthentheadministrativefunctionsof theAOSISchairmanand staff, simplifying rudimentary tasksofnotification anddistribution ofmaterials formeet-ingsand followup issues.� Enablenegotiators representingAOSIS tobeable toutilize the instant communications toolsofSIDSnet,haveaccess to informationandcirculatedocuments

212

required for comment to ALLmembers fromany-where in theworldwhere Internet exists.� Provide a central archive of commonAOSIS docu-ments as an information resource formissions.� Improve capacity of mission staff to utilize theInternet

Ac t i v i t i e s� Provide1 laptop(travelingnegotiators) and1Com-puter foreachof the25AOSISmissions inNewYork.� Host and maintain a virtual and secure AOSISIntranet as aprivate virtualworkspace for theAOSISmissions.� Provide training and support to ensure AOSIS isable to utilize both the SIDSnet website and theAOSIS Intranet.� Forman information team fromwithinAOSISmis-sions todecideon IT issues related toAOSISneeds.

Outpu t s� Better coordinationofAOSIS informationneeds.� Management tool for AOSIS chairman and staffresulting in savings in communications and time.� Central archive available for all offices.� Virtual workspacewill enable greater participationondiscussion and formulationof joint papers /po-sitions.� Shared resources andmore efficiency with com-municationswill strengthentiesbetweenAOSISmis-sions.� BettercommunicationsbetweenAOSISmissionsandhomecountry counterparts aswell aswithothers.

C. Component 3:e�nitiatives for SIDS (e -SIDS)Internet Initiatives relevant to the infrastructure of

SIDSare still in theirearly stagesofdevelopment.Withthe pace of development today, SIDS are already los-ing ground as developers continue to focus onprod-ucts that apply to thehighlydeveloped telecommuni-cations infrastructure of theNorth. Projects with ap-plicable technology continue to flounder because ofa lack of awareness from donors and local institu-tions alike. Funding to enable SIDSnet to promoteoutstanding initiatives or initiate key informationprojects in areas critical to economic developmentin SIDS will provide incentives for Governments toINVEST in infrastructure.Governmentsmustbe con-vinced information technology will stimulate devel-opment.RelevantapplicationsenableSIDS to tap into

the vast market (130million users) on the Internetand findniches that expandopportunities for devel-opment in sectors such as trade, tourism, education,environment, finance, health and agriculture.

Objec t i ve s� Identifyandsponsororseeksponsorshipfor selectedinitiatives in tele-medicine, distance education, e-commerce that optimize the limited telecommuni-cations infrastructure of SIDS. Seek out joint initia-tiveswith theprivate sector andotherpotential part-nerswhenandas appropriate.� Identifydevelopmentswhereamore relevant appli-cation is required toeffectivelyutilize the Internet tostrengthena sectorof theeconomy.� Develop andpromote aportfolio ofworking exam-ples of selected initiatives that canbedemonstratedtonationalpolicymakersof Internet initiatives.� Measure the impact of various IT policies on SIDSdevelopmentwhichprovideinvaluableguidelines forSIDSpolicymakers.

Ac t i v i t i e s� Support initiatives that will apply tohealth issues inislandstoensurelessonsandexperiencescanbetrans-ferred.� Sponsor e-Commerceopportunities relative to trade(nicheproducts) and tourism.� Identify and support 2-3projects indistance educa-tion thatwill provide a cross sectionof examples fordistanceeducation.� Formpartnerships with relevant projects to ensurethat applicationsdevelopedcanworkunder limitedislandbandwidthsituation.� Conduct researchonimpact todevelopmentofelec-tronic initiatives.

Outpu t s� Policymakers recognize Internet as adevelopmenttool.Anemphasis on improvementof IT infrastruc-tureandnationalinformationstrategyisimplemented.� Improvedpatient care in remotehospitals.� Improvements in numbers and type of tourist visit-ingSIDS.� Increased trade fromInternet exposure.� Better information infrastructure for SIDSnetusersfromSIDS.

Betterunderstandingofthetypeofapplicationsmostlikely tobe successfully adopted inSIDS

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Implementa t ion

M a n a g em e n tGlobal coordination of the SIDSnet program is re-

quiredtomake ita reality.Aneutral location,excellentconnectivity, access to diplomaticmissions and inter-national agencies justify the initial locationofSIDSnetinNewYork. Regional nodeswill be implemented inPhase II and eventually headquarters will bewith theAllianceofSmall IslandStates (AOSIS).Phase IIwill transfer theoverall responsibility of the

SIDSnetproject toAOSIS.ForSIDSnet to succeed it isimportant to recognize the political endorsement ofAOSIS and strengthenAOSIS own internal capacity.Additionally, it is important for SIDSnet toprovide in-formation tomembers of AOSIS about the currentconcernsof stakeholders.For the present time, SIDSnet will remainwith the

Sustainable Development Networking Programme(SDNP)project in theUNDPoffices until AOSIS cansecurefundingfor facilities tobe locatedwithinAOSIS.Content of the global SIDSnetnetworkwill remain

decentralizedtothe«most interested»regionalorgani-zations.The3regionalSIDSnetofficerswillbe thecata-lystsworking toensure stakeholders arecapableofuti-lizingSIDSnet.

Coordination with relatedprojects and activities

DespiteSIDSnetbeing initiatedbyUNDP, it remainsa vehicle for strengthening communications in exist-ingorganizations in islandregionsandactingasacata-lyst forgreateruseof the Internetasa vehicle for fulfill-ing theBarbadosProgrammeofAction. SIDSnetwillcooperatewithregionalorganizationsandexisting ini-tiatives to ensure thatmaximumbenefit is passed totheusers.

Pa r t n e r s h i p s :SIDSnet builds partnerships thatnow include tech-

nologycompaniesandregionalorganizations.� Contentpartners:workwithSIDSandother relatedinternational institutionsinpartnershiptoensurethatuseful informationisbeingpublishedbystakeholderson SIDSweb sites and the SIDSnet global networkremainsrelevant touserswithintheglobalSIDScom-munity.� Financial partners: develop amulti-tiered partner-shipschemetoencouragesponsorship fromdonors,private sector and stakeholders to ensure long termsustainabilityof theSIDSnet.� Developmentpartners:workwith technologyorien-tated corporations andorganizations to ensure thatSIDSnet communication tools continue tomeet thechangingneedsof theusers.

2 1 4

Head-Table, Session nº 2: High priority projects and experiences for islands.

From left to right: Callixte d'Offay (Ambassador of Seychelles), Paola Deda (United Nations - DSD-SIDS Unit),

Mario Matulic (INSULA) and Alfredo Curbelo (Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment of Cuba).

215

The OPET Network

PEDRO BALLESTEROSDG XVIIEUROPEAN COMMISSION

OPET stands for «Organisation for the Promo-tionofEnergyTechnologies».Thereare39OPETs intheEuropeanUnionandassociated states ofNorway,Icelandand Israel, plus 14FEMOPETs (FellowMem-bersof theOPETNetwork) in theapplicant countriesofCentralandEasternEuropeandCyprus.TheOPETsand FEMOPETsmay be public or private sector or-ganisations,but theyallhaveapublicmandate toworkin theenergy field,promotingnewtechnologies in therenewable energy, rational useof energyor fossil fuelsectors.TheOPET initiative was first launched under the

THERMIEprogramme(1990-1994).At that time, theroleof theOPETswas tohelp theEuropeanCommis-sion to disseminate information and to promote theuptake of new energy technologies throughpublica-tions, events, trainingprogrammesandothermarket-orientated initiatives.In November 1996 the OPET Network was re-

launchedunder the 4th Framework Programme, butthis timeasajoint initiativebetweentheINNOVATIONProgrammeand the JOULE-THERMIEProgramme.While the role of theNetwork continues to beoneoftechnologypromotionandinformationdissemination,itnowplacesmuchgreateremphasisonworkingcloselywith localmarket actors to address specific local en-ergy needs. The use of Performance Indicators as ameansofmeasuring results has also improved the tar-geting of resources and placed greater emphasis onthe follow-upof activities.

What do OPETs actually do?

OPETs andFEMOPETs develop their own annualWork Programmes in collaboration with localstakeholders andwith theEuropeanCommission. Inorder togain the supportof local co-financiers (mostlypublicbodiesor tradeassociations), theyhave to tailorthe activities tomatchnational/regional energypoli-cies and/or industry requirements.Theactivities alsohave to relate to European energy policy in terms ofimprovedefficiencyand savings, of increaseddiversityof supply or of the wider use of renewable energysources.An important componentof theOPETactivi-ties continues tobe thepromotionof results frompre-viousEC-supported energyR&Danddemonstrationprogrammes, and the encouragement of the partici-pationof local companies and researchorganisationsinEUprogrammes.The range of activities carried out byOPETs is ex-

tremely broad, but typically includes :� NetworkingandAssistingMarketActors : linkingwithlocal networks, one-to-onemeetingswithSMEsandindustry,opendaysandtechnology transferdays, sitevisits, trainingetc.;� EvaluatingTechnologyandMarkets : studies,prepa-rationof technical fiches etc.;� Events: seminars, workshops, conferences, exhibi-tions etc.;� Publications : newsletters, reports, brochures, CD-ROMsetc.

216

OPETsmaybegeneralists or specialists. Someworkonly on the promotion of renewable energy sources(ECBREC-LEI in Poland andLithuania or CLER inFrance, forexample)or justonnewhydrocarbontech-nologies (CMPTin theUK).However, themajorityofOPETsandFEMOPETsworkacross thedifferent tech-nology fieldsofRenewableEnergySources (RES),Ra-tionalUseofEnergy (RUE)andFossil Fuels (FF).Whyhavea transnationalnetwork?Theorganisations involved in theOPETNetworkal-

readyhave a publicmandate to promotenewenergytechnologies. They alsohave the localmarket knowl-edge and technical expertise to allow themtodo this.Sowhy setupa transnationalnetwork,with all its asso-ciated costs ?The rationale behind a transnationalNetwork for

the promotion of new energy technologies is firmlyrooted in theEuropeanpolicies relating to competi-tiveness, cohesionandmarket transparency.Bybeingmembersof theNetwork, theOPETsandFEMOPETsimmediately have access to amuch broader base oftechnologies andmarkets. Furthermore, whenadvis-ingontechnologyselectiontheycandrawonBestPrac-tice across theEU(andCentral andEasternEurope),soensuring that theirclientsuse themostcost-effectiveand/orenvironmentally-favourableoption.Finally, thetransnationalityof theNetworkalsohelps themtoiden-tify andopenupnewmarkets for their local suppliersintechnologyareaswheretheyhaveparticularstrengths.An example of the transnationality of the OPET

Network working in practice is technology procure-ment,whichinvolvesOPETs(andFEMOPETs)catalys-ing innovation andmarket deployment by bringingtogethermanufacturers and technology users. This�speeding up� of the innovation process has workedwith impressive results in Sweden, particularly in thearea of high efficiency refrigerators. By broadeningthe scopeof theprocurementactivities acrossnationalboundaries, themanufacturershave access to amuchwider potentialmarket and can benefit fromecono-mies of scale. This in turn reduces the cost of the rel-evant technology to theconsumer/user.Whathas theNetworkas awhole achieved?TheOPETNetworkmeasures its impactonthe local

market in terms of real technology transfer commit-ments, thenumberofnewprojectopportunities iden-tified or EC proposals submitted, or energy savingsachieved/output fromrenewableenergy sources.These are just someof theOPETNetwork after its

first two years of operationunder the 4th FWP:

� Over200eventshavebeenorganised;� Over 5000 specific queries or requests for furtherinformationhavebeenhandled;� OPETshave advised on thepreparation of around300proposals forECfunding;� Almost 2000potential energy savings projects havebeenidentified;� Over250energyauditsorfeasibility studieshavebeencarriedout.

However, the results andoutputs areperhapsmoretangiblewhenwe lookatparticular case studies basedon the work of individual OPETS. The EC recentlyproduced a brochure ofOPETNetwork Success Sto-ries featuring13examplesofOPETactionswhichhavehad a real impact on the market. This can bedownloaded from the OPET Web site: http://www.cordis.lu/opet/home.html.To give a brief flavour of the results so far demon-

strated:� InstitutWallon inBelgiumhas focusedonthe identi-fication and training of EnergyManagers in publicorganisations. These �EMs� take over responsibilityfor all issuesof energymanagement, thereby raisingtheprofileof energyuse andensuringmeasures aretaken toreduceconsumption.TheEnergyManagerat thehospital ofMontigny-le-Tilleulhas shownhowthis canwork inpractice. After traininghewas ableto ensure a comprehensive reviewof heatingdistri-butionandcontrol, improvedventilation inthe laun-dry roomand installationof a co-generationunit.� Cross-BorderOPETBavaria andAustria has set upan advice centre for SMEsonhow to access andusethe results of EC supported energy research pro-grammes. Some eleven innovative energy projectshavebeen initiatedwith the supportof thisOPET.� IDAE (Spain) has been helpingmanufacturers ofinnovative ice production technologies to increasemarket uptake. They organised a technology pres-entation and have produced articles. As a result,IDAEhas passed some 25 enquiries to the relevantcompanies.

What about the future?

ThecurrentOPETNetworkcompletes itsWorkPro-grammestowards theendof1999.However, theOPETNetworkwill continuewithin theenergy,environmentand sustainable development component of thenew

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5th FrameworkProgramme(1998-2002).The first callforproposalsunder thisprogrammewas launchedon20thMarch1999, and this includeda call for organisa-tionswishing tobecomeOPETs: thedeadline for sub-mission is 15th June 1999, and thenewOPETs are ex-pected to start workby 1st January 1999.Within the 5th FWP theOPETNetwork is expected

to build on what has been achieved and to add newfeatures and objectives. It is expected that the use ofPerformance Indicators and an emphasis on results-oriented activities will continue to feature strongly inthenewNetwork.Stronger transnationalcollaborationon specific themes is also likely tobeencouraged.Therearealsonewideas for increasing the impactof

theOPETNetworkunder the5th FWP. In linewith thenewapproach, a special attentionwill be given to theintegrationofefficientenergysolutionsinordertosolveproblemsof the society. Another novelty is theuse of

associatedorganisations in countries outside regionscovered by theOPETNetwork itself, as noted above:theywillboth identify localneedsandhelp topromoterelevantEuropean technologies into themarkets thattheycover.TheOPETNetwork has been active ins several is-

lands:Cyprus, Réunion,Guadaloupe,Martinique, Is-lay.We recognise that the specific problemsof the is-landsmustmost often be addressed with integratedapproaches, andwehope that the new approach fortheOPET taskswithin5FPwill allow formore actionsinand for theEuropean islands.More informationon thecurrentOPETNetwork is

available on the Network�s Web Site: http:7//www.cordis.lu/opet/home.htmlMore informationonenergyunder theFifthFrame-

workProgramme is availableon the5th FWPWebSite:http://www.cordis.lu/fp5/src/t-4.htm

2 1 8

Presentation of the European Commission OPET Network, by Pedro Ballesteros.

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MultiMedia EnergyEfficiency Training (MEET)

self directed training for local energy agencies

JOAQUIM COROMINASThe Monfort University � Energie Cités � Ecoserveis

TheEuropeanCommissionhasbeen runninganenergymanagementprogramme,underDGXVII-A2,at local level since 1989. In response to this over 70local and regional energy agencieshavebeen formedthroughout thecommunity,manywithoutany formalqualificationsor training. Following theEnergyAgen-cies contractors'meetingatOdense (DK, 21-22Octo-ber 1996), two of the greatest concerns expressed bythe45 representatives from24agencieswere:

1 Theneedfora trainingstrategy toexpandtheknowl-edgebaseandlevelofstaffexpertisewithintheagencynetwork.2 Theneed to exchange experience and case studieswithin the agencynetwork, and learn from thebestpracticeof this.

Whilemany agencies are competent in a variety ofspecialist fields, they areoftenunawareof all the tech-nical implications,have limitedpreviousexperience todraw upon, or lack the practical skills to implementalternative and/orbroader actions. Therefore train-ing is required toenable themto fulfil their full poten-tial. In addition within the local energy agency net-work, there is a lackofaclear training strategy for staff.

The ProjectIn response to this need, theM.E.E.Tproject devel-

oped a structured training programme covering allthe sectors of activity in which the agencies are cur-rently involved. In addition, an integralworkpackage

within theprojectwill enablenewagencies to acquiretheknowledgeandexperienceof thewell establishedagencies. Thiswillbe facilitatedby thedevelopmentofan effective rapid-access electronic information net-workcoveringall the community's energy agencies.The Multimedia Energy Efficiency Training

(M.E.E.T)websitehasbeendevelopedby the InstituteofEnergyandSustainableDevelopmentatDeMontfortUniversity, Leicester (UK), Energie-Cités, Besançon(France)andEcoserveis,Barcelona(Spain),with sup-port form the European Commission SAVE pro-gramme.Extensiveusehasbeenmadeofexamplesofgoodpractice fromthroughout theEuropeanUnionandmaterial fromotherorganisationshas beenusedwhereappropriate.

Objec t i v e sTheselfdirectedtrainingcoursewouldprovideauni-

formgrounding forenergyagencypersonnel inurbanenergymanagement,withaparticular focusonthedis-seminationof information,promotionofefficientuseofenergyandapplicationofrenewableenergies.This project aims toprovidea self directed learning

course in urban energymanagement that will equipthe staff of energy agencies with thenecessary knowl-edge to operate a successful local energy agency. Itwould;� provide thebasic referencematerial inurbanenergymanagement;� allow energy agency staff access to a distance learn-ingpackage;

2 2 0

Overview� backgroundtoenergyefficiencyandenvironmentalcommitments� demandsidemanagement;� energyplanning;� renewableenergy;� political aspects;� barriers toenergyefficiency.

Energy Management� domesticdwellings;� businesspremisesandprocesses;� municipalbuildings;� municipal services (street lighting, sewage,wastes)� transport;� political involvement;� energystandards;� monitoringandtargeting;� buildingenergymanagement systems;� newenergy technologies.

Renewable Energy� introduction to renewableenergy;� renewableenergy technologies;� renewableenergygeneration;� political support;� useof renewableenergy incities;� design for renewableenergy.

Advice and Information� advice to thegeneral public;� advice toprofessionals;� givingadvice.

� distribute the trainingmaterial in a variety ofmulti-media resources (paper,CD-ROM, internet, floppydisks, etc.�) togenerategreatest possible access;� highlight case studies andexamples of typical situa-tions to illustratebest practice;� provide a recognised andaccepted trainingqualifi-cation;� buildtheconfidenceandcapacityof theenergyagen-cies;� provideanetworkof services, andgive access to sup-port systems.

The training package offered through theWorldWide Web (WWW) could also become a centre ofEnergyAgency informationdissemination. Whilst itis the intention of the proposers to consult with allenergy agencies as to the requirements of any train-ing package through an electronic communicationssystem, it is proposed that this be further developedto provide an exchange of information for the En-ergy Agencies. In effect a continuos conferencingtool is envisaged for the sole use of energy agencyinformation dissemination. This would then consti-tute a platform to exchange ideas, innovation, expe-rience and knowledge for themutual benefit of theEnergyAgencyprogramme. Itwouldprovideameansto respond toEuropeanCommissionneeds andpri-orities as well as being able to support further initia-tives.Thegeneral energy training covers thebroadareas

identifiedbelowThis training is currentlybeingdevel-oped.The fourareas,basedonexisting trainingneedsand theexperienceofEnergieCités, are:

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An Approach to RenewableEnergies Education and TrainingProgramme for the Small Islands

NELSON EURICO CABRALSocial and Human Sciences SectorUNESCO

The question is, what could the Renewable energy,mainly solar energy, for the improvement of the devel-opment, without environmental degradation?Themain relevant subject to be taken into account

shouldbe,ononehand, thedramaticproblemsof theenvironmental preservationand theabsoluteneedofnatureprotectionandincreaseofqualityof lifethroughthe reduction of level of all kind of pollution and ontheotherhand, social andeconomicproblemswhichinclude food shortage, education, health care defi-ciency, extremepoverty and social exclusion.NaturalandHumanSciencesconnectionisabsolutely

necessary to the sustainability of thedevelopment sys-tem, and education and information should be con-sideredasanessential factorofchange. In thedevelop-ing countries nothing couldbe expectedwithout theimprovement of basic education neither with directconsultationwithsocialgroupsaffectedbyanyplannedaction for change in socialworkorganisation,produc-tion and consumption. Theproblemof solar energycannotbedissociatedof theother renewableenergieslike wind patterns or geothermal and hydroelectricpotentialitieswhere thosepossibilities exist. Somepri-orities seemtobenecessary todevelopand toexpandthe techniques for theexploitationof solar energies:1 Standardizationandcertificationof theappropriatetechnologies. Equipment sent to developing coun-tries should be prepared according to national re-quirements in termsofprogrammesandacceptanceby the users. Therefore the design of the projectshould consider theneed to verify that the technol-

ogy proposed is adaptable and the relevant equip-ment is reliableanduser-friendly.2 Trainingisabsolutelynecessary.Inordertoensurethesuccess of the improvementof solar energy anddis-seminationof theprogressive research issueson thematter,thetrainingofengineers,techniciansandcom-monusers is essential. International andbilateral co-operationcanbeusedfor thetransferof informationandcommunicationonthenewinventionsintermsofbasicknowledgeanditsapplication.Ona largescale,theestablishmentof regionalcenterscouldbeasolu-tion to cover various countrieswith thepossibility ofproductionofcheapadaptedmaterial.3 Theprojectsandprogrammesshouldbeestablishedwithaviewtopreventingenvironmentaldegradationand to reduce thecost of the importationof fuel oil.In thecaseof small island state the solarprogrammeneeds thedevelopmentofa local industry capable toprovidesustainabilitywithengineeringinstallationandmaintenance. The involvement of individuals andgroups at all stages of the process is determinant toensuresuccess.

Social implication of projectson solar energy

The problem is very easy to understand. Scientificdevelopmentshouldbeusedtosolvehumanproblems.Theseproblemsare social, economicandphilosophi-cal. They are related to health, education, housing,

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food and even to the system of reproduction whichbecomesmore andmore controlled by concernedpeople. The complexity of theproblems to be solveddemands thecombinedefforts of variousdisciplines.In aglobal view, scienceand technologynecessitate

not only the evaluation of technical expertise but asocial andphilosophical impactevaluationaswell. It isoftendifficult toconceivearealisticevaluationmethodtaking intoaccount sociology,philosophyandculturein the projects onwater, food and energy, but socialimplications areunavoidable.Thus, the roleof the so-cial sciences is to be seen through two aspects: first,directlyby theparticipationof social scientists involvedin theconceptionandprogress reportof the technicalprospects, and secondly, by the production and dis-semination of high-quality literature on concepts ofevaluation ingeneral terms.Humanpractices affect thenatural environment as

peopletrytosurvive inallconditions, sometimesagainstthenatural equilibrium.Humanity is responsible formany cases of land degradation, concurring vegeta-tionchanges, soildegeneration, rainfall imbalanceandothernegative environmental effects. Asmuch inde-veloped countries as in the rest of the world, the hu-manestablishmenthasonly recognizedenvironmen-taldegradationwhenthe situationbecamemorecom-plexbecauseof increasinghumaninterventionwhich,as we know, can be as dangerous when abusively andwronglyappliedas it isbeneficialwhenundertakenwithgoodsenseandobservanceof thenatural law. Inmanyinsularspacesitthusbecomesextremelyurgenttoadopta global strategy for a sustainable society based on agoodrelationshipamonghumanity, spaceandnature.Governmentshavetofindsolutionstolimitrapidlygrow-ingpopulations, toavoiddesertification, tocontrol theuse of chemicals in agriculture, bearing inmindnotonlyquantitativeproductionbutalso thecorrectman-agementof thenaturalelementssoas tomaintainthemingoodorder for thenext generation. Solar energy isonepossibility tohelp the improvementof sustainabledevelopment ;projectdevelopment inbiotechnologymayhelp theevolutionofagriculturalproduction,andpoornations facing food shortages couldhave theop-portunity to solve theproblemof starvation andmal-nutritionbyusing thenewtechniques,but inall casesacorrect system evaluation should be part of the pro-gramme.The same could be done relating to healthwithin the frameworkof a real socio-biotechnologicalrevolution.Theprerequisiteremainspublicacceptanceandparticipation, and control by process evaluation,

impactevaluationandcomprehensiveevaluation, tak-ing into account as well the chemical, physical, socialandethical aspects of theproblems.

Improvement of social under-standing, technical trainingand efficiency of evaluation

Aproperevaluationstudyof societyneedsanexami-nationof thepresent situationandof futureprospectsandpossibilities.It needs support fromthebasicdisci-plines in social andhuman sciences, includingmath-ematics, soas toprovideprinciplesandmethodologiesinqualitative andquantitative analysis andprojection.Evaluationresearchconsistsnotonly inapplyingtech-

niques andmethods to the studyof large-scalehumanservice programmes, but it is also a political activity,fromwhichemergesa seriesofpolicydecisionsregard-ing economics andquality of life in termsof environ-ment andoverall well-being.Obviously, the contribu-tionof sciences to this research shouldensure its effec-tivenessbyapplyingrecognizedassessmentmethodolo-giesandemployingscientificprocedures inall stagesoftheevaluation.In a few terms we can say that process evaluation

permits the identificationof targets�inotherwords,for whom the bell tolls - and the specificity of the ac-tionaccording to theplannedobjective.To follow theprocess is tomake sure that the executionof thepro-grammeoperates in conformitywith theplanand thefinal expectedresults. Impact evaluationmonitors thechangeand thedirectionof theeffects resulting fromtheactionundertaken,andcomprehensiveevaluationincludesbothprocess and impact evaluation.The justification of evaluation is to reduce the rate

of errors to aminimumsoas to favourpolicydetermi-nation, efficiency and the contribution to the socialandculturaldimensionof theproblems.Processevalu-ationsaredifficult toundertakecorrectly andconflictsamongactions couldappearduring theexercise; theyneedpersuasionwithin the frameworkof cultural andscientific agreement basedon confidence andobjec-tivity. The easy way would be to avoid process evalua-tion, but this is not a solution.Theneed is to confront the basic and scientific ap-

proach with the socio-economic, political and geo-graphical reality in the field, and to avoid referringsimply toanideal situationthathasnoconnectionwithreality.The integrationof regularwithextra-curricular

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training insolarenergy, involvingrepresentativesof lo-calpower,municipalities andNGOs,will reinforce theapplicabilityofknowledge to theconcreteneedsof thepopulation. All over insular spaces and small islandstates, theuniversity shouldbe responsible for educa-tion and research, but it should work in connectionwith those facing the reality in the fieldwith a view topromotingunderstandingof thephenomena, topro-posechangeand tomanage implementation, limitingerrors to theminimumpossible.Theframeworkof thesystemshouldbebasedonthe

improvementofhigh-levelteachinginmajordisciplines,

with the development of new techniques to train fu-ture trainers,managers and grassroots specialists forlifelong education. The overall objectives are tostrengthenandto improve thequalityof the specialistsinbasic and social sciences, to ensurebetter co-opera-tionwithin thegeneral programmes related to indus-try, agriculture,energyandenvironmentalprotection.

These theoretical andpractical actionsmay have abeneficial effect inhelping tounderstand thepossiblechange andmutationwith an efficient applicationofsolarenergy.

2 2 4

Head-Table, Session nº 3: High priority projects and experiences for islands (2).

From left to right: Tarmo Pikner (Director of Development and Planning, Saaremaa County Government,

Estonia), Antoni Juaneda (Vice-president of the Minorca Island Council), Jesús Rodríguez (ITER),

Francis Ngalu (Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Works and Energy of Kiribati).

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Using the Web to LearnAbout and Make Policies forSustainable Energy on Islands

PETER MEINCKE

Island Web Consortium,University of Prince Edward IslandPRINCE EDWARD ISLAND

The purpose of this paper is to show howworldwideweb technology can be used tohelp achieve theobjectives of the Island Solar Summit. The web hasenormouspotential but alsohas pitfalls which canbeavoidedby careful design.This paper is also availableon the web at http://www.upei.ca/~meincke/paperiss.htmwith live links to theexamples.Over a quarter century ago, at amultidisciplinary

NATOconferenceon InformationScience inWales,Licklider warned that the greatest challenge of theemerging computer communications revolutionwasgoing to be the organization of information. The Is-landWebConsortiumwhichIchairwasformedin1997to promote theuse of theweb to support the sustain-abledevelopmentof small islands.The IWChasbeentrying to find funding to build a gateway to organizeand facilitateaccess towebbased informationrelevantto small islandsbut theredoesn�t seemtobeany fund-ingfor theveryconsiderable taskofbuildingandmain-tainingsuchgateways.IslandWebCreationswasformedas a non-profit partnership onPrince Edward Islandanduses the income generated from the creation ofwebpages forpurchasinghardware, software, contractservices, supplies, communications and travel to pro-mote theuseof theweb for islands.Thewebsitedescribed in thispaperhasgrown from

two roots.One is the course onEnergyEnvironmentand the Economy which I have taught at UPEI formore than a decade while the other root lies in theworkof IslandWebCreationson theSmall IslandDe-velopingStatesnetwork(SIDSnet).Likeanyplant, the

sitehasevolved throughmany stages andcontinues togrow andevolve as new technologies such asNetOb-jects Fusionbecomeavailable.It isplannedto integrate theappropriatepartsof the

sitewiththeIslandWebConsortiumgatewayifadequatesupport canbe found tokeep that organization alive.Hopefully, this solar summitwill lead to somecoopera-tiveagreements andIamdelighted tohave theoppor-tunity tobehere.The outlines the overall purpose and structure of

the site anddescribes eachof thepageson the secondlevel, InformationResources,Assignmentsetc,Studentprojects, FAQ�s, and theWebliography of recent en-ergydevelopments in small islands .Onthenext leveldownthepagecalleddescribes the

organizationof the third level pages intoSources andConversion, Storage andTransmission, EndUse andConservation,EnvironmentandEconomy.Thisclassifi-cationistheresultofmanytrialsandrevisions.Evennowthereremainsomepotentialambiguitieswhichmaybefurtherresolvedinfutureclassificationschemes.Theorganizationof the fourth levelpagesunderhas

also been given a lot of thought in terms of a balancebetween strict logic and facilitatingaccess to the infor-mation the user wants.Note how thenavigation barssupplied byNetObjects help keep the user aware ofwherehe/she is in this complex site.Thoseonthesideprovide links topageson the same level as the currentpage while those at the bottom of the page providelinks to thepages on the level above.There is always alink to themainhomepage.

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Thepageonhydrowhich is stillunderdevelopment(asareall thepages) showshowthewebcanbeused toprovide information at different levels startingwith ageneral overviewon themainpage for that topicwithlinks to more detailed information and analysis asrequired. The main page for that topic underinformation resources can be used in a lecture orassignedto thestudents inpreparationforadiscussionseminar. The lecturer or the student can stay at theoverview or introductory level of themain page forthat topic or can go into the subject as deeply as thewebsitewillallow.Thusthesiteshouldbeuseful foranylevel of education fromhigh school to graduate andforinformingthegeneralpublic.Itshouldalsobeusefulfor those public policymakers and decisionmakerswho wish to access quickly the appropriate level ofinformation they require.Thatmaybeaskinga lotof asinglewebsitebutproperdesignshouldbeable to takeadvantageof the inherent strengthsandcapabilitiesofthewebwhichare still beingdiscovered.Oneof the early assignments given the students in

this course asks them to examine a few sites on thetopic and report on their assessments of those sites inclass. This exercise introduces them to the use of thewebandwhat to look for ina site.Later theyhave todosearches fornewweb sitesona topic tobediscussed inclass and report onwhat they found.These exercisesintroduce them to searching the web for specificinformationand improving their skills inusing searchengines. It alsoproducesnewsites to include in thesitefor the course. A later assignment will require thestudents to find sites onenergydevelopments ononeor more islands and fill in a webliography form onthose sites.The students then create a web page on a topic of

their choicewhichallows themtoexaminea topic thatis of particular interest to them to a depth that isappropriate to theirbackground.A list of that are available on thewebcanbe seenby

selecting.It isamazinghowwell theydogiventhatthis isthefirst timesomeofthemhavecreatedasite.Content,siteorganizationandtheirwebliographiesweighmoreheavily thanthanfancywebeffects in themarking.Ademonstrationof the Islandsenergyand itspoten-

tial for keepingabreast of energydevelopments on Is-landscanbe seenby selecting .Oneof themostpower-ful features ofNetObjects Fusionpresents the infor-mation stored in a database in a summary formas analphabetical list of all the islandswith a separate entryforeachenergyproject�sweb site, the ratinganda link

to one of a set of stacked pages containing the fullassessment informationforeach islandenergyproject.The following is an example of the data available onthe stackedpage for Fota island.

Although it takes some time to set it up, addingdataandchangingthepresentation is veryeasy.NetObjectsFusion also has a provision for checkingwhether thesites towhich the links connect are still available.Finally, letus reviewhowsucha sitecouldhelp some

of the key objectives that have been discussed at thisIslandSolarSummit.

Education and TrainingIf it is true that theuseofamainpage fora topicwith

links to information at other levels can be used foreducationand trainingat various levels, then theextraworkof creatingandmaintaininga resource formanypurposescanbesharedamongthose interested inpro-viding thevarious levels.

Public AwarenessAsmore andmore people gain access to the web,

theyareusing it toaccess the information theyneed tomake informeddecisions. Ifenoughcare is takentobeas objective as possible andmake themain page asgeneral and as attractive as possible, they should beuseful resources for increasingpublic awareness.Evenif thepublicdoesnothave readyaccess to the internet,thepagescanbeusedbygovernments,NGO;sandthelocalmedia to inform thepublic.

Fota

Location IrelandTitle Fota PV Pilot Plant

URL http://nmrc.ucc.ie/groups/solar/pv/pvcase.htm

Published by National MicroelectronicsResearch Centre

Languages EnglishNavigation Index plus 6 pages

Features Photos, diagrams, graphsAudience General, Technical

Rating ALast Update 01/20/98

Organizations National MicroelectronicsResearch Centre University

College CorkType PV 50kW pilot plant

Abstract Island

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Promotion of Renewable EnergiesIn spite of theneed for this site to be as objective as

possible, the case for renewable energies should beobvious. Themore objective the site, the greater itscredibility and themore convincing the argument infavourof renewableenergy technologies.

Keeping up with thelatest developmentsInany rapidlydeveloping field, it is essential tohave

up todate informationabout the latestdevelopments.For example, decisionmakers contemplating the in-stallation of wind or photovoltaic systems should beaware of the current state of development of the re-versible fuel cell which could replace batteries orpumpedstorage tocover those timeswhen thewind isnotblowingor the sun isnot shining.

Facilitating access tohigh quality informationAs anyonewho uses the web knows, there is an in-

creasing amountof biasedand incorrect informationbeing stored in web pages all over the world. Searchengines are yieldingmore andmore sites that arenotrelevant. There aremore andmore out of date andevendead sites that keep coming up in the searches.Even if the site is accurate and up to date, it may notprovide the information that isbeing sought.Theusershouldbeable to findout enough informationaboutthe site tohave a reasonable idea if it is worth the timeto download. That is what thewebliography canpro-vide provided there are adequate resources tomain-tain it.Theskillsandresourcesrequiredtodevelopandmaintainsuchwebliographiesareatleastasgreatasthoserequiredforcataloguingbooksandcreatingannotatedbibliographies forprintmaterials. But onemust com-pare thosecostswith theopportunitycostwhichoccurswhenanexcellentwebsitegoesunusedbecausetheper-sonneeding the informationcouldnot find itor takesmuchmore timeto find it thanwouldhavebeenspentusing anup todatewebliography.Oneof thedistinctadvantagesofahighlycrediblewebliography is that thecreatorsofnewwebpageswill let those responsible formaintainingthewebliographyknowabouttheirnewsiteor about significantmodifications. This saves a lot oftimesearchingfor thosenewsites!

Building Virtual InfrastructureAsmentionedmany times in this andother confer-

ences on small islands, one of theirmost significantproblems is lack of adequate infrastructure. I ex-plored how networks could build virtual infrastruc-tures and help to overcome this fundamental prob-lem in a paper delivered to the Colloquium on theFuture of the Commonwealth inOttawa. If small is-lands are willing to put their experiences both goodand bad on the net and other islands are willing tomake use of this information, a lot of mistakes andwaste of time andmoney can be avoided. But suchvirtual infrastructures will only be useful if the infor-mationonexperiences canbe foundquickly andeas-ily. A busy decisionmaker, bureaucrat or politicianunder pressure to comeupwith an answer will soongive up on frustrating searches andmake a decisionon the information at hand.

Reduction of critical massCritical mass refers most often to the number of

people required to plan and implement a project.Projects on small islandsoften fail because the criticalmass is not available. Thewebhas thepotential to re-duce this critical mass bymaking it possible for thesmaller number of people on the island to find rel-evant information and find and interact with peoplewhohaveexperience in suchprojects.The�enhancedvirtual criticalmass� allows the planning and imple-mentation of the project in spite of the fact that thenumber of people actually on site is smaller than thenormal criticalmass.But such benefits can only be achieved if the re-

sources can be found quickly and easily and the pre-cious timeof thepeople involved isnotwasted in fruit-less searches. Electronic gateways such as those pro-posed by IslandWebCreations anddescribed in thispaperareessential.In closing I urge you tomake all of the fascinating

informationwhichwehavebeen so fortunate tohearat thisSolarSummitavailableonthe internetasquicklyas possible and let me know so your site can be in-cluded in the islandenergywebliography.

Thewebsitedescribed in thispaper canbe foundathttp://www.upei.ca/~physics/p261/

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Working during the Sessions in the Secretariat of the Summit.

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EU Policies on promotingSustainable Energies

JJJJJUANUANUANUANUAN FFFFFRAGARAGARAGARAGARAGA

Secretary-generalEUFORES

TTTTTheEuropeanCommission’sreportENERGYFORTHE FUTURE: RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES(the White Paper), has provided a common plan forpromotinga significantdevelopmentof renewableen-ergy sources (RES) for the first time.TheWhitePapersets ambitious but realistic objectives (12% of primaryenergy demand for the year 2010), it offers detailedlinesofactionandproposesaninitial launchcampaign.

Unfortunately, Union budgetary constraints meanthat theburdenof thestrategyproposedwill fallmainlyon EU member states, regions and towns. This is aconsequence of applying the principle of subsidiarity,and also of the need to customise measures to the pe-culiarities of the different EU levels. Thus, specific de-velopmentsonalocal scalearenecessary,but thiscouldhamper a common EU approach and, in some cases,supra-national co-operation.

On the other hand, energy efficiency, (EE) faces aneven more complex situation, as it is difficult to quan-tify, especially for setting political objectives. Further-more, EE requires demand, rather than supply man-agement,making it evenmoredifferent fromconven-tionalplans.TheEuropeanCommissionreportTowardastrategy for therationaluseofenergy, ina similarwayas with renewables, is the first step toward a commonstrategy for rational energy use.

Current trends in energy policy are basically aimedat achieving greater competitivity. A consensus mustbe reached in the long term however, on the essentialoutlines of a common energy strategy for the EU thatalso considers other factors: respect for the environ-

ment, job creation and assuring supply. One can notforget the commitments the EU assumed in Kyoto,with regard to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.Energyefficiencyandrenewableenergiesrepresentoneof the few really effective options for reducing CO2

emissions.Therearemanyadvantagesofhavingaco-ordinated

implementationofnewenergytechnology,whichmakesan integral assessment of their benefits especially im-portant.Thisapproachcould leadtoacommonpolicybasedonthe followingguidelines.

••••• The use of energy efficiency and savings to reduceconsumptionasmuchaspossible.

••••• The increased use of renewable energies to cover asmuch demand as possible.

••••• Covertheremainingsupplywithconventionalsources.

Tothisend, theEuropeanSustainableEnergiesChar-ter (EURENEW) has recently been presented to theEuropean Parliament. This should facilitate legal har-mony, going into detail of sustainable development,creating employment and economic growth in a mar-ket environment determined by competitivity. A co-ordinated approach should be fostered too, as well asadequatemonitoringandassessmentmechanismsthatenable us to achieve agreed objectives and that willenableus toestablishnew instruments.

The proposal includes an indicative programmesmechanism (Indicative programme for Energy Effi-ciency and Renewable Energies - PIPER), a periodic

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obligation of the Commission that would provide amechanismforestablishingbindingobjectives foreachmember state and for each technology, and to reviewthem periodically and commit the necessary funding,in the same way as responsibilities are shared out toachieve the common objective of reducing CO2 emis-sion agreed on in Kyoto.

Thiswhole framework shouldbeappliedat all levelsof the EU, community, national, regional and local.The latter two are especially important as these aretechnologies that are applied in a decentralised man-ner, with a significant impact on the immediate sur-

roundings. Therefore, and given the job generationandlocal industrypromotioncapacity involved,as seenfromthelocalapplicationsthathavebeenimplementedthus far, specific local initiatives should be activelyadopted for promoting their use.

Aspecificcase is theoneofadaptingnewtechnologyto islands. Although the opposite may appear to betrue, cleananddecentralised technologyalsogivespri-ority to quality rather than quantity, thus adapting tothese islands with special success. I believe therefore,that this opportunity to assess the benefits associatedwith implementing themshouldnotbemissed.

231231231231231

An Integrative Approachto Maximise the Uses

of Solar Energy

ÁÁÁÁÁNGELNGELNGELNGELNGEL LLLLLANDABASOANDABASOANDABASOANDABASOANDABASO

Directorate-General XVIIEUROPEAN COMMISSION

SSSSSince the Stone Age, men of all latitudes have builttheirhomesusingtheavailable skillsandmaterialswiththe aim to solve the problems affecting their commu-nities at their specific moment. Security, privacy, com-fortor social recognitionhavedriven themechanismsto build what today is known as «our built environ-ment». However, at the verge of the 21st. century, en-ergy-efficient conceptshaveemergedas thosenewele-mentswhich imposeunavoidableconstraints towhat itis perceived as a legitimate desire of welfare and high-comfort standards.Andthisdisturbingsituationaffectsnormal developing decisions due to the proven rela-tionship of energy consumption and the global envi-ronmentdestruction.

In the next century, more than half of the worldpopulation will live in urban areas consuming almosthalf theprimaryenergydemanded inaglobalbasis. Inthis frame,everyhomefamilywill account forapartofthebiggest environmentalproblemandwillhave littlereactioncapacityunless today’ssettlementsareplannedwith a coherent approach, aiming to build efficientcommunities capable tomaintainhighcomfort stand-ardswith lowenergy consumption levels.

This strategy isnotonly technicallypossiblebuteveneconomicallycompetitiveifanadequateintegrationplanisestablishedandconsistently implemented.Suchinte-grationplanstartswiththeurbanplanningphasewhereenergy-consciuousconceptsmustbeincorporatedintheurbanplanningprocess, followsbyacomprehensiveuseofall thepassivesolarstrategiestodesignandbuildstruc-turesable tocompensateby itself the localclimateoscil-

lations and, finally, to incorporate as much as possibletheexistingsolarandrenewableenergytechnologiesthatwill affect theenergyconsumptionpatterneitherat thesupplyanddemandside.

As proven, this integration approach generates ur-bandevelopments reducing trafficproblems, limitingwater needs and waste production, where buildingsconsume a minute amount of fossil-energy to main-taincomfort levels andwheredecentralisedenergy sys-temshelpmaintaining thecommunity social cohesionanddecrease thegreenhousegasemissions.

What integration means inWhat integration means inWhat integration means inWhat integration means inWhat integration means inurban developments?urban developments?urban developments?urban developments?urban developments?

Comfort, safety and security are among the basicelements of the quality of living and working environ-ments, and often refereed as the leading forces whenplaning urban developments. However, the practicalresults of such theoretical aims are seldom in accord-ance, and the most it can be said is that only partialsuccess are achieved in securing safe and comfortableurban areas at a very un affordable costs from the sus-tainable development point of view.

This lack of success has to be addressed to complex-ityof thebuildingprocess,where thecompetenceoverenergy and construction are usually spliced amongstdifferentorganismsandwhere the lowestpossiblecon-struction cost philosophy, affects the rationale of anyprojectdevelopment.

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On top, some countries have decentralised deci-sion structures over the urban vectors while othersno ; therefore the necessary planning of energy- con-trol regulations become a quite difficult task; furthercomplicated because conservation (= demand side)must prevail over supply-side measures and whereplans must consider solutions to a brand new type ofproblems affecting:••••• the shiftingofprimaryenergies,••••• theenergyconversion technologies,••••• theenergyconservation,••••• theregenerativeenergypotentials,••••• the waste utilisation and organisational and behav-

ioural implicationsamongothers.

Cityplanners immersed in thisboundaryconditionsmust balance the effort in solving daily and long-termproblems within a new frame that should consider acomprehensiveapproachwhereworking tools shouldcontain the followingaspects:

Urban PlanningUrban PlanningUrban PlanningUrban PlanningUrban PlanningIn the standard approach, urban planning is essen-

tially atomistic and their own domains dealing with el-ements of infrastructure, land use etc. tend to interactvery little to the wider urban fabric.Thepresentcomprehensiveurbanplaning isan emerging science that conceives thecity and thebuildingas complex interac-tive systems and uses the available know-how to make interventions for the com-munal benefit in energy, transport, wa-ter, waste or social mix. Under such ap-proach, new developments preserve thewildlife and ecology , reduce the vehicu-lar utilisation by limiting the car move-ment, control the water and waste cyclesandincorporatesupplyanddemand-side

concepts intheenergyfieldwhichcutcon-sumption by half .

C o n s t r u c t i o nC o n s t r u c t i o nC o n s t r u c t i o nC o n s t r u c t i o nC o n s t r u c t i o nt e c h n i q u e st e c h n i q u e st e c h n i q u e st e c h n i q u e st e c h n i q u e s

Conscious-energyconstructionpractices(upgraded insulationmaterials, day-light-ing,embodiedenergy,natural ventilation,passive solar, energymanagement systemsetc.)aretechnologiesand/orconstructionknow-howthathaveaccumulatedenoughsuccessful experience to provide the city

plannerswithauniquetooltoaccomplishthechallengeof the city of the future in what matching the comfortandenvironmentalprotectionrequirements.

Energy supplyEnergy supplyEnergy supplyEnergy supplyEnergy supplyChanges in theeconomiccontextandgrowingenvi-

ronmental concerns, demand to broadening the ap-proach to the supplyplanningbynotonly theenlarge-ment of demand side activities ( DSM ) but, also , theadoption of a framework for integrated evaluation ofall resource options in order to balance supply anddemandin themostacceptableandefficientway.Elec-tricity, gas, co-generation, waste and renewables arecandidates tointegratetheenergymenuofanewmeth-odologycalled IntegratedResourcePlaning(IRP).

TTTTTr a n s p o r tr a n s p o r tr a n s p o r tr a n s p o r tr a n s p o r tThe traffic and transport sector is engaged in a con-

flict where individual rights to use private vehicles col-lide with the pollution and land use of parking andmotorways. On spite of technology improvements onvehicleconsumption,theemergingtransportapproachenvisions the massive utilisation of transmission andinformationtechnologies inconjunctionof innovativeconcepts for public transportation.

Transport

Energy supply

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WWWWWater and waste managementater and waste managementater and waste managementater and waste managementater and waste managementMunicipal solid waste must follow a comprehensive

managementwithactionplansoverprevention, re-uti-lisation, re-cycling, energy value and discharge. Solidwastemanagementwillbecomeamultidisciplinar taskin which, industrial, transport and social associationsmust collaborate in setting a sustainable waste cyclewhere social and energy values must be upgraded.

Rationale of Energy in theRationale of Energy in theRationale of Energy in theRationale of Energy in theRationale of Energy in theBuilding ProcessBuilding ProcessBuilding ProcessBuilding ProcessBuilding Process

Inrational architecture,buildingdesignreflectsnotonly the needs of inhabitants and site constraints butalso the cyclic energy flows of natural environment.Thus, good practice architecture should stress the de-sign of buildings with the goal to minimise the impactof climate both in summer and in winter and withoutanyrestrictionconcerningthe typeofbuildinguseandtypology.

This situation implyacomprehensiveapproachoverthedifferentanddynamicaspects influencingthebuild-ing:

Climaticandgeographicalparameters,urban-appliedissues, social mix/settlement patterns, energy supplymeans, transportmanagementand,ofcourse,envelopmaterials andconstruction technologies.

Whenever the building itself is not able to counter-balance theexternal influencesandmaintain thecom-fort levels,mechanically-driventechnologiesenter intoaction to supply the deficit.

Though partial concepts applied into its maximumpossibilities are showing results in terms of comfort(superinsulated houses/ zero energy approaches ormodern office buildings fully depending on gas and

electricity), the constraints of a sustainable develop-ment force the building construction actors to apply arational scheme which considering economic and so-cial aspects, incorporate at any possible extent and atthe every level of the building process, the followingprecepts:

••••• Understand the local climate and its influence overthebuilding.

••••• Modify the nearby urban parameters for the benefitof thebuilding.

••••• Influence thebuildingdesign foranappropriateuseof solar energy.

••••• Adequate theconstructionmaterials to theenergeticdemand.

••••• Upgrade building standards and construction prac-tices to avoid unwanted losses.

••••• Select innovativeandefficient technologiesoneithertheenergy supplyanddemandsides.

••••• Stress the low-maintenance goal, healthy materialsandrecyclingpossibilities.

••••• Acknowledge the lowembodiedenergyprinciples.

Existing tools to shape theExisting tools to shape theExisting tools to shape theExisting tools to shape theExisting tools to shape theintegrated urban developmentintegrated urban developmentintegrated urban developmentintegrated urban developmentintegrated urban development

Elements of energ-consciousElements of energ-consciousElements of energ-consciousElements of energ-consciousElements of energ-consciousurban planningurban planningurban planningurban planningurban planning

Urban planning is conceived at either national andlocal level and has its corresponding specific applica-ble actions. Noneless, it can be highlighted a numberofgoodpractice rules thatmighthelpplanning teamsinvolved in either both activities:••••• Encourage the energy and environmental improve-

ments within urban legislation, in conjunction withanyrevisionand/orupdatingofurbanmasterplans.

••••• Promote localbuildingcodeswhichgiveemphasis tonatural solutions or costless options to reduce theenergy and environmental impact of urban settle-ments.

••••• Remove negative or discriminatory legislation andregulationto implementrenewableenergy technolo-gies.

••••• Encourage theurbanplanningwhichprovide inno-vative solutions in functional zoning, improving thequality of life and decreasing energy and environ-mental pollution related to urban transportation aswell as consumingdisplacements.

Water and waste management

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••••• Promotetheseparationoftransportationmodeswithintheurbanterritory,givingpriority tocar-freepaths.

••••• Facilitate the adoption of higher quality standardsfor new and renovated buildings, through attractiveincentives forbuilders andusers.

••••• Developefficientmethodologies tohelp localadmin-istration inenergyandenvironmentalplanning.

••••• Promote the identification at the community levelof innovativeenvironmental indicators.

Building design andBuilding design andBuilding design andBuilding design andBuilding design andconstruction practicesconstruction practicesconstruction practicesconstruction practicesconstruction practices

Ifproperlydesignedandbuilt,dwellingsshouldbythem-selves temperate the external climatic shifts and keepinternal conditions close to the comfort levels. Such«building in favour of climate» approach has been la-belledaspassive,bioclimaticorenergy-savingarchitec-ture. The rules affecting this type of architectural ap-proach,arediverseandextensivelycoveringorientation,buildingmaterials, internalzoning,ventilationpatternsanddaylightingconcepts.However this complexity, allaregovernedbysimpleruleof thumb:commonsense.

To fully understand what passive systems are, it isimportant to understand their basic characteristics:

1. Use of local energy resourcesThe joint utilisation of sources (solar radiation, out-

sideairandinternalgains)andsinks(skyandspace,out-sideairandwet surfaces), allowsadegreeofcomfort tobeachieved inabuildingwith limiteduseof traditionalenergy sources.Thebenefits fromthesesourcesdonotcome free of charge, however, because these sourceshaverelativelyweakflowsanddensitiesandarenotcon-stant, forcing theplanner toacarefuldesign.

2. Use of natural energy flowsInpassivesystems,heatistransferredbyradiation,con-

duction and convection resulting in quieter environ-mentsand,ingeneral,greaterindoortemperatureswings.

Balancingsuchphenomenaalongall the livingarea isachallenge thatneed somedetailedanalysis ofmaterialcharacteristics as colour or thermal conductivity.

3.Making thermaluseofbuildingsInpassive systems, theelementswhichcollect, store,

transfer and dissipate heat are an integrate part of thearchitecturalelements suchaswalls androofs.Thus, incontrast to the traditional approach, an architecturalcomponent may serve to heat and cool as to enclosespaceandshape thebuilding.

TTTTTechnologies and policies toechnologies and policies toechnologies and policies toechnologies and policies toechnologies and policies tocontrol energy consumption atcontrol energy consumption atcontrol energy consumption atcontrol energy consumption atcontrol energy consumption atthe demand sidethe demand sidethe demand sidethe demand sidethe demand side

A widely accepted strategy for energy saving in thebuildingsector isademand-sidestrategy,whereenergyisbeingsavedby interfering theenergydemandactingover the mechanisms that might reduce the amountneeded to keep comfort standards.

The number of effective measures which could belabelled under this topic exceeds the space of a shortpaper and thus, we will only present a glimpse of theactivities undertaken within the Thermie-sponsoredTargeted Projects in the Building Sector.

1. Construction practicesThe majority of projects have incorporated energy-

savingapproacheswithin theconstructionprocess thatremarkably improvedthethermalcoefficientatalmostno extra-cost.

Avoiding thermal bridges around the windows ,in-telligent application of the insulation layer, openingvents fornatural ventilation,using low-kbricksandtheassociated mortar application, selecting the appropri-ate colour for wall and roof surfaces or the pavingused as heat storage are some of the practices thathave shown excellent results with an almost universalreplicability.

2.technologiesand/ormaterialsEfficient appliances and lighting, heat recovery of

exhausted air, condensing boilers, low-emission glaz-ing, transparent insulation materials, highly efficientwindow frame and glazing, energy management sys-tems and associated domotic approaches, evaporativecooling, water saving toilets and fittings, local energymeters.

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TTTTTechnologies actingechnologies actingechnologies actingechnologies actingechnologies actingover the supply sideover the supply sideover the supply sideover the supply sideover the supply side

The evaluation of final uses: illumination, motiveforce, heating, cooling etc. ... it’s spatial and temporaldistribution permit the design of shared systems andcycles of combined usage (Co-generation CHP, simul-taneous heating and cooling, accumulation systems,etc..), for which an energy analysis demonstrates howdrastic global efficiency improvements may be ob-tained.

Energyconstitutes the transformingelement for therest of natural resources, although not reaching theextremeofusing it asayardstick fordevelopment.Theanalysis of energy intensity used in processes of manu-facture and distribution of goods and services are thekey to help determine the coherence of industrial en-ergy-savingpolicies.

Integrated planning of resources must incorporatethe previous criteria, looking for the nexus betweenfocuspointsoriented to theoptimisationof the supplyside«least costplanning»andthose that searchatcom-patibility with demand «demand side Management«relating energy and the other natural resources withthe totalityofneeds,useand theproduction-recyclingofbyproducts.The linesofactionmustbe strengthed:• Decentralised production and efficient distribution

systems.• Joint exploitation: Co-generation CHP, heat pump,

etc.• Renewableenergies:Hydraulic,wind ,photovoltaic,

thermal solar and biomass.• Use of existing technologies in energy saving: build-

ings,equipment,meansof transport, industrialproc-esses, etc.

Summary of actions and energy saving incidence of ParcBIT development

Generic Incidence Energy Savingcompared to

Traditional (%)

Urban Planning Elements

· Street orientation Building façades with the most beneficial orientation 4

· Paving colour and materials Reduce high surface temperatures and allow evaporat. 0.8· Solar access Allow solar gain on buildings and public areas 2.5

· Heat gain control by shading Lower ambient temperature and cooling loadand natural cooling 2

· Heat loss control by wind Reduce wind velocity and infiltration loadbreak barriers 2

Internal Transportation· Pedestrian & bike paths Promote car-free short distance movements 0.5

External Transportation· Teleworking Reduce car travelling for working needs 10

Energy supply services· Centralized distribution Equipment high efficiency and distribution losses reduction 20

· Active solar energy Energy savings 6· Other renewables Partial needs electricity generation 3

Other Urban Elements· Water management Water consumption reduction and so, energy and

chemicals of water cycle treatment 20· Waste management Waste control organic composting and waste disposal

energy reduction ---Buildings

· Improved energy-saving standards Reduce the U-Value 30· Daylighting Reduce electricity consumption 50

· Passive heating & cooling Reduce energy for building comfort 30· Improved HVAC Maximum efficiency for back-up systems 25

· solar DHW Reduce size and consumption for water heaters 50· Domotics Control the appliances for safe and energy efficient operation 10

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• Integration of energy exploitation technologies inconstructive structures.

Examples and case studiesExamples and case studiesExamples and case studiesExamples and case studiesExamples and case studies

I - Comprehensive and sustainableI - Comprehensive and sustainableI - Comprehensive and sustainableI - Comprehensive and sustainableI - Comprehensive and sustainableurban planningurban planningurban planningurban planningurban planning

ParcBIT ( Palma de Mallorca, Spain )ParcBIT is the name of an expansion area of Palma

de Mallorca conceived by the Balearic Government asa milestone in what the future Balearic developmentmust rely upon.

Located over a total surface of 140 Ha, of a tradi-tional agricultural land adjacent to the University oftheBalearic Islandsandafive-minutedrive formdown-townPalma, theareawill beurbanisedunder thebasisof creating an small pilot community that will rely onthestate-of-the-art telecommunicationswhich, incom-bination with location and environment, will attractresidents andbusinesswithinaglobal strategy to trans-form the Balearic standard tourism economy into a«business resort»economy.

The principles of the ParcBIT design are based oncreatingahigh-qualityenvironmentof livingandwork-ing. A maximum of 400.000 sqm of either residentialand non-residential buildings will be erected creatingthree communities arranged within three urban clus-ters,eachofwhichis itselfanintimatevillage,andwhichas a whole, form a distinct community.

The new village, will accommodate up to 5.000 peo-pleunderacomprehensiveplanningapproachwhichobjective is to create a high quality yet balanced envi-ronment that offer real alternatives to dense urbansaturationwithahuman-orientedurbandevelopmentthat is more comfortable, more efficient, consumessignificantly lessenergyandconsequentiallyemitsmuchlesspollution.

To succeed into such goal, a multidisciplinary teamwill analyze and find sustainable solutions to the basicurban elements such as:

• Energy• Socialmix• Transportation• Telecommunications technologies• Green space and agriculture• Water ways and waste

Inthedesignof suchdevelopment, theParcBITcon-cern is focusing on renewable energies strategies andthe relationship to issues such as how social activitiesaremixed.

It will also focus on the linkage of public spaces butspeciallyonhowtoseparateurbansystemssuchastrans-portationandinteractionofgreenspace,parksandwa-ter ways to ensure an amenable microclimat Energydemand is reduced by 40% ensuring that energy effi-cientbuildingsarebuilt inconjunctionwithusinglocallygeneratedpowersoasrenewablesourcesofenergyareaconsistentlyusedwithintheenergysupplyscheme.

Energy distribution will rely on an efficient decen-tralised system using co-generation for heating, cool-ing and electricity. This energy-generating system willbe linkedtothemunicipalSolidWasteTreatmentplantofPalmadeMallorca, tousebiomass as aprimary fuel.

Passive solar solutions forheatingandcoolingwillbeincorporatedassiteelementsduringtheplanningproc-ess,butadditional implementation inbuildingswill beencouraged by the local regulations adopted at theMasterPlan.

II - BuildingsII - BuildingsII - BuildingsII - BuildingsII - Buildings

ResidentialapplicationsProject REMMA is a ‘93/94 Thermie Programme

Targeted initiative. Its objective is to integrate in realhome configurations , different elements directly re-lated to the management of the energy consumed inthe residential sector of the Mediterranean area.

Project REMMA encompasses three commercialpromotions that include303dwellings inCastelldefels(Barcelona),48 inLisbonand44inCecina(Italy)withthe involvement of twelve companies from Spain,France, Italy and Portugal. These promotions incor-porate five elements that greatly improve the energybehaviourof residentialbuildings:

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• Low energy design, taking in consideration the siteand climatic conditions

• Optimisedbuildingenvelopmaterials, specificallyus-ing a low U-value brick and advanced window mod-els.

• Heatingandventilation systemscompatiblewith thelow-energydesign

• Thermal solar energy systems for Domestic Hot Wa-ter.

• IntegratedEnergyManagementSystems, conceivedto co-ordinate the previous elements.Uptodate,REMMAhascompleted172dwellings in

Barcelona, 44 in four blocks in Cecina and the 12 sto-rey-high building of Lisbon is underway. Monitoringresults have shown energy reductions of up to 40% inBarcelona with very high comfort levels of indoor airquality,natural light, lownoise levels fora typicaldown-town flat.

Nonresidential applicationsLow Energy Office L E O is a 2700 sq.m tertiariy

building located inCologne(Germany), supportedbya Thermie grant and awarded 1st.prize of 1995 Euro-pean competition for Ecological Commercia Build-ings.

Advanced insulation materials, daylighting tech-niques,natural ventilation foreitherheatingandcool-ing seasons and appropriate window design give theresultof abuildingdemandingone fourthof standardenergyvalues.

Thebuilding is acompactdaylight three storeyoverbasement atrium-type with north and south orienta-tion of main façades. Sunlight and daylight are redi-rectedtoavoidglareandprovidehighquality illumina-tion. A ground duct encircles the building The andpreheats thecold incomingair inwinteraswellascoolsinlet air in summer, supportedbynightpurgingof thebuilding.

Asperconstructional techniques,prefabricatedhol-low-core slabs to avoid raised floors and suspendedceilingsaswell asmeasuresof the typeofhighstandardinsulation, result in a building which regardless of its2700lsq.misequippedwithonlyagas-firedcondensingboilerwith49kWheatingpower.

Theenergy-savingandcost- savingpotentialhasbeenenlarged by several technical procedures as:

• Recovering heat from exhausted air.• Passivepre-heatingof inletair throughagroundduct.

• Passive cooling of inlet air with the same duct.• Daylight-priority control of the lighting system.• Occupancy-dependentventilationandheatingofof-

fices.

As per constructional techniques, it can be high-lighted:• South-north orientation and appropriate window

placing.• High thermalmass.• Transparent InsulationMaterialon the south façade

Obstruction-freeceiling forenhanceddaylighting.

Integrated SolarIntegrated SolarIntegrated SolarIntegrated SolarIntegrated SolarSystems on BuildingsSystems on BuildingsSystems on BuildingsSystems on BuildingsSystems on Buildings

The Hammarkullen project about 20km. north ofGoteborg(Sweden)comprises1500sq.m.of roof inte-gratedcollectorsontwolargeexistingmultifamilybuild-ings.Thesolarheatingsystemsaredesignedtopreheatdomestic hot water in about 400 apartments.

The buildings are connected to the main districtheating network in Goteborg. The collectors are di-videdinfoursystems, twooneachbuilding.Eachbuild-ing has two district heating sub-units where the solarsystems are connected on the secondary side of thedistrictheatingheatexchangers.Heat is stored in formof hot water accumulated in four storage tanksof24.4,18.9,20.7 and 19.2 cu.m of capacity.The collec-tor array was mounted on site using the roof structureas a collector casing and incorporating separately, theinsulation, absorbers and glazing. For an annual hotwater consumption of 50cu.m. per person, the 1.500sq.m.solar collector array is supplying about 22 per-cent of total DHW demands.

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Head-Table, Session nº 4: Market and Technology.

From left to right: Franco Cavallaro (INSULA), Antonio Correia (Advisor to the President of the

Regional Government of Azores), Alvaro García (CEPSA - Canary Islands).

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Energy andSustainable Tourism

the island challenge

TTTTTOMÁSOMÁSOMÁSOMÁSOMÁS AAAAAZCÁRAZCÁRAZCÁRAZCÁRAZCÁRATETETETETE YYYYY BBBBBANGANGANGANGANG

ChairmanSUSTAINABLE TOURISM INSTITUTE

IIIIIt is absolutely impossible to talk about sustainabletourism in islands without doing so in energy terms.Island regions are presently the second most impor-tant touristdestination in theworldafterhistoriccities.But, energy aspects represent an obstacle to fair andbalanced development, especially in small islands, be-cause of the extreme degree of external dependencythat theycreate(sometimesgreater than15%ofGDP),and they are obviously an environmental risk of thehighestorder.

We are aware that the size of the tourist industry hassuch a powerful influence on the future of sensitivedestinations like islands that it can lead to an irrevers-ible degradation or it can become a powerful ally ofsustainabledevelopment.

Since the Conference of Rio ’92, the internationalagenciesandthemoreenlightenedsectorsof the tour-ist industry have addressed the possibility of a sustain-able tourism that accepts its responsibility to futuregenerations, especially in the places and destinationsthat should be protected as our common heritage:natural spaces, biosphere reserves, mankind heritagesites.

ButRiowasalmost sevenyearsago.Therehasbeenaplethora of international accords like the LanzaroteCharter of Sustainable Tourism and the actions of theWorld Tourism Organisation. But the time has cometo put theory into practise.

Therefore, the Institute for Responsible Tourism(ITR), incollaborationwith internationalagencies likeUNESCO,has launcheda seriesof initiatives, through

importantassociationsand touristdestinations, aimedat turning the possibility of responsible tourism into areality.A“Quality forLife” labelhasbeencreated,basedon a standardised system of environmental quality fortourist industry.This labelhasproved tobeapowerfulpractical instrument for promoting the sustainabledevelopmentof tourism in sensitivedestinations.

Theareaofenergyhasbeentreatedwithspecialcareand devotion in the Responsible Tourism standard, apioneeringactionin islanddestinations. It isa standardthat includes criteria for:••••• Energy saving and rational energy consumption in

hotel accommodation.••••• Definingenergyefficiency criteria.••••• Guidelines for consumers on energy behaviour and

a good practise guide in transport matters.••••• Promoting renewable energy sources and having

themincluded in tourismdevelopment strategies.••••• Energy, landandtourismplanning.

Thesemeasures thatconsolidate thesustainabilityofthe tourist industry are even more important on is-lands.Afterall,manyof thepioneeringexperiences insustainableenergyarebeingdevelopedonislands.Oneof the incentives for this is the need for real solutionsandefficientmodels for sensible touristdevelopment.We have the experiences of Lanzarote, the Hawaii en-ergy code or the transport experiences of Jersey.All ofthese are examples of a broad island movement to-ward a rationalisation of the tourist industry that nowencompassesmostof thesedestinations.

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Reading of the Conference's Recommendations during the ISS final session.

From left to right: Osman Benchikh (World Solar Programme 1996-2005), Manuel Cendagorta

(Director of ITER) and Cipriano Marín (Secretary of ISS)

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IIIIIn the current world, the concept of mobility, eitherpeople or goods, has become development synonym.This innotpatrimonyof thebigcontinental countries,but rather it affects in same proportion to other coun-tries with different dimensions and infrastructures asthey are the islands.

The transport comes playing a fundamental paperin the modern society where the mobility has becomeanecessity, andwhere theefficient transportofpeopleand goodsplay abasicpaper in theeconomicgrowth,but also to the own social cohesion.

From the energy point of view, the transport repre-sents one of the sectors with more and more constantgrowth in the last years. The demand of transportcomes increasing in a constant way from the last 20years to a rhythm of 3,3 to 4,8% respectively, superiorto the own increment of the GDP.

The Alternative Transport

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IVECO - PEGASO

Asanexample in theEuropeanUnionthisnecessityof mobility is quantified , in the use and employmentof the thirdpartof theconsumedenergydedicated tothe transport, and inside the transport , 84% of thatconsumed energy, it is dedicated to the transport byroad, that is automobiles, trucks and buses.

As compensation to this positive facet of the devel-opment, is the negative aspects of the polluting emis-sions, somuchgassyas sound.Proportional to thecon-sumed energy, practically 1/3 of the polluting emis-sions intheEuropeanUnionareproducedbythetrans-port, and in the case of certain types of pollutants asthe NOx or the CO, the percentages can rise above50%, and even superior in the urban centers.

Ingeneral,andinspiteofeverything,thesituationhasspreadto improvesensibly starting fromthebeginningof thenineties,withthe incorporationinthevehiclesof

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newtechnologies: control systems, injectiondirect,big-gerefficiency in thepropulsion/transmission systems,aerodynamics, among other, improves of the fuels, aswell as the introduction of the catalysts systems in thevehiclesautomobiles,markinganinflectionpoint intheconstant tendencyof increaseofcontamination.

However, and in spiteof this, theproblemcontinuesexisting and being increased in the island urban areasand centers where the concentration of transport,added to the residential or industrial, causes high in-dexesofcontamination.These sameconsiderationsorrisks are been able to apply to those spaces or naturalplaceswhere theprotection to thenature takes specialpriority, like islands.

In the face of this fact and reality, the authoritiesare making effort in finding solutions that allow to im-prove the environment conditions in the islands' ur-ban, historical or natural areas. Solutions can be insome cases politicians as the creation of pedestrianareas, restrictions to the use of the private vehicle; orbymeans theapplicationof suchtechnical solutionsasthe potential of the public transportation regardingthe private one; or especially and every time, with theunderstanding in the employment of alternative en-ergy in the urban transport, such as it is the case of thepublic transportation(buses, taxis, vehicles for goods,vehicles of service, etc.)

Market opportunityMarket opportunityMarket opportunityMarket opportunityMarket opportunityNiche products for:

••••• Congestedurbanareas••••• Selectedvehicles••••• Heritagecities••••• Energiesalternativesoptions••••• Healthy livingenvironment

When we consider that more that 80% of Europe’spopulation live in cities and account for about 75% ofEurope’s energy consumption, it is easy to see and un-derstand the relevance to use and introduce low orzeroemissionvehicles (GNC,Hybrids,Electrical, etc.)

Key technologiesKey technologiesKey technologiesKey technologiesKey technologiesThe consumers rarely consider important the en-

ergy efficiency of the vehicles when their acquisition.For that thepaperof theOfficialOrganisms, aswell astheownStates, toplay a fundamentalpaper for reduc-ingtheenergyconsumptionaswellas theenvironmen-tal impactof the transport,withoutpenalising theeco-nomic growth, the mobility or the own quality of life.

For their contribution to this demands or political,as well as for their potential capacity to the contribu-tion to the reduction of energy consumption and oftheenvironmental impact, it deserves tohighlight:••••• Theapplicationsofadvancedtechnologies invehicles••••• The employof alternatives fuels(electricity,gas,etc.)••••• The Improves of the current fuels quality••••• The introductionof Technologyof trafficandtrans-

port control.••••• etc

Main taskMain taskMain taskMain taskMain task••••• Minimizeexhaustgasemissions••••• Reducenoise level••••• Maintain fuel efficiency••••• Maintainoperational efficiency

Regulation frameRegulation frameRegulation frameRegulation frameRegulation frameStarting from the years 70´ in the entire world has

creating the ecological understanding of the absolutenecessityof thecontrolof thepollutingemissions.Con-sequenceof it and in relationwithvehicles, ithasbeenthe progressive emission from the normative authori-ties the different regulations, more and more rigor-ous, inorder to reduce the levelofpollutingemissionsthat are allowed to the different types of engines

Obviously, fromthestandpointoftheEuropeanCom-mission pollution problems and energy consumptionrepresent one of the great challenges, which is why in-creasinglydemandingpollutionregulationsareconstantlylaiddownforvehicles, inordertomakingvehiclesmoreandmoreenvironmentallyfriendly.Nowadayswithstand-ardsknownasEURO-2,vehiclesonlycauseonethirdofthepollution theygenerated just tenyearago, and theup-comingEURO-3andthefuturestandards(EURO-4,EEV´S,etc.)willbringpollutionlabelsdownevenfather

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Fig.4 IVECO CITY CLASS

However, this regulations are aimed at transport ingeneral, theydonotmanage toaccommodate the spe-cificneedsofmajorurbanareas, because of the im-pact transport has on thequality of life of the city,andalsobecauseof the lo-cal impact pollution (gas-eousandnoise)hasonthehistoric heritage. So, de-spite the fact that the newvehicles,withconventionalpropulsion system arecomplying with everstricter pollution regula-tion, it isnotenoughto al-leviate pollution levels incities.

The clean transport (GNC, Electric, Hybrid, etc.)representamajorbenefit inurban aswell ason islandsand in special natural protected areas that will maketoday a significant contribution to minimise the effectof pollution that so much damage both people andcultural andhistoricalheritage

Alternative propulsion systemsAlternative propulsion systemsAlternative propulsion systemsAlternative propulsion systemsAlternative propulsion systemsand enginesand enginesand enginesand enginesand engines

Aswehavecommented,andinareas speciallyneedyplaces of using vehicles of very low emissions (urbanand historical centers, protected natural areas, etc.),especially thoseof thenitrogenoxides(NOx)andpar-ticles (PM) to be considered the most harmful, themanufacturers have had to explore the field of thealternative energy, being in fact those viable and op-erativepropulsionengines:

••••• Theelectric andhybridpropulsion••••• GNC-GasNaturalCompressed

Alternative transport choice:Alternative transport choice:Alternative transport choice:Alternative transport choice:Alternative transport choice:

Alternative fuel choice GNCVehicle

Alternativepropulsion systems Hybridvehicles

Alternative transportAlternative transportAlternative transportAlternative transportAlternative transport

Focus of methaneFocus of methaneFocus of methaneFocus of methaneFocus of methane••••• Easyavailability••••• Low cost••••• Very lowexhaustemission levels••••• Safety••••• Stable gas composition

Focus of hybridFocus of hybridFocus of hybridFocus of hybridFocus of hybrid••••• Low emission in hybrid••••• Zero in electrical

CityClass CNG

Environmental Performances

Gas emissions g/k Wh (based on EC R49.02 law)

CityClass CNG

Environmental Performances

Acoustic Emissions

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••••• Maximalquietness••••• Low energy consumption••••• Operational flexibility vs. electrical vehicles••••• Modularoverhaul

Naturalgasenginesappear tobethemostpromisingand available technology to obtain a huge improve-mentveryquicklyofairqualityatreasonablecost.OtheralternativepropulsionsystemareHybrids,ElectricandBifuelandalsoBimodal(dieselelectricandtrolley),orin the next future: Fuel Cell

TheIVECOexperiencesinthelastyearsusingverylowemissionvehicles(morethan230units,and12.000.000km), inseveral scenarios(morethan 30cities)

Product versionsProduct versionsProduct versionsProduct versionsProduct versions••••• CityBuses••••• Minibuses••••• Garbagecollection

----- Heavy compactors----- Light collectors

••••• Distribution----- Light trucks----- Med. & Heavy trucks

However, inspiteof these importantexperiencesandresults, as well as these permanent and significant ef-forts in R+D, to develop and to arrange competitiveand operative these very low emission vehicles to thefinal user, still today continues existing inside of thedifferentsEuropeancommunity,bigdifficultiesofeco-nomic type as well as legislative one, when attackingtoday significant implementation of these clean vehi-cles in relation to the traditional fuel transport

IVECO-PEGASO «Ecobus»

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Technology Needs for IslandRenewable Energy Systems

JJJJJOSOSOSOSOS BBBBBEURSKENSEURSKENSEURSKENSEURSKENSEURSKENS

Netherlands Energy Research Foundation ECN

IIIIIn the early eighties, during the start of the modernrenewableenergydevelopmentperiod,relativelymuchattention was paid to utilising wind and solar energysystems to provide electricity to remote, isolated com-munitieswithout anyenergy infrastructure.

As the supply of wind and solar energy variesstochastically intime,energysupplyandenergydemanddo not match most of the time. To provide security ofsupply, a storage system is needed, which absorbs en-ergy during periods that supply exceeds demand andsupplies energy in times that the situation is reversed.Storage of energy in general and of electricity in par-ticular is very expensive. So in order to overcome thiscost problem solutions were sought in so called au-tonomous -hybrid - systemswherewind turbinesand/or solar photo voltaic (PV) systems were working inparallel todieselunits.

Manyexperimentswerecarriedoutandmorethan10researchestablishmentshadmoreor less comprehen-sivedevelopmentprogrammes.Lookingbackfromthepresentsituation,onecanconcludethatall thedevelop-ment efforts on autonomous systems only had limitedsuccess, contrary to grid connected wind and solar PVsystems,whichgrewtoanannual$4billionworldmar-ket(andis stillgrowingbysome25%annually).

Theneed for independent islandrenewableenergysystem has not changed since. Analysing and under-standing thereasonswhy thishappenedcouldprovideuswith theconditions forareal successful revivalof thedevelopment and market implementation of autono-mous systems.

The needs for energyThe needs for energyThe needs for energyThe needs for energyThe needs for energy

Energy needs consist of need for fuels (transport,cooking, heating, etc.), heat (houses, domestic appli-cations) andelectricity (lighting, telecommunication,cooling, conservationof food).Foranumberof appli-cations mechanical energy is needed. For instance forwater pumping; in those cases supply and energy de-mand can be matched by storing the product in steadof storing electricity. This also applies for instance ifproducts are to be cooled.

This contribution will concentrate on electricityas a very high quality form of energy, which is a veryimportant ingredient in the development process.Of the rural population in the world a large portionhas no access to the electricity grid and will not haveit for the foreseeable future.

Table 1. Rural population,

having no access to the public electricity grid

Benefits of renewable energyBenefits of renewable energyBenefits of renewable energyBenefits of renewable energyBenefits of renewable energy

Usinglocallyavailablerenewableenergysystemshavegeneral advantages, but also advantages which are ofspecific for isolated regions.

Africa 90%

Latin & South America 50%Industrialised nations 0%

All others 70%

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General advantages include environmental protec-tion(comparedto theuseofdiesel sets:oil spillingandCO2 emission are avoided), the creation of local em-ployment (installation, operation and maintenance)and it saves maintenance cost of possible diesel units.Maintenance cost of diesel units are relatively high.

Anadvantagewhich isof special interest for isolatedareas is thereductionof theuseof fuel, tobe imported,and thus saving foreigncurrency.

Of course autonomous hybrid units are more ex-pensive thansingleunits suchasadieselunit.Neverthe-less hybrid units can be economically competitive be-causeofhigherelectricity cost fromconventionalunitson remote locations.

Figure 1. Generalised Wind-Diesel System

Basic systemsBasic systemsBasic systemsBasic systemsBasic systems

Electricityproducingsystemscanbesubdivided intothree basic categories:1 Stand alone units, which do not have a back up sys-

tem, for instance an internal combustion engine.2 Hybrid units, consisting of one or more renewable

energy units, working in parallel with a back unit. Aback up unit may consist of a diesel unit, a regularinternal combustion engine, a Stirling engine or abatteryunit.Theinstalledrenewablepowerisroughlyequal to the installedpowerof theconventionalunit.

3 Agridconnected renewableenergyunit. In isolatedareas with a relatively strong ‘island’ grid, wind tur-bines and PV arrays may be connected to the gridwithout special precautions as long as the penetra-tiondegreeof thevariable renewableenergy systemsis not exceeding, say, 20%. At larger penetration lev-els, voltageandfrequency instabilitiesmayoccur.Onthe main land where large electricity transportationand distribution grids are connected, penetrationdegrees may be higher than on islands, where a iso-lated unit has to maintain stability, without the possi-bilityof switching tonearbygrids.Thecapacitycredit

at low penetration degrees is roughly equal to theaverageoutputoftherenewableenergysystems,whichis typically in between 20 and 35% for wind turbinesan lower than 20% for PV systems.

The issues indesigning islandsystemsare:• Securityof supply.Thehigher thedemandconcern-

ing security of supply, the larger storage systems orback up systems have to be. In extreme cases, forinstance units which supply electricity to remote tel-ecommunication systems, redundant units have tobe installed. The required supply security has a verybig impact on system cost.

• Power quality. If small margins in the variations ofoutputvoltageandfrequency is required, fundamen-tally different system concepts have to be applied.Control and storage systems have to be more elabo-rate and thus will be more expensive.

• Reliability.This requirementhasaclose relationshipwith the localavailablemaintenanceskills.Themoreregular maintenance can be provided locally, lessexoticcomponentsandsubsystemscanbeused.Theinitial investmentswill be lower.

Figure 2. Configuration of a Wind-Diesel System

on a sub-system level

System configurationsSystem configurationsSystem configurationsSystem configurationsSystem configurations

An autonomous renewable energy system (see fig-ure 1) basically consists of the following sub systems:1 Back-upunit (combustionengine)and/orwindtur-

bine and/or PV array.2 Load matching devices: dump load and/or storage

systems(batteries, flywheel,hydraulicpressureunit),«product» - storage (heat, cold, pumped ordesalinatedwater).

Figure 2 is an illustration of an autonomous winddiesel system on the sub system level.

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Inthepastanumberofdifferentconfigurationsweredeveloped and tested. Table 2 [1] gives an overview ofsystemsdeveloped in theeighties.

Figures 3 to 7 are examples of units that were real-ised.

Figure 3. Outline of the Wind-Diesel system with

power electronics, developed by the Eindhoven

University of Technology and ECN, the Netherlands

Experiences to dateExperiences to dateExperiences to dateExperiences to dateExperiences to date

The experiences with developing, marketing andoperating autonomous renewable systems to date canbe summarised as follows:

Table 2. List of various wind-diesel systems that were realised between 1977 and 1989.

Figure 4. Configuration of a Wind-Diesel

system on the Norwegian island of Frøja.

The system does not include power electronics

at the wind turbine-grid interface.

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Wind energyWind energyWind energyWind energyWind energy• More than 40 demonstration projects were realised,

tested and operated since the early eighties. Most ofthem were taken out of operation because theyproved tobeuneconomicandunreliable.Especiallyvulnerablewerewindturbines, control strategiesandalso thedieselunits,whichhadtooperateundercon-ditions, they were not designed for (many starts andstops, too low loading).

• More than 15 companies have been trying to com-mercialise autonomous systems. Only few are left.

• Quite advanced simulation and design software hasbeendevelopedandverified.Because the software isnot being used intensively, there is to little mainte-nance to keep it up dated.

• More than10R&Dgroupshavebeen involved in thedevelopment of autonomous systems. Some aban-doned their activities. A very interesting source ofinformation is the Web site of NREL, Golden, Co,USA(www.rsvp.nrel.gov)called«Renewables forSus-

tainableVillagePower»and the special conferences,whicharebeingorganisedby thatgroup.Therenew-able energy research institute ITER on the Spanishisland of Tenerife is very active in demonstrating re-newable energy systems, especially designed for is-lands. In Germany DEWI (Wilhelmshafen), ISET(Kassel) and FhG-ISE (Freiburg) have programmesincluding solarandwindenergy systems.ECNof theNetherlands (Petten) has a special programme forrenewable energy systems for remote and isolatedareas includingPVarrays andwind turbines.CRESTof University of Loughborough (UK) has a groupworking on rather small scale autonomous systems.Spread over the world, different groups, mostly con-nectedtouniversities,havemodestR&Dprogrammeson autonomous systems, like the Utrecht Universityin theNetherlands.

• No significant market development took place. Thepresentmarket consistsof speciallydesignedsystemsfor typical local circumstances in terms of load pat-tern, transportationandinstallationmethods, supplysecurity, powerquality andclimatical circumstances.

Solar (PV) energySolar (PV) energySolar (PV) energySolar (PV) energySolar (PV) energy• PV systems for village electricity supply have proven

to be too expensive, but reliable.• SmallunitsconsistingofoneortwoPVpanelsofeach

50Wandabatterystorage,e.g. solarhomesystemsforindividualhouses,arecheaperthanwindturbines.

Future developmentsFuture developmentsFuture developmentsFuture developmentsFuture developments

Apparently the need for island systems has notchanged since the eighties. However the technologyhas improved considerably. Especially those compo-nents that appeared to be too expensive or too unreli-able, suchaswindturbines,electroniccomponentsandcontrol strategies have improved dramatically since.This leads to the conclusion that a revival of the devel-opment of island systems is very well possible. The firstsigns are already visible. Some examples: ENERCON(Germany) starts the production of a 0-series of standalone desalination units; Atlantic Orient Company(USA) installed 18 wind diesel systems in extreme cli-mates (Alaska, Siberia); Lagerwey the Windmaster(Netherlands) is developing new systems; NorthernPowerSystems(USA)suppliesanumberof specialisedautonomousandstandaloneunits includingwindtur-bines and PV arrays.

Figure 5. Wind-Diesel system, realised by the

Eindhoven University and ECN on Cabo Verde,

Santiago, Tarrafal. (1987)

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A careful analysis of the experiences so far lead tothe following recommendations for industrial and ge-neric R&D and demonstration in order to acceleratethedevelopments.• Evaluate, test and demonstrate the use of new bat-

teries to reduce the number of subsystems.• Evaluate the cost-benefit ratio of adding PV or solar

thermalpowerunits.• Replace diesel units by biomass units in order to re-

duce fuel cost and to achieve 100% renewable en-ergy levels.

• Developanddemonstrate standaloneunits forcool-ing (conservation of food), desalination of brackishand sea water.

• Use storage of desalinated water and cooled food asa storage to match supply and demand of energy.

• Use new electronic sub-systems.• Update and verify analysis and design software tools

and control strategies

Figure 6. The Frøja system in operation.

Figure 7. The stand alone Wind desalination

unit in operation on the island of Tenerife, Spain.

And last but not least:• Standardise sub-systems to increase the modularity

of systems. This a necessary condition for acceler-ated market development. It will not only lead toreductions of the production cost of systems, butalso thedesignandengineeringcost.

Conc lus ionConc lus ionConc lus ionConc lus ionConc lus ion

Sincebetterandcheapernewelectronic systemsandstorage units became available and renewable energyconverters (wind turbines, PV arrays, biomass units)became reliable and cost effective, autonomous, hy-brid and stand-alone renewable energy units will be-come cost effective in the near future.

A systematicR&Danddemonstrationapproachbal-anced with industrial activities and market introduc-tion incentives isneeded.

References

1 Hunter, R.; Elliot G. ed. «Wind-Diesel Systems», Cam-

bridge University Press, Cambridge, 1994.

2 Bonte, J. de: «Review of Conversion Systems used in

Autonomous Wind Energy Systems»,TUE, Afd.

Natuurkunde, R563D/EM82-35, February, 1983.

3 Different internal reports of various institutes.

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Head-Table, Session nº 5: Island networks. Information, education and training programmes.

From left to right: Michele Giacomantonio (Mayor of Lipari, Sicily), Ulrik Jacobsen (FED - INFORSE),

Miguel Montesdeoca (Teleinsula).

251251251251251

Wind EnergyThe MADE AE-46/1 wind turbine

FFFFFEDERICOEDERICOEDERICOEDERICOEDERICO GGGGGONZÁLEZONZÁLEZONZÁLEZONZÁLEZONZÁLEZ

MADE Sistemas Eléctricos - ENDESA

MMMMMADE Tecnologías Renovables is a wholly Span-ishcompany, formingpartof theENDESAgroup.Thecompany has been working in the field of both solarand wind renewable energies for more than 12 years.In thecase thatconcernsmeasanengineerworking inthe field of developing wind generators – i.e. wind en-ergy -, MADE has grown and evolved in parallel withwindgenerator technology.

Thus, what was almost a research project into un-known technology more than a decade ago, projectsthatMADEembarkeduponasapioneer in theenergyindustry,wasgradually absorbedand improveduntil itbecame the mature technology it is today, capable ofcompeting with any domestic or international manu-facturer.

The efforts initially made by GESA, another com-panyof theENDESAgroup,with twoprototype24kWand 30 kW wind generators, gradually gave way to theMADEmodelsAE-15(75Kw),AE-20(150kW),AE-23(180kW),AE-26(250kW),AE-30andAE-32(330kW)andtheAE-41PF(500kW)andmanyothers,up to theAE-46/I660kW,awindgenerator,madewith technol-ogy that comes with the guarantee of MADE’s con-tinual progress in the field of wind energy.

As a result of this process, MADE, now has a total ofmore than 740 wind generators, made with our owntechnology, installedandoperating inSpain.Theygen-erate a total of 230 MW of wind energy. In the CanaryIslands,MADEhaswindgeneratorsinstalledinthesevenislands,producingatotalofmorethan40MWofpower.Thecompany’s spiritofadvanceanddevelopmenthas

meant thatMADEhasnot limited itsoperations to thedomestic market. The company currently has agree-ments to install wind farms, some of which are in theconstructionphase, inplaces suchasChina,Mongoliaand Tunisia, and excellent growth prospects in flour-ishing markets such as Latin America.

In the short time available, I am going to try to ex-plain the basic process MADE uses for any new devel-opment, and the MADE AE-46/I wind generator, ourmost advanced commercial model, is no exception.

Thereare fourbasicpointsof reference in theproc-ess that work as follows: (transparency 1)

GuaranteeGuaranteeGuaranteeGuaranteeGuarantee

The MADE guarantee is based on almost 15 yearsexperienceasamanufacturer,developer,operatorandmaintainerofwindfarms, inwhicheachandeveryoneof thedesigncriteria, improvementsanddevelopmentsthathavehelped tomake thewindmillsmore reliable,have been gradually introduced. This has given ourtechnical staff a more exact idea of what makes ourmachines different and better.

Thequalityofourmachines is accreditedby the ISO9001quality assurance certificate, obtained under thesupervisionofGermanischerLloyd.

In the specific case of the AE-46/I, an additionalobjective right from the beginning, was to certify thewindgeneratorasClass I, i.e., for the severestwindandoperatingconditions.Unfortunately, I cannotproudly

252252252252252

present thefirstwindgeneratorbasedentirelyonSpan-ish technology to obtain a CLASS 1 certificate, onceagain under the strict supervision and in accordancewith the demanding criteria of Germanischer Lloyd.We still need a couple of weeks for the final detailsbefore certifying the wind generator.

A class 1 certificate does not just require coherentcalculations on paper. Tests are also done on a proto-typesetup inthefield for thepurposeof takingempiri-cal measurements, which have to confirm the theo-retical ones. The first prototype MADE AE-46/I wasinstalled in the Barbanza wind farm, in Galicia, morethanayearago.Fromthepointof viewof load(lateraland vertical wind components in a complex terrain,wind turbulence, with annual averages of around 8.5m/s) this is one of the most aggressive sites possible,and the generator has been working to our completesatisfaction ever since.

S impl ic i t yS impl ic i t yS impl ic i t yS impl ic i t yS impl ic i t y

ThelongexperienceIhavejustmentionedhastaughtMADE that the simpler and tougher the wind genera-tor is the better; the easier it is to maintain the better,theeasier access to it is and the safer it is tooperate thebetter.Thus,MADEhasopted for fixedpitch technol-ogy, avoiding the problems that arise with other tech-nologies that involvemorecomplexmaintenanceandoperations, and which are not always more profitable.

Profi tabi l i tyProfi tabi l i tyProfi tabi l i tyProfi tabi l i tyProfi tabi l i ty

Everything Ihave said so farwouldnotmake sense ifthe machines were not profitable. Wind energy hasreached the stage of technological maturity to enableit to compete with conventional energy in terms ofproduction costs, even if we do not take into accountthe additional costs of conventional production likeeco-taxes.

Therefore, in MADE we try to combine two seem-ingly opposite concepts; high efficiency and low cost.Aswithanyengineering solution, there is anoptimumpoint of equilibrium, which, in our opinion is fixedpitch. Although this is not the ideal solution from thepoint of view of energy efficiency, it does enable us tosubstantially reduce costs (manufacturing, operationand maintenance costs). In fact, the cost per kW ofproduction(theparameter thatall investors try tomini-

mise) for MADE generators is so low that they areamong the best, not just in Spain, but among the bestwindgenerators in theworld fromaninvestmentpointof view.

Env ironmentEnvironmentEnvironmentEnvironmentEnvironment

Last,butnot least, respect for theenvironment.Longbeforeenvironmental impact studieswerecompulsory,MADE commissioned or carried out complete andexhaustive studies on the influence a potential windfarm could have on local flora and fauna.

The main obstacles an inherently clean energy likewind power has had to overcome have been the visualand acoustic impact of the windmills, a field in whichMADE has invested a lot of time and effort. With re-gardtothevisual impact,MADEbuilds thetransformerinto the tower of the AE-46, in order to eliminate thetransformercentre.Areplacementplan is thendrawnup, taking into account all the details of the civil engi-neeringwork, inorder toreducefinal impact toamini-mum.Fromanacousticpointof view,apart fromwork-ing indepthonanewmultiplierdesign, thedrive shaftis mounted on elastic supports, minimising the trans-mission of vibrations to the rest of the structure, thehood has an absorbent lining and the propeller is atwo-speedone.Apart fromoptimisingenergyproduc-tion in light winds, which is when noise is most notice-able, this also minimises propeller blade tip velocity inthese conditions, the main characteristic of aerody-namicnoiseemissions.

We believe that all these ambitious objectives havebeenachievedwiththeMADEAE-46/I. Iwillnowshowyoutwodiagrams;oneof thenacelle (transparencies2and 3) and an overall view, showing some of the con-cepts mentioned before: simple (conventional ma-chine, three blade horizontal propeller), tough, spa-cious and with easy access to all components in thenacelle.

As a consequence of the certification process, theGermanwindenergy institute tookanexhaustive setofmeasurements, including load, power curve, energyquality andnoise levels.

Thenextthreetransparencies(4,5and6)showsomeof the results of these measurements. These includethe real power curve, very close to our theoretical cal-culations; values foravailability andnoise, around99.3dBA, and electric power factor. The noise levels areoptimumfor thenominalpowerof thegenerator(the

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range within which other manufacturers operate forthis levelofnominalpower is 98.5 to103.5dBA,includ-inggeneratorswithnomultiplier).Theelectricpowerfactor is, once again, exceptionally good (above 0.985when it reaches 20% of nominal power), especially ifyou consider that this is a windmill with an asynchro-nous generator that is connected directly to the grid.

I would like to emphasise once more, that all thedata you can see here are empirically measured valuesand not just theoretical values.

I do not want to conclude without spending a fewminutes assessing the AE-46/I as an ideal machine(from the point of view of size and characteristics) for

workinghere in theIslands.Ontheonehand,extrane-ous means (cranes, trucks, access) needed for installa-tionareof a reasonable size comparedwith1MWandlargermachinesthatarestartingtobecomewidespreadin the North of Europe. On the other hand, the asyn-chronous generator used, which, whilst it has no fre-quency converter devices, it does have the previouslymentionedadvantageofbeinga far tougherandmorereliable system than those that use synchronous gen-erators. Furthermore, this system causes virtually nodisturbances in the grid, something that is very impor-tant inweakgrids like those foundon islands.

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Characteristics of ImplantingSolar Collectors on Islands

AAAAALFREDOLFREDOLFREDOLFREDOLFREDO BBBBBERNABÉERNABÉERNABÉERNABÉERNABÉ

Energía Solar EspañolaCANARY ISLANDS

TTTTThe present energy situation has changed fromone of oil crisis to a more rational use of energy, moti-vated basically by environmental concerns, with theclear objective of reducing greenhouse gases.

Renewable energies form part of the solution to theproblem,particularlyThermalSolarEnergy,which isadirect participant in the process as it is so close to thegrass roots of the people.

Islands in general have two clearly defined sectors;the domestic and the tourist sector. There are specificapplications for both, from simple thermo-siphon fa-cilities to large installations for producing hot waterfor homes, hotels or swimming pools.

Installationandmaintenancecosts vary,but, inmostcases, solar energy compares favourably with conven-tional energy, in strictly economic terms. In this area,the Government plays a fundamental role in develop-ingthesetechnologies,bysubsidisingand/orfinancinginstallations, althoughuserawarenessproves tobe thebest aid.

The current structure of the market increases thecostsofproducts thathave tobe imported into islands.Lowtemperature thermal solarenergy isa simple tech-nology, which opens up a market for local manufac-turers to attend to the specific characteristics of eachregion, suchas integrating installations in typicalarchi-tecture, water quality, etc.

This not only guarantees diversification of energy, italsoguaranteesindustrialdiversification,promotingthecreationof specialist jobs inmanufacture, installation,maintenance, etc.

Lack of raw materials and transport undoubtedlyrepresent an added cost, but this is comparable withthe added cost on fossil fuels for the same reason.

ManufacturingcanbeconstantlyoptimisedthroughtechnologytransferfromdifferentUniversitiesandR+DTechnologicalCentres, thusforginglinkswiththeworldofbusiness.

Thus, theuseof thermal solarenergy,andrenewableenergies ingeneral,provideeconomic, socialandenvi-ronmentalbenefits.

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Promoting Thermal IndustryComparison and Evaluation of Experiences

RRRRRAINERAINERAINERAINERAINER BBBBBERKMANNERKMANNERKMANNERKMANNERKMANN

PresidentEUROPEAN SOLAR INDUSTRY FEDERATION

EEEEESIF- theEuropeanSolar IndustryFederationwasfounded in 1992 to promote solar thermal energy inEurope. The 20 members of ESIF include national so-lar industrial associations which contain 300 compa-nies with 10,000 employees. Other members are na-tional agencies, institutes and laboratories working inthe solar field.

ESIFgoals include :the dissemination of information about solar energy,• representationof thesolar industry toEuropeanand

nationalbodies,• development of a European quality label for solar

thermal systems,• ensuring that trade in solar thermal equipment is

free and unencumbered.Sales of solar collectors in Europe are currently

(1998) in the region of 1 million square meters peryear, with major markets in Germany, Austria andGreece. Installed collector area in the EU at present isover 8 million square meters, which annually saves 1.4milliontonsofCO2 emissionsandtheequivalentof450thousand tons of oil, and has created 10,000 new jobs.This figure corresponds approximately to 20 squaremetersper thousand inhabitants.

There are several applications throughout Europewith Solar domestic water heating the major applica-tion. More specifically, in Germany an increasing pro-portion of solar systems being sold (currently morethan 30%) are used for combined DHW and spaceheatingsupport.Combinedwaterandspaceheating is

used to support a conventional heating system wherethere is a long heating season. It is quite common inAustria. . A few thousand swimming pools in Europe,mainly in Germany, Austria, France, Switzerland andThe Netherlands are equipped with solar systems forheatingswimmingpools.

Since1979,numerousdistrictheatingplants inDen-mark,SwedenandGermanyhavebeenaugmentedwithsolar collectors. Solar systems for drying agriculturalproducts arecommoninScandinaviaandSwitzerlandandgainingpopularity inSouthernEurope.Thereareseveral industrial heating applications in Greece andthe latest development is the use of solar systems inhotels for air conditioning/cooling. Solar cooling hasanenormouspotential and isdeveloping rapidly.

From this brief introduction on the applications ofsolarsystemsaroundEuropewecaneasilyseethat thereare different approaches to promoting solar thermaldepending on geography, climate, standardsof living,publicconcern,andmost importantlygovernmentandregional support.Therefore there isnoonerecipe forpromoting the solar thermal industry.

Ifwe lookmorecloselyat themajormarkets(Greece,Germany, Austria) we will see that a very importantcombination was the major factor for their successstories.Thecombinationofpublicawarenesscampaignswithgovernment incentives (SolarDHWsystemsare/weresubsidised inall thecountrieswithgrowingsales).And looking at the developing markets in Denmark,The Netherlands etc we will find co-operation with lo-cal authorities for large district heating applications

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Preparing the Final Report and the Conclusions.

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Water-Energy-WasteIntegrated Management for

the Mediterranean Islands

FFFFFRANÇOISRANÇOISRANÇOISRANÇOISRANÇOIS VVVVVALETTEALETTEALETTEALETTEALETTE

CNRS- MONTPELLIER II UniversityRITME (Réseau Insulaire Tropical et Méditerranéen) - CIRADFRANCE

TTTTThe organization and the functioning of most re-search institution, as well as these of most productivesystems, naturally lead to the fact that they generallyapproach separately the problems of resource man-agement, throughspecialisedanalysesand(whensuit-ableorpossible) correspondingmodels.This speciali-zation implies a lot of difficulties when, in the «realsystems» and at the «real levels» of organisation whichhave to manage these resources, and to take concretedecisions for that, it is necessary to consider them alltogether rather than separately, notably in the newperspectiveof the sustainabledevelopment that every-one seems toadmit since theRioworldconferenceonenvironment.

Two levels of integration then appeared necessaryforhelpingdecisionsofauthorities andactors, at everylevel: integrationofdifferenttechnologicalapproaches,concerning the main concerned resources (energy,water,andwastes);andintegrationofdifferent sciencesor disciplines, in the sense of the organization of R&Dstructures, to create real links and transferts of knowl-edgebetweenthetechnological(i.e. instrumental)andthe socioeconomic or political (i.e. decisional) levels.

The main issue of the first level of integration, con-cerning technologies, isobviously toensure the techni-cal coherence of the resource management systems,notably by taking in account the links which exist be-tween the resources to manage, in terms of competi-tions,dependencies,exclusionsand/orcomplementarities.These linksarenumerous,andoften exist on differentplans: for example, between water and energy, local

water management always implies significant energyconsumptions, for solving quantity problems throughincreasing productions (by pumping in aquifers, ordesalination of sea water…) as well as for improvingthe quality of water, by various treatments… But watermay also be a source of energy at an other scale,through hydroelectric dams. The same kind of linksexistbetweenenergyandwaste,becausethewastetreat-ment systems always require energy in some steps (fu-els and electricity, for transport and pre-treatments),but may produce heat and/or other fuels in furthersteps. Lastly, some waste treatments also imply hugeamountsofwater, andproduceasmuchwastewater…So independent designs of these resources manage-ment subsystems may lead, on the whole, to non opti-mal, poorly efficient, and sometimes even absurd sys-tems. Integrated models, on this material plan, allowprecisedescriptions, simulationsandevaluationsof thepotential costsandbenefitsofdifferent solutions togetgoodusesof such technical links.

The main issue of the second level of integration,focused on methods for helping decisions, is to allowmore complete evaluations of systems and projects atother more general levels (that is, by definition, more«integrating» levels). So it implies, after and beyondthe technical integration described above:• in a first step, and at least, to include in the technical

modelsabasiceconomicalannealsof thedirectcostsandbenefits (investments,maintenanceandoperat-ing costs) of installation and running of consideredsystems.This typicallymicro-economicapproachcan

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help decisions of private actors, in the sense of theidentification of the best solutions for solving theirproblems independently of others, on a basically(technical and) financial point of view.

• in a second step, to evaluate more generally the eco-nomic impacts of resource management beyond itsdirect sphere, by taking in account the fact that cor-responding systems produce and consume othersgoods and services (than those for which they arebuilt), suchas land,materials, orequipments, andofcoursehumanwork,all thingswhichdetermineotheractivities in theireconomicalenvironment.This levelof analyse is specially relevant at the regional scale,for middle and long term perspectives, to help thedefinitionof localdevelopment strategies.

• in a third step, to take in account global constraintsorobjectives, concerningnotably social andenviron-mental,and/orothergeneral(cultural,political, stra-tegical…) issues of the resource management. Thislevel of analyse is specially relevant at the nationalandglobal scale, for long termscenariosondevelop-ment. It is generally based on the use of macroeco-nomic models, to include realistic views of the maineconomic structures and flows in the present… butits major issues are linked to the addition, in thesemodels, of descriptors of future activities expectedto solve new problems, considering new goals andvalues that thedevelopmentprogressively imposes tosocieties. In this view of things, taking in account so-cial and environmental externalities 1 of resourcemanagement appears as essential, in the sense thattheseexternalitiesmayconsiderablymodify thedeci-sioncriteria.All thesekindsandlevelsof integrationhaveofcourse

specific interests, which justified a huge diversity of re-searcheson themin theworld.But theproblemis thatno model or formal analysis can integer all these as-pects of realities… so that in practice, most of existingsystems and models do not explore all the field thateconomic evaluation should cover.

Because formal integration of «all» seems impossi-ble, forpractical aswell as for theoretical reasons 2 , theimprovement of decisions in concrete situations justcan come from efforts of integration of inte-integration of inte-integration of inte-integration of inte-integration of inte-grated modelsgrated modelsgrated modelsgrated modelsgrated models, with different combinations of ap-proacheswhosechoiceessentiallydependsonthescaleat which systems are studied - i.e. on the level of deci-sions.This integrationmay requireparallelor sequen-tial (hierarchical) uses of different models, and theinteractions between them are not necessarily formal,

nor automatic: what matters, in these efforts, is to takeinaccountasmuchaspossiblerelevantknowledgeandinformationsonconcernedsystems, and toallow theninteractions between concerned actors and deciders,before takingdecisionson thosebases.

The followingreviewofapproaches,models andap-plications will be intended to show the diversity of re-source management problems, and to try to identify,under this lightening, the specific assets of islands tobecome places of exemplary studies and realizations.

Principles and applicationsPrinciples and applicationsPrinciples and applicationsPrinciples and applicationsPrinciples and applicationsof some approaches ofof some approaches ofof some approaches ofof some approaches ofof some approaches of«integrated modelling»«integrated modelling»«integrated modelling»«integrated modelling»«integrated modelling»

Theorder inwhichmethodsandapplicationswillbepresented corresponds to a sense of lecture of things«from the realities to the decisions on them», that is:• from the concrete and technical aspects of resource

management at the levels where they are managedthrough the operation of various equipments (ofwhich functionsanddimensionshave tobepreciselyknownanddescribed)

• up to more abstract and global views of the samerealities, through integrations and changes of scaleallowing to evaluate them according to other crite-ria, to allow more general (and especially socioeco-nomic) interpretations of the issues of the systemsoperation (at longer and longer terms, and/or atlarger and larger scales), and so to prepare or helpdecisions.

Microeconomic analysisMicroeconomic analysisMicroeconomic analysisMicroeconomic analysisMicroeconomic analysisand simulation modelsand simulation modelsand simulation modelsand simulation modelsand simulation models

General principles and objectivesGeneral principles and objectivesGeneral principles and objectivesGeneral principles and objectivesGeneral principles and objectivesResourcemanagementproblemsonagiventerritory

are often firstly, - and it is a part of their definition-,problemsofadaptationof theseresources to theneedsof thepopulations (andmoregenerally systems,orac-tivities)whichuse this space.

Inanyexistingsystem,resourcesare indeedcollectedin precise forms by their collectors, at precise placesandmoments…whilehumanactivitiesdeterminedif-ferent and generally independent final uses. So thisadaptation can be necessary on different plans orthemes:• adaptation in the space, because the needs may be

locatedinotherplacesthanthosewheretheresources

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are collected or available; this fact implies the instal-lationofadapted transportationor transferdisposals(forexample, forelectricdistribution,water convey-ance, or waste collection).

• adaptation of the form, because collected resourcesmay be collected in forms which are not those re-quired by the activities; this fact implies the installa-tion of adapted conversion or transformationdisposals (forexample, forconversionofheat inelec-tricity, potabilization or desalination of water).

• adaptations in the time,becausecollectedresourcesmay be collected at moments which are not thosewhen they are required by activities; this fact impliesthe installation of adapted storage or transferdisposals (for example, by batteries, tanks or dams).

Fig.1: Different scales of time to consider

Several simulation tools can help to build modelsable to describe the functioning of systems associatingsomanykindsofdisposals.Their commonprinciple isto simulate separately the action of each disposal bydisintegrationof the time inasmanyperiods(steps)asnecessary to observe correctly the effects of time-lags,shiftsorgapsbetweenavailableresourcesandneeds,ateachstep.Forexample, thesuitablesteptimetochoosefor models concerning energy, water and/or waste

management isgenerallyonehour,becausevariationsof the corresponding flows (productions as well asconsumptions)arealwaysimportantduringaday,whichimply the installationof storage(whosecapacitieshaveto be adapted).

The principles and issues of the action of each dis-posal at each steptime are described by as many differ-ential equations(moreor lessexplicitly,dependingonsoftware)whoseparameters sumuptheperformancesor capacities of equipments. The description of theresources and needs can be made by using lists of dataand/or any simulation method giving realistic valuesof their amount in each period.

Suchsimulationshavetoberunduring longenoughperiods to allow the obtention of «balances sheets» ofthe simulated resource management in different con-ditionsor scenariosof functionigandequipment, andto calculate from them global indicators of the per-formances of the corresponding systems, in technicalterms(autonomy,pollutions…)aswell as ineconomicterms(investments, costsandbenefitsofoperation…).

This period is usually a «typical year», consideratedas representative of the «normal» resource profilesduring all the lifetime of simulated systems -in the sta-tistic sense-, so that the results of simulations can beusedfororientingthesizingofeachoftheirequipmentsby optimization, through descent algoritms 3 .

TheTheTheTheThe STELLASTELLASTELLASTELLASTELLA softwaresoftwaresoftwaresoftwaresoftwareTheSTELLA® software isanextensionof theDYNAMO

simulation language, to which it added a convenientgraphic interface allowing very direct and intuitivepossibilities of description of many kinds of real activestructures (i.e.describableas combinationsof sources,stocks, transfer systems, converters, and final uses).

This software simulates all the issues of events thatthe modellers want to describe between the elementsof the studiedsystem(collectionorproductionofcon-sumed goods, conversions, transfers, variations of thecontentof storages, finalusesandemissions…).Corre-spondingresultsarecalculatedonevery steptime(dT),possibly registered, and integrated on any period (T).Parameters T and dT are of course initially choosed(andthenmaybechanged, if suitable)by themodelist,depending on what he has to evaluate.

In spite of the remarquable lot of its qualities andaptitudes to describe the functioning of complex sys-tems(lowcost, simplicity, reliability,efficiency for teach-ing and demonstations, existence of compatible PCandMacintoshversions…), theSTELLAsoftwaremay

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turnout tobe inadequate forapplications inwhich it isnecessary to consider the management of many kindsof flows,and/ortodescribethroughspecial formalismssomerelationsbetweenvariables.

Fig.2: Principles of the Stella’s graphic formalism 4 ,

Applications of theApplications of theApplications of theApplications of theApplications of the STELLASTELLASTELLASTELLASTELLA softwaresoftwaresoftwaresoftwaresoftwareThe STELLA software has been applied to a large vari-

ety of technico-economic studies concerning energyand water management at different scales: houses,farms, villages,waterbasins, islands, andregions. Inallthese cases, it was used to search out optimal solutionsof equipments (versus an micro-economic criteria, in-dicating the time of return of investments) for satisfy-ingall thewaterandenergydemands, throughsystem-atic explorations of all their possible arrangements bydescent algorithms in present conditions (i.e. pricesand performances of equipments, current resourcesanddemands…).

Most of these studies concerned real insulated sys-tems for which it had sense (or was necessary) to lookfor solutionsofautonomy,notably throughtheexploi-tation of renewable resources of energy, notably fromsun(forelectricity and/orheatproduction)andwind(forelectricityormechanicalenergy).About insulatedsites, this research mainly concerned:• the island of FORMENTERA (i.e. the smallest island of

Baleares), for studying innovative solutions to face itsproblemsofwaterquality andscarcity, and toreduceits energy dependency by using renewable sources[BARROUK,VALETTE,1996];

• very recently, the islandofNOIRMOUTIER (France), fortheevaluationofeconomicandenvironmental issuesofwastewaterreuse,andevaluatepossibilitiesofusingwindenergyinthiscontext[BRISSAUD,VALETTE,XU,1999];

• a lot of imaginary «standard cases», studied in vari-ouscontextsofresearch[VALETTE,1994], trainingandteaching 5 , to explore the problematic of autonomyof insulated sites in energy and/or water through alarge diversity of situations and conditions (climate,activities, level of development…). The most inter-estingexamplesconcernedindividual insulatedhous-

ing(inmountainsor islands), largegroupsofhouses(villageshighupinthemountain,hollidayvillagesonislands),andveryspecialsites(highmountainobserva-tories, radiobeacons, island lighthouses…)inwhichautonomy is in fact aconstraint rather thanachoice.

The main general results of these experiences arethat:• the role of storage devices is really essential to adapt

collected resources to the needs of considered sys-tems. Insufficient storage capacities indeed lead tosignificantcuts in theirefficiency,by loss(in thesenseofnonuse)ofcollectedresources…but theyhave tobe limited under cost constraints, implying anacceptation of some losses. Their optimization, al-thoughit requiresmanysimulations, is soanessentialissueofmodelling—ofwhich itmustbeemphasizedthat it cannot be obtained differently!

• an interestingcomplementarityoftenexistsbetweensolar and wind resources, allowing to reach high lev-elsof autonomy inwindedsitesofmanyregions, spe-ciallyonsomemediterraneancoastsandislands.Thiscomplementarity generally allows only small reduc-tionsof the suitable (optimal) storagecapacities, butit notably limits the drawbacks of the high dayly andseasonal variabilities of each resource, limiting thefrequencyof resorts to sparegenerators, and improv-ing theglobal securityof energy supplies.

• inthesameidea,waterandenergysystemsintegrationallows a larger diversity of the themes of energy con-sumption, that leads to significative reductionsof thefrequencyof theperiods inwhichelectricitycollectedby solar and/or wind collectors cannot be used. Sowaterproductionandtreatmentappearasaninterest-ing(thoughnotreversible)complementartymeanofstorageofenergy...This interestprobablyexplains thefact that systems for production of freshwater (fromwastewaterorseawater)throughtheuseofrenewablesourcesof energyarenowdevelopped.But the idealsolutionfor integration, to limit storagecostsaswellasenergylosses, isofcoursetoletthegrid(whenitexists)absorbthemaximumofenergyproduction.In the situations of scarcity of water resources, it was

inadditionobserved that specific investments impliedby energy consumptions for water production andtreatments could reach the same order of magnitudethan the specific investments for water itself. So themost usual approach, through which water-systemsdesigners consider thatelectricity is a simple«externalutility» without feeling concerned about its produc-

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tion(specially indeveloppedcountries,where thegridis supposed tobealwaysable to satisfyneeds),may leadto serious underestimations of the global insvestmentwhichare reallynecessary for satisfyingofwaterneeds.

Thesestudiesalsoshowedthat,evenonislands, seek-ing for total autonomy from renewables resources ofenergy was generally still not realistic, from the eco-nomic point of view, in present conditions of prices ofimpliedtechnologies.

Other interresting issuesof these studiesconcerned,beyondpreciseanswers to specificquestions, theanaly-sis of long term scenarios (up to 20 years) of evolutionoftheconditionsofsimulationsandoptimizationaboutpopulation(demography), activities, evolutionofhab-its (development), investments, operating costs andperformances of concerned technologies, and rulesor logics of management. Such analyses indicate that,while taking in account strategic, social, or environ-mental externalities is often necessary today to justifyinvestmentson innovative technologies, thequickevo-

photovoltaic systems and windmills, of which applica-tions may soon meet real mass markets, such as air-conditionning (in the sense of heating and cooling,through heat pumps) in individual and communalhousing,orwaterdesalination.

The following illustrations concern a STELLA’s ap-plication to general problems of water-resource man-agement at the level of small territories (basins or re-gions) on which it has sense to aggregate water re-sources, demands and stocks, supposing that they canbe managed through common rules by a commonauthority.Thecompletemodel includesabout200vari-ables. Its principles have been adapted to the cases ofFormentera[BARROUK,VALETTE,1994],Palestine[MOURAD,VALETTE,1997]andNoirmoutier[BRISSAUD,VALETTE,XU,1999]. This model has been named WEIRM (WaterandEnergy IntegratedResourceManagement).

TheWEIRMmodelexplicitlydescribesandsimulatestheproductions, transfers, conversion, storages and fi-nal uses of four kinds of water resources: primary wa-ter, drinkablewater,wastewater, and seawater.Theele-ments of the system (equipments) of which function-ingcanbesimulatedhourperhour,duringonetypicalyear, are : global stocks for primary water (aquifer andnatural reservoirs, dams), and for every other qualityof water; converters for collecting water (pumps,impluvii),equipmentsforimprovingthequalityofwater(epuration,potabilization,deslination), andnetworks(for distribution of primary and drinkable waters, andcollection of wastewaters).

A lot of results can obviouly be obtained from somulti-variable models, so that the essential part of thework todoonthemconcerns theirexploitationratherthan their formal construction. The following figuresgive a glimpse of the form of some results directlycommingfromtheSTELLAsoftware(Fig.4),andfromEXCEL (in which one can easily «paste» someSTELLA’s results, for further data treatment ).

lution of their (increasing) per-formances and (decreasing)prices will soon makes that theirexploitationwillsurelybecomeob-vious inmoreandmorecommonsituationsduringthenextdecade,just because they will be interest-ing enough, by themselves, fromthepurely financialpointof view.This assertion notably concerns

fig.3: «Instrument pannel» if the WEIRM model

Fig.4: Technical analysis: Examples of tracing variables

(physical functioning of the system)

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As a provisional conclusion about this technico-eco-nomic levelof analysis of resourcemanagementprob-lems, through simulation models, it can be said that itisobviously justastepoftheiranalysis, surely inadequatefor answering all the questions which have to be askedon them… but surely also the most «strategic» one, inthe sense that it appears as the only way to get, forfurther levels, basic information on realities; and per-haps the most difficult to carry out, because it impliesa cooperation between a large diversity of scientificknowledgesonsystems,which isnot themostcommonpractice of most of scientists in concerned disciplines.

Meso-economic approaches, byMeso-economic approaches, byMeso-economic approaches, byMeso-economic approaches, byMeso-economic approaches, by«object oriented» models«object oriented» models«object oriented» models«object oriented» models«object oriented» models

General objectives and principlesGeneral objectives and principlesGeneral objectives and principlesGeneral objectives and principlesGeneral objectives and principlesIt iswellknownthat, inanycommunity,optimal solu-

tions for the whole system are not those which maxi-mize the individual interest of each actor.

Thisevidencecomesfromthefact that theusualdefi-nitionsof individualoptimumareessentially referedtocriteriaswhichdonot integersomeelementsof thecol-lective interest inside the systeminside the systeminside the systeminside the systeminside the system (notably con-cerningtheproblemofsharingcommonorfreeendog-enous resources); nor some other elements of the col-lective interest out of the systemout of the systemout of the systemout of the systemout of the system (concerning thesameresources,and/or implyingotherones).

For this reason -amongmany,butagoodone ishereenough-, themicro-economicanalysisofresourceman-agement problems of a system have to be completedbymoreglobal approaches inwhich themanagementof common resources, and/or the relations of the sys-tem with other systems, can be considered.

In the present discussion about islands, this exten-sion mainly concerns problems of environment, onwhich is appears necessary to put a special attention

fected, in the sense of a generalization of the role ofeach element of the system, as potentially producerand/or consumer of several goods.

Inthefieldof systemsanalysis, thisambitionimpliesavery general mode of representation of the structuresof systems,basedontheprinciplesof«objectprogram-ming» of which STELLA does not always allow com-pleteapplications 6 .

The SOSIE softwareThe SOSIE softwareThe SOSIE softwareThe SOSIE softwareThe SOSIE softwareRather than a model, the SOSIE software was de-

signedtohelp theconstructionandoperationof simu-lationmodels through this «objectprogramming»ap-proach, in which the structure of complex systems arerepresented as articulations of transformers (or «ob-jects») linked by exchanges (flows) of various goodsandservices.

Fig.6: The basic view of systems through the object

programming principle

Inanygivenlevelofanalysis, a«system»cangenerallybe seen as a combination of several subsystems (likeM1,M3,etc.onFig.6)whichexchangedifferentkindsof flows (lines linking the blocks). But the initial «sys-tem» itself may also be seen as a subsystem of a biggersystem…andsomeinitial «subsystems»may theirselvesincludeseveral subsystems.Oneof the interestsof«ob-ject» description made by SOSIE is to manipulate eas-ily thesechangesof levels.

Fig.5: Economic analysis: examples of local optimizations within a descent

algorithm, under different hypothesis on costs of equipments and price of water)

because many of them draw alot of their monetary re-sources fromtourism,verysen-sible to its quality… But otherconsiderations, such as theprinciple of seeking for au-tonomy beyond direct eco-nomicinterest,canplaya largeroleinalldecisonsattheirlevel.

These facts lead to concievemodels in which the integra-tion of the resource manage-ment questions has to be per-

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Inthisviewof thingsbySOSIE7 , an object can be anabstraction of any physical element: the soil, a river, awaste water treatment plant, or an abstract element: ademand, an activity, etc. It is defined by its behaviourrather than by its structure, because its environmentcanonlyperceive its reactions todiverse stimuli («blackbox» principle). Its description includes a database(staticportion)andanumberofprocedures(dynamicportion). An interface provides communication withits environment. A system of messages transmits re-quests that arebeingexecuted fromanotherobjectorfrom the user interface (Fig.7).

Fig.7: SOSIE element (subsystem)

SOSIE allows the management of several resourcesat the same time by each module (or subsystem). Themodeller has just to indicate (by logic or graphic in-structions)whatare thepossibleconnectionsbetweenmodules, and to describe the transformations appliedto the flows. Each module may receive and produceup to 10 flows, but combinations of modules are ofcourse possible is more is necessary.

Each element of a system is scaled by internal vari-ables and located with respect to other objects, whichmay match an explicit spatial situation. Flow transfor-mationsandtransfersareanalyzedovera successionofperiods or time steps. The module type is explicitlydefined. Generic or specific modules can be filed intoa library of objects for later retrieval and for use byothermodels.

Ten different clocks keep track of time. Each opera-tion is attributed a periodicity linked to one of theclocks. Daily operations, monthly means and an an-nualbalancecanbe simulated simultaneously.

Singleorprogrammedseriesof simulationsarepos-sible [VALETTE, 1990]. In the first case, simulations fol-lowaninvariablemanagement logic.Ateachtimestep,flowexchangesandinternal statevariablescanbothbemonitored. In the latter case, a programmed modulemanages the succession of simple simulations. The

methodicexplorationofparameter variationcan leadto sensibility analysis or tooptimisations.

Managementrulescanalso includehierarchicalcallsofmodulesorof flowcomputationorder.Usually, thesehierarchies are fixed in order to control completelythe courses of operations. These constraints can alsobe relaxed. Modules can be invoked dynamically, andflow computation and transfers can also be geared tothe behaviour of the system environment.

The SOSIE software has been programmed in sucha way that the construction of models may be under-taken by any kind of scientist, even non specialists incomputer science:• the first definition of a model may be introduced in

a very intuitive graphic mode, by dropping symbolsof the elements of the system on any backgroundimage (for instance, on a digitalized map or photo,or on a functional diagram…)

• the connections between the elements are very sim-ple to create, by graphics as well, and the relationsdescribing the corresponding flows are also easy towrite(inanadvancedversionoftheBASIClanguage),inany form(singleequations,or subroutines).

• thelogical rulesofmanagementof thedifferent flowsmay be fixed at the level of the elements, or at ageneral level (by a kind of supervisor),

• many accessory functions are implemented for the«user’s comfort», such as tracing functions, sensitiv-ity analysis andgraphic-tracing facilities…

• elements or groups of elements, may be «trans-ported» from one model to another one, or du-plicated and stored in a «library», so that the mod-eller can reuse them as he wishes, saving a lot oftime in building new models, or variants of previ-ous models.

Applications of theApplications of theApplications of theApplications of theApplications of the SOSIESOSIESOSIESOSIESOSIE softwaresoftwaresoftwaresoftwaresoftwareMost of the applications of SOSIE were realized be-

tween 1986 and 1994 at MONTPELLIER, by the Centred’Ecotechniques of the CNRS, on a large diversity ofsubjects in the field of resource management. Theynotably concerned:• themanagementof thenaturalgasresources inWest-

ernEurope,with long termscenarios for supply anddemand[PERCEBOIS,VALETTE,1991]

• the management of energy, water and waste prod-ucts in a french urban community of about 300 000habitants [VALETTE &Al,1991]

• themanagementofwater in the MONTPELLIER region[COLAS,1991].

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• the management of water, energy and waste, in thecase of the Formentera island, soon mentionedabove8 [VERNAY,1995].

The Formentera model allowed, about islands, amuchmoredetailedanalysisofenergyandwaterman-agement, considering more qualities of flows of corre-spondingresources, andmoresolutions for theirman-agements through a parallel action of more varioustechnologies for energy conversions and water treat-ments. This application also integrated an in depthanalysis of the environmental issues of the water re-source management, because the Formentera islandknewthenseriousproblemsofwaterquality,essentiallylinked to the development of the freshwaterconsumptions by tourism during the two last decades.

Such enlargements of problematic allowed to verifythe benefits of integrated approaches in the sense ofthe improvement of the technical coherence and effi-ciency of systems in the short term, as well as in termsofpossibilitiesof taking inaccount longtermevolutionofactivities forhelpingdecisionsonlocaldevelopment.

A new development of SOSIE software is now in theprocess of being realized, notably to make it runableon most of PCs, to simplify its interaction to othersoftwares, andtoequip itwithmore friendly-user inter-faces, all improvements which should considerablyopen the field of its applications.

Concerning islands, the most interesting themes ofapplicationof this softwarewillofcourseconcernprob-lems of development and environment in archipels,for which its «object programming» approach is natu-rally relevant, and probably the most efficient.

Macroeconomic approaches byMacroeconomic approaches byMacroeconomic approaches byMacroeconomic approaches byMacroeconomic approaches bylinear programminglinear programminglinear programminglinear programminglinear programming

General principlesGeneral principlesGeneral principlesGeneral principlesGeneral principlesThe thirdlyproposed stepof integration, asdefined

in introduction, implies toconsider theresourceman-agement through very global views of the systems, forbeing able to evaluate its general issues on themacroeconomic point of view, notably about employ-mentandenvironment,whichappearaskey-problemsofmostofdevelopedcountries in theirpresentexperi-ence of going out of a long term crisis 9 .

In fact, this phase of development is known to beessentiallyendogenous,thatis tightly linkedtotheemer-gence of new activities which satisfy new expectationsof consumers, andallow thenecessary reallocationsof

work and wealth… The development of these new ac-tivities may take some decades, but naturally stops atthe level at which they satisfy the corresponding new«needs». So the possibility of describing the existenceof «new activities to solve new problems» is surely anessentialconditionofthequalityof longtermprevisionson development. In its context of uncertainty, this de-scription may stay essentially global and functionalrather thandetailedanddynamic,because itspurposeis more to take in account global constraints and ob-jectives, rather than to give hour per hour or day perday views of operations.

Suchintentionsfindinthelinearprogrammingmod-ellingapproacha largepartof their solutions,becausethisapproachallows thesimulationandtheevaluationof the issues of many kinds of changes in any givensystem, throughthe introductionofmanykindsofnewactivities in the description of its present state in thisformalism.

The MEPP softwareThe MEPP softwareThe MEPP softwareThe MEPP softwareThe MEPP softwareAs SOSIE and MEPP softwares are designed to help

the building of simulation models, (rather than mod-els by themselves), MEPP 10 is designed to help thebuildingof linearmodels (onany subject).

The main interest of linear models is their ability torepresent the structures of exchanges in complex sys-tems, including many types of equipments and activi-ties, when the relations between this equipment andthese activities may be described through linear equa-tions summarizing what they do with others (i.e. whatthey produce, consume, import or export).

These models are specially useful for regional eco-nomics in which the information is not sufficient todescribeeverything that is really exchanged—suchasin developing countries, where the statistics are notadapted to reality and/or are not reliable, and wheretheunofficial sector represents anessentialpartof theeconomy.

Theprincipleof thisapproach is toconsider that,onany given territory, it is necessary to verify that, for allthe movements of goods and services around whichthe economy is organized, the balance between pro-duction plus imports on one side, and consumptionplus exports, on the other side, is positive.

Considering that production and consumption ofgoods and services are proportional to the level of ac-tivities implied in this relationship, this hypothesis im-plies as many linear equations as there are goods andservices.

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Someotherequationsmaybe introducedtoexpressother global or specific constraints (such as natural oragreed limits of some levels of activity, e.g. areas avail-able for agriculture, or quantities of usable water, ornumbers of people active in the population, etc.). Asthis informationgenerallypermits and infinityof solu-tions (because it is sub-determined, including morevariables than constraints), it is also necessary to intro-duce a criterion for optimization.

Linear programming is a powerful tool, useful forhelping the description of complex structures whoseelements are linked by many constraints. It knew a lotofapplications inagricultureandindustry, toplanman-agementofresourcesand/ordevelopmentprocesses…At the level of regions or states, it may also be appliedto theevaluationof the impactsofglobalpolicies,oroflocalprojects,givingalotof informationonthechangesthat any action has, directly and indirectly, on all itsenvironment.

A«scenario» is a combinationof constraints andob-jectives which translate a given global orientation oftheeconomic systemconcerned.A«solution» for sucha scenario is a list of all the values of the variables, thatindicates the levels of the activities, and which permitsthepositionofallgoodsandservices in thesystemtobeanalysed.

This representation of the reality can be very com-plete(i.e.describehundredsofactivities,andhundredsof goods or services), rather long to realize and notveryeasy touse,but it can includeandmakeconsistenta lotof technicaloreconomical informations, andgivea lot of useful results under the form of very complete

evaluations of different kinds of actions, from localprojects to general policies.

In the fieldof resourcemanagement, ithas the inter-est to allow as good as possible estimations of theamountsofresourceswhichmaybeproducedandcon-sumed, in different scenarios of development, of anycountry of a region. These evaluations include the di-recteffectsofdescribedactions,which isgenerallyeasy,but they also their induced (or indirect) effects, by

takinginaccount interactionsthrough goods and servicesother thandirectly studiedre-sources.

This approach finds in is-landaspecial interest,becausemost of their exchanges withtheireconomicenvironment(in the sense of «the rest oftheworld»)aregenerally reg-istered,eitherdirectly invalue(as importsorexports),eitherthrough their issues in termsof transports. It is also veryco-herent, in this application,with the fact that autonomyversus many goods and serv-ices is «naturally» a stronger

constraint in islands that incontinental sitesorregions.The last but not the least interest of linear program-

ming is that it allows indepthanalysesof the sensitivityof «solutions» (or optimal combinations of activities)to changes of the optimization criteria, which is notnecessarily economicas inclassicalmodels, andsocanexpress any other (or complementary) objective ofpolicy. So it can give evaluations of the relative costsand benefits of taking in account environmentalistcontraints, concerning for example air and waterpollutions, and so allow some non-contingent estima-tionsof corresponding«externalities».

It is tonote thedevelopmentofpowerfulalgorithmsfor solving large systems of different kinds of equa-tions recently made it possible to go beyond someclassical bounds of linear programming, concerningfor example the respect of whole number and thresh-old 11 constraints on some variables, or the descrip-tion of scale effects (implying fractional exponents).So new formal connections between linear program-ming and other (notably econometric) models arenow possible, by integration of non linear equations[ANDRIES,1997].

Fig. 3: Arrangement of data types processed

268268268268268

Applications of the MEPP softwareApplications of the MEPP softwareApplications of the MEPP softwareApplications of the MEPP softwareApplications of the MEPP softwareThis approach has also been applied to a great vari-

ety of problems of development in Europe and ThirdWorld, at the local or regional level (in the sense ofnaturaloradministrativeregions).Severalof thesestud-ieswererealized incooperationwithsociologists,geog-raphers and ethnologists, as well as in contact with lo-cal populations, to identify as realistic as possible sce-narios of development. All these studies concerned«continental»economies,butdeservetobementionedhere because their principles can be easily adapted tocontext of many islands (notably Mediterranean), us-ing a lot of their data (in terms of nomenclatures ofgoods and activities, as well as in terms of data). Theyconcern indeed:• the evaluation of technical and economical feasibil-

ityofenergy self-sufficiencyofa smallMediterraneanregion[BRITTO,1985];

• theexplorationofa largediversityof socioeconomicscenariosof localdevelopment, ina southern frenchdepartment[COURRÈGE,DEFLANDRE,GACHIE,MATARASSO,1987];

• the comparison of several approaches of the evalua-tion of environmental policies, in a french southernregion,[MANTEROLA,VALETTE,1997];

• the description of informal economic systems andsocial structures in several African regions or coun-triesoftheThirdWorld,[CHENEAU-LOQUAY,MATARASSO,1998].

Other approaches,Other approaches,Other approaches,Other approaches,Other approaches,complementarities and joint usescomplementarities and joint usescomplementarities and joint usescomplementarities and joint usescomplementarities and joint uses

Other approaches,Other approaches,Other approaches,Other approaches,Other approaches,forms and levels of aggregationforms and levels of aggregationforms and levels of aggregationforms and levels of aggregationforms and levels of aggregation

The ambition of the above «revue» of models andapplications was obviously not to cover all the field ofapproaches which can help the analysis of resourcemanagement problems in islands, and then to takedecisions on that in their context. So macroeconomicmodels,expert systems,andmulti-agentmodels,aswellas Geographical Information Systems (GIS), were notdiscussed… while they know (or have known) a hugedevelopment on similar questions. Each of them is anexpressionofotherviewsof thesameproblems,puttingemphasis on some of their dimensions only :• macroeconomic models are devoted to the evalua-

tion of the global economic issues of some decisions(on growth, employment…) at the level of nations,big regions and states, and large islands, on which

they require large statistic databases; they do not al-low precise descriptions of the projects themselves,but take in account some of their intermediate ef-fects (which may be then supposed, or estimatedthroughothermodels);

• expert systems are rather devoted to the descriptionof situations, in which the knowledge of the rules offunctioning of the system, and/or the results of pre-vious experiences of other systems in similar situa-tions (collected in a database), are used to suggestwhatis tobedone.Someofthemcanbeprogrammedto automatically integer and put in form new rulesanddata fromtheirownexperience, andsobecomekindsof«learning systems»;

• multi-agent models also simulate situations, but atthe level of the elementary actors of management(or,moregenerally,ofanyeconomic system); so theycan describe some interactions between them, andinteger some learning processes, to finally help theevaluation of some global effects of the set of theirdecisions at more global levels; the multiplication ofagents and the variability of their behaviour can givea great realism to such representations;

• geographical information systems are essentiallydatabases (rather thanmodels),whichof courseputemphasis on space to describe what exists in eachpart of any territory, according to a given precisionof itsdivisionintoelementaryareas;butsomeofthemnow integer dynamic descriptions of what they sur-vey in each of these areas, and even some models todo it, so they tendeither tobecomefullmodels,or tobe used as active components of other models.The purpose of this short «complementary review»

of other models is not to confine each of them to asmall role, but it is rather to show the richness of the«toolbox»onwhichresourcemanagement studiescanbe based. So in every particular case, this potentialshould be fully considered to identify the best ap-proach,or thebestcombinationofapproaches tocarryout, according to the size and the complexity of thesystem, the state of the information on it… and thekind of problems to solve in it, as well as the process ofdecision on which the solutions will depends (whichmaydetermineapartof the formofexpectedresults).

Complementarities and joint-usesComplementarities and joint-usesComplementarities and joint-usesComplementarities and joint-usesComplementarities and joint-usesbetween modelsbetween modelsbetween modelsbetween modelsbetween models

Being given that any model of a reality is by defini-tion a partial view of this reality, some (more or less)useful complementarities of course exist between dif-

269269269269269

ferent models of any system. It is also obvious that themore thesemodelsdiffer, considering forexampledif-ferent scales of time and/or space, and the more this«complementarity»willbegreat…but themorealso itwill be difficult to interpret and compare their resultsthrough a common logic of evaluation.

In spiteof largedifferencesbetween theirprinciplesand objectives, a great complementarity exists, whichcan be valorized in concrete terms, between the threemodelsonwhichwerelatedourexperience in the firstpart of this communication:• STELLA andSOSIE, forexample, as simulationmodels,

turn out to be very interesting to be successivelyimplemented for studying complex systems: STELLA

allows a quick and comfortable construction (andchecking) of models describing the functioning ofsome simple systems, which can then be consideredas subsystems inSOSIE.

• STELLA and/or SOSIE need to be fed with exogenousdata for describing the flows of resources and de-mandstheyhavetohandle(dependingonpopulation,habits, nature and level of development of many ac-tivities…), and the equipments involved in resourcemanagement (dams, networks, treatment units…).Mostof thesedata,whichgenerally result fromother(macro) levels of organization or decision, can beobtainedthroughaparallelMEPPapproach[COLAS,VALETTE, 1992]. In the other direction, some resultsfrom STELLA and/ or SOSIE (annual balances of theresource flows, optimized dimensions and costs ofequipments…)maybeusedbyMEPPasdata, to takeimplicitly in account the problems of variability ofsome flows in the time, and/or of distances betweenthe subsystems in the space.For what concerns other models or approaches, a

lot of promising experiences are left to be realizedabout resource management: MEPP can be partiallylinked to macro-econometric models, SOSIE andMEPPmaysimplyusedatafromGIS,orcompletethemas full models, for allowing a better integration of spa-tial constraints; expert systemsandmulti-agentmodelscan also use and/or serve other approaches, for a bet-terdescriptionofbehavioursandinteractionsbetweenthe actors of the system…

Butmostof theseenterprisesareeasier to list than toundertake, because they suppose concretecooperations between very different institutions anddisciplines, which is always difficult to promote in thepresentprevailinglogicofspecialization, forcedbymostof research institutions…Correspondingprojects can

however and happily draw more and more financingfrom international programmes (mainly financed bythe UN and by the EC), which express a strong socialdemandabout sustainabledevelopment.

Conclusions and perspectivesConclusions and perspectivesConclusions and perspectivesConclusions and perspectivesConclusions and perspectives

Onlongterm, thedevelopmentprocess impliesa lotofparallelprogresses in twocomplementary fields thathuman affairs sometimes seem to oppose: the field ofideas and knowledge, on one hand, and the field ofthingsandtechnologies,ontheotherhand.Theprob-lematic of resources management is obviously not a«new» one, in the sense that all civilizations have beenboundtodowith it,with theirpropermeansandtools,aspirations and constraints… But the problematic ofthis Summit, as well as the theme of our communi-cation in this context, are surely going with recent (inthe senseof twoor threedecades)and important factsor trendsof thecurrentworld’sdevelopmenton thesetwoplans.

In the cultural field, these changes notably con-cerned: advances of kwowledge in every domain (intermsof informationsonandmethods); strongaspira-tions of people for more security in the satisfaction oftheirneeds(in termsofquantities aswell as in termsofquality); and a global petition for different forms ofidentity,relatedtoterritoriesorcultures.This last themeconcernsmanyislandsandremoteregionsoftheworld,to which it probably give new impulses to act for theirinterests… as well as assets for interesting tourists.

In the material field, many spectacular progressesalso gave to most of actors more and better tools toobserve, to think, to search and to communicate; toanalyze situationsandtoactontheirelements; tobuildortochangestructures; to travelandtotransportgoodsand equipments; to study and control life… that is, atthe end, as so many means to realize what came tothem from the field of ideas, and to make that men,through the development of their societies, globallyget a better and better control of time and of space.

All thesefacts inthematerialandtechnological fieldsobviously had a lot of influence on the field of ideasitself…but thepointhere isnotwhatprevails,betweenthings and ideas: it is just to note that they always inter-act positively in the above listed directions.

So the development of the exploitation of renew-able sourcesofenergymeetsglobal aspirationsofpeo-ple for long term security of supplies (sustainability),and serves at the same time the cause of the quality of

270270270270270

environment(littlewaste,nogreenhouseeffect…);andit appears as particularly relevant in many islands, forwhich it meets, beyond technical criteria, strong aspi-rations for autonomy(which is a formof security) andidentity.Andso thedevelopmentofnewmethodsandtools to studyand integer resourcemanagementprob-lemsgoeswiththedevelopmentofknowledgeonthingsandsystems(onpeople, technologies, societies…),withthe development of tools for getting and using thisknowledge,andofcoursewith thedevelopmentof theresourcemanagement technologies, themselves.

All these interactions naturally lead to a consider-able complexification of the decision processes, be-cause the theoretical range of choices is always widen-ing, and the means to explore it (to evaluate their is-sues) always increase… but at the same time the list ofconstraintson themis lengthening. Inotherwordswecan do much more, but there is much more to do,beforeacting, to integer thenewelements, constraintsand aspirations of our development.

Islands sogloballyappearasakindof«idealenviron-ment»:

BOCQUILLON (C.), VALETTE (F.) et VERNAY (L.), 1997

«Water and Energy Resources Management on Medi-

terranean Islands: a Modelling Integrated Approach

for Regional Economic and Environmental Development

Planning». Communication at the Mediterranean Confe-

rence on Renewable Energy Sources for Water Pro-

duction. European Commission (DG XII). Santorini

(Grèce) 10-12 Juin 1996, CEE/CRES Ed., Pikermi

(Grèce): 244-252.

BRISSAUD (F.), VALETTE (F.), 1997 - «Technico-economic

modelisation of water resources management: models

integration principles, and application to water re-use

projects», Définition d’une recherche dans le cadre du

programme européen ENVIRONNEMENT ET CLIMAT,

Laboratoire «Géofluides, Bassins, Eau» (Université de

Montpellier II), 12p.

VALETTE F., 1997 - «Modélisation de la gestion intégrée de

ressources renouvelables en milieu insulaire: approches

par la modélisation», Communication à l’atelier «Initiative

Eco-Régionale: Régions Insulaires Tropicales et

Méditerranéennes», CIRAD Montpellier, 1-2 décembre

1997, 8p.

LESOURD (J.-B.), PERCEBOIS (J.), VALETTE (F.), (Eds Sci),

1996 «Models for Energy Policy», Association

d’Econométrie Apliquée. Routledge Ed., London, 253 p.

• for realizing integrated studies on development, inwhich taking inaccounta lotofnewquestions(iden-tity, quality, security, autonomy…) is not an artificialchoice, but answers to real problems and expecta-tions of the actors themselves;

• aswellas forrealizingexemplarysystemsof integratedresourcemanagement, inwhichmostof thebenefitsof systems integration may be maximal.Beyond these concrete issues, and all the kinds of

integration we suggested about them, what is at stakewith islands surely also justifies now important effortson the more global plan of institutional and interna-tional integrations, on a worldwide scale.

International organizations, such as the United Na-tions (notably through UNESCO), and the EuropeanUnion(essentially throughitsFrameworkProgrammesforR&D12 ), have soon largely contributed to open thisway. But specific networks, such as INSULA13 andRITME14 , can naturally play an essential role in thismatter, notably at the political and scientific levels…and directly at the worldwide scale, by the way ofINTERNET.

VALETTE (F.), 1996 - «Intégration des approches tech-

nique et économique au sein d’un modèle de gestion

de l’eau appliqué à un réseau de distribution d’eau

potable», Note de présentation d’un modèle,

Laboratoire «Géofluides, Bassins, Eau», Univ. Montpellier

II, Montpellier, 5p + annexes.

VALETTE (F.), 1996 - «Energies renouvelables et

environnement: approche régionale par programmation

linéaire», Rapport final d’étude dans le cadre du projet

SAFIRE (CEE-DGXII), CNRS et Institut des

Aménagements et de l’Environnement, Montpellier, 69

pages + annexes

VALETTE (F.), 1995 - «Modélisation et représentation des

connaissances». Communication d’introduction de la

session «Halieutique et Modélisation» au Deuxième Fo-

rum Halieumétrique. IFREMER Nantes 26-28 Juin 1995,

Coll. Colloques et Séminaires, ORSTOM Ed., Paris, 15 p.

BOQUILLON (C.), COLAS (H.), VALETTE (F.), 1993 -

«Modélisation de la gestion intégrée des ressources en

eau dans les zones littorales méditerranéennes - Appli-

cation au cas du bassin versant du Lez (Hérault)»,

22èmes Journées de l’Hydraulique, in «L’avenir de

l’eau», Sté Hydrologique de France, 10p., 1993.

VALETTE (F.), COLAS (H.), 1992 - «Integrated Water Re-

sources Management Modelling in the Méditerranean

References and Bibliography

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Region», Middle East Multilateral Working Group Confe-

rence on Water Resources, Washington, 26p.

VALETTE (F.), COLAS (H.), 1992 - «Modélisation de la

gestion intégrée des ressources en eau en région

méditerranéenne», Rapport final de Contrat européen

EUR-DG I / CREDEN dans le cadre de la préparation

de la Conférence de Washington sur la paix au Moyen-

Orient, ASSEAU, Montréal-Centre d’Ecotechniques du

CNRS, Montpellier, 24p.

VALETTE (F.), 1990 «Présentation d’un nouvel outil de simu-

lation: SOSIE 2», Communication au Séminaire Franco-

Vietnamien «Planification énergétique, formation et

coopération», Hanoï, Vietnam, 26-30 mars 1990, 11 p.

VALETTE (F.), 1990 «Les outils de la Recherche

Opérationnelle: analyse des fonctions et des complé-

mentarités aux niveaux micro, meso et macro-

économique», Communication à l’Atelier «Recherche

Opérationnelle et Développement», CNRS - GIS

«Systèmes Energétiques et Utilisations de l’Espace,

Montpellier, Janvier 1990, 12 p.

VALETTE (F.), 1989 «Des outils de la prospective régionale:

principes et applications». Cahiers de l’Observatoire

International de Prospective Régionale, Paris, Mai 1989,

9 p.

JAMET (M.) et VALETTE (F.), 1989 «Un outil de simulation

pour la gestion des ressources: SOSIE. Notice

d’utilisation du logiciel», Centre d’Ecotechniques du

CNRS, Montpellier, 130 p.

VALETTE (F.), 1988 «L’ouverture européenne et ses

besoins en méthodes: exemples de prospective

régionale», Communication au Colloque international

INRA «Agricultures régionales et politiques

économiques», Montpellier - Sce Publications de l’INRA,

Actes et Colloques, 12 p.

KHELFAOUI (Z.), ORLIAC (J.) et VALETTE (F.), 1987-

«Définition d’un modèle de simulation et optimisation de la

gestion des ressources en eau dans les zones littorales

méditerranéennes». Rapport d’A.T.P. au PIREN, Centre

d’Ecotechniques du CNRS et Centre Régional de

productivité et d’Etudes Economiques, Montpellier, 91 p.

VALETTE (F.), 1986 - «Simulation and optimisation of local

complex systems using renewelable energy ressources:

the SOSIE model and some of its applications». Inter-

national Congress on Renewelable Energy Sources.

Madrid, 18-23 mai 1986, 8 p.

VALETTE (F.), 1985 - «Simulation et Optimisation de

Systèmes Micro-énergétiques.», Thèse, Université Paul

Sabatier, Toulouse, tome 1, 439 p.

CHENEAU-LOQUAY (A.), MATARASSO (P.), 1998 -

«Approche du développement durable en milieu rural

africain», l’Harmattan, 1998, Paris.

ANDRIES (C.), 1887, «La modélisation économique

régionale, une contribution à l’élargissement des poten-

tialités de l’approche MEPP», mémoire de DEA «Ana-

lyse et Modélisation Economique», Université de Paris

I, sous la direction de F. VALETTE, 91p.

1 Economists define externalities as flows of resources

which cannot be taken in account in the classical and

«official» economic analysis at the moment when they

happen, because their economic values are not yet

precisely identified (so they have no price, and ther is

no market on which they can be exanged, with precise

financial issues), and/or simply because they are not

(or cannot be) observed by present statistic systems.

2 Practical reasons are linked to the limits of detailed

descriptions of large systems by models… and by the

limits of human brains to really control (rather than to

concieve) large models. These limts are often contested

by technologists and methodologists, who think that

computers and models will be sooner or later able to

solve all problems… But the theory of complexity

showed that at the end this debate had no sense - in

spite of regular advances of corresponding sciences,

because of the limits of…

3 Optimization methods devoted to find any extremum of

a function of several variables, when this function is not

NOTAS

described by analytical expressions, but by discrete

(point per point) evaluations.

4 This diagram illustrates, through a very simple exam-

ple of (imaginary) system, the main functions that

STELLA can describe: rectangles represent storages

(and show the relative state of their content); circles

are symbols of variables or parameters, double ar-

rows show flows, associated to variables which ex-

press their amont; simple arrows indicate that rela-

tions exist betweeen connected variables, from those

which determine results to those which are so deter-

mined (calculated); clouds représent, depending on

that they are at the origin or at the end of double

arrows (i.e. flows), sources or end-uses of relative flows.

Different graphic tools allow modifications of the model

from its diagram, to move, remove or color any ele-

ment. Graphs and tables can be automatically edited

to trace the values of all the variables, while an ana-

logic animation can directly show their instantaneous

(and relative) state on the diagram.

272272272272272

5 For third-cycle courses and doctoral training insured

by the author on modelling since several years, at the

universities of Montpellier I (economics) and Montpellier

II (hydrology) and Paris I (environment).

6 Essentially because its basic formalism cannot define

multi-function operators.

7 In french, SOSIE is the acronym of «Simulation an Op-

timization of Integrated Systems for Environmental (analy-

sis). This software was developped by M. JAMET and F.

VALETTE at the Centre d’Ecotechniques of the CNRS

(Montpellier), directed by the author, during the middle

80”s.

8 In fact, this study preceded the STELLA’s application

mentionned in the previous chapter, and was the source

of its datas. The STELLA application was just under-

taken to make available a more simple and carriable

version of the model, and to use it in the perspective of

training students on its subject with PCs-beeing given

that the SOSIE approach was developped for Macin-

tosh only.

9 In the sense of Kondratiev…

10 Acronym of the french expression: «MODÉLISATION

ECONOMIQUE PHYSIQUE ET PROSPECTIVE’. This software was also

developped by the Centre d’Ecotechnique of the CNRS

at MONTPELLIER.

11 Whole number constraints may concern some indus-

trial equipments (such as large power-stations, wind-

mills or trucks) of which it would not be realistic to con-

sider as real (math. form) variables their number in a

system. To put a treshold constraint on a variable im-

plies than this variable must be either greater than a

certain number, or equal to zero. These two kinds of

constraints are often suitable to make correct formula-

tions of the resource management problems, but they

lead to a significative complexification of the algorithms

which have to search for their solutions.

12 Specially, for what concerns the present reflexion,

through its specific programme «Energy and

Environnement», which covers most of the themes of

research that we mentionned in this paper (i.e. energy,

water, waste, and integrated approaches of their man-

agement in the context of sustainable development).

13 UNESCO,

14 Réseau Insulaire et Tropical -

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RapporteursRapporteurs

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275275275275275

TTTTThe presentations can be categorized into twobroad areas:• Challenges to renewable energy systems or the diffi-

cultiesaswell asopportunities topromoterenewableenergyas viableenergyalternatives;

• Policiesandstrategies in favourofenhancingrenew-able energy capacity.

ThecontributionsofManuelCendagortaGalarzaofITER, Tomas Azcárate of ITR (Responsible TourismInstitute)describedthechallenges,whileamuchgreaterconcern with Policies and Strategies was reflected inthe papers of Juan Fraga of EUFORES, AngelLandabaso of the European Commission and byAntonio Lopez of the Government of the Canary Is-lands.

Mr Cendagorta gave an overview of the present andpredicted declining consumption of fossil fuels andtheir finaldisappearancewithin thenext150yearsandvarious types of alternative renewable energy sourcesthat would become more important. He concludedthat there it is necessary to create Island Energy Agen-cies, as each island should set up its own agency toanalyze technical and resource needs. Furthermore,new legislation to promote the use of renewable en-ergy should be adapted or adopted, with the objectiveofmeeting100%energydemandwithrenewableener-gies.

In some sectors such as Tourism energy is crucial.The challenge is how to balance energy demand anduse in the tourist industrywith respect for theenviron-

Sustainable Energies: a newchallenge for the islands

ment and other social demands. This was the view ofTomas Azcárate of ITR, who proposed a number ofstrategies that shouldbepursued.

Globalization and liberalization are likely to gener-atearadicalchange inenergydemandanduseas isola-tion among countries is reduced. According to JuanFraga, this is theopportunity fornewpoliciesandstrat-egies to maximize opportunities. The European Un-ion should develop an integrated approach to renew-able energy and the market mechanisms to promoteit. At the moment, there is no common energy policyin theEuropeanUnion,but ratheracollectionof vari-ous national energy policies with some countries re-taining their commitment to nuclear energy, whileother ban it. There is need for a consensus on a com-mon energy policy and strategy.

Proposals for addressing this situation include:• Removing obstacles from renewable energy;• Promote social awareness of renewable energy,• Develop a market for renewal energy,• Defineandpromotepolitical and legislative context

favourable to renewable energy use and demand• Clean water and clean energy should be the objec-

tive mix in our policy goals.

In considering the renewable energy strategy in theCanary Islands, António Lopez showcased the infor-mationsystemestablishedbytheGovernmentconcern-ing energy use and demand. The use of this Web Siteallows for interaction between the Government andthepeople.

RAPPORTEUR: RRRRRONALDONALDONALDONALDONALD G. PG. PG. PG. PG. PARRISARRISARRISARRISARRIS

INSULA

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Thereare legislative instrumentsconcerningrenew-ableenergy.Therearecovenantsgoverningwindgen-eration,public competitionandpublic/private sectoruse. There are remote control mechanisms to facili-tate the penetration of the market in the Canary Is-lands. Subsidies are offered in connection with solarthermalenergyusedforhotwaterandswimmingpools.

The representative of the European Commission(DGXVII),AngelLandabasobroadened theperspec-tive to include consideration of creating profit oppor-tunities to attract investors, since energy is a capitalincentive sector. The political, legal and other institu-tional support systems must be in place to bring thisabout.Healsoemphasizedtheneedtosupportcleanerenergy.

The following proposals were offered to support re-newableenergy:

• Create markets through price support and regula-tion.

• Build the necessary infrastructure for renewable en-ergy(planning,gridconnectionregulations)

• Guaranteedprices• Taxreductions• Investmentsubsidies• Grants

With respect to thebroaderquestionof integration,the following concerns were identified as importantelements of this process:• Urbanplanningand landuse• Water and waste management• Constructiontechniques(buildingregulations)• Energysupply• Investment inrenewableenergy systems

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AAAAAll islands share some peculiarities regarding theenergyproductionandconsumption:Smalldemand• Dependence on external sources for conventional

fuel• Limited water resources• Highly sensitiveenvironment• Lackofexperienced technicians

Becauseof thesepeculiarities, islandspresent anad-equate field forexperimentationand implementationof renewable energy sources. Firstly, all impacts pre-sentedby the insertionof these techniques canbeeas-ilyevaluateddueto the limitedextensionof thegrid(ifexisting) in island systems. On the other side, a large-scale implementation of renewable energies implies agreaterautonomyfromexternalenergy sources(fuel),aswell as a lesserenvironmental impact,being theoneof the pillars of a sustainable economy.

Duringthe3rdsessionof thepresent summit, severalaspectsof this implementation, togetherwithsomecasestudieswerepresented.

Although all the presentations shared the commonpoints stated above, regarding the feasibility of islandsfor studies of implementation of renewable energy,some specific subjects were issued.

On one side, there was the need to include watermanagementtogetherwithenergymanagement inthemodelsforasustainableeconomyonislands.Bothsharethe same aspects on the fact that they have to be pro-ducedanddistributedtotheconsumers,andthat there

High priority projectsand experiences for islands

must be a thigh control of the resources, as they arelimited by the insularity. Beyond that, there are twoother aspects that relate both resources. On one side,water itself canberegardedas anenergy source,usinghydroelectric plants. On the other side, as the waterresources of the islands are limited, as the populationincreases, there is a need to use water desalination forsatisfying this increasing demand. Water desalinationneeds to use energy, either heat or electricity to beproduced, thus linking tightly energyproductionwithwater production. Some models presented regardedeven desalinated water as a possible mean for storingthe excess energy produced by the renewable energysources at off peak demand times.

Another issueofgreat importance thataroseduringthe sessions was that of electrification of rural areas inislands where there are no electric grid. This is one ofthe theoretical caseswhereusingphotovoltaics canbeconsideredeconomically viable, as thecostsofdeploy-ment a grid are much higher than those needed tosupply thoseareasbymeansofPV.Someof theseareasare located in developing countries, where the use ofrenewable sources has an added value of permitting asustainable development of these areas, without con-tributing to increase theamountofgreenhousegasses.However, those countries have to afford the highercostof those systems.Togetherwith this, theirdepend-enceonexternal sources still continues,as theyneedtoacquired the materials from other countries, and pro-vide training to local technicians in the maintenanceof those installations. Moreover, there is a need to pre-

RAPPORTEUR: JJJJJESÚSESÚSESÚSESÚSESÚS RRRRRODRÍGUESODRÍGUESODRÍGUESODRÍGUESODRÍGUES ÁÁÁÁÁLAMOLAMOLAMOLAMOLAMO

ITER

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serve thenaturalenvironment,asmostof thoseregionsare located inplacesofhighbio-diversity.There isaglo-bal need to preserve this environment to avoid the in-crease of global warming. However, this preservationshouldn't occur in despite of the quality of life and de-velopmentof thoseregions. In this context, theonlyal-ternative is the use of renewable energy sources, forwhichsubsidies fromdevelopedcountriesareneeded.

Another importantconclusion fromthis sessioncanbeextracted fromthe fact thatmanyeffortshavebeencarried out in order to provide models, assessmentsand implementations of renewable islands on islands.

It seems to be a high awareness about the need forchanging the usual development trends into sustain-able ones. Most of the problems presented in the im-plementationshavebeenidentifiedandtheir solutionsproposed. The plans for further implementation ofsustainableschemetakeadvantageoftheseexperiencesinorder to improve theefficiencyandreliabilityof theprogrammes. The exchange of all those experience isthus necessary as the same problems are presented inmany places. Events such as this summit can serve as amilestoneandupdateof theknowledgeachievedbyalltheattemptsmadethroughout the islandsof theworld.

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WWWWWe must convince ourselves that only the estab-lishment of a real Renewable Energy Sources marketcan transform our ideas in a substantial improvementof theenvironment.

Then, like in every market, we must apply the samerules: tobeprecisewemustunderstandwhoproduce,for whom and how much does it cost.

The presence in this summit of technology produc-ers isaclear signalofan interest shownbythe industrialsystem in the problem of RES; in fact we have listenedto Mr González, the representative of MADE Sistemaselectrónicos.MADEisanenterprise that, amongotherproducts, also produces aerogenerators for wind en-ergy production. Mr González showed us the charac-teristics of an aerogenerator produced in Spain withSpanishtechnology.

Mr Berkmann from Germany is President of theEuropeanSolarIndustryFederation, joiningabout400enterprises from all European countries, which workin theproductionof solar technology.Hehasaffirmedthat thismarket isdevelopedall overEurope, and thatSolar Energy Technology is commercially mature.

Traditionally applications where related to the pro-duction of hot water for domestic purposes, but nownew systems have been ideated, combined with tradi-tional energy sources, that will open the market of so-lar application.

An interestingpresentation,dealingwith the resultsof thedesign, set-upandoperationofwindenergycon-verter reverse osmosis sea water desalination plantsoperation, was developed by Matthias Grottke from

Market and Technology

WIP Renewable Energy (Germany): a very interestingproposal for small and medium sized islands.

Public Agencies and Private Companies working inRES promotion and dissemination have also offeredimportant contributions: we listened to Mr Beurskensfrom Netherlands, representative of ECN Solar andWind Energy, Mr Bernabé from the Canary Islands,representing Energia Solar Española, and Mr Hualdeof BP Solar, Spain.

In their reports we have seen the activity of prepara-tion of local development projects based on valorisa-tion of RES.

Thestudyof islandcommunityproblems shows thatit is impossible to separate energy and environmentalissue.

The most successful strategy is founded on integra-tion and global approach.

Mr Molina, from UNELCO, the company that dis-tributes electric energy in the Canary Islands, showedus the strategy of his company.

UNELCO in 1992 was producing only electric en-ergy, now in 1999 the same company produces alsowater fromdesalination,distributesgas,makinga largeuse of RES.

MrFraileofIVECO-PEGASO,SPAINofferedanotherexample, focusing the pollution problem caused bytransports.

Heshowedus someprojectsofhis company:electricbuses and more efficient traditional buses, aiming toobtain a reduction of air pollution in island cities andespecially in little islands.

RAPPORTEUR: FFFFFRANCORANCORANCORANCORANCO CCCCCAAAAAVVVVVALLAROALLAROALLAROALLAROALLARO

SICILY

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Finally, special thanksgotoMrMillich,HeadofUnitfor Energy Production Technology, DG XVII of theEuropeanCommission.

Heoffered fulldetailsof the strategyof theCommis-sion forRESMarket inEurope, explainingvery clearlythe differences between 4th and 5th RTD FrameworkProgramme.

One of the most important difference is that in the4th programme45%offinancial resourceswasdestinedto RES, while in the 5th they grow to 60%, 75% ofwhich are destined to demonstration projects.

Manythanks foryourattentionandIhopetoseeyouall in Sicily next year.

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TTTTThe rapid and increasing importance of Informa-tion and Communication Technologies (ICTs) to theeconomies, societies and governments has been welldocumented over the past several years. The telecom-municationindustryhas significantly reducedinforma-tion access costs. At the same time, the computer hasevolved from being an autistic machine, into a verymuch more extensive system that is far closer to theindividual: now we can enter into social relationshipsthat go beyond the functional use of technology, andcreating virtual communities.

Broadening this access toallEuropeanIslands isnotonlyanobjective,butalsoanessential social andpoliti-calchallenge.Europeanislandsneedthetoolsandskills,which will enable them to turn that information intoknowledge.

Telematicapplicationsandserviceswillenable islandcommunities toovercome isolationandtocompete intheglobal economy.

INSULA has promoted actions for enhancing anequitable sustainable development and human wellbeing for islands communities. The first EuropeanConference on Sustainable Development committedto provide a stable framework in accordance with ourinstitutions, laws and procedures to promote andstrengthen inter-island and general international co-operation for sustainable islanddevelopment.

Whenbuildingamodel-based informationanddeci-sionsupport systemfor islands in thefieldofrenewableenergymanagement, thefollowingcharacteristicsmustbepresent:

Island Networks.Information, education and

training programmes

• Beeasytouseforadministrators,planners,engineers,anddecision-makers;

• Supportplanninganddecision-makingbyprovidingscientifically sound information fromstate-of-the-arttools;

• Integratenumerousinformationsources,fromonlinemonitoring to databases, and complex simulationmodels, in one common framework and presenta-tion format;

• Be cost-efficient by using a flexible architecture thatminimises investmentrequirements.

The concept of energy efficiency providesmultidisciplinary learning opportunities to computeenergyandmonetary savings, andpollutionemissions;toevaluatewhatmakesonesystemmoreefficient thananother,or to study theenvironmental effectsofburn-ing fossil fuels; to analyse different approaches to en-ergy policy; etc.

Someon-line renewableenergyeducationmodulesare already available, based on interactive kiosks, mul-timedia CD-ROMs or Web sites, containing informa-tion about technology areas such as solar, wind power,small hydro, biomass, geothermal, etc.

However, a global education and training strategyrelated to renewable energies at different levels - frommanagement to technicalmaintenance- is stillneeded,as Mr Nelson Eurico Cabral (UNESCO) pointed dur-inghis speech.

Integrated networks and platforms can provide in-formation about cost-effective energy solutions, the

RAPPORTEUR: MMMMMIGUELIGUELIGUELIGUELIGUEL MMMMMONTESDEOCAONTESDEOCAONTESDEOCAONTESDEOCAONTESDEOCA

TELEINSULA

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expertise and resources to meet the heat and energyneeds of administrations and companies around theworld, by using the locally available resources. Theseinformation systems with a minimal set of services in acollaborativeenvironmentcanassistdevelopingnationsin their transitions toa sustainableenergyparadigmbyoffering expert knowledge and communications topractitionersof sustainableenergyworld-wide.

Basedonthebelief that renewableenergy technolo-giesoffer economically viable, technically feasible andsocially acceptable solutions to the islandsgrowingen-ergy demand, a better understanding of existing pro-grams will provide insights for future project and pro-gram development. The Internet provides one of themosteffectivemeans todisseminate these informationandtobuildpartnershipsat localandregional levels, asMrHiroshiTamada said when he explained the SmallIslandDevelopingStatesNetwork(SIDSnet), that alsoincorporates someonlineservices(chat,news, forums,etc.).

Informationanddisseminationsystemsandnetworksplay an important role for the promotion of EnergyTechnologies.TheOPETNetworkwas re-launched in1996 by the European Commission (DG-XVII) to dis-seminate information and to promote the uptake ofnewenergy technologies throughpublications,events,trainingprogramsandothermarketorientedinitiatives.Mr.PedroBallesterosexplainedhowtherationalebeinga transnational Network for the promotion of new en-ergy technologies is firmlyrootedintheEuropeanpoli-cies relating to competitiveness, cohesion and markettransparency.TheOPETNetworkhasbeenactiveinsev-eral islands: Cyprus, Reunion, Guadeloupe, andMartinique.Mr.Ballesterosrecognisedthat thespecificproblems of the islands must most often be addressedwith integratedapproaches, andwehope that thenewapproach for the OPET tasks within 5FP will allow formoreactions inandfor theEuropeanIslands.

Educationandtrainingprogramsare takingplace inmanycountrieslikeCuba,asMrAlfredoCurbeloAlonsoexplained tous.

The islands clearly constitute an ideal area for theimmediate application of the telematic tools of dis-tance learning,given their frontiers and limitations, ingeographical terms as well. Courses on renewable en-ergies can be widely accepted throughout to the is-lands and will be of great use to them. The participa-tion of local agents in the definition of the materialand content of the courses is absolutely necessary forthe viability of the same.

MrJoaquimCorominasexplainedtheMEETproject(Multi-media Energy Efficiency Training), developedunder a energy management programme that theEuropean Commission has been running since 1989.Anotherexampleofusing theWebtoLearnandmakepolicies about sustainable energies on islands was ex-plained and shown by Mr Peter Meincke (Island WebConsortium).

European islands' competitiveness, its jobs, its qual-ity of life and the sustainability of growth, depends onthey being at the leading edge of the technology.

The gathering and dissemination of concrete expe-riencegainedthroughprojectsandactivities like thoseexplained during the sessions will help other islandsdetermine their own telematic and networking needsandexpectedbenefits. It shouldalso facilitate the tran-sitionfrompilotexperiences to fullblownapplications.Based on the experience gained from projects such asthe one realised in Ventotene island explained by MsAnna Simone and those realised in Greece explainedby Mr. George Andristopoulos, information systemsand islands networks may also help to communicateislands'organisational,regulatoryandfinancialrequire-ments to service providers and regulators.

It is necessary to define a structure and some globalobjectives for the information system and islands net-work to avoid duplication of effort and guaranteemaximumutility anddisseminationof the results,hav-ing regard to first and foremost:• The problems common to islands (lack of infra-

structure, geographical isolation, isolation with re-spect to centres for the production, managementand exchange of information, difficulties faced indevelopment of own sustainable development poli-cies, etc.)

• The need for active policies to stimulate demand,especially inthe leastattractiveareas formarket force.

• Limitedresources(financial, specialisedhuman,tech-nological, and research and development) in themajority of island regions.

• Convergence of information processing, communi-cationandmediamarketsglobalisationandtheneedfor inter-operability, convergence, coherence andsynergies.

Someinitiatives(Informationsystems,distancelearn-ing courses and networks related to sustainable andrenewableenergies)are tobedeveloped in the islandsover the next few years. The problems arising out ofthese isolated initiatives are, amongothers:

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• Theduplicityofefforts.Manyof these initiativeshavecommon objectives and involve the development ofapplications or the implementation of similartelematic services.

• Greater cost. Use is not made of other available re-sources and infrastructures for these projects, mostof which are implemented from scratch.

• Restricted application of results, in spite of the factthatmanyof thesystemsandservicescanbedesigned

forapplicationtovarioussectorsortosatisfy theneedsof larger groups.

• Lack of local resources, an obstacle to more ambi-tiousobjectives.Many islands lack theknow-hownec-essary for theproperandcomplete implementationof certain projects, with a guarantee of their success.

Thesolutionis tocreateacollaborativeenvironment,and share to compete.

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Signing the cooperation agreement between Sicilian Government, INSULA and Tenerife Island Council.

From left to right: Ricardo Melchior (President of the Tenerife Island Council), Aurelio Angelini (advisor to

the President of the Sicilian Region) and Pier Giovanni d'Ayala (Secretary-General of INSULA).

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InternationalAgreements

Basis for Action

InternationalAgreements

Basis for Action

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ACTION PLAN:ACTION PLAN:ACTION PLAN:ACTION PLAN:ACTION PLAN:

Energy ResourcesEnergy ResourcesEnergy ResourcesEnergy ResourcesEnergy Resources

Basis for actionBasis for actionBasis for actionBasis for actionBasis for action1 Small island developing States are currently heavily

dependentonimportedpetroleumproducts, largelyfor transport and electricity generation, energy of-ten accounting for more than 12 per cent of im-ports.Theyarealsoheavilydependentonindigenousbiomass fuels for cooking and crop drying.

2 Thesmall islanddevelopingStateswill continuetobeheavily dependent on petroleum fuels and biomassboth in the short and medium term. However, thecurrent uses of these fuels tend to be highly ineffi-cient. Increasedefficiency throughappropriate tech-nologyandnationalenergypoliciesandmanagementmeasureswill reapbothfinancialandenvironmentalbenefits for small islanddevelopingStates.

3 Renewable energy resources endowments of smallislanddevelopingStatesvarygreatly.Allhavesubstan-tial solar resources, which have still not been devel-oped to their full potential. Wind potential is highlyvariablewithlocation,bothwithinandbetweencoun-tries.Hydroelectricpowerisapossibilityonly forsomeislands. Biomass endowment is common but un-equal.Studiesof thepotential forgeothermal,oceanthermalenergyconversionandwaveenergyarecon-tinuing.

United Nations Global Conferenceon the Sustainable Development

of Small Island Developing States

(Barbados 1994)

4 Several constraints to large-scale commercial use ofrenewable energy resources remain. These includetechnologydevelopment, investmentcosts, availableindigenousskillsandmanagementcapabilities.Small-scale application for rural electrification has beensporadic. The use of renewable energy resources assubstantial commercial fuelsby small islanddevelop-ingStates isdependentonthedevelopmentandcom-mercial production of appropriate technologies.

AAAAA National action,National action,National action,National action,National action,policies and measurespolicies and measurespolicies and measurespolicies and measurespolicies and measures

(i) Implement appropriate public education andawareness programmes, including consumer in-centives to promote energy conservation.

(ii) Promote theefficientuseofenergyandthedevel-opment of environmentally sound resources ofenergy and energy efficient technologies, payingspecialattentiontothepossibilitiesofusing,whereappropriarte, economic instruments and incen-tive structuresand the increasingeconomicpossi-bilities of renewable sources of energy.

(iii) Establish and/or strengthen, where appropriate,researchcapabilities in thedevelopmentandpro-motion of new and renewable sources of energy,including wind, solar, geothermal, hydroelectric,oceanthermalenergyconversion,waveandbiomass.

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(iv) Strengthenresearchcapabilitiesanddeveloptech-nologies to encourage the efficient utilization ofnon-renewable sourcesofenergy.

BBBBB Regional actionRegional actionRegional actionRegional actionRegional action(i) Establish or strengthen research and policy capa-

bilities in thedevelopmentofnewandrenewablesources of energy, including wind, solar,geothermal, hydroelectric, wave and biomass.

(ii) Assist, where appropriate, in the formulation ofenergypolicies,standardsandguidelinesfortheen-ergy sector applicable to small island developingStates,andenhancenationalcapacity toeffectivelyplan,manageandmonitor theirenergysectors.

(iii) Gatheranddisseminateinformation,andpromoteregionalcooperationandtechnicalexchangesbe-tween small island developing States on energy-sectorissues, includingnewandrenewablesourcesof energy.

CCCCC International actionInternational actionInternational actionInternational actionInternational action(i) Support the research, development and utiliza-

tion of renewable sources of energy and relatedtechnologies and improve the efficiency of exist-

ingtechnologiesandend-useequipmentbasedonconventionalenergy sources.

(ii) Formulateandratify internationalagreementsonenergy-sector issues in relation to sustainable de-velopment in such areas as carbon emissions andthe transportationofpetroleum, forexample, theuseofdouble-hulled tankers.

(iii) Develop effective mechanisms for the transfer ofenergy technology, and establish databases to dis-seminate informationonexperience in theuseofnewandrenewable sourcesofenergyaswell asontheefficientuseofnon-renewableenergy sources.

(iv) Encourageinternational institutionsandagencies,including public international financial institu-tions, to incorporateenvironmentalefficiencyandconservationprinciples intoenergy-sector-relatedprojects, training and technical assistance and,where appropriate, to provide concessionary fi-nancing facilities for energy-sector reforms.

(v) Develop effective and efficient ways of utilizing,disposing,recycling,andreducingtheby-productsand waste of energy production.

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Operational field n.4Operational field n.4Operational field n.4Operational field n.4Operational field n.4ENERGY RESOURCESENERGY RESOURCESENERGY RESOURCESENERGY RESOURCESENERGY RESOURCESTHE ROLE OF RENEWTHE ROLE OF RENEWTHE ROLE OF RENEWTHE ROLE OF RENEWTHE ROLE OF RENEWABLESABLESABLESABLESABLESENERGY SOURCESENERGY SOURCESENERGY SOURCESENERGY SOURCESENERGY SOURCES

A Basis for actionA Basis for actionA Basis for actionA Basis for actionA Basis for actionA conditioning factor of European islands is an al-

most totaldependenceon importedenergy, especiallyfor transport and electricity production. Energy oftenaccounts for more than 15% of all island imports.• The over-specialisation of most island economies

forces themto install anover-sizedenergycapacity tocover factors such as prominent seasonal demand,abrupt market changes or far greater territorial dis-persion than in other areas.

• Environmental impactandconstraintsof theenergysector are always greater in the islands, basically be-cause all generating and storage facilities have to beduplicated, increasingexternal costs enormously.

• Flexibility between the energy vectors used for enduse is generally very low on the islands because en-ergy, planning criteria are almost always importedfromthemainlandandtheenergy technology that isusuallyused ishighly inflexible.

• Energy efficiency in almost all technological fieldsand activities is one of the major challenges islandsface.Forecastsdrawnupfor islandswithrapidgrowthindicate a potential saving of up to 20%.

• Specialised island economies distort the acceptedview of quality and safety aspects of energy supply,makingstrikingabalancebetweenacommitment to

European Conference onSustainable Island Development

European Island Agenda

Insula - Unesco - European CommissionConsell de Menorca (1997)

minimumcosts andenvironmental conservationex-tremelydifficult.

• Most islands have excellent renewable energy re-sources, especially thegeneralpotential forwinden-ergy and the potential for solar energy in SouthernEurope.Theseresourcesareunder-used incompari-son with their real potential.

• Thescaleof islandsallows forhighlymodularenergyplanning, with renewables accounting for a largeshare, in contrast to the low level of consolidationachieved by technical supply and provision of serv-ices, despite the social acceptance they enjoy.

• Non-renewable energy sources must be consideredasprovisional solutions,unsuitableasa long-termso-lution to the energy problem in islands

• Inorder toachievea favourableeconomicand tech-nical climate for implementing renewable energytechnology, financialandbureaucraticobstaclesmustbe overcome.

• Islands are excellent test beds for researching anddevelopingsuitable, low impactenergymodels, theirscale means new solutions can be tested in a reason-able period of time.

B PrioritiesB PrioritiesB PrioritiesB PrioritiesB Priorities• Formulatingguide lines for islandenergypolicies.• Prices and markets.• Promoting islandenergyagencies.• Integration inEuropeanenergypolicy.• Incentive mechanisms and instruments for rational

energyuseandsaving.

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• Establish maximum market penetration by renew-able energy sources, within a context of rational en-ergyuse,as themajorobjectiveof islandenergypolicy.

Promotion and use of renewable energy sources.Transferof energy technology.Energy decentralisation to support endogenous de-

velopment.

Foster research and development of energy tech-nology.

Promotion of good practise guides.Implement specific regional initiatives concerning

rationaluseofenergyandrenewableenergy sources inislands, following an approach similar to UNESCO'sMediterraneanSolarCouncil.

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The General AssemblyThe General AssemblyThe General AssemblyThe General AssemblyThe General Assembly

Aware that one of the priority tasks of the UnitedNations for the benefit of present and future genera-tions is the elimination of poverty and the improve-ment of the quality of life of the millions living inmisery.

Recalling, in thecontextofRioDeclarationonEnvi-ronment and Development, that sustainable develop-ment is one of the main goal of the United Nationssystemandthatoneof thekeyelements forattaining itis the application of sustainable energy systems, whichincludes the wider use of environmentally friendly, re-newableenergies,

Recalling also that the Programme for the FurtherImplementation of Agenda 21, adopted by the Gen-eral Assembly at its nineteenth special session, recog-nized the need to promote efforts in research on anddevelopment and use of renewable energies at the in-ternational andnational levels,

Recalling further thatenergywillbeoneof themaintopics of the ninth session of the Commission on Sus-tainableDevelopment in2001,

Recalling that the World Solar Summit, held atHarare on 16 and 17 September 1996, adopted theHarare Declaration on Solar Energy and SustainableDevelopment and approved the preparation of theWorld Solar Programme 1996-2005 aimed at improv-ing the quality of life in both industrialized and devel-oping countries through the wider use of renewableenergies,notably in theruralareasofdevelopingcoun-

Resolution Adoptedby the United Nations

General Assembly

39th plenary meeting - 16 October 199853/7. World Solar Programme 1996 - 2005

tries, and that the Programme was approved by theWorldSolarCommission in June1997,

Recalling also resolution 29 C/14 concerning theWorld Solar Programme 1996-2005, adopted by theGeneral Conference of the United Nations Educa-tional, Scientific andCulturalOrganisation inNovem-ber1997,

Consideringtheneedtomakeallnecessaryefforts toachieve the goals set out in the Harare Declaration,

Noting with appreciation the support shown andcommitmentsmadesofarbyanumberofdonorMem-ber States

1 Expresses its appreciation to the heads of State andGovernmentwhohaveagreed to serveon theWorldSolarCommission,andespecially to theChairmanoftheCommission;

2 Endorses theWorldSolarProgramme1996-2005asacontribution to theoverall sustainabledevelopmentagenda;

3 Invites all States Members of the United Nations tocontribute to the successful implementation of theWorldSolarProgramme1996-2005.

4 Invites the Secretary-General of the United Nations,inconsultationwith theUnitedNationsEducational,Scientific andCulturalOrganizationand incloseco-operationwiththeUnitedNationsEnvironmentPro-gramme and other relevant organizations:

a Toundertakeconcreteaction inorder toensure thatthe World Solar Programme 1996-2005 is fully inte-grated into and brought into the mainstream of the

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efforts of the United Nations system to attain theobjective of sustainable development;

b To bring the World Solar Programme 1996-2005 totheattentionof relevant fundingandtechnicalassist-ance sources and to encourage them to considercontributing to its effective implementation;

c To continue to sensitize and generate a greater de-gree of awareness in all Member States and interna-tional, regionalandnational institutions,bothpublicandprivate, to the strategic importanceof theWorld

SolarProgramme1996-2005forensuringsustainabledevelopment;

d To submit to the General Assembly to its fifty-fourthsession, under the item entitled «Environment andsustainable development», a report entitled «WorldSolarProgramme1996-2005»concerningmeasurestaken by the different entities of the United Nationssystem in accordance with the provisions of thepresentresolution.

39thplenarymeeting16October1998

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R e c o m m e n d a t i o n sR e c o m m e n d a t i o n sR e c o m m e n d a t i o n sR e c o m m e n d a t i o n sR e c o m m e n d a t i o n s

• The Small Island States should promote a clean en-ergyenvironmentanddespite their size set anexam-ple to the world's nations.

• Encourage multi- and bilateral donor and financeorganizations to recognize the needs of the SmallIsland States and use AOSIS and the active regionalorganizationsasentrypoints.

• Institutecommonpolicyandprocurementmeasuresand concentrate capital and technical resources toovercome the small size and perceived high transac-tion costs by, for example, South Pacific or Carib-beancountries.

• Recognize that technology will be ineffective unlessthe decision-makers at the political and official levelare persuaded of the economic and environmentalbenefitsof renewables andenergyefficiencyand thelinkbetweencleanenergyanddevelopment.

• Arrange summits/briefings, possibly at a regionallevel, to link decision-makers with technical and fi-nancialexperts.

• Enhance the dialogue with the private sector by forexample arranging discussions between AOSIS rep-resentatives and major private sector leaders such asBP,Shell andEnron.

• Organizeabriefingof themajorUSandother foun-dationsonthepotential togreenSmall IslandStates,to improve their economiesandopenrural andout-lying communities to electricity.

Concentrate efforts to provide not only demonstra-tionprojectsbutdemonstrationcountriesusingaprac-tical case studies approach to provide exemplars andeducational material. Up-to-date technology and rel-evant training must be available.

• Identify specificprojectsandorganizegovernmentaland private sector coalitions to launch them.

• Draw attention to the benefits of demand manage-mentinreducingenergyrequirements,costandemis-sions.

• Ensure thatSmall IslandStates receivegreateratten-tionfromthemultilateralorganizationsandthat theyare ready to take advantage of the opportunities un-der theCDMandemission tradingarrangements.

• Overcometheabsenceof initialmoney forplanningandbusinessdevelopmentandencourage thebuild-ingupof localentrepreneurialandbusinessmanage-ment capacity.

• Further develop self-help local or regional fundingmechanisms particularly in rural and outlying areaswithoutelectricity.

Small Island States-Leading the GlobalEnergy Revolution

Symposium on Sustainable Energy Options for SmallIsland States held in The Board Room of The Rockefeller

Foundation in New York, on October 3, 1998

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• Understand theneed forbasic trainingandcapacitybuildingsothatprogramsandbusinesscanbe locallysustainable.

• Induce investment industries such as tourism to in-troduce renewables and energy efficiency.

• Make sure that the local budget, legal and utilityarrangements are understood, and changed if nec-

essary, before the introduction of new programsand projects.

• Encourage thepreparationofeasy-to-understand in-formation on renewables and energy efficient prac-ticesandequipment so that individuals andcommu-nities can take advantage of the opportunities avail-able to them.

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1 Policy of energy supply1 Policy of energy supply1 Policy of energy supply1 Policy of energy supply1 Policy of energy supplyand demand managementand demand managementand demand managementand demand managementand demand management• Wish to underline that the Islands have hitherto in-

sufficiently benefited from the Trans European Net-work, TEN, for energy

• Call fortheimplementationofmeasureswhichwouldresult in:· a greater security of energy supply in the islands· a diversification of their energy resources· a capacity for exporting their own energy experi-encesand technologies to theglobalmarket, shouldthey have the potential to do so.

Consequently, call theCommission, theCouncilandthe European Parliament:• todirect theTENprogrammes in the Islands soas to

developfixed linksenergy infrastructure inthemain-land and within islands or infrastructure for recep-tionanddistribution,

• toimprovetheexistingfixedlinkswhichareoutdatedor whose capacity is insufficient to build the neces-sary capacity for an autonomous energy productionanddistribution,withspecialemphasisonrenewableenergy sources, adapted according to geographicaland physical conditions and to the development oftechnicalprogress,

• urge the European Institutions to present, adoptand implement a Community Directive on Renew-able energies, which would put a strong emphasison the situation of Islands and on the use of theirpotential, with the aim to increase progressively the

Palma de Mallorca DeclarationThe Conference on the new

energy challenge in the island regions

The participants to the Conference: having met inPalma de Mallorca (Baleares) on the 19th and 20th

of March 1999, have adopted the following declaration:

percentage of renewable energies within the Euro-peanUnion,

• urge them to provide adequate financial means toimplement such a policy,

• express concern about the potential effect of theforthcoming reform of Structural Funds if such areformdidresult inageneraldiminutionof theavail-able financial resources,andintheexclusionofsomeIslandRegions fromthe list of eligibleObjective1orObjective 2 areas,

• request the Commission to give priority to energyprojectswhichmightnotgetpriority in thenewpro-gramme plans being prepared for objective 1 or 2areas, and request for close scrutiny of all plan docu-ments by competent services,

• recognisethat inislandregions,energydemandman-agement is fundamental, and therefore actions inthis way must be considered as a priority policy, inorder to attenuate the continuous final demand in-creasing,

• note that the Island Authorities are engaged to pro-mote more energy demand management throughtheEnergyManagementAgenciescreatedorrelevantenergy structures. But it is still necessary to urge re-gional and local authorities, to implement energypolicies, to improveenergyefficiencyandtosensitisecitizens and visitors of islands on intelligent use ofenergymeasures,

• call for the presentation by DGXVII of a communi-cationonenergydemandmanagement inwhichthespecialneedsof islandsare specially recognised,

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• call forResearchandDevelopment fundsapplicabletoenergyprojects tocontainspecial islandscriteria toensureflexibilityandpriority forprojects fromislands.

2 T2 T2 T2 T2 Tariff policy and competitivenessariff policy and competitivenessariff policy and competitivenessariff policy and competitivenessariff policy and competitiveness• Stress that the policy of tariff perequation or similar

systemswhichnowprevails across theEuropeanUn-ion is a fundamental factor in ensuring that islandconsumers are treated equally with mainland con-sumers, andas such,plays akey role in the social andeconomic cohesion of the Community and consti-tutes an example which should be followed in manyother fields.

• Point out that a liberalisation policy in the field ofenergy markets which would not include adequatesafeguardtoreservetheprincipleoftariffperequationwould cause a major threat to the islands and wouldrun in direct contradiction with the principles ex-pressed in article 158ª of the Treaty on Social andEconomic Cohesion and in the joint Declaration nº30 on islands adopted in Amsterdam.

• Recognise that,while tariffperequationbetweentheislands and the mainland must remain a fundamen-tal principle, it should be accompanied by adequatepolicies to implement the rationaluseofenergyandthe development of alternative energy resources inthose areas, so as to lower as much as possible theadditional costs resulting frominsularity.

• IslandRegionalauthoritiesareengagedaskeyactorsin the implementation of the necessary policies topromote therationaluseofenergy, and thedevelop-ment of alternative energy resources in those areas,soas to lowerasmuchaspossible theadditional costsresulting frominsularity.

• IslandRegionalauthoritiesareengagedaskeyactorsin the implementation of the necessary policies topromote the rational use of energy, so as to ensurethat such policies do not prove harmful to the socialandeconomicdevelopmentof theseregions.Recog-nise that energypolicy is alsoa transversalpolicy andhas to be considered and implemented in the con-text of other policies: regional , urban and rural de-

velopment,construction, transport, tourism,employ-mentandenvironment.

3 Environmental and fiscal policies3 Environmental and fiscal policies3 Environmental and fiscal policies3 Environmental and fiscal policies3 Environmental and fiscal policies• The Island Authorities are engaged to support the

E.U.policy seekingareductionofharmfulemissionssuch as CO2 and a reduction of the greenhouse ef-fect, as expressed in Kyoto.

• They should consider to exploit the energy contentof waste in order to valorise this indigenous energysource, and to have a responsible treatment of wasteandsolveassociateenvironmentalproblems.

• Nevertheless, stress that the implementation by theEuropean Community and Member States of fiscalmeasures affecting the cost of sea and air transportto the islands would result in economically and so-ciallydamagingconsequences for these regions.

• Remark that suchmeasureswouldbeobviously inap-propriate since the islands have historically had lim-itedresponsibility in thepresentenvironmental situa-tion,preciselybecauseof the lackofdevelopment insome of them.

4 Inter-Island Co-operation4 Inter-Island Co-operation4 Inter-Island Co-operation4 Inter-Island Co-operation4 Inter-Island Co-operationin the Field of Energyin the Field of Energyin the Field of Energyin the Field of Energyin the Field of Energy• Agree to set up an Island Energy Forum to be man-

aged on a regular basis by ISLENET, where expertsfrom the islands and representatives from the Euro-pean Union would meet through the Palma deMallorcaConference spirit, in view toexplore islandissues, tooutlinepotentiallybeneficialpoliciesandtoseek to alleviate the problems of insularity.

• The Island Authorities agree that Islenet should re-viewtheIslandsEnergyCharterandput forwardpro-posals for updating it.

• Request that similar worthwhile events such as thePalma de Mallorca Conference be held at regularintervals with the support of DGXVII to discuss newopportunities concerning islands and to foster in-creasedcollaborationbetweenregional,nationalandCommunityauthorities, andbetweenthepublicandprivate sector.

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ParticipantsParticipants

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Adelina Abad PedrosaAdelina Abad PedrosaAdelina Abad PedrosaAdelina Abad PedrosaAdelina Abad PedrosaTechnicalCo-ordinator(INNOGY)NationalPowerPLCHarwell InternationalBusinessCentreOX110QAHarwell/DidcotUNITEDKINGDOMTel.:+441235444931/Fax:+441235444909E-mail: [email protected]

TTTTTerubentau Akuraerubentau Akuraerubentau Akuraerubentau Akuraerubentau AkuraSolar Energy Company LimitedDirectorGeneralP.O.BOX493Betio, TarawaKIRIBATITel.: +68626058/Fax:+68626210E-mail: [email protected]

George AndritsopoulosGeorge AndritsopoulosGeorge AndritsopoulosGeorge AndritsopoulosGeorge AndritsopoulosCentre forRenewableEnergySources (CRES)19kmMarathonosAve19009 PikermiGREECETel.: +3016039900/Fax:+3016039911E-mail: [email protected]

Aurelio AngeliniAurelio AngeliniAurelio AngeliniAurelio AngeliniAurelio AngeliniConsulenteper lepoliticheambientalidelPresidentedellaRegioneSicilianac/o Università di PalermoFacoltà di Scienza della Formazione

P.zzaFlorio,2490139Palermo. ITALYTel.: +390916965517 /Fax:+390916965518E.Mail: [email protected]

TTTTTomás Azcárate y Bangomás Azcárate y Bangomás Azcárate y Bangomás Azcárate y Bangomás Azcárate y BangPresidenteInstitutodeTurismoResponsableEdif. ITCPlaza de Sixto Machado, 338009Sta.CruzdeTenerifeTenerife.ESPAÑATel.: +34902117725/Fax:+34922568913E-mail:[email protected]

Pedro BallesterosPedro BallesterosPedro BallesterosPedro BallesterosPedro BallesterosDGXVII -EuropeanCommissionAv.Tervuren226-236,bur.0/26B-1049 -Bruselas. BELGIUMTel.: +3222967839/Fax:+3222966261E-mail:[email protected]

Carmen Becerril MartínezCarmen Becerril MartínezCarmen Becerril MartínezCarmen Becerril MartínezCarmen Becerril MartínezDirectoraGeneralInstituto para la Diversificación y Ahorrode la Energía (IDAE)Paseo de la Castellana 95Edificio Torre Europa, Planta 21E-28046Madrid.ESPAÑATel.: +34914564900/Fax:+34915551389E-mail:[email protected]

List of ParticipantsIsland Solar Summit

Sustainable EnergiesBuilding the future of the islands

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Alfredo BernabéAlfredo BernabéAlfredo BernabéAlfredo BernabéAlfredo BernabéESEC/SantaAmelia, 1838108LaLaguna. TenerifeESPAÑATel.: +34922610174/Fax:+34922612567E-mail: [email protected]

Osman BenchikhOsman BenchikhOsman BenchikhOsman BenchikhOsman BenchikhUNESCODivisionofEngineeringandTechnology(SC/EST)World Solar Programme1RueMiollis75732Paris cedex15.FRANCETel.: +33145683916/Fax:+33145685820E-mail:[email protected]

Rainer BerkmannRainer BerkmannRainer BerkmannRainer BerkmannRainer BerkmannPresidentEuropeanSolar IndustryFederation60,Praxitelous st.Nikea18452GREECETel.: +3014944154/Fax:+3014969095E-mail: [email protected]

Boris BerkovskiBoris BerkovskiBoris BerkovskiBoris BerkovskiBoris BerkovskiDirectorUNESCODivisionofEngineeringandTechnology(SC/EST)1RueMiollis75732Paris cedex15.FRANCETel.: +33 1 45 68 39 01 /Fax: +33 1 45 68 58 20E-Mail:[email protected]

Jos BeurskensJos BeurskensJos BeurskensJos BeurskensJos BeurskensECNSolar&WindEnergyWesterduinweg3P.O. Box 1.1755ZGPetten.THENETHERLANDSTel.: +31224564115/Fax:+31224563214E-mail:[email protected]

Elsa Noemí Blanco ChávezElsa Noemí Blanco ChávezElsa Noemí Blanco ChávezElsa Noemí Blanco ChávezElsa Noemí Blanco ChávezAvda. Cuesta-Taco, 95La LagunaTenerife.ESPAÑATel.: +34922622293/Fax:+34922278763E-mail: [email protected]

Nelson Eurico CabralNelson Eurico CabralNelson Eurico CabralNelson Eurico CabralNelson Eurico CabralSpecialisteduProgrammeSHS/CFDUNESCO7, Place de Fontenoy75700 -ParisFRANCETel.: +33145683809/Fax:+33145685720E-mail:[email protected]

Francisco Calamita CalderínFrancisco Calamita CalderínFrancisco Calamita CalderínFrancisco Calamita CalderínFrancisco Calamita CalderínSEYMACC. Ntra. Sra. De África, local 48.C/ Darias y Padrón.Sta. Cruz de TenerifeESPAÑATel.: +34922206358/Fax:+34922206358E-mail: [email protected]

José Manuel Calo GarcíaJosé Manuel Calo GarcíaJosé Manuel Calo GarcíaJosé Manuel Calo GarcíaJosé Manuel Calo GarcíaJ.M. Peréz OrtegaSan Lázaro - Autopista del Norte, km 11.La Laguna. TenerifeESPAÑATel.: +34922253142/Fax:+34922261228E-mail: [email protected]

Franco CavallaroFranco CavallaroFranco CavallaroFranco CavallaroFranco CavallaroTecnopolisCoop.ViaPalermo,33298121MessinaSicilyITALYTel.: +39090343828/Fax:+39090391967

Manuel Cendagorta-Galarza LópezManuel Cendagorta-Galarza LópezManuel Cendagorta-Galarza LópezManuel Cendagorta-Galarza LópezManuel Cendagorta-Galarza LópezDirector - ITERPolígonoIndustrialdeGranadilla38611,SanIsidro.Granadilla.TenerifeESPAÑATel.: +34922391000/Fax:+34922391001E-mail: [email protected]

Joaquim CorominasJoaquim CorominasJoaquim CorominasJoaquim CorominasJoaquim CorominasEcoserveisC/.Cerámica, 3808035BarcelonaESPAÑATel.: +34934284167/Fax:+34934027625E-mail: [email protected]

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António CorreiaAntónio CorreiaAntónio CorreiaAntónio CorreiaAntónio CorreiaGobiernoRegionalPalaciodeSant'AnaPontaDelgadaIlhadeS.MiguelAçores.PORTUGALTel. +35196286361/Fax+35196283697E-mail: [email protected]

Timothy CotterTimothy CotterTimothy CotterTimothy CotterTimothy CotterEnergy Advisor OfficerFalklands IslandsDevelopmentCorporationShackletonHouseWestHillsideStanleyFALKLANDISLANDS(UK)Tel.: +50027211/Fax:+50027210E-mail: [email protected]

Alfredo CurbeloAlfredo CurbeloAlfredo CurbeloAlfredo CurbeloAlfredo CurbeloMinisteriodeCiencia,TecnologíayMedioAmbienteIndustria y San José, Habana ViejaCiudad de La HabanaCUBATel.: +53-7330560 /Fax:+537330559E-mail: [email protected]

João Crisóstomo da Cruz LimaJoão Crisóstomo da Cruz LimaJoão Crisóstomo da Cruz LimaJoão Crisóstomo da Cruz LimaJoão Crisóstomo da Cruz LimaAssessorMinistry of Commerce, Industry and EnergyPraia, SantiagoCABOVERDEE-mail: [email protected]

Rosa Dávila MarnelyRosa Dávila MarnelyRosa Dávila MarnelyRosa Dávila MarnelyRosa Dávila MarnelyConsejeraDelegadadeMedioAmbientey Calidad de VidaAyuntamiento de Santa Cruz de TenerifeGeneralAntequera, 1438004SantaCruzdeTenerife.Tenerife.ESPAÑA

Pier Giovanni d'AyalaPier Giovanni d'AyalaPier Giovanni d'AyalaPier Giovanni d'AyalaPier Giovanni d'AyalaSecretary-GeneralINSULA1, rueMiollis75015ParisFRANCETel.: +33145684056/Fax:+33145685804E-mail:[email protected]

Paola DedaPaola DedaPaola DedaPaola DedaPaola DedaSustainableDevelopmentOfficerSIDSUnitDivision forSustainableDevelopmentDepartment of Economic and Social AffairsUnitedNations -RoomDC2-2230NewYork -N.Y.10017.U.S.A.Tel.:+12129634721/Fax:+12129634260E-mail:[email protected]

Gianfranco d'EreditàGianfranco d'EreditàGianfranco d'EreditàGianfranco d'EreditàGianfranco d'EreditàAnsaldoConsortiumforRenewableEnergies -ENERINViaTiburtina123800131RomaITALYTel.: +390641894673/Fax:+390641894372-87E-mail:[email protected]

Pedro Agustín del Castillo MachadoPedro Agustín del Castillo MachadoPedro Agustín del Castillo MachadoPedro Agustín del Castillo MachadoPedro Agustín del Castillo MachadoELMASAC/ Emilio Castellar, 435007LasPalmasdeGranCanariaGranCanaria.ESPAÑATel.: +34928490380/Fax:+34928490386

Callixte d'OffayCallixte d'OffayCallixte d'OffayCallixte d'OffayCallixte d'OffayAmbassador of the Republicof the Seychelles in Paris51, Av. Mozart75016ParisFRANCETel.: +33142305747/Fax:+33142305740E-mail: [email protected]

Brendan DevlinBrendan DevlinBrendan DevlinBrendan DevlinBrendan DevlinCorkCountyCouncilEnergyAgencyOfficeSpaHouse,MallowCountyCorkIRELANDTel.: +3532243610/Fax:+3532243678

Alexandre Dias MonteiroAlexandre Dias MonteiroAlexandre Dias MonteiroAlexandre Dias MonteiroAlexandre Dias MonteiroMinister of Commerce, Industry and EnergyPraia, SantiagoREPUBLIC OF CAPE VERDEE-mail: [email protected]

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Rodrigo Díaz FriasRodrigo Díaz FriasRodrigo Díaz FriasRodrigo Díaz FriasRodrigo Díaz FriasGRANASOLEdf. Galte III. Plaza El Cabezo38600ElMédanoTenerife.ESPAÑATel.: +34922176668/ Fax:+34922176113E-mail: [email protected]

José Miguel Doña RodríguezJosé Miguel Doña RodríguezJosé Miguel Doña RodríguezJosé Miguel Doña RodríguezJosé Miguel Doña RodríguezULPGCDpto. de QuímicaCampus de Tafira. Edfo. Ciencias Básicas35017LasPalmasdeGranCanariaGranCanaria.ESPAÑATel.: +34928454437/Fax:+34928452922E-mail: [email protected]

Juan Fraga EgusquiaguirreJuan Fraga EgusquiaguirreJuan Fraga EgusquiaguirreJuan Fraga EgusquiaguirreJuan Fraga EgusquiaguirreSecretarioGeneralEUFORESAvda. de Burgos 48, bajo B28036 -Madrid.ESPAÑATel.: +34913833339/Fax:+34913833159E-mail: [email protected]

Miguel FraileMiguel FraileMiguel FraileMiguel FraileMiguel FraileIVECO-PEGASOAvda.deAragón40228022MadridESPAÑATel.: +34913252223/Fax:+34913252092E-mail: [email protected]

Esther Friend MonasterioEsther Friend MonasterioEsther Friend MonasterioEsther Friend MonasterioEsther Friend MonasterioITERPol. Ind.DeGranadillaParque Eólico38611,SanIsidro.Tenerife.ESPAÑATel.: +34922391000/Fax:+34922391001E-mail: [email protected]

Guillermo Galván GarcíaGuillermo Galván GarcíaGuillermo Galván GarcíaGuillermo Galván GarcíaGuillermo Galván GarcíaITERPol. Ind.DeGranadillaParque Eólico38611,SanIsidro.Tenerife.ESPAÑATel.: +34922391000/Fax:+34922391001E-mail: [email protected]

Juan GámezJuan GámezJuan GámezJuan GámezJuan GámezADAPTAIGT,S.L.Avda. Dr. Joaquín Artiles, 36Centro Comercial Estación35260VilladeAgüimesLas Palmasn de Gran CanariaGranCanariaESPAÑATel.: +34928786796/ Fax:+34928786796E-mail: [email protected]

Alvaro GarcíaAlvaro GarcíaAlvaro GarcíaAlvaro GarcíaAlvaro GarcíaCEPSAC/ Alvaro Rodríguez López, s/n.Santa Cruz de TenerifeTenerife.ESPAÑATel.:+34922602630

Michele GiacomantonioMichele GiacomantonioMichele GiacomantonioMichele GiacomantonioMichele GiacomantonioSindacoComunediLipariPiazzaMazzini, 1Lipari (ME)ITALIATel.:+39909811240/9887244-5Fax:+39909880633/9880196E-mail:[email protected]

Marta González CasanovaMarta González CasanovaMarta González CasanovaMarta González CasanovaMarta González CasanovaGabinetedePrensaCabildodeTenerifePlaza de España, 138071 - SantaCruzdeTenerifeTel.: +34922239891/Fax:+34922239779E-mail: [email protected]

Federico González VivesFederico González VivesFederico González VivesFederico González VivesFederico González VivesMADEPaseo de la Castellana, 95Torre Europa28046Madrid.ESPAÑATel.: +34915984141/Fax:+34915974893E-mail: [email protected]

Jaime González CejasJaime González CejasJaime González CejasJaime González CejasJaime González CejasAyto.deGranadillaPlaza de González Mena,s/n.38600,GranadilladeAbonaTenerife.ESPAÑA.Tel.: +34922759902/Fax:+34922759965

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Matthias GrottkeMatthias GrottkeMatthias GrottkeMatthias GrottkeMatthias GrottkeWIPSylvensteinstrasse,281369MuenchenGERMANYTel.: +49897201237/Fax:+49897201291E-mail: [email protected]

Jorge Arturo Guzmán FajardoJorge Arturo Guzmán FajardoJorge Arturo Guzmán FajardoJorge Arturo Guzmán FajardoJorge Arturo Guzmán FajardoAyuntamiento de Icod de los VinosPlaza Luis de León Huerta, 138430 Icodde losVinosTenerifeESPAÑATel.: +34922869600/ Fax:+34922869643

Manuel Hermoso RojasManuel Hermoso RojasManuel Hermoso RojasManuel Hermoso RojasManuel Hermoso RojasPresidenteGobiernodeCanariasSanta Cruz de TenerifeTenerifeESPAÑATel.: +34922601585/Fax:+34922601557

Ignacio HualdeIgnacio HualdeIgnacio HualdeIgnacio HualdeIgnacio HualdeBP Solar Española, S.A.IsladelHierronº5Parque Empresarial La MarinaSanSebastiánde losReyes28700MadridESPAÑATel.: +34916586565/Fax:+34916586566

Abdul Razzak IdrisAbdul Razzak IdrisAbdul Razzak IdrisAbdul Razzak IdrisAbdul Razzak IdrisDirectorGeneralMinistryofCommunication,ScienceandTechnology5th floor, BML buildingBoduthakurufaanuMaguMaléMALDIVESTel.: +960331693/Fax:+960331694E-mail: [email protected]

Hugo Ise CruzHugo Ise CruzHugo Ise CruzHugo Ise CruzHugo Ise CruzC/. Antigua General Franco 16 - 2º DLos Cristianos - AronaTenerifeESPAÑATel.: +34922753045/Fax:+34922796073

Ulrik JacobsenUlrik JacobsenUlrik JacobsenUlrik JacobsenUlrik JacobsenProgramConsultantForum for Energy and Development (FED)Secretariat for the International NetworkforSustainableEnergy (INFORSE)Landgreven71301CopenhagenKDENMARKTel.: +4533121307/Fax:+4533121308E-mail: [email protected]

Antoni Juaneda CabrisasAntoni Juaneda CabrisasAntoni Juaneda CabrisasAntoni Juaneda CabrisasAntoni Juaneda CabrisasVicepresidenteConsell InsulardeMenorcaCamí d'es Castell, 28Maó - MenorcaESPAÑATel.:+34971356241

Manraoi KaieaManraoi KaieaManraoi KaieaManraoi KaieaManraoi KaieaMinisterofWorks andEnergyP.O. Box 498, BetioTarawaKIRIBATITel.: +68626022/Fax:+68626172E-mail:works&[email protected]

Solon KassinisSolon KassinisSolon KassinisSolon KassinisSolon KassinisMinistry of Commerce, Industry andTourismAndreasAraouzos, 61421NicosiaCYPRUSTel.: +3572867140/Tel.: +3572489977

Alenka KindermannAlenka KindermannAlenka KindermannAlenka KindermannAlenka KindermannEnergy institute Hrvoje pozarUl. grada Vukovara 3710000Zagreb,CROATIAFax:+38516118401E-mail :[email protected]

Angel LandabasoAngel LandabasoAngel LandabasoAngel LandabasoAngel LandabasoEuropeanCommissionDirectorate General XVII - Energy226AvenuedeTervurenB-1150BrusselsBELGIUMTel.: +3222953456/Fax:+3222966016E-mail: [email protected]

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Antonio LecuonaAntonio LecuonaAntonio LecuonaAntonio LecuonaAntonio LecuonaITCPlaza de Sixto Machado, 338009Sta.CruzdeTenerifeTenerife.ESPAÑATel.: +34922568900/Fax:+34922568901E-mail: [email protected]

Antonio López GulíasAntonio López GulíasAntonio López GulíasAntonio López GulíasAntonio López GulíasConsejería de Industria y EnergíaGobiernodeCanariasPza.de losDerechosHumanos, s/n.Edf. De Usos Múltiples I.35071LasPalmasdeGranCanariaGranCanaria.ESPAÑA.Tel.:+34928454900

Alberto Luengo BarretoAlberto Luengo BarretoAlberto Luengo BarretoAlberto Luengo BarretoAlberto Luengo BarretoArquitectoCarlos J.R.Hamilton,12/DSanta Cruz de TenerifeTenerife.ESPAÑATel.: +34922289853/Fax:+34922291823

Jeremiah ManeleJeremiah ManeleJeremiah ManeleJeremiah ManeleJeremiah ManeleCounsellorSolomonIslandMission to theUnitedNations800SecondAvenue,4th floorNewYork,NY10017-4709U.S.A.Tel.: +12125996192-3/Fax:+12126618925E-mail: [email protected]

Cipriano MarínCipriano MarínCipriano MarínCipriano MarínCipriano MarínISSSecretaryINSULAInternationalScientificCouncilforIslandDevelopmentc/oUNESCO1, rueMiollis75015ParisFRANCETel.: +33145684056/Fax:+33145685804E-mail: [email protected]

Luis MarquésLuis MarquésLuis MarquésLuis MarquésLuis MarquésComisiónNacionaldeCooperaciónconlaUNESCOPaseoJuanXXIII, 528040MadridESPAÑATel.: +33145684049 /Fax:+34915351433

Adán Martín MenisAdán Martín MenisAdán Martín MenisAdán Martín MenisAdán Martín MenisVice-PresidenteGobiernodeCanariasPlaza de España, 1Santa Cruz de TenerifeTenerife.ESPAÑATel.:+34922239500

Manuel Martínez-FresnoManuel Martínez-FresnoManuel Martínez-FresnoManuel Martínez-FresnoManuel Martínez-FresnoJefe de ProtocoloCabildodeTenerifePlaza de España, 1Santa Cruz de TenerifeTenerife.ESPAÑATel.:+34922239506

Mario MatulicMario MatulicMario MatulicMario MatulicMario Matulic69 Av. du Mal Foch78100Saint-Germain-en-LayeFRANCETel.: +33139734573/Fax:+33139210610E-mail: [email protected]

Peter MeinckePeter MeinckePeter MeinckePeter MeinckePeter MeinckeIslandWebConsortiumUniversity of Prince Edward Island550UniversityAveCharlottetownC1A4P3PrinceEdwardIslandCANADATel.: +19025660347/ Fax:+1902 3681704E-mail:[email protected]

Ricardo Melchior NavarroRicardo Melchior NavarroRicardo Melchior NavarroRicardo Melchior NavarroRicardo Melchior NavarroPresidenteCabildodeTenerifePlaza de España, 1Santa Cruz de TenerifeTenerife.ESPAÑATel.: +34922239728/Fax:+34922239784E-mail: [email protected]

Bénédicte MeyerBénédicte MeyerBénédicte MeyerBénédicte MeyerBénédicte MeyerADEMEEuropean Projects ManagerExpertise and InternationalProjectsDepartment27 rue Louis Vicat75015Paris. FRANCETel.: +33147652021/Fax:+33146420558E-mail: [email protected]

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Luis Mir PayáLuis Mir PayáLuis Mir PayáLuis Mir PayáLuis Mir PayáINSULAInternationalScientificCouncilforIslandDevelopmentc/GeneralMola3538007SantaCruzdeTenerifeIslasCanarias -ESPAÑATel.: +34922230688/Fax:+34922200951E-mail: [email protected]

Sebastián MolinaSebastián MolinaSebastián MolinaSebastián MolinaSebastián MolinaUNELCOAvda. Alcalde José Ramírez Bethencourt, 22.35003LasPalmasdeGranCanariaIslasCanarias.ESPAÑATel.: +34928309908/Fax:+34928309987

Enzo MillichEnzo MillichEnzo MillichEnzo MillichEnzo MillichHead,EnergyProductionTechnologyEuropeanCommissionDirectorate General XVII - Energy226AvenuedeTervurenB-1150BrusselsBELGIUMTel.:+3222953625/Fax:+3222966261E-mail:[email protected]

Javier Morales FeblesJavier Morales FeblesJavier Morales FeblesJavier Morales FeblesJavier Morales FeblesConsejerodeAgricultura yMedioCabildo Insular de El HierroValverdeEl HierroESPAÑATel.:+34922550101-03E-mail: [email protected]

Ramón Moreno CastillaRamón Moreno CastillaRamón Moreno CastillaRamón Moreno CastillaRamón Moreno CastillaC/LuisDoresteSilva, 1235004LasPalmasdeGranCanariaGranCanariaESPAÑATel.: +34617805005/Fax:+34928490386

John MurrayJohn MurrayJohn MurrayJohn MurrayJohn MurrayITERPol. Ind.DeGranadillaParque Eólico.38611,SanIsidroTenerife.ESPAÑATel.: +34922391000/Fax:+34922391001E-mail: [email protected]

Maximo NägeleMaximo NägeleMaximo NägeleMaximo NägeleMaximo NägeleLanzarote Beach Club ServiciosApdo.Correos333.3550ArrecifeLanzarote . ESPAÑATel.: +34928590003/Fax:+34928590014

Shyam S. NandwaniShyam S. NandwaniShyam S. NandwaniShyam S. NandwaniShyam S. NandwaniLaboratorio de Energía SolarDepto. de FísicaUniversidadNacionalP.O.Box728HerediaCOSTARICATel.:+5062773482/Fax:+5062601197E-mail: [email protected]

Mr Francis NgaluMr Francis NgaluMr Francis NgaluMr Francis NgaluMr Francis NgaluAg. Secretary for Works & EnergyP.O. Box 498, BetioTarawaKIRIBATITel.:+68626192/26105/Fax:+68626172E-mail:works&[email protected]

Filipe OliveiraFilipe OliveiraFilipe OliveiraFilipe OliveiraFilipe OliveiraAREAMMadeiraTecnopoloP-9000 FunchalMadeiraPORTUGALTel.: +35191723300/Fax:+35191720033E-mail: [email protected]

Giuseppe OrlandoGiuseppe OrlandoGiuseppe OrlandoGiuseppe OrlandoGiuseppe OrlandoINSULAInternationalScientificCouncilforIslandDevelopmentc/oUNESCO1, rueMiollis75015Paris. FRANCETel.: +33145684056/Fax:+33145685804E-mail: [email protected]

TTTTTomás Padrónomás Padrónomás Padrónomás Padrónomás PadrónPresidenteCabildo de El HierroValverdeIslas Canarias - EspañaTel.:+34922550101-03E-mail: [email protected]

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Ronald ParrisRonald ParrisRonald ParrisRonald ParrisRonald ParrisWilliamPatersonUniversity300 Pompton Road. atrium 229WayneNJ07470 -2103.USATel.: +19737202535/Fax:+19737202171E-mail:[email protected]

Carlos PérezCarlos PérezCarlos PérezCarlos PérezCarlos PérezITERPol. Ind.DeGranadillaParque Eólico38611,SanIsidroTenerife.ESPAÑATel.: +34922391000/Fax:+34922391001E-mail: [email protected]

Jesús Pérez PeñaJesús Pérez PeñaJesús Pérez PeñaJesús Pérez PeñaJesús Pérez PeñaULPGCDpto. de QuímicaCampus de TafiraEdfo. Ciencias Básicas35017LasPalmasdeGranCanariaGranCanaria.ESPAÑA.Tel.: +34928451316/Fax:+34928452922E-mail: Jesú[email protected]

Francisco Pérez SpiessFrancisco Pérez SpiessFrancisco Pérez SpiessFrancisco Pérez SpiessFrancisco Pérez SpiessITERPol. Ind. De Granadilla.Parque Eólico38611,SanIsidroTenerife.ESPAÑATel.: +34922391000/Fax:+34922391001E-mail: [email protected]

Blanca PereyraBlanca PereyraBlanca PereyraBlanca PereyraBlanca PereyraI.AndrésBelloPlazaCantosCanarios38007SantaCruzdeTenerifeTenerife.ESPAÑA.Tel.: +34922223341/Fax:+34922213001E-mail: [email protected]

TTTTTarmo Piknerarmo Piknerarmo Piknerarmo Piknerarmo PiknerDirectorofDevelopmentandPlanningSaaremaaCountyGovernment1 Lossi St.EE3300KuressaareSaaremaa.ESTONIATel.:+3724533499/Fax:+3724533448E-mail: [email protected]

Surendra PrasadSurendra PrasadSurendra PrasadSurendra PrasadSurendra PrasadHeadSchool of Pure and Applied SciencesUniversity of the South PacificPOBOX1168,SuvaFIJITel.: +679301246/Fax:+679302548E-mail: [email protected]

Mª del Pilar Reyes Glez.Mª del Pilar Reyes Glez.Mª del Pilar Reyes Glez.Mª del Pilar Reyes Glez.Mª del Pilar Reyes Glez.I.AndrésBelloPlazaCantosCanarios38007SantaCruzdeTenerifeTenerife. ESPAÑATel.:+34922240432Fax:+34922213001

Juan Antonio RíosJuan Antonio RíosJuan Antonio RíosJuan Antonio RíosJuan Antonio RíosONG-ACAGEC/DonadoGumiel,1738205LaLagunaTenerife.ESPAÑATel.: +34922651764/Fax:+34922651764

Jesús Rodríguez ÁlamoJesús Rodríguez ÁlamoJesús Rodríguez ÁlamoJesús Rodríguez ÁlamoJesús Rodríguez ÁlamoITERPol. Ind.DeGranadillaParque Eólico38611,SanIsidroTenerife.ESPAÑATel.: +34922391000/Fax:+34922391001E-mail: [email protected]

Loreto Ródríguez MendozaLoreto Ródríguez MendozaLoreto Ródríguez MendozaLoreto Ródríguez MendozaLoreto Ródríguez MendozaITERPol. Ind.DeGranadillaParque Eólico38611,SanIsidroTenerife.ESPAÑATel.: +34922391000/Fax:+34922391001E-mail: [email protected]

Ana Luisa Rosquete Hdez.Ana Luisa Rosquete Hdez.Ana Luisa Rosquete Hdez.Ana Luisa Rosquete Hdez.Ana Luisa Rosquete Hdez.Ayto. Icod de los VinosPlaza Luis de León Huerta, 138430 Icodde losVinosTenerifeESPAÑATel.: 34922869600/ Fax:34922869643

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José Luis Ruíz MartínJosé Luis Ruíz MartínJosé Luis Ruíz MartínJosé Luis Ruíz MartínJosé Luis Ruíz MartínSEYMACC. Ntra. Sra. De África, local 48C/ Darias y PadrónSta.CruzdeTenerife. ESPAÑATel.: +34922206358/Fax:+34922206358E-mail: [email protected]

Prem SaddulPrem SaddulPrem SaddulPrem SaddulPrem SaddulAssociateProfessorMauritius Institute of EducationAdvisor of the Ministry of EnvironmentLe ReduitMAURITIUSTel.: +2304546526/Fax:+2304541037 -4543281E-mail:[email protected]

David Sáenz CortésDavid Sáenz CortésDavid Sáenz CortésDavid Sáenz CortésDavid Sáenz CortésPROEXCA,S.A.Avda.deAnaga,3538001Sta.CruzdeTenerifeTenerife.ESPAÑATel.: +34922286050/Fax:+34922286722E-mail: [email protected]

Arnoldo Santos GuerraArnoldo Santos GuerraArnoldo Santos GuerraArnoldo Santos GuerraArnoldo Santos GuerraJardín de Aclimatación de La OrotavaLa Paz s/nPuerto de la CruzTenerife.ESPAÑATel.: +34922383572/Fax:+34922371596E-mail: [email protected]

Julieta Schallenberg RodríguezJulieta Schallenberg RodríguezJulieta Schallenberg RodríguezJulieta Schallenberg RodríguezJulieta Schallenberg RodríguezCentro de Investigación en Energía y AguaITC - Instituto Tecnológico de Canariasc/. Cebrián, 3 - 5º planta (esq. Venegas)E-35003 - Las Palmas de Gran CanariaIslasCanarias -ESPAÑATel.: +34928452018/Fax:+34928452007E-mail: [email protected]

Ismail ShafeeuIsmail ShafeeuIsmail ShafeeuIsmail ShafeeuIsmail ShafeeuMinister of Home Affairs,HousingandtheEnvironmentHuraveeBuildingAmeerAhmedMagu2005MaléMALDIVESTel.: +960321752/Fax:+960324739

Anna SimoneAnna SimoneAnna SimoneAnna SimoneAnna SimoneArchitectAdvisor to the VentoteneMunicipalityVia Sant'Ippolito, 2600162Roma. ITALYTel./Fax:+3906442428924E-mail: [email protected]

Smiljan �imacSmiljan �imacSmiljan �imacSmiljan �imacSmiljan �imacAmbassador of CroatiaEmbassy of Croatia39,avenueGeorgesMandel75116Paris. FRANCETel.: +33153700276/Fax:+33153700290

Hiroshi THiroshi THiroshi THiroshi THiroshi TamadaamadaamadaamadaamadaTechnicalDevelopmentAssociateSIDSNetUNDP/SustainableDevelopmentNetworkingProgramme304 East 45 Street,NewYork,N.Y.10017.U.S.A.Tel.: +12129066462/Fax:+12129066952e-mail:[email protected]

François VFrançois VFrançois VFrançois VFrançois ValettealettealettealettealetteLaboratoire "HYDROSCIENCES"UMRCNRS-IRD(exORSTOM)Nº5569UniversitédeMontpellier II SciencesetTechniquesPlace Eugène Bataillon - Case courrier 5734095MontpellierCedex5FRANCETel.: +33 4 67 14 42 70 /Fax: +33 4 67 14 47 74e-mail: [email protected]

Carla VCarla VCarla VCarla VCarla Velayón Moraleselayón Moraleselayón Moraleselayón Moraleselayón MoralesPROEXCA,S.A.Avda.deAnaga,3538001Sta.CruzdeTenerifeTenerife.ESPAÑATel.: +34922286050/Fax:+34922286722E-mail: [email protected]

Liebrecht von BeymeLiebrecht von BeymeLiebrecht von BeymeLiebrecht von BeymeLiebrecht von BeymeInoconsult -MadridReyesMagos428009MadridESPAÑATel.:+34609002696E-mail: [email protected]

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Bernd von DrosteBernd von DrosteBernd von DrosteBernd von DrosteBernd von DrosteSenior Advisor to the DirectorGeneral of UNESCOforWorldHeritage92ruedesTonnerolles92210SaintCloud.FRANCETel.: +33147718543/Fax:+33146020965

Miguel Zerolo AguilarMiguel Zerolo AguilarMiguel Zerolo AguilarMiguel Zerolo AguilarMiguel Zerolo AguilarAlcaldeAyuntamiento de Santa Cruz de TenerifeGeneralAntequera, 1438004SantaCruzdeTenerifeTenerife.ESPAÑATel.:+34922606000

Arthouros ZervosArthouros ZervosArthouros ZervosArthouros ZervosArthouros ZervosNTUANationalTechnicalUniversityofAthensP.O.Box6401115701ZografouAthensGREECETel.: +3017723272/Fax:+3017721738E-mail: [email protected]

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Committee of HonourAAAAADÁNDÁNDÁNDÁNDÁN MMMMMARTÍNARTÍNARTÍNARTÍNARTÍN MMMMMENISENISENISENISENIS

Vice-President of the Canary Islands Government

FFFFFEDERICOEDERICOEDERICOEDERICOEDERICO MMMMMAYORAYORAYORAYORAYOR ZZZZZARAGOZAARAGOZAARAGOZAARAGOZAARAGOZADirector - General of UNESCO

AAAAANTÓNIONTÓNIONTÓNIONTÓNIONTÓNIO MMMMMASCARENHASASCARENHASASCARENHASASCARENHASASCARENHAS MMMMMONTEIROONTEIROONTEIROONTEIROONTEIROPresident of the Republic of Cabo Verde

GGGGGUIDOUIDOUIDOUIDOUIDO DEDEDEDEDE MMMMMARCOARCOARCOARCOARCOPresident of the Republic of Malta

GGGGGLAFCOSLAFCOSLAFCOSLAFCOSLAFCOS CCCCCLERIDESLERIDESLERIDESLERIDESLERIDESPresident of the Republic of Cyprus

AAAAANGELONGELONGELONGELONGELO CCCCCAPODICASAAPODICASAAPODICASAAPODICASAAPODICASAPresident of the Sicilian Region

CCCCCARLOSARLOSARLOSARLOSARLOS CCCCCÉSARÉSARÉSARÉSARÉSARPresident of the Regiao Autónoma dos Açores

OOOOOWENWENWENWENWEN S. AS. AS. AS. AS. ARTHURRTHURRTHURRTHURRTHURPrime Minister of Barbados

JJJJJAUMEAUMEAUMEAUMEAUME MMMMMAAAAATTTTTASASASASAS PPPPPALAUALAUALAUALAUALAUPresident of the Balearic Island Government

CCCCCLAUDELAUDELAUDELAUDELAUDE LLLLLISÉISÉISÉISÉISÉPresident of the General Council of Martinique

JJJJJUREUREUREUREURE RRRRRADICADICADICADICADICVice-Prime Minister

Minister of Development and Reconstruction. Croatia

RRRRRICARDOICARDOICARDOICARDOICARDO MMMMMELCHIORELCHIORELCHIORELCHIORELCHIOR NNNNNAAAAAVVVVVARROARROARROARROARRO

President of the Tenerife Island Council

IIIIISABELSABELSABELSABELSABEL TTTTTOCINOOCINOOCINOOCINOOCINO BBBBBISCAROLASAGAISCAROLASAGAISCAROLASAGAISCAROLASAGAISCAROLASAGASpanish Minister of Environment

MMMMMARIANOARIANOARIANOARIANOARIANO RRRRRAJOYAJOYAJOYAJOYAJOY BBBBBREYREYREYREYREYSpanish Minister of Education and Culture

MMMMMANRAOIANRAOIANRAOIANRAOIANRAOI KKKKKAIEAAIEAAIEAAIEAAIEAMinister of Works and Energy of Kiribati

IIIIISMAILSMAILSMAILSMAILSMAIL SSSSSHAFEEUHAFEEUHAFEEUHAFEEUHAFEEUMinister of Home Affairs,

Housing and Environment of Maldives

RRRRROSAOSAOSAOSAOSA EEEEELENALENALENALENALENA SSSSSIMEÓNIMEÓNIMEÓNIMEÓNIMEÓNMinister of Science, Technology and Environment of Cuba

MMMMMOHAMEDOHAMEDOHAMEDOHAMEDOHAMED TTTTT. E. E. E. E. ELLLLL-A-A-A-A-ASHRSHRSHRSHRSHRYYYYYChairman of GEF (Global Environment Facility)

PPPPPIERIERIERIERIER GGGGGIOVIOVIOVIOVIOVANNIANNIANNIANNIANNI DDDDD’A’A’A’A’AYYYYYALAALAALAALAALASecretary General of INSULA

BBBBBORISORISORISORISORIS BBBBBERKOVSKIERKOVSKIERKOVSKIERKOVSKIERKOVSKISecretary General of the World Solar Commission

DDDDDOMINGOOMINGOOMINGOOMINGOOMINGO JJJJJIMÉNEZIMÉNEZIMÉNEZIMÉNEZIMÉNEZ BBBBBELELELELELTRÁNTRÁNTRÁNTRÁNTRÁNExecutive Director of the European Environment Agency

PPPPPABLOABLOABLOABLOABLO BBBBBENAENAENAENAENAVIDESVIDESVIDESVIDESVIDES SSSSSALASALASALASALASALASDirector-general of D.G. XVII – European Commission

Executive CommitteePresidente / PresidentPresidente / PresidentPresidente / PresidentPresidente / PresidentPresidente / President

RRRRRICARDOICARDOICARDOICARDOICARDO MMMMMELCHIORELCHIORELCHIORELCHIORELCHIOR NNNNNAAAAAVVVVVARROARROARROARROARRO

Presidente del Cabildo de TenerifePresidente del ITER

MMMMMANUELANUELANUELANUELANUEL CCCCCENDAGORENDAGORENDAGORENDAGORENDAGORTTTTTAAAAA

Director – ITER

RRRRRONALDONALDONALDONALDONALD PPPPPARRISARRISARRISARRISARRIS – B– B– B– B– BARBADOSARBADOSARBADOSARBADOSARBADOS

INSULA President

CCCCCIPRIANOIPRIANOIPRIANOIPRIANOIPRIANO MMMMMARÍNARÍNARÍNARÍNARÍN

ISS Secretary

PPPPPEDROEDROEDROEDROEDRO BBBBBALLESTEROSALLESTEROSALLESTEROSALLESTEROSALLESTEROS

DG XVII – European Commission

OOOOOSMANSMANSMANSMANSMAN BBBBBENCHIKHENCHIKHENCHIKHENCHIKHENCHIKH

World Solar Programme (1996-2005)UNESCO

FFFFFRANCORANCORANCORANCORANCO CCCCCAAAAAVVVVVALLAROALLAROALLAROALLAROALLARO

Sicily

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ITERInstitute of

Technology andRenewable Energies

ITERInstitute of

Technology andRenewable Energies

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ITERInstitute of Technology and

Renewable Energies

TTTTThe Institute of Technology and Re-newable Energies was founded in 1990 bythe Cabildo of Tenerife, the island's local au-thority., andwasconceivedasa technologicalanswer to insularproblems,havingbeen foral-mostadecadeapioneerof renewableenergiesasa the basic solution to the future development ofthe islands

The geopolitical situation of the Canary Islands hasaffirmed ITER's role as an important centre of investi-gation and technological development, acting as abridge between three continents. The majority of the

projectscarriedout by ITER are

co-funded by theEuropeanCommis-

sion, or local organi-zationsorotheragen-

cies.Theprojectscoverareas fromrenewableen-

ergy sources to many otheraspects related to insularques-

tionsrelatedtomanagementofresourcesandriskprevention..

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Atpresent, the institutehasamultidisciplinary teamcomposedofover50people involved inprojects, inves-tigation,development,demonstration,coveringawidevariety of fields and working in close association withthe most important group of pioneering institutionsand companies from all over the world. The outcomeof this collaboration can be seen from ITER's mem-bershipofvariousagenciesandco-operationnetworks,such as :• EUREC-Agency -EuropeanRenewableEnergyCen-

tresAgency.

• FEDARENE - Federation Des AgencesRegionalesde l'Energieet l'Enviroment

• CERE - Communities of Europe for Renew-ableEnergy

ITER has also formed part of four Co-opera-tion Networks and has been co-ordinator of twoof these.

• ECOWAT: European Co-operation Networkfor the supply of Water and Management ofOptimumuseofRenewableEnergies.

• NETWORKOFEXCELLENCE:Developmentof a Network of Excellence between Munici-palities andRegions for theDevelopmentandUseofRenewableEnergies.

• EURECNETWORKONBIOMASS(Bioelectricity).• OPET ITER-AREAM: Organization for the Promo-

tion of Energy Technologies co-ordinated by ITER.Originated topromoteanddisseminateREtechnol-ogy in peripheral and ultra-peripheral regions, par-ticularly in islands.

ITER closely collaborates with various universities,such as the University of Kassel, Louisiana State Uni-versity and the University of La Laguna

ITER's grounds are located in the Industrial Estateof Granadilla de Abona on the southern coast of theisland, some 52 km from the capital Santa Cruz deTenerife.Thesegroundsoccupyanareaof365,000m2and posses great advantages for the development ofrenewableenergyprojects :highwindvelocity (withanaverageof7.5m/sintheE-NEdirection),anlongcoast-line, considerable levels of solar radiation (daily aver-age radiation of 452.3 W/m2 and a temperature of21º) togetherwith thenecessary communicationsandservice infrastructure

Some of the many projects developed at ITER are :

• HYBRID PRODUCTION SYSTEM: The design of ahybrid production system powered by wind energy,solar energy, as well as a small diesel generator

• CONSTRUCTIONOF25BIOCLIMATICDWELL-INGS: The project proposes the construction of 25individual dwellings based on bioclimatic standardsand using recycled construction materials and re-newable energies for energy production. The selec-tionof theprojectswas carriedout throughan inter-national tender, inwhich25proposalswere selectedto be constructed.

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• VISITORS'CENTRE:Thiswillbeanannexbuildingto ITER's head office that will serve as a receptionarea and will contain audio-visual rooms.

• PLATFORM FOR TESTS AND MEASUREMENTSOF THERMAL SOLAR ENERGY

• MONITORING OF ITER'S BIOCLIMATICBUILDING

• NETWORKS:Theprojecthascontributed to thede-velopmentofdesalinationprojectsbasedonREcov-ering all types of water needs, such as those for hu-manconsumption, industrialoragriculturaluse, cre-ating a methodological tool for the evaluation of REinseawaterdesalinationplants invarious localitiesonthe Greek coast.

• DESERESCUE:Theobjectoftheproject is todemon-strate theviabilityof improving live inaridanddesertzoneswithhighlysimplifiedbioenergeticsystems

• URBAN PLANNING: The project studies the mainproblems of contamination affecting major Euro-peancities.

• MORE: Its aimis to improve the flexibility andviabil-ityofmodularhybridsupplysystemswiththe intention of reinforcing their intro-duction in isolated areas of Europe andalsodevelopingcountries.

• STUDYOFHARMONICSANDTRAN-SIENTS Maximumpenetrationofwindfarms in the electricity network

• MEHTODED'EVALUATION:Anevalu-ation guide that operates as an aid topolitical leaders in order to measure so-cial, economic and environmental as-pects of local RE projects

• EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION VIATHE USE OF GEOMCHEMICALMETHODS.

• FLUID GEOCHEMISTRY APPLIED TO HYDRO-LOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES INOCEANVOLCANICISLANDS:Project financedbyNATO in which ITER is a participant together withthe Argonne National Laboratory (Chicago, USA)and theLouisianaStateUniversity (Louisiana,USA)

• VOLCANICACTIVITYMONITORINGENPAPUANEWGUINEA

• GEOCHEMICALPROGRAMFORMONITORINGOF SEISMIC-VOLCANIC ACTIVITY ON THE IS-LAND OF LA PALMA

• RETEC-PARK:Continuationof theprojectTrainingCentre that analysed global aspects of RE.

• ENERGYISSUES:Project forpromotingenergyeffi-ciency technologies for utra-peripheral regions andislands

• G.I.S.: Its intention is to describe the integration po-tential of each RE sector in local energy markets, aswellas theireffectsontheenvironment,employmentandregionaleconomyfor largescaleuseofRE.G.I.S.is composed of different interactive databases of

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whichthoserelatingtowindandbiomassenergyhavebeenthefirst tobedeveloped,containingall thenec-essary information and providing prospective mapsonaregional level.

• EURO-TRAIN:Thegrowing successof thediffusionin Europe of of training programmes related to thepotentialofREtechnologyanditsapplications in thepublicandprivatesectorhavebeenanimpellingforcein this field.

• ADAPT-RENOVABLE PROJECT: ITER has activelyparticipatedasan instructor in theprogramme"Pro-fessionalAdaptation for theDevelopmentofRenew-ableEnergies intheCanaryIslands",directedtowardsvariousobjectives: professional trainingofuniversitygraduates and young workers in the field of RE andits applications, favouring the integration of younginvestors in RE related technologies, and in makingcompanies aware of the benefits of RE

• RE TRAINING ACTIVITIES : Centred on givingcourses to technicians,designers, and industrialper-sonnel, etc., from various EC and developing coun-tries, in relation to systems based on wind energy.

Differentmoduleswerecombined,eachonespecial-ized in distinct objectives. In November 1996 thecourses began and the activities were developed, allof which were in the framework of ITER being a

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specialized centre for the development of the train-ing courses and as an expert in RE themes.

• ENTERPRISE TRAINING: This non-academiccourse, held at the end of 1996 in ITER offeredpractical assistance to small and medium sized com-panies for the utilization of the extensive RE mar-ket.Electronicsprojectsarealsodeveloped, suchas is thecase of the inverter for the EUCLIDES Project andthe preparation of multimedia programmes.

• TIMEPROJECT:Aprogrammefor telephone train-ingandtele-workingdesignedforphysicallydisabledpeople.

• DESIGNOFANAUTOMATEDCONTROLSYSTEMFOR THE WIND FARM: A specific and totally auto-matedcontrol systemfor thewindplatformhasbeendesigned.Thetypicalcontrol requirementsofawindturbinedifferfromtheir industrialequivalents.There-fore ITER decided to design a prototype system toavoid the acquisition of a great quantity of specificcharacteristic control modules

• GRID CONTROL: The object of this project con-sisted of defining, developing and demonstrating a

system for the controlofgridssuppliedbyre-newable energy sys-tems.Many of the projects

carried out by ITERhave given way to vari-ous installation(desalinationplants,hy-draulic systems), in par-allel the institute has in-vestedintheinstallationof Wind Farms or Pho-tovoltaic Systems withthe aim of developingtheirknowledgeinthesefields and to contributeto clean electricity. Inthe same way, invest-ment has been made inthepreparationof infra-structures that favourthe diffusion of infor-

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mationabout renewableenergies,akeyaspect for theiracceptation and implementation on a large scale.

Between the various installations that are normallyvisited at the institute, the following can be found::• 2.83MWEXPERIMENTALWINDPLATFORM• 4.8MWWINDFARM• 5.5MWWINDFARM• 28KWPHOTOVOLTAICSOLARPLATFORM• PHOTOVOLTAIC CONCENTRATION PLANT -

EUCLIDES PROJECT: The EUCLIDES project, co-financedbytheEUandco-ordinatedbyITERisbasedon the concentration of solar energy. By using con-centration systems such as the EUCLIDES, it is in-tended to lower by half photovoltaic energy costs.The pilot plant installed in ITER's premises is basedon the EUCLIDES concentrator developed by IESand BP Solar over the last few years. The plant occu-piesanareaofapproximately1Ha(thebiggest in theworld in its class),dividedup into fourteen84mlongmodules, reachingacapacityof480kW.TheEast-Westsolar trackingsystemis installedandworks on an axis. The project involves theparticipationofotherpublic institutionssuchas the Ministry of Industry and Energy

• DESALINATIONPLANTS:Theinstitutehasthreedesalinationplantsusedfordemonstra-tionof various seawaterdesalinationsystemsutilizing renewable energies, resulting inthree investigation projects: MEGA-Hybrid,PRODESAL and MODULARDESALINATION

• MINI-HYDRAULICPLANT:Asystemfortheproduction and storage of electrical energybased on the utilization of environmentalconditions at ITER's site has been installedandevaluated.

• TECHNOLOGICALWALKWAY«MONTAÑAPELADA». Its fundamental idea is to showtothe public Renewable Energies in a educa-tionalandagreeablemanner. In thiswayvari-ous interactive thematic areas are integratedintothegrounds,alonganaturalravinewhichrunsthroughITER'sterrains. It isdividedintosix specific areas and in each one a distincttype of energy source is explained via panelsand computers. It is constructed along astream which flows down the ravine into asmall lake.Thebanksof theravinehavebeenprotecteddue to theirhigh scenic valuewithtotal respect for the natural environment.

• BIOCLIMATICBUILDING-ITER'SHEADOFFICE:The two storey building occupies a surface area of2,048 m2 and has been built using bioclimatic crite-ria, consisting of offices, workshops, a dining areaand rooms for visitors.

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Island Solar SummitWEB Site

http://www.insula.org/solar

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IslandSolarSummitTenerife 1999

building the future of the islands: sustainable energies

Documents

island solar summit

island solar agenda

canary islands government

republic of kiribati

republic of maldives

republic of cyprus

republic of seychelles

theworld solar programme