building integrated photovoltaic systems and related ... · building integrated photovoltaic...
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Building integrated photovoltaic systems and
related project works in France
Dr. Ya Brigitte ASSOA French National Institute of Solar Energy (INES) of CEA (France)
Dr. Leon GAILLARD Thermal Science Centre of Lyon (CETHIL) UMR 5008/INSA/UCB Lyon 1 EDF INSA-
Lyon Chair "Habitats & Energy Innovations" (France)
France – Hong Kong Workshop on Potential Technologies for Zero Carbon Building Developments
16-17th of october 2013
ZCB Hong Kong – France workshop 17/10/2013
Outline
• BIPV context in France
• The Building Energy Laboratory (LEB) at INES
• Examples of BIPV projects at INES
– Focus on the project ANR Perrformance BIPV
• Double-skin components at INSA-Lyon & CETHIL
– Focus on the project: ADEME RESSOURCES
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ZCB Hong Kong – France workshop 17/10/2013
Special features in France:
Fully integrated BIPV system (noted IAB):
•- Integration in the roof plane (max 2cm over) of an enclosed building (4 walls);
•- Replacement of building materials;
•- Insurance of watertightness mainly with PV modules;
Simplified BIPV system (noted ISB):
•- PV modules plane have to be parallel to the roof plane of an enclosed building (4 walls);
•- Replacement of building materials;
- Insurance of watertightness without the PV modules contribution;
- Special feeding tariffs according to these conditions
Rooftop BIPV system: French context
General definition:
(see European Construction Product Directive (CPD 89/106/EEC) and SEAC BIPV report 2013).
- Integration as part of the building envelope structure
- Replacement of conventional building material.
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ZCB Hong Kong – France workshop 17/10/2013
Market trends of BIPV
Three PV modules technologies mainly used :
glazed and opaque,
glazed and semi transparent,
flexible.
Design of new products suitable for integration (roof, façade, sunshade…): tiles, shingles, curtain walls, blinds, waterproofing membranes ...
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ZCB Hong Kong – France workshop 17/10/2013
INES scope in Building (Building Energy Laboratory (LEB) activities)
Ventilation IAQ/EAQ
Air tightness
Windows
•Glazed surfaces
•Coupling of PV,
Thermal & Visual
comfort
•Passive heat gain
•Rolling shutters
•Control strategy
Structures Thermal Inertia
BIPV systems
Facades, roofs
Solar thermal systems
•Individual solar hot water systems
•Collective solar water heater with
additional fuel boiler
•Solar combined systems
•Inter-seasonal thermal storage
•Solar cooling
Thermal • Insulation layers
• Thermal exchanges
• Water transfers
• Life cycle analysis (LCA)
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ZCB Hong Kong – France workshop 17/10/2013
INES Integration platform: Test platform for building and BIPV systems
View of Test platform
Integration of PV modules into building roofs: residential, industrial and agricultural applications
Experimental house #2
Cast concrete + ext insulation Experimental house #1
Concrete blocks (double wall)
+ intern. insulation
Experimental house #3
Wooden frame
+ integrated insulation
Concentration Solar Production
Model
Armadillo Box –
Solar Decathlon 2010 PASSYS cells
PASSYS cells (variable and fixed orientation)
Experimental house #4
brick house
+ integrated insulation Meterological station
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ZCB Hong Kong – France workshop 17/10/2013
Examples of BIPV projects at INES: Rooftop integration on reference houses
Avancis Photowatt
Luxol Solar Century
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ZCB Hong Kong – France workshop 17/10/2013
Examples of INES projects on BIPV: Integration into roof (test benches)
Integration of solar PV/T hybrid
collectors into building roofs: Electrical
production and preheat air thermal
production for fodder drying:
agricultural application
Integration of PV tiles : residential
application
Integration of flexible polycristallin PV
modules into a roof membrane:
industrial application
- Meteorological (Irradiation, Tamb, Vwind, Dwind) measurements on test benches.
- Aerodynamic, thermal and electrical measurements.
Main objectives:
- Analysis of BIPV systems behaviour in real
conditions;
- Validation of numerical models.
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ZCB Hong Kong – France workshop 17/10/2013
Tests benches at INES site (Le Bourget du Lac) and at CSTB site (Sophia Antipolis)
Examples of INES projects on BIPV: Performance BIPV ANR project
SOLAIRE FRANCE
Research centers
Engineering consultants
Manufacturers
Objectives
- Reliable forecast of electrical performance of domestic
rooftop BIPV systems.
- Analyse and compare electrical and thermal performance of
typical BIPV systems.
- Develop a predictive model for electrical performance of
BIPV systems based on thermal and electrical response.
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ZCB Hong Kong – France workshop 17/10/2013
Instrumentation and monitoring system
Cross section of a simplified BIPV system
• 7 BIPV systems commercially available in France in 2010
• Common features
- Rated power ~2kW, poly-Si modules (series interconnection)
- Grid-tied inverters
- Naturally ventilated air-gaps between modules and insulation
• Design/site differences
- 3 IAB and 2 ISB configurations (35 m²)
- Installer/manufacturer standards for each BIPV system
- Climate: 6 systems at Chambéry, 1 at Sophia Antipolis
- Variable slope (0° to 50°): 15° or 30°
Monitoring box under a test bench
Thermocouple bonding
Performance BIPV ANR project: Presentation
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ZCB Hong Kong – France workshop 17/10/2013
Impact of simplified BIPV configuration (ISB):
- larger system thermal conductance k-values so better thermal coupling with the building;
- lower PV modules temperatures (thicker air gap) so higher electrical production
Performance BIPV ANR project: Analysis of experimental results
STC (sunny) Gi=1000W/m² Tc=25°C
USA (sunny) Gi=1 kW/m² Ta=20°C Ws=1 m/s PR (sunny)
• Electrical and Thermal performance measures (filtered, comparative data)
Kth using stationary and dynamic models
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 BIPV
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ZCB Hong Kong – France workshop 17/10/2013
• Coupled electrical-thermal model
-2 independently developed models for TRNSYS
-Coupling: module temperature dissipated heat
-Successive substitution method
• Electrical model
- 1D PV array (Newton Raphson)
- Typical 5-parameter 1-diode model
- Configured using flashtest data
Integration into TRNSYS 17 (Fortran)
Performance BIPV ANR project: Modelling
• Thermal model
-2D nodal model (layers and slope)
-Discretisation of air cavity
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ZCB Hong Kong – France workshop 17/10/2013
Coupled model: fast convergence
(~5 iterations) and stable
Model-data RMS error:
<2% clear days; <10% mostly cloudy days
Performance impact of ISB/IAB choice:
d(Kth )~5W/m²/K = d(YA)~5%/an
Validation using typical days: Separate validation of electrical and thermal parts
Temperature precision ~2K, dynamic behaviour reproduced
Uncertainties in electrical model limited by parameter identification
Ele
ctr
ical p
ow
er D
C
Performance BIPV ANR project: Models validation
Time (h)
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ZCB Hong Kong – France workshop 17/10/2013
Ventilated PV double skin facades at INSA-Lyon CETHIL
PV skin
(glazed/PV)
glazed wall
building primary
wall
PV skin
(glazed/PV)
PV skin
(opaque PV) PV skin
(opaque PV)
PV skin
(glazed/PV)
Building energy efficiency context
• Improve electrical and thermal performance, for renovation and new builds
• Cool PV components (improve yield and lifetime)
• Solar chimney (natural ventilation) or pre-heating (mechanical ventilation)
• Envelop as active component of an integrated building energy system
Issues
• Multipurpose components (shade, noise protection, aesthetics, ...)
• Complex urban environment (wind, shadowing, occupants, ...)
‘Summer’ configuration: natural ventilation to exterior
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ZCB Hong Kong – France workshop 17/10/2013
Project RESSOURCES: prototype PV double skin
HBS-Technal ETNA-B ETNA-A
geometry Pleated DSF Veranda/roof Facade/roof
Width 4 m 3 m 3 m
PV Facade height 7.4 m 5.6 m 5.6 m
PV roof length - 8.7 m (34° incline) 6.9 m (45° incline)
Air-gap depth ~0.6-0.8 m (prism) 0.7-0.44 m (roof outlet) 0.7 m
PV orientation S.W. S.W. S.W.
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ZCB Hong Kong – France workshop 17/10/2013
Project RESSOURCES: exploratory comparative analysis
summer winter CETHIL|PRELIMINARY CETHIL|PRELIMINARY
CETHIL|PRELIMINARY CETHIL|PRELIMINARY
Typical days
•Clear daily cycles in
system response
•Seasonal variation
for sunny days with
little wind
Spurious features
•Bloc3: power losses in
summer
•Disruptions to incident
radiation, especially in
winter
Data analysis using aggregated queries to a MySQL database
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ZCB Hong Kong – France workshop 17/10/2013
Project RESSOURCES: data visualisation and correlation analysis
HBS bloc 3
HBS bloc 1
Capet plots: seasonal envelop, features correlated with time
Correlation plots: departures from simple response curve
Local horizon effects responsible for punctual losses in production
CETHIL|PRELIMINARY
CETHIL|PRELIMINARY
CETHIL|PRELIMINARY
CETHIL|PRELIMINARY
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ZCB Hong Kong – France workshop 17/10/2013
Conclusion and outlook
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Design and forecast
- Need for reliable numerical models to predict BIPV system performance
- Need to harmonize BIPV standards between countries
- Need for innovative products suitable for PV modules integration
Experimental Valiadation
- Need to demonstrate performance of BIPV system compared to BAPV
- Need to demonstrate performance of natrually ventilated BIPV facade components
- Long term degradation of BIPV systems to be assessed
Monitoring Techniques for BIPV installations in urban environments
- Diagnostic information: discrimination of nominal and anomalous behaviour
- Comparative analysis simplifies interpretation
- Adapt data-mining techniques to allow more exploratory analyses
谢谢 thank you!
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