Broiler Nutrition in Spain

April 2016

Technical performance

550 106 broilers per year

2

Age

Live weight, kg FCR Mortality, %

Average 45.6 2.76 1.96 5.8

Range 42 – 49 2.51 – 2.97 1.88 – 2.05 4.3 – 7.1

Feeding strategies

Three and four phases feeding programmes

3

Age, days Starter Grower Finisher Withdrawal

4 phases 0–7 to 16 8 to 17– 21 to 28

22 to 29– 30 to 42

> 31 to 43

AME, kcal/kg 3000 3100 3150 3200

3 phases 0–18 to 23 19 to 24– 37 to 42

> 38 to 43

AME, kcal/kg 3000 3125 3200

Feed form

Starter: crumbles Grower and finisher: pellets 3 – 3.5 mmØ

Pelleting temperatures 75 – 95 ºC

4

Feeds – Feed ingredients

¹ October, 2014 5

Ingredient National Imported Inclusion, % Cost¹, €/t

Corn

Wheat

Barley

Sorghum

Full fat soybean

Soybean meal 47%

Rapeseed meal

Sunflower meal

Pork lard

Soybean oil

Fish meal

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

15

(60)

10

40

20

5

5

5

5

5

177.0

185.0

175.0

n. a.

474.0

390.0

244.0

237.0

695.0

725.0

920.0

Feeds – Nutrients

Plus dArg, dIle, dVal, dGly + Ser 6

Nutrient Starter Grower Withdrawal

AME, kcal/kg

CP, g/kg

dLys, g/kg

dMet, g/kg

dMet+Cys, g/kg

dThr, g/kg

dTrp, g/kg

Ca, g/kg

avP, g/kg

Na, g/kg

2900

203

10.5

4.5

7.3

6.3

2.0

9.5-10.3

4.7

1.4-1.8

2950

197

9.7

4.1

7.0

6.1

1.9

8.2-9.7

4.1

1.4-1.8

3000

180

8.7

3.4

6.6

5.7

1.7

7.8-8.5

3.8

1.4-1.8

Feeds – Nutrients

7

Nutrient Starter Grower Finisher Withdrawal

AME, kcal/kg

CP, g/kg

dLys, g/kg

dMet, g/kg

dMet+Cys, g/kg

dThr, g/kg

dTrp, g/kg

Ca, g/kg

avP, g/kg

Na, g/kg

2975

221

11.4

4.9

7.9

7.3

2.2

8.6-10.2

4.3

1.4-1.8

3100

200

10.6

4.6

7.6

6.8

2.0

8.2-9.8

4.1

1.4-1.8

3180

180

9.7

4.3

7.2

6.2

1.9

7.8-8.5

3.8

1.4-1.8

3240

170

8.6

3.8

6.8

5.6

1.8

8.0-9.6

3.7

1.4-1.8

Vitamin supply (units/kg feed)

¹ EU Regulations

8

Starter Grower Finisher

Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range

Vitamin A, MIU¹

Vitamin D3, MIU¹

Vitamin E, mg

Menadione, mg

Thiamine, mg

Riboflavin, mg

Vitamin B6, mg

Vitamin B12, µg

Niacin, mg

Pantothenic acid, mg

Folic acid, mg

Biotin, mg

Choline, mg

10.1

2.7

27.9

2.5

1.6

6.5

3.4

16.6

46.4

13.1

1.1

0.13

352

6.7-13

1.5-4

7.5-50

0.8-4

0-3

5.4-8

1.8-5

12-30

25-86

8-19

0.5-1.5

0-0.3

200-540

8.7

2.2

23.2

2.6

1.5

5.3

2.6

15

34

11

0.9

0.09

285

5.2-11.6

1.2-3.6

6-45

0.5-5

0-3

3.9-8

1-5

9-30

20-66

6.4-15

0.4-1.5

0-0.2

200-420

3.4

0.9

17.5

2.8

0.5

2.3

0.6

5.9

12.9

5.6

0.3

0.02

212

0-5.8

0-2.1

3.6-50

0.3-10

0-1.1

0-4

0-1.5

0-12.5

0-30

0-10

0-1

0-0.1

100-420

Villamide and Fraga, 1999

Trace elements supply (mg/kg feed)

¹ Discussion about inclusion levels

9

Trace element Starter Grower Finisher Limits

Copper¹

Iodine

Iron

Manganese

Molybdenum

Selenium

Zinc¹

5-15

1-4

15-30

70-100

-

0.15-0.3

50-120

5-10

1-4

15-30

70-100

-

0.1-0.3

50-120

2-7

1-3

15-30

60-90

-

0.05-0.2

50-100

25

10

750

150

2.5

0.5

150

Trace elements

¹ Optimin Zn and Mn

Increasing use of chelated trace minerals (Zn, Mn) More opportunities in the near future (2 – 4 years)

10

Effect of chelated minerals on the performance of broiler chickens challenged with MAS and heat stress (Nutreco PRC, 2002)

Treatment BW, 42 d ADFI FCR Mortality, %

Control

Chelated Zn¹

Chelated Mn¹

Chelated Zn+Mn¹

1900.2

1938.5

1904.4

1903.2

79.6

82.1

79.8

80.1

1.80

1.82

1.80

1.81

6.12

3.67

3.55

1.92

P > F 0.77 0.24 0.80 0.43

Other additives

Nutreco PRC (2007)

Crystalline amino acids (lys, met, thr, trp, val, arg)

Enzymes (solid and liquid):

● Xylanases

● Phytases

● Other: proteases, glucanases, amylases

Betaine

11

Heat stress (35 ºC) and betaine in broilers

Betaine, g/kg feed 0.0 1.0 2.0

Weight, day 40, g 2093b 2116ab 2158a

FCR 1.66a 1.67a 1.62b

Breast meat , % 17.4b 18.2a 18.3a

Anticoccidials

Widely used in broiler production, subject to rotations

● Chemical + ionophore

● Ionophore + chemical

● Only chemical

● Only ionophore

Residual antibiotic effects (ionophores)

Associated to a distribution responsible (no generics)

Discussion about being considered feed additives

Vaccines available, but not widely used (20%)

● No limits to feeding programmes

● No residues in thinned birds

● NE control under discussion

12

Anticoccidials

13

Product Dose, mg/kg Withdrawal,

days

Limit, year

Na-monensin

Decoquinate

Robenidin HCl

Na-lasalocid

Narasin

Na-salinomycin

NH4-maduramycin

Diclazuril

Narasin+Nicarbacin

Na-senduramycin

120 – 125

20 – 40

30 – 36

75 – 125

60 – 70

60 – 70

5

1

80 – 100

20 – 25

1

3

5

5

0

1

3

0

0

5

2017

2014

2014

2014

2014

2014

2021

2020

2020

2016

Antibiotic growth promoters

Banned since January 2006 Impaired performance (Santomá, 2006) ● Growth rate: 0 – 10%

● FCR: 0 -5% ● Lower uniformity Increased production costs: 0 – 0.05 €/kg LW

Increased incidence of digestive disorders (NE) Increased use of therapeutic antibiotics

14

Organic acids

Preservative additives Strength ● Intestinal pH reduction

● Bacteriostatic effect in the gut ● Known since long ago and widely tested

15

Weakness

● May reduce feed intake in healthy birds

● Product handling (corrosive, irritant, …)

● Premix stability

● High inclusion rates

● Price

Organic acids

Nutreco PRC

% improvement compared to a negative control in broilers (0 – 42 days)

16

-1

-0,5

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

LWG FCR

PRC PB94

PRC PB98

TN NL653

TN NL257

Average +1,7%

Average +0,8%

Organic acids

Salmonella colonization of the caecum at 14 and 20 days of life in chickens fed a diet supplemented with either organic acids (T2, T4, T5, T6), organic acids + plant extracts (T3) or other zoo technical

additives (T7). Nutreco PRC, 2006

17

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Treatment

log c

fu/g

day 14

day 20

Prebiotics

(Special) feedstuffs Fructo-oligosaccharydes (FOS), mannan-oligosacharydes (MOS) and -D-glucans

Strength ● FOS: Stimulate growth of beneficial micro flora

● Minimum dose 0.4% (Giggs y Jacob, 2005)

● More efficient combined with probiotics (Newman, 2005)

● MOS: Avoid adhesion of pathogenic bacteria to enterocite

receptors

● Recommended dose 0.1 – 0.2%

● Wakeman (2005) average 44 trials: LWG + 1.8%, FCR -1.9%

● -D-glucans: stimulate immune response, increased IgA

production

18

Prebiotics

Effect of two types of glucans on the performance of MAS challenged broiler chickens (Nutreco PRC, 2001)

19

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

YBG1 YBG2 YBG1 YBG2

% im

pro

vem

ent

com

pare

d t

o n

egati

ve

contr

ol 0-21 days

0-42 days

Weakness

● Quality control

● Over stimulation of intestinal

micro flora

● Impaired FCR (FOS)

● Over stimulation of the

immune response (β-D-

glucans)

Plant extracts / Essential oils

Strength ● Organoleptic additives (easy registration: 75% of the registered

additives in EU)

● Well accepted by consumers: “natural” additives

● Enhance digestibility and performance

● Different modes of action (antimicrobials, antioxidants, immune

modulators, enhance enzyme production, …)

● May have synergistic effects

20

Weakness ● Very specific mode of action

● Varying composition – quality control

● Product handling (corrosive, irritants, volatility)

● High and expensive effective doses

Plant extracts / Essential oils

Gutiérrez del Alamo et al. (2005)

% improvement respect negative control in MAS

infected broilers (0-21 days)

21

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

FI LWG FCR

Exp. 1 Exp. 2 Exp. 3 Exp. 4 Exp. 5

Challenges: safety

Regulation (EC) nº 646/2007 (June 12, 2007) Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium in broilers

22

National Programme for Salmonella Control

23

Challenges: gut health

24

Disbacteriosis (non especific enteritis)

Virus

Feed problems

Necrotic enteritis Colangiohepatitis

Costridial enteritis

Performance

Bacterial enteritis

Intestinal Integrity

Coccidiosis

Quality

Little environmental concern in the broiler

industry, more important in the ruminant, swine and layer sectors Nitrogen and phosphorus emissions are growing attention – litter disposal

25

Carcass quality

Directive 2007/43/EC

(June 28, 2007) minimum orders for broiler protection and

welfare

Traceability

Hygiene Regulations Food Chain Report (FCR)

Informe Cadena Alimentaria (ICA)

26

Safety

Consumer perception

27

Zoonoses ● Campylobacter jejuni ● Listeria monocytogenes

Thank you

28