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Building Rural Capacityin the New Economy

Building Rural Capacityin the New Economy

Bill ReimerBill Reimer

with the NREwith the NRE22 Team Teamreimer@vax2.concordia.careimer@vax2.concordia.ca

2005/03/102005/03/10

Tom Beckley

David Bruce

Omer Chouinard

Ivan Emke

Greg Halseth

Bruno Jean

Patrice LeBlanc

Diane Martz

Steve Plante

Doug Ramsey

Ellen Wall

Derek Wilkinson

Anna Woodrow

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OutlineOutline•What are CRRF and the NRE?What are CRRF and the NRE?•Research DesignResearch Design•Theoretical FrameworkTheoretical Framework

Capacity, social capital, social cohesionCapacity, social capital, social cohesion

•MeasurementMeasurement•Key FindingsKey Findings•ChallengesChallenges•StrategiesStrategies•Emerging IssuesEmerging Issues

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What is CRRF?What is CRRF?

•Researchers, Policy-Makers, Business-Researchers, Policy-Makers, Business-People, Activists, Rural PeoplePeople, Activists, Rural People

•Established in 1987Established in 1987

•Research and EducationResearch and Education

•Spring Workshops, Fall ConferencesSpring Workshops, Fall Conferences

•Not-For-ProfitNot-For-Profit

• Improve Quality of Life for all Rural Improve Quality of Life for all Rural CanadiansCanadians

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Why establish the NRE?Why establish the NRE?

•Lack of appropriate informationLack of appropriate information

•Lack of comparisonsLack of comparisons

•Lack of communication and Lack of communication and collaborationcollaboration

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The NRE ProjectThe NRE Project•Established in 1997Established in 1997

•15-20 researchers from all across Canada15-20 researchers from all across Canada

•Rural Observatory – 32 rural sitesRural Observatory – 32 rural sites

•2 sites in Japan2 sites in Japan

•Data collection and analysisData collection and analysis

•Workshops and conferencesWorkshops and conferences

•Researchers, Policy-makers, Rural PeopleResearchers, Policy-makers, Rural People

• International collaborationInternational collaboration

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NRE Sample Frame DimensionsNRE Sample Frame Dimensions

•exposure to global economiesexposure to global economies

•stability of the local economystability of the local economy

•adjacency to metro regionsadjacency to metro regions

•social and institutional capacitysocial and institutional capacity

• leading or lagging statusleading or lagging status

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The NRE Sample FrameThe NRE Sample FrameLow CapacityHigh Capacity

LagLeadLagLead

Distant

Adjac.

Distant

Adjac.

Distant

Adjac.

Distant

Adjac.

Local Exposed

Stable

Fluctu-ating

Stable

56169915

45710012

1351612

9454

3018165

198264

4412413251

154627175Fluctu-ating

Global Exposed

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NRE…The Rural ObservatoryNRE…The Rural Observatory

…an International Network

…an International Network

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1986 Census CSDs

1991 Census CSDs

1996 Census CSDs

2001 Census CSDs

Common-Boundary Census CSDs

Profile 1998

Profile 2000

Profile 2003

Field Site Profile Series

Capacity Interviews 1999

Capacity Interviews 2000

Capacity Interviews 2001

Capacity Interviews

Field Site Taxfiler Series

1994-99

HH Survey 2001 Household Survey 2001

Municipal Finances

CSD Trajectories

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NRE ProjectNRE Project

to the site

to the household

linkingthe world

both ways

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Linkages create challengesLinkages create challenges

-5

0

5

10

15

20

low medium high

Exposure to the Global Economy

%popchg

1986-911991-961996-01

Constant boundary CSDs

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ASSETS•Economic Capital•Human Skills and Abilities•Social Capital•Natural Resources

OUTCOMES•Economic wealth•Social and political inclusion•Social Cohesion •Environmental security•Social and self-worth•Health•Personal security

Capacity ModelCapacity Model

RELATIONS & CHOICES

Market

Bureaucratic

Associative

Communal

outcomes can become outcomes can become new assets and new assets and

liabilitiesliabilities

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Context MattersContext Matters

•exposure to global economies•stability of the local economy•adjacency to metro regions•social and institutional capacity

ASSETS•Economic Capital•Human Skills and Abilities•Social Capital•Natural Resources

PROCESSES•Market•Bureaucratic•Associative•Communal

OUTCOMES•Economic wealth•Social and political inclusion•Social Cohesion •Environmental security•Social and self-worth•Health•Personal Security

outcomes can outcomes can become new assets become new assets

and liabilitiesand liabilities

CAPACITY MODELCAPACITY MODEL

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Market

Associative Communal

R ob sonE con om ic

Jon esS oc ia l

P o lsonP o lit ica l

S m ithP res id en t

Bureaucratic

High Capacity = Agility among systems

Capacity is embedded in Social RelationsCapacity is embedded in Social Relations

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Social CapitalSocial Capital

• One type of asset or resource (stock)One type of asset or resource (stock)

• Social assets potentially useful for outcomesSocial assets potentially useful for outcomes

• Based in four types of social relations and actionBased in four types of social relations and action

relationships, networks, and associated norms that can facilitate collective action

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How is social capital to be measured?

How is social capital to be measured?

•Social capital is about social relationsSocial capital is about social relations

•Reflected in institutions, organizations, Reflected in institutions, organizations, groups, networks (AVAILABLE social capital)groups, networks (AVAILABLE social capital)

•Reflected in the USE of these groups and Reflected in the USE of these groups and networksnetworks

•Rooted in 4 types of social relationsRooted in 4 types of social relations

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Measuring AVAILABLE Social CapitalMeasuring AVAILABLE Social Capital

•Market relationsMarket relations: Enterprises, Financial : Enterprises, Financial institutions (formal and informal), institutions (formal and informal), commercial servicescommercial services

•Bureaucratic relationsBureaucratic relations: Schools, Gov’t : Schools, Gov’t organizations, corporationsorganizations, corporations

•Associative relationsAssociative relations: Voluntary associations: Voluntary associations

•Communal relationsCommunal relations: Family networks, : Family networks, Daycares, Senior citizens’ centres, Religious Daycares, Senior citizens’ centres, Religious organizations, Community-integration eventsorganizations, Community-integration events

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Measuring USE of Social CapitalMeasuring USE of Social Capital

• Market-basedMarket-based: Employment, M-Internet, : Employment, M-Internet, market services, employment organizations, market services, employment organizations, market supportmarket support

• Bureaucratic-basedBureaucratic-based: B-Internet, bureaucratic : B-Internet, bureaucratic services, actions re. bureaucracies, services, actions re. bureaucracies, bureaucratic supportbureaucratic support

• Associative-basedAssociative-based: A-Internet, associative : A-Internet, associative services, associative-based groups, services, associative-based groups, associative actions, associative supportassociative actions, associative support

• Communal-basedCommunal-based: C-Internet, sharing goods, : C-Internet, sharing goods, sharing services, family supportsharing services, family support

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AVAILABLE Social Capital is not always USEDAVAILABLE Social Capital is not always USED

AVAILABILITY of Social Capital (Site-level)

USE of SoKp (HH-level)

Market Bureau. Assoc. Comm. Total

Market .12 .08 .21 .15

Bureaucratic .22 .13 .35 .29

Associative .20 .09 .28 .22

Communal -.18 .09 .07 .05*

Total .19 .12 .32 .25• (r) (N=1849) Unless otherwise indicated p<.01; * p<.05• Availability is measured at the site level (Source: NRE Site Profiles 2000)• Use is measured at the household level (Source: NRE HH Survey 2001)

Focusing on one type will distort results and policies

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Correlations are all positive for types of social capital used

Correlations are all positive for types of social capital used

Bureau. Assoc. Comm’nl

Market .18 .28 .27

Bureau. .37 .41

Assoc. .29

• No substitutionsNo substitutions

Policy: Weak safety netPolicy: Weak safety net

• But: But: ComplementaryComplementary

Policy: Local strength in Policy: Local strength in one can be used to one can be used to build capacity in othersbuild capacity in others

(r) 1995 HHs – sums of logged items p<.01Source: NRE HH Survey 2001

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Context Matters for CapacityContext Matters for Capacity

Index of Associative Social Capital

highlow

Est

imat

ed M

argi

nal M

eans

60000

50000

40000

Exposure

Local

Global

HH Income by Associative Social Capital and Global Exposure The use of social capital

increases HH incomes

…but not if exposure to the global economy is low

Public expenditure on associative social capital will have higher impact in

globally exposed sites

NRE HH Survey 2001 (N=1698) Adj. R2 = .04

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Income InteractionsIncome Interactions

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Low High

Available Associative-based social capital

% u

sed

by

HH

<$20K$20 to $29K$30 to $39K$40 to $59K$60 to $79K$80K+

Low Low incomeincome

High High incomeincome

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Global Exposure InteractionsGlobal Exposure Interactions

010

203040

506070

8090

Low HighAvailable Communal-based Social Capital

% u

sed

by H

H

LowHigh

Low Low ExposureExposure

Global Exposure

High High ExposureExposure

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Perception vs. Behaviour-based Indicators of Social Cohesion

Perception vs. Behaviour-based Indicators of Social Cohesion

MarketMarket BureauBureau Assoc.Assoc. ComnlComnl TotalTotal

Community Community CohesionCohesion

.10.10 .11.11 .25.25 .18.18 .24.24

Psychol. Psychol. CohesionCohesion

.09.09 .12.12 .25.25 .17.17 .24.24

Attract-Attract-ivenessiveness

.14.14 .08.08 .09.09

Neighbour-Neighbour-linessliness

.13.13 .08.08 .15.15 .20.20 .21.21

(r) All correlations significant at .01 level (2-tailed)

(r) All correlations significant at .01 level (2-tailed)

Source: NRE HH survey 2001: 1991 respondentsSource: NRE HH survey 2001: 1991 respondents

Return

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Challenges of NRE-Style ResearchChallenges of NRE-Style Research

•Finances: long term and multiple sitesFinances: long term and multiple sites

•Multiple disciplinesMultiple disciplines

•Research, Citizen, Policy collaborationResearch, Citizen, Policy collaboration

• Institutional ObstaclesInstitutional Obstacles Academics and participation-based researchAcademics and participation-based research Small universities and careersSmall universities and careers

•Hierarchal analysisHierarchal analysis

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StrategiesStrategies

•CRRF (inclusive) and NRE (inclusive)CRRF (inclusive) and NRE (inclusive)

•Field site day, workshops, conferencesField site day, workshops, conferences

• Junior and Senior division of labourJunior and Senior division of labour

• Integrate students and prepare for turnoverIntegrate students and prepare for turnover

• Integrate policy-makers in multiple waysIntegrate policy-makers in multiple ways

•Multiple forms of knowledge mobilizationMultiple forms of knowledge mobilization

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Emerging IssuesEmerging Issues

•Rural-Urban relationsRural-Urban relations Changing functions: carbon sequestration, Changing functions: carbon sequestration,

pollution processing, natural amentiespollution processing, natural amenties Common interests: food, water, environmentCommon interests: food, water, environment

• Immigration and rural revitalizationImmigration and rural revitalization•New forms of governanceNew forms of governance

Challenges of private, public, civic sector Challenges of private, public, civic sector relationsrelations

Accountability and representationAccountability and representation

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Building Rural Capacity in the New Economy

Building Rural Capacity in the New Economy

The New Rural Economy ProjectThe New Rural Economy Projecthttp://nre.concordia.cahttp://nre.concordia.ca

http://www.crrf.cahttp://www.crrf.ca2005/03/102005/03/10