b.sadoulet dusel seminar 3/4/05 1 the deep underground science and engineering laboratory history...

B.SadouletDUSEL seminar 3/4/05 1

The Deep Underground Science and Engineering

LaboratoryHistory and processThe scienceInfrastructure requirementImplementation

Bernard SadouletDept. of Physics /LBNL UC BerkeleyUC Institute for Nuclear and ParticleAstrophysics and Cosmology (INPAC)


The DUSEL ProcessMotivations

Early 1980’s first investigation (Nevada, San Jancinto)2000 Renewed interest in a US Deep Underground Science

Laboratory Rapid expansion of Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics Potential availability of Homestake on a short time scale

Strong scientific support. A number of reports.

Recent realization that such a facility would bring tremendous opportunities to earth sciences, biology and engineering: DUSEL

March 2004: New process put in place by NSFSolicitation 1: Community wide study of

• Scientific roadmap: from Nuclear/Particle/Astro Physics to Geo Physics/Chemistry/Microbiology/Engineering

• Generic infrastructure requirements

Solicitation 2 : Pre-selection of 3-5 sites• Proposals due February 28 2005

Solicitation 3 Selection of initial site(s) MRE and Presidential Budget (optimistically in 09)


Site Independent GoalsThe best scientific case for DUSEL

The big questionsRoadmaps of class A+ experiments Long term needs

Implementation parametersInfrastructure requirements

Modules (set of experiments sharing same infrastructure needs)Generic management structureIntegration of science and education and involvement of local population

International contextIdentify strategic aspects of a U.S. facilityEstimation of the space needs for first two decades

=>Build up common language, consensus and synergies

clearly happening already (3 workshops)

Deliverables by summer 05Printed report directed at generalists

AgenciesOMB/OSTP/Congress cf. Quantum Universe

+Web based reports with technical facts for scientists and programs monitors


Process

6 PI’s responsible for the studyin particular scientific quality/ objectivity

Bernard Sadoulet, UC Berkeley, Astrophysics/CosmologyHamish Robertson, U. Washington, Nuclear PhysicsEugene Beie,r U. of Pennsylvania, Particle Physics

Charles Fairhurst, U. of Minnesota, geology/engineering Tullis Onstott, Princeton, geomicrobiology James Tiedje, Michigan State, microbiology

14 working groups + WorkshopsInfrastructure requirements/managementEducation and outreach

2 consultation groups• The site consultation group (Solicitation 2 sites)

Endorsement of the PI’s and general approachInput on scientific/technical questions important to the

sitesCompetition between sites

• The initiative coordination group: major stakeholders (e.g. National Labs)

Coordination with other major initiativesMajor facilitator of involvement of other agencies

External review à la NRC


Status/Plans See www.dusel.org

3 workshopsBerkeley Aug 04: mutual discovery of Physics and Earth SciencesBlacksburg Nov 04: big questions in Earth SciencesBoulder Jan 05: fundamental biology, international aspects

common language, modules, scheduleMethodology

Infrastructure matricesSurvey of the demand for DUSEL 1st decade and 2nd decade

Rescaling for likely evolution of community and budgets

Start real work from working groups after Feb 28

Final workshop in DC area ≈July 15General discussion of a draft of overall reportInformation of agency people

August-SeptemberConvergence on wordingExternal review

Glossy report fall 05


Major Questions in Physics (1)

What are the properties of the neutrinos?Are neutrinos their own antiparticle? The answer to this question is a

key ingredient in the formulation of a new ``Standard Model'', and can only be obtained by the study of neutrinoless double beta decay.

What is the remaining, and presently unknown, mixing angle 13 between neutrino mass eigenstates?

What is the hierarchy of masses? Is there significant violation of the CP symmetry among the neutrinos?


Double beta decay

Many new experiments gearing up to test this claim and go beyond it… Major US efforts

Majorana expt- 500 kg Ge76 (86%)EXO - 1-ton LXe TPC

Majorana Experiment



What are the properties of the neutrinos?Are neutrinos their own antiparticle? The answer to this question is a

key ingredient in the formulation of a new ``Standard Model'', and can only be obtained by the study of neutrinoless double beta decay.

What is the remaining, and presently unknown, mixing angle 13 between neutrino mass eigenstates?

What is the hierarchy of masses? Is there significant violation of the CP symmetry among the neutrinos?

Do protons decay? It is expected that baryonic matter is unstable at some level and the

lifetime for proton decay is a hallmark of theories beyond the Standard Model.

These questions relate immediately to the completion of our understanding of particle and nuclear physics, and to the mystery of why the universe contains much more matter than antimatter.


Nucleon decay & long-baseline

Large multipurpose detectors

Long-baseline neutrinosProton decaySupernova observatory

UNO: ~20 SuperK (fid.)

Water cherenkov

LANNDD - Liquid Argon Neutrino and Nucleon Decay Detector



What is the nature of the dark matter in the universe?

Is it comprised of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) of a type not presently known, but predicted by theories such as Supersymmetry?

Goal: observe both in the cosmos and the laboratory (LHC,ILC).


Large mass WIMP detectors

Cryogenic DetectorsCDMS II, EDELWEISS II, CRESST IISimilar reach with complementaryassets

Xenon

Low pressure TPC



What is the nature of the dark matter in the universe?

Is it comprised of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) of a type not presently known, but predicted by theories such as Supersymmetry?

Goal: observe both in the cosmos and the laboratory (LHC,ILC).

What is the low-energy spectrum of neutrinos from the sun?

Solar neutrinos have been important in providing new information not only about the sun but also about the fundamental properties of neutrinos.


Solar neutrinos

Possible future US Program:

Heron - rotons in LHeClean - scintillation in LNeLENS - liquid scintillator


Physics needs

low cosmic-

ray rates


Subsurface Geoscience

How are the Underground Processes Changing the Earth

How does the rock flows and cracks at depth?Fundamental Processes at DepthHow are the coupled Hydro-Thermal-Mechanical-Chemical-Biological

(HTMCB) processes in fractured rock masses vary as function of the physical and time scales involved. Cannot be done in laboratory!

Transparent EarthCan progress in geophysical sensing methods and computational

advances be applied to make the earth transparent, i.e. to ‘see’ real-time interaction of processes and their consequences in the solid earth?

Relationships between surface measurements and subsurface deformations and stresses

How does the Earth Crust Move?– What controls the onset and propagation of seismic slip on a fault?– How are surface deformations and stresses related to their

subsurface counterparts, and to tectonic plate motions?– Can earthquake slip be predicted; can it be controlled?

Need for long term access as deep as possible

Observatories in particular at largest depthLaboratories where we can act on the rock


Rock Mass Strength-Unknown

Decreasingdeformationrate

Deformation

1 2 3

4

5

Elasticity

Plasticity

Continuummechanics

Damagemecha-nics

Localization and disintegration

Elastic unloading

Energy excess(Seismic deformation)

Energy deficit(Aseismicdeformation)

Maximumdesign force

TIME

SIZE

Intact block

Single joint

Rock mass

“We don’t know the rock mass strength. That is why we need an International Society” Muller, 24 May 1962

Complete Load-Deformation Behavior


Correlation Surface -Underground

Underground

Surface strain network

TectonicStrain

In situstress

Subsurfacegeophysics(imaging)

Correlation of above-ground and underground observations

Joint slip tests

DUSEL

Satellite(GPS, etc.)

Above ground• Earthscope• Surface-based geophysics• Surface-underground experiments (e.g., drilling)


Induced Fracture Processes Laboratory

Evaluate and refine models of fracture initiation and propagationResource recoveryCO2 sequestrationWaste isolation

Examine effects on proximal fluid flow and transport including proppantsWellbore interaction effectsPressure solution in fracturesExamine roles of different

propellantsExamine roles of fractures

in bacterial colonizationExamine the long-term

stability and durability of underground openings

http://www.earthlab.org/

Courtesy of Derek Ellsworth


Deep Coupled Processes Laboratory

Characterize coupled-processes that affect critical environmental engineering, and complex subsurface Earth processesCO2 sequestrationWaste isolationIn situ miningMineralization and ore body

formationCharacterize coupled

processes under ambient conditions

Chemical fate and transport including dissolution/precipitation and modification of mechanical and transport parameters

Multiphase flow and transport

Microbial colonizationhttp://www.earthlab.org/



Subsurface GeoEngineering

Importance for a number of applications– groundwater flow; – contaminant transport; – long-term isolation of hazardous and toxic wastes, carbon

sequestration and hydrocarbon storage underground– ore forming processes;– energetic slip on faults and fractures; stability of underground

excavations;

Mastery of the rockWhat are the limits to large stable excavations at depth?Currently: Petroleum boreholes; 0.1m Ø. at 10km Mine shafts 5m Ø at 4km.

DUSEL physics excavations 10-40m Ø at 1-3km

ResourcesOriginDiscoveryExploitationSequestration Need for long term access

as deep as possibleDUSEL nearly unique in the world


Resource RecoveryLocate resourceAccess quickly and at low costRecover 100% resource at chosen timescaleNo negative environmental effect

Waste Containment/DisposalCharacterize host at high resolutionAccess and inter quickly at low costInter completely or define fugitive concentration

output with time

Underground ConstructionCharacterize inexpensively at high resolutionExcavate quickly and inexpensivelyProvide minimum support for maximum design life………………

What will we need to do better in 20 years?Grand Challenges…..



Major Questions in Geomicrobiology

How does the interplay between biology and geology shape the subsurface? Role of microbes in HTMCB

How deeply does life extend into the Earth? What are the lower limits of life in the biosphere? What is the

temperature barrier, the influence of pressure, the interplay of energy restrictions with the above? The subsurface biomass may be the most extensive on earth but samples so far are too few.

What fuels the deep biosphere? Do deep microbial ecosystems exist that are dependent upon

geochemically generated energy sources ("geogas": H2, CH4, etc.) and independent from photosynthesis. How do such systems function, their members interact to sustain the livelihood?

Need for long term access as deep as possible

In many cases need horizontal probes (pressure)Deeper bores


Variation of Life with Depth

Cells/ml or Cells/g

Dep

th (

km)

107105103101

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

?

Fig. 2 of Earthlab report

S. African data + Onstott et al. 1998


Major Questions in BiologyWhat can we learn on evolution and genome

dynamics? Microbes may have been isolated from the surface gene pool for very

long periods of time. Can we observe ancient life?How different are this dark life from microbes on the surface?

Unexpected and biotechnologically useful enzymes?How do they evolve with very low population density, extremely low

metabolism rate and high longevity? Role of Phages

Did life on the earth's surface come from underground?

Does the deep subsurface harbor primitive life processes today?Has the subsurface acted as refuge during extinctions.What "signs of subsurface life" should we search for on Mars?

Is there dark life as we don't know it?Does unique biochemistry, e.g. non-nucleic acid based, and molecular

signatures exist in isolated subsurface niches? Requires systematic sampling at various depths

Attention to contamination issuesLong term observation in their

own environment


Answers require DUSEL (1)Very Deep: 6000 mwe (meters water equivalent, about the same

as feet of rock): – Double beta decay– Solar neutrinos– Dark matter detectors (may be 4000 mwe)- Construction technology for deep waste sequestration- Monitor and relate surface deformations and stresses to their

subsurface counterparts.– Determine processes controlling maximum depth of subsurface

biosphere and perhaps discover life not as we know it. – Access to high ambient temperature and stress similar to

seismogenic zone for in situ HTCMB experiments.

+ Intermediate depths: automatic– Some solar neutrinos– Radioactive screening/prototyping– Fabrication+ Assembly area– Construction technology for modest depth applications– Monitor and relate surface deformations and stresses to their

subsurface counterparts.


Answers require DUSEL (2)Very Large Caverns (1,000,000 m3) at 2000-

4000 mwe– Proton decay– Long-baseline neutrino physics (13, masses, CP)- 3D +time monitoring of deformation at space and time scale

intermediate between bench-tops and tectonic plates.

Very Large Block Experiments: (100x100x100 m3) spanning the whole depth range

– HTCMB experiments under in situ conditions in pristine environment over multiple correlation lengths with mass and energy balance.

– ‘See’ real-time interaction of HTCMB processes using geophysical and computational advances and MINE–BACK to validate imaging.

– Perform sequestration studies and observe interaction with surface bio-, hydro- and atmosphere


Exciting Science and EngineeringCompelling questions: A snap shot

Neutrinos, Dark Matter, Stability of MatterThe Ever Changing Earth: Fundamental Processes and TectonicsTransparent Earth, Mastery of the Rock, ResourcesThe exploration of subsurface biosphere: limits, metabolism, role in

geological processes New questions on origins, evolution and biochemistry diversity

Multidisciplinary Not just a juxtaposition for political convenience

Clarity about differences: e.g. earth scientists prefer variety of sites including hard rock and sedimentary if possible ≠ physicists

Learning how to live together: e.g. tracers in water used for exploratory drilling, rock deformation laboratories far from observatories

Overlap of questions: between fields and between fundamental and applied Multidisciplinary approaches: e.g. geo-micro-biologistsNew Synergies

Instrumentation of the rock prior to construction of physics cavitiesLow radioactivity methods, instrumentation, data acquisition

Marvelous education and outreach opportunityTraining of a new generation of multidiciplinary scientists and

engineersExciting the imagination of K-12 students

(Bio+Earth+Physics+Astronomy)Involvement of local population (often Native Americans)


Science-Methods-Applications

Overlap is testimony of the richness of the field

Opportunity for multiple advocacyNSF-DOE- Congress - Industry Experts-other scientists- Public at large

ResourcesOrigin

DiscoveryExploitation

Transparent EarthRemote Characterization

Surface-> subsurface

Ever Changing EarthFundamental processes

Role of microbesTectonics/Seismology


International AspectsInternational Science and Engineering !

Not only in physics and astronomyBut also: geo sciences (relationships with URL)

geo-microbiology is a new frontier

Strategic advantage of a U.S. DUSELA premier facility on U.S. soil will

• more readily put U.S. teams at core of major projects• attract the most exciting projects

• maximize impact on training of scientists and engineers + public

However we should check our intuition that there is enough demand DUSEL complementary to other major U.S. initiatives

• e.g. Earth-Scope, Secure EarthAn existing infrastructure could be a major asset in

competition for proton decay/neutrino detector

At same time, considerable flexibility available in implementation

To conform with evolution of science, budget realities, and international Mega-Science coordination

• Excavate as we go (≠ Gran Sasso)• Single site or multiple sites (in which case common

management)• Modules which can be deployed independently (in time

or space)e.g. Deep vs Large cavity

b.sadoulet dusel seminar 3/4/05 1 the deep underground science and engineering laboratory history...

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