british north america
DESCRIPTION
British North America. Consider This…. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
British North America
1763-1867
Timeline1762: Pontiac’s Resistance1763: Royal Proclamation1774: Quebec Act1776: American War of Independence1783: Treaty of Paris1783: Loyalist Movement1791: Constitution Act 1812: The War of… you guess it… 18121814: The Treaty of Ghent1815: Start of the Great Migration
Quick recapBritain conquered France in 7
years warSigned treaty of Paris in 1763Gave Britain a lot of land…See
Map
The Ohio ValleyNow under British ControlPreviously owned by the French who had established relationships with the First Nation’s and set up forts in the area for trading
French vs British relations with First Nations
FrenchTreated them like a
sovereign nationMaintained allialliance
with gifts like guns, ammo, and trade goods
First nations expected these in order for Europeans to use the land
British (led by General Jeffrey Amherst) Saw aboriginals as
defeated people (because the French lost)
Wanted to take charge of the fur trade
Saw gifts as bribes
British ChangesJeffrey Amherst restricted trade with aboriginals and said people required Britain's permission to trade with them.
This hurt aboriginals because they relied on the trade and gifts
Amherst saw aboriginals as a problem he did not want to deal with.
Another PerspectiveFrom a First Nation’s perspective:
No longer talking to French, whom you have established a relationship with
The new guys don’t give any giftsTougher to bargain withDon’t acknowledge us as a distinct
group of people
Pontiac’s Resistance (War)Odawa First Nation’s chief, allied
with French during the Plains of Abraham
Yes, Pontiac cars are named after him
And the place in Michigan
Pontiac’s Resistance (War)Took a group from Ohio valley,
around the Great Lakes, to attack the British (summer of 1762)
Overtook 9 of 12 British forts NW of the 13 Colonies
Remained theirs until the end of 1763 when peace negotiations started
Pontiac’s ResistanceTreaty Agreements
First Nation’s hunting ground was protected from future settlements
British get their forts backFrench were settled on First Nation’s
land and the French defeat did not mean it was free for the taking
You do not need to write this
Neolin, the Delaware prophet, who warned his people "if you allow the English among you, you are dead. Maladies, smallpox, and their poison will destroy you totally."
You do not need to write this
Summer 1763, British forces gave First Nations leaders silver containers containing smallpox- infected clothe and claiming that they contained “medicine” to be opened upon their return home
The disease then spread throughout the Ohio Valley and wiped out entire communities
• Carving the Spoils 1:20:40
• https://youtu.be/gfsqdkrVm18?t=1h20m40s
Royal Proclamation, 1763Created to avoid a war with First
NationsMade a clear boundary between
British and First NationsColonists were forbidden to pass the
Proclamation line (to the west)Hope was the new settlers would go
north and assimilate* into British culture
Royal Proclamation• http://
www.cbc.ca/news/politics/royal-proclamation-of-1763-canada-s-indian-magna-carta-turns-250-1.1927667
French ResponseFrench culture felt threatened by
the changeThe Royal Proclamation abolished
French laws that protected their position in Quebec
Worried English would settle there and they would lose their culture
French became increasingly angry with the proclamation
Un Grand Succes!Royal Proclamation goes under
review in 1766 (3 years old, still a baby)
British people did not “flood” into Quebec like the govt hoped they would
British did not want to live with their once rivals
Too cold… The tea would freeze
The Quebec Act 1774
• Revoked the Royal Proclamation and enlarged Quebec’s territory to include the Ohio Valley• Guaranteed French language rights• Had provisions to allow Roman Catholics
to take some roles in governance • Reinstated French property and civil laws• Kept British criminal law
Think about itHow would the French see the
British living in Quebec?
Why did the British feel the need to appease the French?
This is why• With the Quebec Act of
1774 Britain changed course and hoped to develop Canada as a dual community, English and French• They were also trying to
buy support in the event of revolution in the 13 colonies
Angry Colonies.. 13 to be exact
Britain expected the 13 colonies to pay for the military effort of the 7 years war and Pontiac’s Resistance
Brought about new taxes “Why should we pay for Britain’s
battles, we need our own voice in the government!”
“No taxation without representation”
• http://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/boston-tea-party
Boston Tea Party116 known peopleWore First Nations costumes as a way
of stating they identified as Americans and no longer with the British
340 Chests of British East India Company tea was dumped (92,000 pounds) OF TEA
This is an estimated 18,523,000 cups
Boston Tea PartyDamages totaling over $1,700,000
US dollars in todays currencyThe harbour was shut down until all
the loses had been paid for ( The intolerable act)
Ben Franklin offered to pay for the damages to re open the harbour, no luck
The American War of Independence, 1776-1783
12 of the 13 colonies decided to boycott British trade (Georgia did not attend)
1775: several armed battles against British troops
July 04, 1776 @ congress, the rebels created the Declaration of Independence, marking the start of the war.
The War of Independencehttps
://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HlUiSBXQHCw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eytc9ZaNWyc
Canadiens called to actionRebels hoped Canadiens would
support themBritain hoped that the Quebec Act had
appeased QuebecIt did:
the Church in Quebec advised the population to side with the British
When Rebels attacked the Quebec City and Montreal in 1775, most Canadiens stayed neutral
Treaty of Paris, 1783The Treaty of Paris of 1783 ended
the American War of IndependenceBritain told to end the war because of
debtTherefore the Treaty heavily favored the
AmericansThe Treaty separated British North
America from the United States of America
• Acknowledging the United States to be free, sovereign, and independent states, and that the British Crown and all heirs and successors relinquish claims to the Government, property, and territorial rights of the same, and every part thereof;
• Establishing the boundaries between the United States and British North America;
• Granting fishing rights to United States fishermen in the Grand Banks, off the coast of Newfoundland and in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence;
• Recognizing the lawful contracted debts to be paid to creditors on either side;
• The Congress of the Confederation will "earnestly recommend" to state legislatures to recognize the rightful owners of all confiscated lands and "provide for the restitution of all estates, rights, and properties, which have been confiscated belonging to real British subjects" (Loyalists);
• United States will prevent future confiscations of the property of Loyalists;
• Prisoners of war on both sides are to be released; all property of the British army (including slaves) now in the United States is to remain and be forfeited;
• Great Britain and the United States are each to be given perpetual access to the Mississippi River;
• Territories captured by Americans subsequent to the treaty will be returned without compensation;
• Ratification of the treaty is to occur within six months from its signing.
What do we remember about the First Nations and their land?
Who Won the Revolution
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3EiSymRrKI4
Loyalists (pg. 118-123)
Who were they? What sort of people?
Why did they leave? ( 3 major reasons)
Where did they settle?Compare the First Nations
Loyalists to the Black Loyalists
The Constitution Act of 1791
The Constitution Act recognized the 2 dominant groups in Quebec each having different religious, political, and legal outlooks.
2 Separate colonies were created• Upper Canada (present day Ontario)• Lower Canada (present day Quebec)
The Constitution Act of 1791
• Each of the Canadas would maintain its own language regulations, laws, land-holding system, and religious institutions• But Protestant Churches would
receive preferential land grants in both colonies
Governance in the Canadas• A Governor General appointed by Britain would
oversee the governance of both colonies• Britain would also appoint a lieutenant governor
for each colony, who would run the members of 2 councils for the colony:• The Legislative Council• The Executive Council
• Each colony would have an elected assembly, but decisions made by the assembly could be blocked by a veto by the appointed councils, a lieutenant-governor, or the Governor General
Meanwhile in the 13 Colonies
Still were not happy after signing the Treaty of Paris
Britain still did not leave posts in Ohio Valley
Britain was trying to steal American ships to help with their war
Stopping American trading with FranceAmerican sailors were forced to serve
Britain
Dissatisfaction Grows
Americans suspected Britain was supplying guns to First Nations, who were fighting the Americans at the time
By 1812, American politicians (nicknamed War hawks) decided to permanently rid themselves of British influence.
The Buildup to the War of 1812
• http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/explore/online/1812/setting-the-stage.aspx
• based on this site
Crash Course• https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=qMXqg2PKJZU
The Colonies Develop• The Loyalist migration had helped
create the beginnings of a middle class• Businesses in timber, tanning, and
clothing develop• Trade and professions like law and
banking develop• Schools are built town services are
established• Towns and cities governed on
British principles, with some American influence (desire for democracy)
First Nations• First Nations were no longer partners with
Britain in warfare, were frequently ignored by colonial and British governments
• The growing population required more and more farmland and Indigenous land claims were ignored
• In 1857, the province of Canada passes the Gradual Civilization Act which had the explicit goal of assimilating First Nations so that they “would no longer be deemed Indians”
Post War Population Boom• From 1812 to the end of the 1840s immigration
to BNA increases dramatically• 1784-1815 saw 25 000 immigrants• 1815-1850 saw 960 000 from Britain alone
• The Great Migration• Natural increase as well especially in Lower Canada
(population doubles from 1750-1875)• Population growth leads to more agriculture,
towns, larger cities, more canals, the beginning of a railway boom across the colonies
Population of BNA, 1806-51
0100000200000300000400000500000600000700000800000900000
1000000
1806 1831 1851
Upper CanadaLower CanadaNova ScotiaNew BrunswickPEINL
Social and Economic Changes
• French still majority in Lower Canada, however:• British, American, and African Immigrants
change the population mix in the colonies• Black population grows by 40 000 during
the American Civil war (1861-1865)• Many slaves arrived using the Underground
Railroad, which was a network of safe houses that helped people escape slavery.
• Most African American refugees settled in Upper Canada, some in Nova Scotia, and some in the West
Towards Responsible Government
The Constitution Act of 1791 established a small, ruling elite
OligarchyOligarchy is a system of government
in which a small, but wealthy and powerful group controlled the decisions
Both were mostly English speaking and Anglican with a few seigniorial leaders in Lower Canada
They used their political power to expand their wealth and prioritized massive industrial projects (canals, railways)
What the average Colonist really needed were roads and basic services
Oligarchic Government
• The elites dominated each colony’s Executive and Legislative Councils • The democratically elected
Legislative Assemblies were infuriated as the appointed Legislative Council would often override laws passed in the assembly • Conflict and animosity abounded
Reform• The focus of reform in both Upper
and Lower Canada was increasing the political and economic rights of population• In Lower Canada their was the
additional element of the fight against assimilation into British North American culture
Road to the Rebellion
Throughout the 1830s, Lower Canada attempted to pass bills calling for more receptiveness for the elected assembly
1834: The Ninety Two Resolutions1835: The Seventh Report on GrievancesBoth were vetoed Radical groups developed in both Upper
and Lower Canada because they were tired of waiting
Caused a split in beliefs because some still wanted to obey the law
Road to the Rebellion
Rebel group became known as the Patriots in Lower Canada
Fights broke out, first being Nov. 16, 1837Nov. 25: Several Canadian towns had been
looted and burned by government troops as the rebel leaders fled.
Dec 07: Rebels marched towards Toronto but were stopped by militia and forced to retreat
Dec 08: Rebellion was done
Aftermath of the RebellionThe rebels had been poorly equipped
to fight the better supplied and trained government troops
Hundreds of rebels were imprisonedIn Montreal, 12 Patriotes were hanged
for treasonIn Upper Canada, at least 20 rebels
were hanged
Lord Durham’s Report
Britain was losing control of Upper and Lower Canada so they sent Gov. Gen. Durham to assess with situation.
Durham was there for 5 months and concluded that a unification of Upper and Lower Canada should fix the problem.
BlamedUpper Canada’s rebellions against govtLower Canada’s rebellions between French & English
Is this why French Canadiens are so Patriotic?
With all the pushing and shoving that the government did to try and assimilate the French Canadiens to British culture, did it create a more unified group of people?
The Act of Union, 1841
United Upper and Lower Canada into one colony, the province of Canada
Lower Canada= Canada EastUpper Canada= Canada West
Both receive equal representation in govt
Still had a rivalry Canada East would shut down bills proposed
by Canada West and vice versa
