building community capacity resource: david g. hinds, aicp professor emeritus university of...
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Building Community Capacity
Resource:David G. Hinds, AICPProfessor EmeritusUniversity of Wisconsin-Extension
For:Foundations of Community Vitality Workshop and/or Resource Packet
Presented By:Steve Grabow, Professor and Community Development EducatorUW-Extension, Jefferson County Office
Will Andersen, Professor and Community Development EducatorUW-Extension, Iron County Office
DRAFT 7/31/2014
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Introduction to Building Community Capacity
Review of…Community Transformation Community Capacity Model
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Community Development…
• Includes the idea of transforming communities– Which, in turn, includes the concept of
building community capacity
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Transforming Communities
• Development in the community– Community is seen as a given– Development is seen as enhancing this existing
entity– Clearly defined outcomes, and their achievement
means success and the end of development• Development of the community
– Enhances the social realm and the relationships between people
– A process of interaction, communication, and collective mobilization
– Accomplished through community action and the purposive interaction of community members
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Community Transformation Occurs When a Community…
• Develops a sufficient organizational and network base that enables effective participation, communication, and collaboration
• Acquires and becomes proficient in the knowledge, abilities, skills, and tools necessary to address successfully challenges and achieve desired purposes
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Community CapacityMancini, Martin & Bowen
• The degree to which people in a community demonstrate a sense of shared responsibility for the general welfare for the community and its individual members
• The degree to which they also demonstrate collective competence by taking advantage of opportunities for addressing community needs and confronting situations that threaten the safety and well-being of community members
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What are the various “communities” that you regularly work with as an Extension professional?
Exercise Question 1:
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Types of Community Development Knowledge• Knowledge about substantive matters of an
issue (e.g. child development, economic development, farm management, housing)
• Knowledge about how communities are identified and defined
• Knowledge about individuals, organizations, and networks and how they function
• Knowledge about purposeful action strategies (e.g. planning, learning research, evaluation, etc.)
• Local knowledge
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The Importance of Purpose
• The concept of purpose is essential to any successful effort
• Purpose means “intent”
• In community development purpose means focus, decisions, and consensus around what is to be done
• Purpose also brings content or concern into what is to be done
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A Model for Community Capacity
Community Environment
Community Structures
Purpose-Based Action
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I. Community Environment
The capacity and ability to define a community, describe and understand its unique environment, and take responsibility for community issues and common purposes.
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Sense of Community Chaskin
• …a degree of connectedness among members and a recognition of mutuality of circumstance
• One component may be the existence of a threshold level of collectively held values, norms, and vision
• It may include both an affective dimension (including a sense of trust, ownership, belonging, and recognized mutuality) and a cognitive dimension (including ways in which community members ascribe meaning to their membership in a group)
• Shared social interests and characteristics (language, customs, class, ethnicity, etc.) can be used to define a community
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Community S.A. Small & A. Supple
• …social relationships that individuals have based on group consensus, shared norms and values, common goals and feelings of identification, belonging and trust.
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Basic Way to Define Communities
• Communities of place– Defined geographic boundaries
• Communities of interest– Groups of people united, cooperating, or interacting
with regard to a common topic, concern, interest, or shared history, culture, ethnicity, etc.
• Communities of practice– Groups of persons in a particular profession or
discipline interacting around their common interest
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What is the nature of communities?
• Some sources say communities are forms or structure.
• Other sources try to say they are function or process.
• In reality, though, they are, in themselves, neither.
• S.A. Small & A. Supple describe communities as “setting.”
• A more generic, systems-related term is “environment.”
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Community Environment
• Communities are not the means but the milieu or context in which form is created and function carried out
• Communities have unique environments
• The idea of communities should be thought of in the broadest possible ways
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II. Community Structures
The capacity and ability to create, manage, and maintain appropriate community structures that address community issues and achieve community purposes.
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Definition of StructureChaskin
• First he asks “Where does community capacity reside, and how is it engaged?”– In this sense he is viewing structure as the first part
of his definition of capacity: the idea of containing (holding, storing)
• He answers his question by proposing that capacity resides in three levels of social interaction or social agency:– The individual– Organizations– Networks of association
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Forms of Community Capital
• Individuals – Human capital
• Organizations – Organizational capital
• Networks – Social capital
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Interim Structures
• Created to accomplish short-term purposes or as a means of creating permanent structures
• Created at a stage in community development when there is no need or desire for a permanent structure
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Interim Structures - Examples
• Study committees to identify and frame community issues
• Informal sponsor groups to gather resources for and legitimize special projects
• Study groups to gather information and conduct community learning
• Planning & design committees to modify or create new community systems or propose changes in policies
• Special task forces to investigate and correct specific problems
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Community Structures
• Are not part of community environment—they are (or should be) created as a part of a solution.
• Are form, and need to be created following the determination of function.
• Are not what needs to be done; they are part of how something gets done.
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Exercise Question 2:
What are examples of “community structures” that you work with and what is a typical need for Extension assistance?
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III. Purpose-Based Action
The capacity and ability to take appropriate actions to address community issues and achieve community purposes.
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Purposeful Activities
• Diagnosis should lead to determining which purposeful activity should be pursued…– Learning– Research– Planning & Design– Evaluation– Operating & Supervising
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Fundamental Purposeful Activities
1. Operating & Supervising – operate and supervise an existing solution or system
2. Planning & Design – create or restructure a situation-specific solution or system
3. Research – search for causes, seek generalizations, and attempt to disprove hypotheses
4. Evaluation – evaluate performance of previous solutions or other purposeful activities
5. Learning – gain skills and acquire knowledge about existing information and generalizations
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Secondary Purposeful Activities
• Make a decision• Maintain a standard of achievement• Resolve a conflict• Make a model of or abstract a phenomenon• Develop creative ideas• Establish priorities• Practice and exercise• Focus and motivate individual efforts
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Skills
• A learned power of doing something competently, a developed aptitude or ability
• A combination of applied knowledge, experience and learned behaviors
• Effective use involves knowing what to do, why something is to be done, how to do it, and also when and where to do it
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Some Important Community Development Skills
• Learning skills• Teaching skills• Leadership skills• Group membership
skills• Listening skills• Interviewing skills• Diagnostic skills
• Facilitation skills• Organizational skills• Analytical skills• Conflict resolution
skills• Computer skills
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Tools• A tool is something used in performing an operation or
necessary in the practice of a vocation or profession.
• “Tools are relatively small, often parts of a larger unit; they do something; each is designed for a very specific purpose.” Nancy Tague
• Tools are not designed to be used singly, as ends onto themselves. They generally do not provide any context or sense of overall strategy.
• Tools are most effectively used in combination, in the context of the overall strategy.
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Examples of Tools• Generate ideas and information
– Brainstorming, surveys, observation tools• Organize information
– Hierarchies, diagrams, classifications• Aid decision making
– Decision matrix, decision tree• Analyze data
– Statistical tools, Pareto Charts• Evaluate performance
– Pre-test/post-test analysis, performance index, surveys, focus groups
• Enable learning– Practice exercises, learning/study circles, systems thinking
• Involve community stakeholders– Nominal Group Technique, Charette, World Café, public
meetings• Manage projects
– Gantt Charts, PERT/CPM
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SUMMARYSUMMARY
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A Community Capacity Model
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Community Capacity Elements
• The capacity and ability to define a community, describe and understand its unique environment, and take responsibility for community issues and common purposes.
• The capacity and ability to create, manage, and maintain appropriate community structures that address community issues and achieve community purposes.
• The capacity and ability to take appropriate actions to address community issues and achieve community purposes.
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What are ways that you have the most impact in applying one or more of the purposeful activities with community structures?
Exercise Question 3:
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Exercise Question 4:
How does this Community Capacity Model help conceptualize capacity building?
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What are some ideas toenhance the capacity of community leaders and key “communities”?
Exercise Question 5: