b.sc . radiology and imaging technology -...

(Established under Section-3 of UGC Act.1956)

SYLLABUS FOR BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

DEGREE COURSE IN SCHOOL OF HEALTH

SCIENCES

B.Sc . Radiology and Imaging technology

Plot No. 1, Sector-17 A, Yamuna Expressway, Gautam Budh Nagar, U.P. India

Toll free no. 1800-102-4041,

www.niu.edu.in

http://www.niu.edu.in/

(NIU-B.Sc.-RIT) About the course:

Bachelor of Science in Radiology and Imaging Technology is a three year graduate programme.

Medical Radiography and Imaging is the health profession concerned with the direct administration of

radiation, primarily x-rays, in disease diagnosis and injury assessment. Medical imaging studies have

been a cornerstone in medical diagnosis for decades; however, technological advances and the addition

of new imaging modalities now place medical imaging among the most dynamic, expanding and high

demand fields in clinical medicine.

Medical Imaging clinical practice includes: general radiography such as orthopedics, pediatrics and

mammography, vascular imaging, cardiac catheterization studies, computerized tomography, and

magnetic resonance imaging. Medical imaging professionals are employed in medical centers,

community and private hospitals, clinics, and physicians' offices.

Mission:

The Program prepares students to practice competently and effectively as medical imaging

professionals in diverse healthcare environments. The academic and clinical foundation in the

curriculum develops graduates with professional flexibility and adaptability to assume prominent roles

and responsibilities after graduation in both career and scholarly pursuits.

Course Suitability:

Candidate should have patience, a calm nature, an objective approach towards the patients and an

understanding of people of all ages. They have the nature of enhancing the confidence in patients,

tolerance, a strong willpower, strength of mind and purpose. Candidates must possess a strong scientific

and technical bent of mind, the ability to learn new skills and adapt to the changes and a spirit for

teamwork, along with self-confidence. They should have good interpersonal skills so as to communicate

with other members of the team and to provide support for patients who may be frightened or uncertain

about what is going to happen.

Student Population Served:

Bachelor of Science in Medical Radiography and Imaging Technology graduate will: Acquire an

outstanding level of instruction in the areas of liberal arts education, didactic professional course work,

and clinical education that will have encompassed the cognitive (problem solving and critical thinking)

psychomotor and affective domains. Be educated to meet the demands of an advanced level medical

imaging professional including excellent clinical patient care skills in both an oral and written

communication format. Demonstrate mastery of instruction content to successfully pass the specific

advanced medical imaging certification examination. Function as a multi-skilled, bachelor degree

prepared competent imaging professional who will provide compassionate and highly efficient patient

care services.

Student Learning Outcomes:

The fulfillment of our mission and goals through an integrated curriculum insures students attain the

following learning outcomes:

1. Obtain a level of clinical competence appropriate for an entry-level medical imaging professional

2. Possess critical thinking skills to adapt to changing clinical environments and patient needs

3. Exhibit professionalism through consistent ethical behavior and

4. Demonstrate communication skills for effective communication with patients, families, and other

healthcare providers.

Students progress through the curriculum and meet course learning objectives that culminate in the

accomplishment of the above learning outcomes.

Career Options:

Ample opportunities as a radiologist in diagnostic imaging centres, super specialty hospitals,

government and private hospitals. Self employment opportunities as well as option to pursue further

studies are also available to radiologist. Graduates have the options of pursuing a career in various

specializations of Radiography such as in Bone Densitometry, Basic X-Ray, Computed Tomography,

Mammography, MRI, Fluoroscopy, Angiography, Interventional Radiology, Cardiovascular

Interventional Radiology, etc.

(Course Structure, Syllabus, Scheme of Examination & Eligibility for Admission)

1. Eligibility for Admission:

(i) For admission to Bachelor of Science in ―Radiology &Imaging Technology‖ Course Candidate should

have passed 10 + 2 with science(PCB) examination from a recognized board with minimum 55% marks in

aggregate and has to clear entrance examination of NIU.

• The FN/PIO/CIWGC students shall meet the eligibility conditions outlined above. • The qualifying

examination passed by FN/PIO/CIWGC students should be considered equivalent to eligibility

examination by the Association of Indian Universities/ Academic Council. • The candidates should also

satisfy other conditions as prescribed by the AICTE/ UGC from time to time, and physical fitness as may

be prescribed by the Academic Council of the University.

(ii) There shall be relaxation of 5% marks for SC/ST candidates /Sport persons of national /International

level and dependents/ wards of defence/police personnel.

(iii) NCC certificate holder will be exempted from Entrance Examination.

Provision of Lateral Entry:

• There should a provision for lateral entry for the students who has successfully completed

DMRIT and would like to pursue BMRIT can directly enter into the second year or 3rd semester.

Note:

The candidate shall have passed individually in each of the principal subjects.

2. Duration of the course:

Duration shall be for a period of Three Years including six months of

Internship.

3. Medium of Instruction: The medium of instruction and examination shall be in English.

4. Scheme of Examination:

There shall be Three Examination one each at the end of 1st, 2nd & 3rd year.

5. Attendance:

Every candidate should have attended at least 75% of the total number of classes conducted in an

academic year from the date of commencement of the term to the last working day as notified by

university in each of the subjects prescribed for that year separately in theory and practical. Only such

candidates are eligible to appear for the university examinations in their first attempt. Special classes

conducted for any purpose shall not be considered for the calculation of percentage of attendance for

eligibility. A candidate lacking in prescribed percentage of attendance in any subjects either in theory of

practical in the first appearance will not be eligible to appear for the University Examination in that

subject.

Internal Assessment (IA): Theory-25 marks. Practical-25 marks*. [Lab work-06 marks and Record-04 marks]

There shall be a minimum of two periodical tests preferably one in each term in theory and practical of

each subject in an academic year. The average marks of the two/three tests will be calculated and

reduced to 20. The marks of IA shall be Communicated to the University at least 15 days before the commencement of the University

examination. The University shall have access to the records of such periodical tests.

If a candidate is absent for any one of the tests due to genuine and satisfactory reasons, such a candidate

may be given a re-test within a fortnight.

7.Subject and hours of teaching for theory and practical: The number of hours of teaching theory and practical, subject wise in First Year, Second Year and

Third year are shown in Table-I, Table-II and Table-III

Main and subsidiary subjects are common in first year for all the courses in Allied Health Sciences. The number of hours for teaching theory and practical form main subjects in first,

second and Third year are shown in Table-I, II and III.

8.Table-I Distribution of Teaching Hours in First Year Subjects

Sl. No Course code Main Subjects Theory No. of Practical No. Total No. of Credits

Hours of Hours Hours

1 BRIT 101 Human Anatomy 100 25 125 4

2 BRIT102 Human Physiology 100 25 125 4

3 BRIT103

Fundamental of Medical Imaging & Radiotherapy 100 25 125 4

4 BRIT 104 Basics Radiation Physics 100 25 125 4

5 BRIT 105

Practical(main subjects)

100 25 125 4

6 BRIT 106* English 30 0 30 1

7 BRIT 107* Computer 30 0 30 1

Clinical posting 200 200

Table-II Distribution of Teaching Hours in Second Year Subjects



1 BRIT 201 Clinical Radiography 100 70 170 4

2 BRIT 202 Patient care & Radiation Protection 100 50 150 4

3 BRIT 203 Equipments of Radiotherapy 100 50 150 4

4 BRIT 204

Special Radiographic Technique & Procedures 100 70 170 4

5 BRIT 205

x-ray film/image processing techniques including dark room 100 70 170 4

6 BRIT 206

0 0 100 4 Practical( main

subjects)

Clinical posting 300 300

Table-III Distribution of Teaching Hours in Third Year Subjects



1 BRIT 301

Radiotherapy Planning and Quality Control 100 50 150 4

2 BRIT 302

Modern imaging techniques and recent trends in imaging 100 80 180 4

3 BRIT 303

Interventional Radiology , radiobiology and radiation safety in radio diagnosis imaging 100 50 180 4

4 BRIT 304

Radiotherapy & Brachy-therapy Techniques in

100 50 150 4 Malignant and Non-Malignant Diseases

Orientation in Para-Clinical Sciences ,Clinical Sciences &Community Healthcare

5 BRIT 305 100 20 120 4

6 BRIT 306 Practical (Main subject) 0 0 100 4

Clinical posting

*not included in the university examination

9. Schedule of Examination:

The university shall conduct two examinations annually at an interval of not less than 4 to 6 months as

notified by the university from time to time. A candidate who satisfies the requirement of attendance,

progress and conduct as stipulated by the university shall be eligible to appear for the university

examination. Certificate to that effect shall be produced from the Dean of the School along with the

application for Examination and the prescribed fee.

10. Scheme of Examination

There shall be three examinations, one each at the end of I, II and III year. Distribution of Subjects and

marks for First Year, Second year & Third year University theory and practical Examinations are

shown in the Table – IV, V & VI.

FirstYearExamination:

The University examination for 1st year shall consist of Five Theory Written and Practical

Examinations

Second&ThirdYearExamination:

The University Examination for 2nd and 3rd Year shall consist of the Five Theory Written and

Practical Examinations.

Written Examinations:

Consists of 05 papers in the 1st

Year, 04 papers in the 2nd Year & 03 papers in the 3rd

Year

Practical examination Five practical examinations at the end of 1st

Year, Three practical examinations,

at the end of 2nd Year and Three practical Examinations at the end of the 3rd year

Table-IV Distribution of Subjects and Marks for 1st

year University Theory &Practical Examination

Paper Main Subjects Written Paper I.A. Theory Total

Duration Marks Marks Marks

1 Human Anatomy 3 Hours 75 25 100

2 Human Physiology 3 Hours 75 25 100

3 Fundamental of Medical Imaging & Radiotherapy 3 Hours 75 25 100

4 Basics Radiation Physics 3 Hours 75 25 100

5 Practical(main subjects) 6 Hours 75 25 100

Subsidiary* English [100marks ]for 03:00hr

Table-V Distribution of Subjects and marks for Second Year Examination Theory Practical

Paper subjects

Theory IA Sub Practical IA Sub Grand

Viva Total Total Total

1 Clinical Radiography 75 25 100 40 10 50 150

Patient care & Radiation Protection

2

75 25 100 40 10 50 150

Equipments of

Radiotherapy

3 75 25 100 0 0 0 0

4

Special Radiographic Technique & Procedures 75 25 100 40 10 50 150

5

x-ray film/image processing techniques including dark room 75 25 100 40 10 50 150

Subsidiary Subjects* Fundamental of Computer Application & Database management

[03:00 hrs] for Max. 100 marks]

Human health and environmental Science [03:00hrs] for max. 100 marks.

Table-VI Distribution of Subjects and marks for Third Year Examination

Theory Practicals

Paper subjects

Theory IA Sub Practicals IA Sub Grand

Viva Total Total Total

1

Radiotherapy Planning and Quality Control 75 25 100 40 10 50 150

Modern imaging

techniques and

recent trends in

imaging

2

75 25 100 40 10 50 150

3

Interventional Radiology , radiobiology and radiation safety in radio diagnosis imaging 75 25 100

40 10 50 150

4

Radiotherapy & Brachy-therapy Techniques in Malignant and Non-Malignant Diseases 75 25 100 40 10 50 150

5

Orientation in Para-Clinical Sciences ,Clinical Sciences &Community Healthcare

75

25 100 40

10 50 150

Subsidiary

Subjects*

Computer Application & Database management [03:00 hrs] for

VII Distribution of Type of Question and Marks for Various subjects

THEORY

Subjects Having Maximum Marks=75

Type of question No. of Questions Mark for Each Questions

Short Answers 2*10 (20) 2

Short Essay 7*5 (25) (2 optional) 5

Long Essay 3*15 (30) (1 optional) 15

SYLLABUS FOR FIRST YEAR B SC LAB TECHNOLOGY

BRIT- 101, ANATOMY

Theory : 100 hours Practical : 25 hours

1. General Anatomy: Introduction to Anatomy, terms and terminology. Regions of Body, Cavities and systems. Surface anatomy – musculo-skeletal, vascular, cardiopulmonary system General Embryology. Applied anatomy. Musculoskeletal system: Connective tissue & its modification, tendons, membranes, special connective tissue. Bone structure, blood supply, growth, ossification, and classification. Muscle classification, structure and functional aspect. Joints – classification, structures of joints, movements, range, limiting factors, stability, blood supply, nerve supply, dislocations and applied anatomy.

2(a). Upper extremity: Bony architecture Joints – structure, range of movement

Muscles – origin, insertion, actions, nerve supply Major nerves – course, branches and implications of nerve injuries Development of limb bones, muscles and anomalies Radiographic identification of bone and joints Applied anatomy

2(b). Lower Extremity: Bony architecture Joints – structure, range of movement Muscles – origin, insertion, actions, nerve supply Major nerves – course, branches and implications of nerve injuries Development of limb bones, muscles and anomalies

Radiographic identification of bone and joints Applied anatomy

2(c). Spine and thorax: Back muscles - Superficial layer, Deep muscles of back, their origin, insertion, action and nerve supply. Vertebral column – Structure & Development, Structure & Joints of vertebra Thoracic

cage Radiographic identification of bone and joints Applied anatomy

2(d). Head and neck: Cranium Facial Muscles – origin, insertion, actions, nerve supply

Temporal mandibular Joints – structure, types of movement

3.Nervous system: Classification

of nervous system Nerve – structure, classification, microscopy with examples. Neurons, classification with

examples. Simple reflex arc.

Parts of a typical spinal nerve/Dermatome: Central nervous system – disposition, parts and functions Cerebrum Cerebellum, Midbrain & brain stem Blood supply & anatomy of brain Spinal cord- anatomy, blood supply, nerve pathways Pyramidal, extra pyramidal system, Thalamus, hypothalamus Structure and features of meninges Ventricles of brain, CSF circulation Development of nervous system & defects Cranial nerves – (course, distribution, functions and palsy) Sympathetic nervous system, its parts and components Parasympathetic nervous system Applied anatomy

5. Sensory system Structure and function of Visual system, Auditory system, Gustatory system, Olfactory system, Somatic sensory system

6. Cardiovascular system Circulatory system – major arteries and veins of the body, structure of blood vessels Heart structure, positions, chambers, valves, internal & external features Blood supply to heart Conductive system of heart

7. Lymphatic system: Circulation, structure & functions Lymph nodes

8. Respiratory system: Structure of upper and lower respiratory tract Thorax: Pleural cavities & pleura Lungs and respiratory tree Heart and great vessels Diaphragm

9.Digestive system Parts

of digestive system

Abdominal cavity – divisions Muscles of abdominal wall

Liver Pancreas Spleen Alimentary canal Gall bladder Intestine (small & large)

10. Urinary and Reproductive system Urinary system

Pelvic floor, innervations Kidney, Ureter, Bladder, urethra Genital system – male and female: Reproductive system of male Reproductive system of female 11. Endocrine system Pituitary gland Thyroid Parathyroid

PRACTICAL

A Identification and description of all anatomical structures. B The learning of Anatomy is by demonstration only through dissected parts, slides, models, charts, etc. C Demonstration of dissected parts (upper extremity, lower extremity, thoracic & abdominal viscera, face and brain). D Demonstration of skeleton- articulated and disarticulated. E During the training more emphasis will be given on the study of bones, muscles, joints, nerve supply of the limbs and arteries of limbs. F Surface anatomy: Surface land mark-bony, muscular and ligamentous. Surface anatomy of major nerves, arteries of the limbs. Points of palpation of nerves and arteries

Reference Books

1. Anatomy and Physiology for Nurses

2. Surface and Radiological Anatomy – Hamilton et al (Heffer)

3. Essentials of Human Anatomy – Russel

4. An Atlas of normal radiographic Anatomy – Ross and Wilson

Ist

YEAR

BRIT -102 (PHYSIOLOGY)

1. General Physiology: Cell: morphology, Structure and function of cell organelles Structure of cell

membrane Transport across cell membrane Intercellular communication Homeostasis

2. Blood: Introduction-composition & function of blood W.B.C., R.B.C., Platelets formation & functions, Immunity Plasma: composition, formation & functions, Plasma Proteins:-types & functions Blood Groups- types , significance, determination Hemoglobin Haemostasis Lymph-composition, formation, circulation &functions

3. Cardiovascular system: Conducting system-components, impulse conduction Heart valves Cardiac cycle- definition, phases of cardiac cycle Cardiac output- definition, normal value, determinants. Stroke volume and its regulation Heart rate and its regulation: Arterial pulse, Blood pressure-definition, normal values, factors affecting blood pressure Shock-definition, classification, causes and features Basic idea of ECG Cardiovascular changes during exercise

4. Respiratory System: Mechanics of respiration Lung volumes and capacities

Pulmonary circulation, transport of respiratory gases Factors affecting respiration Regulation of respiration-neural regulation, voluntary control and chemical regulation Hypoxia,Hypercapnoea, Hypocapnoea Artificial respiration Disorders of respiration- dyspnoea, orthopnoea, hyperpnoea, hyperventilation, apnoea, tachypnoea Respiratory changes during exercise.

5. Nerve Muscle Physiology: Muscles- classification, structure, properties, Excitation contraction coupling Motor unit, EMG, factors affecting muscle tension, Muscle tone, fatigue, exercise Nerve –structure and function of neurons, classification, properties Resting membrane potential & Action potential their ionic basis All or None phenomenon Neuromuscular transmission Ionic basis of nerve conduction Concept of nerve injury & Wallerian degeneration Synapses Electrical events in postsynaptic neurons Inhibition & facilitation at synapses

Chemical transmission of synaptic activity Principal neurotransmitters.

6. Nervous system: Introduction, central and peripheral nervous system, functions of nervous system

Reflexes- monosynaptic, polysynaptic, superficial, deep &withdrawal reflex Sense organ, receptors, electrical & chemical events in receptors Sensory pathways for touch, temperature, pain, proprioception & others Control of tone & posture: Integration at spinal, brain stem, cerebellar, basal ganglion levels, along with their functions Motor mechanism: motor cortex, motor pathway: the descending tracts-pyramidal & extra pyramidal tracts-origin, course, termination & functions. Upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron paralysis. Spinal cord lesions- complete transection & hemi section of the spinal cord Autonomic nervous system :features and actions of parasympathetic & sympathetic nervous system Hypothalamus Higher functions of nervous system Special senses- eye, ear, nose, mouth

+ - +

Water excretion, concentration of urine-regulation of Na , Cl , K excretion

7. Renal System: Physiology of kidney and urine formation Glomerular filtration rate, clearance, Tubular function

8. Digestive System: Digestion & absorption of nutrients, Gastrointestinal secretions & their regulation Functions of Liver & Stomach.

9. Endocrinology Physiology of the endocrine glands – Pituitary, Pineal Body, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Gonads, Thymus, Pancreas. Hormones secreted by these glands, their classifications and functions.

10. Male & female reproductive system Male - Functions of testes, pubertal changes in males, testosterone - action & regulations of secretion. Female - Functions of ovaries and uterus, pubertal changes, menstrual cycle, estrogens and progestron - action and regulation.

PRACTICAL A Examination of pulse, B.P., Respiratory rate. B Reflexes C Spirometery to measure various lung capacities & volumes, Respiratory rate, Tidal volume, IRV, IC, ERV, EC, residual volume on Spirometery. D Estimate of Haemoglobin, R.B.C., W.B.C., TLC, DLC, ESR count. E Blood indices, Blood grouping, Bleeding & Clotting time

Reference Books

1. Anatomy and Physiology for Nurses

2. Surface and Radiological Anatomy – Hamilton et al (Heffer)

3. Essentials of Human Anatomy – Russel 4. An Atlas of normal radiographic Anatomy – Ross and Wilson

Ist

YEAR BRIT -104(Basics Radiation Physics)

Course Contents:

Basic concepts: Basic Units, Heat, Acoustics etc. Basic concepts of power, work, force,

energy - Einstein‘s formula - Electronics, Electricity & Magnetism, -electromagnetic

waves - Units and measurements - temperature and heat-SI units of above parameters-

Atomic structure- Nucleus - Atomic Number, Mass Number electron orbit and energy

levels-Periodic table -Isotopes-Isobars-Ionisation and excitation.

Electromagnetic induction: Electric charges-electric induction - electric potential-

capacitance and capacitors. Electrical energy and power - unit of current-resistance and

Ohm‘s law - circuit laws - heating effect of current - sources of electrical energy - e.m.f.

Magnetism-Magnetic effect of an electric current - applications of magnetic field.

Electro-magnetic induction, laws of mutual induction and self induction. Alternating

current-transformers theory and losses - practical aspects-reactance –resonance -

impedance and power factors.

Radioactivity: Natural and artificial radioactivity-alpha decay-beta decay and spectra –

emission-positron decay electron capture and internal conversion-Exponential decay-

Half life-Unit of activity-specific activity. Nuclear Fission-Nuclear reactor. Radiation

sources-Natural and artificial-production of radio isotopes-reactor produced isotopes-

Fission products-Gamma ray source for Medical uses.

Interaction of X-and Gamma rays: Attenuation of X-ray or Gamma rays-absorption and

scattering-half value layer-coherent scattering-Photo electric absorption-compton

scattering-pair production and photoelectric disintegration. X-Ray transmission through

medium-linear and mass attenuation coefficients. HVT - TVT and interaction of charged

particle and neutrons with matter. Interaction of X-and Gamma rays in body-fat-soft-

tissue-bone-contrast medium-Total attenuation coefficient. Relative important of

different types of interactions.

Physics of Diagnostic Radiology : X-ray Tube: Anode & Cathode - Thermionic diode

– X-ray valves and tubes –principle and practical aspects – semiconductors – triode

valves – cathode ray oscilloscopes – X-ray circuits – self rectifying circuits – half wave

pulsating voltage circuits – full valve pulsating voltage circuits - measurement of high

voltage – control of KV circuit – mA circuit. X-ray beam quality.

X-Ray generators and circuits-Filament current and voltage, X-Ray circuits -primary

circuit-auto transformer-switch and timers- principle of automatic exposure control and

practical operation - filament circuit -high voltage circuits - half wave & full wave

rectification -three phase circuits. Types of generators, 3 phase, 6 and 12 pulse circuits-

falling load generators-capacitors discharge and grid control systems. X-ray tables-

floating top table & variable height table. X-Ray Grids /Bucky

Scattered Radiation -Significance of scatter – Beam limiting devices.-Grid principle and

structure – Types of Grids - vertical bucky- versatile bucky -Stationary grid, parallel grid,

focused grid – crossed grid, moving grid – Potter Bucky Diaphragm- Control of scattered

radiation and grids/Bucky - Methods of minimizing formation of scatter radiation, types

of grids and grid ratio- use of cones – diaphragm/ light beam devices - effectiveness of

collimation - limitations of the primary beam/the light beam diaphargm -Effects of scatter

radiation on radiograph image quality, patient dose and occupational exposure.

Radiation detection and measurements – TLD, Pocket Dosimeter, Radiation Survey

meter and radiation zone monitor.

Practicals

Study with charts, models & power point presentations Atomic structure, X-ray

tubes, X-ray circuits involving students to present and discuss. Examples—

Congruance of Radiation and optical field and beam.

Determination of focal spot size of diagnostic X-ray tube.

KV and exposure time testing.

Linearity testing of the timer.

Consistency of mA loading.

Consistency of Radiation output.

Evaluation of total filtration of the tube

Reference Books

1. Physics for Radiography - Hay and Hughs

2. Ball and mores essential physics radiographers, IV edition, Blackwell publishing.

3. Basic Medical Radiation physics – Stanton.

4. Christensen‘s Physics of Diagnostic Radiology – Christensen.

*Latest editions of all the suggested books are recommended.

Ist

YEAR

BRIT-103(Fundamental of Medical Imaging & Radiotherapy )

Course Contents:

C.R (principle, equipment & imaging)

Digital Radiography (principle, equipment & imaging)

Mammography (basic principle, equipment & image acquisition)

CT (Basic physics –Tomography principle - basics of plain studies, contrast studies,

Special procedures)

MRI (basic principle – imaging methods - slice section- plain & contrast studies –

image contrast – factors affecting image quality)

USG (Basic acoustics - ultrasound terminologies – Interaction of US with matter –

Ultrasound display modes etc)

Basic Radiation Therapy Physics:

Historical developments in Radiotherapy, Physical components of telecobalt Unit/ Linear

Accelerator Unit/ Remote after loading Brachytherapy Unit, / Gamma Knife Unit / Simulator and

their descriptions,. Various types of sources used in Radiotherapy and their properties, Physics of

Photons, electrons, protons and neutrons in radiotherapy, Physical parameters of dosimetry such

as percentage depth dose, Tissue-Air Ratio, Tissue maximum Ratio, Physics of Bolus and

phantom materials, Compensators, Wedges, Shielding Blocks, Patient immobilization devices,

Port film, processing and development, Special techniques in Radiotherapy such as SRS, SRT,

IMRT, IGRT and Tomotherapy.

PRACTICAL

1.Table top exposure rate measurement in fluoroscopy.

2.Demonstration of basic procedures with all radiographic equipments.

Examples- demonstration of CT scan , MRI, C.R. D.R.

3.Demonstration of basic Radiotherapy units.

Reference Books:

1. Clark‘s Handbook for Radiographers – Charles Sloane, Ken Holmes & Craig

Anderson, Hodder Educations, UK

2. Diagnostic Radiography – A concise practical Manual – Glenda J. Bryan (4th

edn), Churchill Livingstone.

3. steward c. Bushong: radiological science for technologists, physics , biology ,

protection

4. physics of radiation therapy, Faiz M. Khan, 4th edition (2010), Lippincott,

Williams and Wilkins, USA.

BRIT- 107, ENGLISH

Theory : 30 hours

COURSE OUTLINE

COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course is designed to help the student acquire a good

command and comprehension of the English language through individual papers and

conferences.

BEHAVIOURAL OBJECTIVES :

The student at the end of training is able to

1. Read and comprehend english language 2. Speak and write grammatically correct english 3. Appreciates the value of English literature in personal and professional life.

UNIT - I : INTRODUCTION :

Study Techniques

Organisation of effective note taking and logical processes of analysis and

synthesis Use of the dictionary

Enlargement of vocabulary

Effective diction

UNIT - II : APPLIED GRAMMAR :

Correct usage

The structure of sentences

The structure of paragraphs

Enlargements of Vocabulary

UNIT - III : WRITTEN COMPOSITION :

Precise writing and summarizing

Writing of bibliography

Enlargement of Vocabulary

UNIT - IV : READING AND COMPREHENSION :

Review of selected materials and express oneself in one's words. Enlargement

of Vocabulary.

UNIT - V : THE STUDY OF THE VARIOUS FORMS OF COMPOSITION :

Paragraph, Essay, Letter, Summary, Practice in writing

UNIT - VI : VERBAL COMMUNICATION :

Discussions and summarization, Debates, Oral reports, use in teaching

REFERENCE

1. English Grammar Collins, Birmingham University, International Language Data Base,

Rupa & Co.1993 2. Wren and Martin - Grammar and Composition, 1989, Chanda & Co, Delhi 3. Letters for all Occasions. A S Myers. Pub - Harper Perennial 4. Spoken English V. Shasikumar and P V Dhanija. Pub. By: Tata Mcgraw Hill, New Delhi 5. Journalism Made Simple D Wainwright 6. Writers Basic Bookself Series, Writers Digest series 7. Interviewing by Joan Clayton Platkon 8. Penguin Book of Interviews.

BRIT-108, Computer Applications

Theory : 30 hours

The course enables the students to understand the fundamentals of computer and its

applications.

Introduction to Data processing :

Features of computers, Advantages of using computers. Getting data into / out of computers.

Role of computers.

Data processing,Application areas of computers involved in Data processing. Common

activities in processing. Types of Data processing, Characteristics of information, Hardware

and Software.

Hardware Concepts :

Architecture of computers, Classification of computers, Concept of damage. Types of storage

devices. Characteristics of disks, tapes, Terminals, Printers, Network. Applications of

networking concept of PC System care, Floppy care, Data care.

Concept of Software.

Classification of software : System software. Application of software. Operating system.

Computer system. Computer virus. Precautions against viruses. Dealing with viruses.

Computers in medical electronics

Basic Anatomy of Computers

Principles of programming

Computer application - principles in scientific research ; work processing, medicine,

libraries, museum , education, information system.

Data processing

Computers in physical therapy - principles in EMG, Exercise testing equipment, Laser.

Scheme of Examination for medical, electronics and computer applications.

IInd

YEAR

BRIT- 201 (Clinical Radiography)

• Techniques, Preparations, Instructions, Positioning of patient for conventional and digital

radiography in the imaging of following-

Conventional Non contrast radiography-

Extremities Radiography – Hand- Finger –MCP- Wrist joint- Forearm -Elbow joint – humerus -

shoulder joint. Foot – Toes- Tarsal bones -Ankle joint - Knee joint – patella – tibia- femur – Hip

joint – pelvis -sacroiliac joint.

Spine Radiography -Vertebral column – Atlanta occipital articulation- cervical spine- dorsal

spine - lumbar spine – sacrum -vertebral canal- vertebral foramen.

Skull Radiography – general, sella – temporal bone – mastoid – optic foramen – Internal

auditory canal – Superior and inferior orbital fissure – base of skull – facial bones – petrous

apex – Zygomatic bone, nasal bone, sinuses of skull – mandible – Tempro-mandibular

joint – Paranasal sinuses Radiography

Chest Radiography –Basic views (PA & AP) - inspiratory & expiratory films- special chest

views & their significance – larynx- trachea- thoracic inlet -Sternum - Ribs – Heart and great

vessels – mediastinum -Diaphram – double exposure technique.

Abdomen & Pelvic Radiography – all projection – the acute abdomen investigation.

Soft tissue radiography:

Preparations, Instructions, Various techniques, positioning of patient for conventional and digital

mammography, High and low KV Technique – differential filtration – multiple radiography – technique

for steep range radiography – Duplication – arrangement of intensifying screen.

Stereo Radiography:

Principle – tube shifting relation of patient – correct making and viewing of stereo radiographs

– application.

Macro radiography: Principle sizes of focal spot its limitation in its application. High

kv technique: technique & usefulness.

Foreign body localization:

Preparation – Anatomical localization – various projections – use of skin markers – Tangential

projection – uses – opaque – foreign bodies.

Dental radiography-types of equipments –techniques- indications-films-dental radiography in trauma

patients.

Practical

Practical involving patients not less than 10 numbers must be prescribed to students. The title and nature

of practical may be framed by the respective institution conducting the course.

Reference Books:

1. Clark‘s Handbook for Radiographers – Charles Sloane, Ken Holmes & Craig

Anderson, Hodder Educations, UK

2. Diagnostic Radiography – A concise practical Manual – Glenda J. Bryan (4th

edn),

Churchill Livingstone

IInd

YEAR BRIT-202( Patient care and Radiation Protection)

Course Contents:

(1) Patient care & Medical Ethics:

Patient vital signs - temperature, pulse, respiration and blood pressure - normal values and methods

of taking and recording them.

Development of communication skills with patient- general comfort and reassurance to the patient-

patient education and explaining about the study-drugs used in the preparation of the patient. Handling

of an unconscious patient-shifting of patients - hazards of lifting and maneuvering patients - rules for

correct lifting- transfer from chair/wheel chair or trolley to couch and vice-versa - safety of patient and

worker while lifting & shifting of patients- handling of geriatric, pediatric and trauma patients -handling

female patients-pregnant women.

Communicable diseases - hygiene in the department-cross infection and prevention-handling of

infectious patients in the department -application of asepsis.

Ethics of medical practice- Radiography professionalism-essential qualities of the radiographer-

improving professional and personal qualities- Radiographer as a part of Hospital /Organization-

responsibilities. Medico-legal considerations - radiographers clinical and ethical responsibilities-

misconduct and malpractice.

(2) Principles of Medical Emergencies

Trauma care & Emergency Radiography: procedures in the event of an accident- Special positioning

procedures & projections - modification of techniques needed for seriously injured patients.

Radiographic factors - patient care & responsibilities-Search of profession confidence-maintenance

decorum of the job responsibility - the importance of records maintenance. Fluoroscopy and its

application in emergency radiology - Medicolegal aspects of the radiographers work. Common medical

emergencies-helping in first aids & zero hour care / know to help in critical hour care -Trauma patients

handling – trauma ward bed X-rays – mass casualty managements-selection of study / procedures &

radiographic views. Knowing the emergency care places in the hospital & preplanning- checking &

readiness of mobile units in functioning status -screening of the high risk patients in various procedure-

supportive facilities to encounter emergency-practical training.

(3) RADIATION PROTECTION Definition of radiation hazards maximum permissible dose and annual limit of intake (ALI)

permissible dose levels on and around sealed source housing and installation principles of radiation protection and MPD of different ICRP rules, stochastic and non-stochastic effects.

Importance of ‗ALARA‘ physical principles of design and planning of installation safe work practice in diagnostic radiology.

Shielding materials Radiation survey and personnel monitoring devices film badge, TLD badges pocket dosimeters.

Measurement of radiation and dosimeteric procedures. Radiation detectors and their principles of working.

PRACTICALS

1.Perform and execute the patient care techniques. 2. plan and perform the radiation protection using the monitoring devices.

Reference Books:

1. Notes on Radiological Emergencies – Ansell and Churchill

2. Care of patient in diagnostic Radiography – Chesney & Chesney.

3. First Aid – Haugher and Gardner.

4. .steward c. Bushong:radiological science for technologists, physics , biology , protection

* Latest editions of all the suggested books are recommended.

IInd

YEAR BRIT-203( Equipment of Radiotherapy)

Course Contents:

1. Orthovoltage equipment with special reference to physical design equipment of tube and its accessories and interlocks, gamma ray sources used radiotherapy especially cobalt 60 source its construction and source housing and handling mechanism.

2. Principles of isocentric Tele-isotope machines, megavoltage x-ray and electron beam accelerators and betatron. Salient features of components of Linear Accelerator like tube design, wake guide, target design,

beam bending system. 4. Radio-frequency generators like magnetron and klestron. 5. Basic principle of remote after-loading system/machines and sources used. 6. Principles of simulators and vacuum forming machines for making casts. 7. Sterofoam template cutting system introduction to radio-surgery. 8. Equipment and dosimetry equipment.

PRACTICALS Demonstrate the equipment of radiotherapy

Reference Books:

1. Krishan, Step by Step Management of Chemo and Radiotherapy 2. Lele, Principle and Practice of Nuclear Medicine and Correlative Medical Imaging 3. Faiz M Khan , Textbook of Radiotherapy


IInd

YEAR BRIT-204(Special Radiographic Technique & Procedures)

Course Contents:

1. Special procedure and related Contrast Media

• Contrast Media • Emergency in Radiology Department • Excretory System

a) IVP

b) RGU c) MCU

• Oral Cholecystography • Percutaneous Trans hepatic Cholecystography • G.I. Tract

a) Barium Swallow b) Barium Meal Series c) Barium Meal Follow Through d) Barium Enema

• HysteroSalpingoraphy • Angiography • Tomography

2. Radiography of body parts and their poisoning • Upper limb • Lower limb • Abdomen, Head and Neck

3. Guideline for design and location of X-ray equipment 4. Dark Room designing

• Outline structure of Dark Room • Material used Miscellaneous

PRACTICALS 1. Radiography in various positions for all the special radiological procedures, using contrast media

as per syllabus. 2. Positioning and treatment of various cases patients by using:

a) Prescribed filters and wedges b) Protection of various organs

Reference Books: 1. Clark, Radiographic Positioning and Special Procedure 2. Chapman, Radiological Procedure 3. Krishnamurthy, Medical Radiographic Technique & Darkroom Practice


IInd

YEAR

BRIT-205( X-ray Film / Image processing Techniques (including

Dark Room Techniques)

1. X-Ray film

X-ray film construction and film characteristics – Composition of single and double coated

radiographic films -structure of emulsion- film characteristics; speed, base fog, gamma, latitude -effect

of grain size on film response to exposure, interpretation of

characteristics curve- exposure to x-rays.

2. Types of Radiographic Films-

applications -advantages/limitations of different types Structure, properties of different parts-Film

storage - handling -film wrappings- andling of exposed and unexposed films -safe light requirements.

3.Radiographic Image: Meaning of radiographic image contrast, density, resolution,

sharpness, magnification and distortion of image, noise and blur. Primary radiological image

formation- Image quality – unsharpness- resolution – fog and noise - use of contrast media-density-

contrast – brightness- optical density measurements- Image recording devices.

4. Image processing– Film developing principles- acidity, alkalinity, pH, the processing cycle-

process of film developing - development -developer solution- constituents of developer. Fixing- fixer

solution- composition of fixer –washing – drying replenishment -checking and adjusting replenishment

rates - other processing solution – effect of temperature and development time - film processing

methods - common errors and faults while processing manual and automatic processing-latent image

formation– silver recovery and economics.

5. Film archieving systems- Image recording devices-Laser imager/camera functioning.

Multiformatter-

Optical Disc. System

Film archieving systems - MOD/disc/PACS etc

6.Automatic processing - Automatic film handling systems -Automated Processors - equipment for

Film Processing-functions of various components- film roller transport - transport time -film feed

system-Importance and relation to temp, fixed and variable time cycles-Care and maintenance -cleaning

routine and methods of cleaning.

7. Radiographic illuminators: and viewing conditions, visual acuity and resolution.

8. Dark Room- Site – layout - dark room design- construction- processing area– illumination-safe light

compatibility - entrance safe lighting – types- storage- shelving of films-cleaning and maintenance.

Practical

Practical involving not less than 10 numbers must be prescribed to the students.

The title and nature of practical may be framed by the respective institution conducting the course.

Study with charts, models & power point presentations involving students to present and discuss.

Reference Books

1. Radiographic latent image processing – W. E. J Mckinney

Diagnostic Radiography – A concise practical Manual – Glenda J. Bryan (4th

edn), Churchill

Livingstone


IIIrd

YEAR BRIT-301(Radiotherapy Planning and Quality Control)

Course Contents: 1. Definition of treatment planning. 2. Planning procedure in general with special emphasis on turnout localization and target volume

measurement by conventional radiographic method and simulator imaging. 3. Role of special contrast medium base radiotherapy. 4. CT/MRI/Ultrasound/ radionuclide imaging methods physical and clinical requirements of field

selection of treatment in Teletherapy, role of portal films in treatment planning. Choice of central

axis percentage depth dose data and isodose curve form a spectrum of radiotherapy beams used

treatment. 5. Requirement and practice of organ shielding single multiple fields, and rotational field therapy,

planning procedures. 6. Computerized treatment planning system choice of dose, time and fraction. 7. Safety of critical organs in planning methods, Role of treatment shell immobilization devices and

laser in patients set up and positioning Acceptance tests on therapy simulator telescope megavoltage X-ray and electron bean machines.

9. Contribution of technologist in radiation calibration of quality control assurance in execution of

radiation treatment.

Reference Books: 1. Mohanti, A Textbook of Radiation Oncology 2. K.Thalayan , Textbook of Radiological Safety 3. Faiz M Khan, Textbook of Radiotherapy and Treatment Planning


IIIrd

YEAR

BRIT-302( Modern Imaging techniques and recent trends in imaging.)

1. Mammography:

The Mammography as a clinical diagnostic tool- immobilization and identification techniques-

positioning techniques for various projections - exposure factors- Conventional & Digital studies-

quality and advantage- diagnosis and screening- Characteristics of benign and malignant lesions –

patient care – female attendant - interventional procedures - radiation dose- recent advances in

mammography techniques -mammo tomogram & Sonomammography procedures- advantages &

limitations.

2. Ultrasonography/ Doppler studies:

Techniques of sonography-selection- Preparations - instructions and positioning of patient for TAS,

TVS, TRUS, neck USG and extremities- patient care and maintenance protocols-clinical applications

display methods –quality image reproducible extend -assurance to patients.

3. CT scan studies acquisition/ protocols /techniques:

CT of head and neck – thorax – abdomen – pelvis – musculo skeletal system – spine – PNS. Anatomy –

clinical indications and contraindications – patient preparation – technique – contrast media-types, dose,

injection technique; timing, sequence - image display – patient care – utilization of available techniques

& image processing facilities to guide the clinician-CT anatomy and pathology of different organ

systems.

4. MRI Scanners:

Methods of MRI imaging methods – Head and Neck ,Thorax, Abdomen, Musculoskeletal System

imaging - Clinical indications and contraindications- types of common sequences-effects of sequence on

imaging - Protocols for various studies- slice section- patient preparation-positioning of the patient -

patient care-calibration - paramagnetic agents and dose, additional techniques and recent advances in

MRI -

image acquisition-modification of procedures in an unconscious or un co-operative patient - plain

studies- contrast studies -special procedures- reconstructions- 3D images- MRS blood flow imaging,

diffusion/perfusion scans - strength and limitations of MRI- role of radiographer.

5. Angiography and Cine Studies /DSA

Conventional / DSA studies- Abdominal, visceral, peripheral, cerebral and cardiac angiography -

arterial/venous anatomy, physiology-clinical indications and contraindications - patient preparation-

positioning of the patient -patient care-contrast media - types of contrast - dosage - accessories catheters,

guide wires- pressure injection- control of radiographic and fluoroscopic equipment - exposure factors

for serial programmes-programming-injection protocols- outline on each radiological procedure-

radiographer‘s role- patient management before -during and after the procedure - venography-

interventional angiography in hepatobiliary, GIT, urology and vascular system- coils/stents etc-

indications and contraindications - role of radiographer-radiation safety.

6. Nuclear Scintiscan procedures:

SPECT-CT & PET-CT studies, protocols, Basics of common clinical Nuclear Medicin

procedures/techniques–comparison with different structural imaging studies-advantages and limitations.

7. Recent Advances in Imaging

Dynamic CT & MRI studies

Per operative application of various imaging systems including detector probes application in Nuclear

Medicine

Imaging guidance in therapeutic procedures-IGRT, TACE & TARE etc.

Practical

Practical involving not less than 10 numbers must be prescribed to the students. The title and nature of

practical may be framed by the respective institution conducting the course.

Reference Books

1. Concepts in Medical Radiographic Imaging – Marianne Tortoice

2. Radiographic Imaging - Derrick

3. Processing and Quality Control – William

IIIrd

YEAR

BRIT-303(Interventional Radiology Radiobiology and Radiation

Safety in Radiodiagnosis /Imaging.)

1. Radiation Quantities and Units

Radiation- Radioactivity- Sources of radiation - natural radioactive sources -cosmic rays-terrestrial

radiation - - man made radiation sources. Units of radiation - Quality factor - Flux-Fluence-Kerma-

Exposure- Absorbed dose- Equivalent Dose- Weighting Factors-Effective Dose - Occupational Exposure

Limits - Dose limits to public.

2. Biological Effects of radiation

Ionization, excitation and free radical formation, hydrolysis of water, action of radiation on cell -

Chromosomal aberration and its application for the biological dosimetry- Effects of whole body and

acute irradiation, dose fractionation, effects of ionizing radiation on each of major organ system

including fetus -Somatic effects and hereditary effects- stochastic and deterministic effects-Acute

exposure and chronic exposure-LD50 - factors affecting radio-sensitivity. Biological effects of non-

ionizing radiation like ultrasound, lasers, IR, UV and magnetic fields.

3. Radiation detection and Measurements: Ionization of gases- Fluorescence and

Phosphorescence -Effects on photographic emulsion. Ionization Chambers – proportional counters- G.M

counters- scintillation detectors – liquid semiconductor detectors – Gamma ray spectrometer. Measuring

systems – free air ionization chamber – thimble ion chamber – condenser chamber – Victorian

electrometer – secondary standard dosimeters – film dosimeter – chemical dosimeter-

thermoluminescent Dosimeter. -Pocket dosimeter-Radiation survey meter- wide range survey meter -

zone monitor-contamination monitor -their principle-function and uses. Advantages & disadvantages of

various detectors & its appropriateness of different detectors for different type of radiation measurement.

4.Radiation protection: Radiation protection of self and patient- Principles of

radiation protection, time - distance and shielding, shielding - calculation and radiation

survey –ALARA- personnel dosimeters (TLD and film batches)- occupational

exposure

INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY 1. Interventional Radiology

a) Definition b) Indication c) Clinical Application d) Name of different type of procedure

ANAESTHESIA IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY 1 Facilities regarding general Anesthesia in the X-ray Department. 2 Anesthetic Problems associated with specific technique-

a) Vascular Studies b) Carotid Angiography c) Venography d) T and NMR

Practical

involving not less than 10 numbers must be prescribed to the students. The title and nature of practical

may be framed by the respective institution conducting the course as follows-

1. Time, Dose, Shielding, Measurement of HVT & TVT

2. Familiarization of Radiation Survey meters and their functional performance checks

3. Radiological Protection Survey of Diagnostic X-Ray installation

4. Diagnostic Imaging: Quality Assurrance – M. M Rehani

5. AERB safety requirements- Atomic Energy Act, Radiation protection rules.

Reference Books:

1. Radiologic science for technologist – 9th

edition (2008) Stewart Carlyle Bushong,

Mosby Elsevier, UK.

2.Text Book of Radiological Safety – K. Thaylan (2010) Jaypee Brothers and medical Publishers, New

Delhi.


IIIrd

YEAR BRIT-304(Radiotherapy & Brachytherapy Techniques in Malignant and Non-Malignant

Diseases)

Course Contents:

1. Orthovoltage techniques in skin tumours, and cancers of the breast Advantages and disadvantages of orthovoltage in radiotherapy.

2. Tele isotope cobalt therapy techniques in skin and deep sealed tumours parallel opposed fields and small beam directed therapy and wedge field techniques in head and neck tumours especially cancers of larynx treatment techniques for cancer of maxillary antrum and pituitary tumours.

3. Treatment techniques in cancer of breast by telecobalt and low energy megavoltage X-rays and electron beam.

4. Tele and brachy-therapy techniques of treatment of different stages of carcinoma cervix uteri with special emphasis on HDR and LDR brachytherapy.

5. Three field techniques in cancer of esophagus and bladder. 6. Radiotherapy technique in medulo blastoma. Whole body and hemi body radiation techniques. 7. Treatment techniques of malignant and non malignant conditions in ovarian and kidney tumours. 8. Radiation treatment techniques of lymphomas with special emphasis on mantle field irradiation

radiotherapy techniques in head and neck cancer.

Salient features of computers in radiotherapy and its application. 1. Introduction to computer, Hardware and software component. 2. Input and output data systems computerized treatment planning systems in tale, brachytherapy and

documentations.

Radiological protection 1. Dose limits of occupational workers & Publics.

2. Principle & Method of Protection.

3. Monitoring devices.

Reference Books: 1. Mohanti, A Textbook of Radiation Oncology 2. K.Thalayan, Textbook of Radiological Safety 3. Faiz M Khan, Textbook of Radiotherapy and Treatment Planning 4. Ballinger, Textbook of Radiation Oncology


IIIrd

YEAR BRIT- 305 (Orientation in Para-Clinical Sciences ,Clinical Sciences

&Community Healthcare)

Course Contents:

UNIT-I

PARASITOLOGY Entamoeba Histolytica , Leishmania, Material Parasites of man,

Helminthology,Taenia Saginata, Taenia Soleum,Echinococcus granulosus,Ascaris

Lumbricoides,Ancylostoma duodenale, Strongylids stercoralis

UNIT-II MICROBIOLOGY Morphology & Physiology of Bacteria, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis,

Spirochetes, Corny bacterium Diphtheria

UNIT-III

VIRUS

General Properties of Virus, Herpes virus, Poliovirus, Hepatitis virus, oncogenic virus, HIV

UNIT-IV

PATHOLOGY Inflammation, Neoplasia, Osteomyelitis, Fractures, Osteoporosis, Rickets, Osteomalacia,Tumours of

Bone, Rhematoid Arthritis, Gout, Osteoarthritis

UNIT-V PHARMACOLOGY

Pharmacokinetics of Drugs a) Absorption b) Distribution c) Metabolism d) Excretion Adverse drug reactions & Management ,Pharmacology of different dyes used in Radiological

procedures

UNIT-VI

MEDICINE Pericarditis, Valvular diseases, Rheumatic Heart Disease, Heart failure, Chronic Bronchitis, Emphysema, Bronchitis, Pneumonia, Tuberculosis, Pleura effusion, Empyema, Spontaneous Penumothorax

UNIT-VII Achlasia cardia, Peptic ulcer, Intestinal obstruction, Crohn‘s disease ,Ulcerative colitis, Pancreatitis, Portal Hypertension, Ascitis, Cirrhosis, Cholecystitis

UNIT-VIII

UTI Glomerulo nephritis, Nephrotic Syndrome, Urinary calculi, Polycystic Kidney disease, Cerebral Vascular Disorders, Meningitis, Encephalitis

ORTHOPAEDICS Fracture,Type Mechanism, Healing, Delayed Union, Non- complication, Injuries of the shoulder girdle, Dislocation of shoulder, Number of Humerus, Elbow Forearm,Number of Distal Radius & ulna, Injuries of the carpal, Dislocation of Hip, Femur, Tibia, Ankle, calcaneum, Acute & chronic osteo arthritis, Rhematoid arthritis, Paget‘s Disease, Ankylosing spondylitis, Club foot, Bone Tumour-Benign Malignant

UNIT- IX Surgery, Cholelithiasis, Peritonitis, Suprahrenic Abscess, Appendicitis, Benign Hypertrophy prostate, Sinusitis

OBSTETRICS Diagnosis of Pregnancy, Normal Labour

1. Definition of Health, Determinants of Health, Health Indicators of India, Health Team Concept. a. National Health Policy b. National Health Programmers (Briefly Objectives and Scope) c. Population of India and Family welfare programme in India.

2. Family: a. The family, meaning and definitions b. Functions of types of family

c. Changing family patterns

d. Influence of family on Individuals Health, family and nutrition, the effects of sickness in the family and psychosomatic disease and their Importance to physiotherapy.

3. Community:

a. Rural community: Meaning and features – Health hazards to rural communities, health

hazards to tribal community. b. Urban community – Meaning and features – Health hazards of urbanities

4. Culture and Health Disorders a. Social Change: b. Meaning of social changes c. Factors of social changes d. Human adaptation and social changes e. Social changes and stress f. Social changes and deviance g. Social changes and health programme h. The role of social planning in the Improvement of health and rehabilitation

5. Social Problems of disabled: a. Consequences of the following social problems in relation to sickness and disability b. Population explosion.

Reference Books: 1. Rabbins & Cotran, Pathologic Basis & Diseases 2. Harsh Mohan, Pathologic Basis & Diseases 3. Todd & Sanford, Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Method 4. Ramanik Sood, Laboratory Technology Methods and Interpretation 5. Anand Narayan and Panikar, Textbook of Microbiology 6. Baweja, Medical Microbiology 7. Arora, Medical Lab Technology 8. Krishna Das, Textbook of Medicine 9. Kathale, Essentials of clinical medicine 10. Gopalan, Handbook of Orthopaedics 10. Shenoy, Essencial of Orthopaedics

11.K.Perks ,Textbook of Preventive Social Medicine 12.Sunder Lal ,Adarsh, Pandey

Latest editions of all the suggested books are recommended

b.sc . radiology and imaging technology -...

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