british broadcasting corporation v time out

8/13/2019 British Broadcasting Corporation v Time Out

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Official Transcripts (1980-1989)

British Broadcasting Corporation v Time Out Ltd; Independent TelevisionPublications Ltd v Time Out Ltd and another

CHANCE ! "I#I$ION

%ALCONE &

(Transcript:Marten Walsh Cherer)

'( %EB )A ! *+(,

'( %ebruar- *+(,

D Nicholls QC an C Morco! for the "laintiffs #ritish #roa castin$ Corporation% & Morritt QC anD #ro'ne for the "laintiffs n epen ent Tele ision "*+lications% , ,effs QC an , o* ie for theDefen ants.

Co'ar Chance% &llen / O er % i!ons M*irhea &llan / #*rton.

%ALCONE &

n the first of these actions the ##C 'ho are p*+lishers of the 3a io Ti!es in 'hich the p*+lishinter alia their sche *les of pro$ra!!es s*e the efen ants for alle$e infrin$e!ent of cop ri$ht+ the repro *ction an p*+lication in the efen ants4 'ee5l !a$a6ine Time Out of sche *lesor lists 'ith ates ti!es an titles of the ##C4s tele ision pro$ra!!es.

The secon action is a parallel action + the plaintiffs n epen ent Tele ision "*+lications7i!ite 'ho are p*+lishers of the T Ti!es in 'hich the p*+lish inter alia their sche *les ofpro$ra!!es. The s*e the efen ants Time Out 7i!ite an Ton lliott 'ho is a irector anco-p*+lisher of Time Out 7i!ite for alle$e infrin$e!ent of cop ri$ht also + 'a of

repro *ction an p*+lication in Time Out of che *les or lists 'ith ates ti!es an titles ofn epen ent Tele ision "ro$ra!!es on the T channel an on Channel .

ha e +efore !e no' t'o !otions one in each action see5in$ interloc*tor in;*nctions torestrain the efen ants pen in$ ;* $!ent in the actions fro! repro *cin$ an p*+lishin$ in their!a$a6ine Time Out an s*ch sche *les or lists of the respecti e plaintiffs4 tele isionpro$ra!!es.


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hi+ite as , ?1 toMr. ?ol!es4 affi a it Mr. ?ol!es +ein$ the eneral Mana$er of "*+lications for the ##C.

The ##C p*+lish the 3a io Ti!es 'hich is a 'ee5l !a$a6ine ha in$ a circ*lation ofappro>i!atel < 1@ !illion copies. t contains a co!plete listin$ of all the ##C tele isionpro$ra!!es an the trans!ission ti!es for the 'ee5 in =*estion. t is on sale $enerall onWe nes a of each 'ee5 an lists the pro$ra!!es for the 'ee5 co!!encin$ the follo'in$at*r a that is to sa the at*r a in the 'ee5 in 'hich it has +een p*+lishe on the

We nes a . t is printe o er a se en a perio the printin$ startin$ on the We nes a tena s +efore the startin$ at*r a of the pro$ra!!es. n this partic*lar case if o* ta5e the iss*eof 2e!plifie of 2a!ple co ere the pro$ra!!es forat*r a *n a an Mon a the 2


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or$anisation of the press 'ho 'ishes to p*+lish it an it incl* es a!on$st other para$raphs'hich ha e to +e si$ne these state!ents B ha e note the li!itations efine in the attachecop ri$ht noticeB - that is the one in e>hi+it , ?2 - an *n erta5e to sen a free !onthl o*chercop B. o that e er one 'ho recei es a s*!!ar oes so *pon con itions 'hich are set o*t in

the cop ri$ht notice e>hi+it , ?2.

sho*l also !ention in passin$ that the pro$ra!!es s*!!aries 'hich ha e ;*st !entioneare not to +e conf*se 'ith ite!s 'hich are calle Bthe press infor!ationB 'hich is $i en o*tonce a 'ee5 an 'hich is referre to in the affi a it on +ehalf of the plaintiffs the ##C + Mr.#*nce 'ho is the ?ea of nfor!ation er ices of the ##C. ?e e>plains in his first affi a it thatat the Tele ision Centre a selection of tapes an fil!s of pro$ra!!es shortl to +e +roa cast areisc*sse 'ith ;o*rnalists 'ho are in ite *s*all on a ri a to the Tele ision Centre an*s*all *rin$ that isit copies of 3a io Ti!es to +e p*+lishe the follo'in$ 'ee5 are !a ea aila+le to the in ite ;o*rnalists in or er to assist the! in chec5in$ the acc*rac as to theetails of the pro$ra!!es 'hich are isc*sse . n accor ance 'ith the arran$e!ents this is the'a in 'hich these ;o*rnalists ha e *se the a ance copies of the 3a io Ti!es the a ancecopies +ein$ other'ise e!+ar$oe at that ti!e.

The thir !etho + 'hich the pro$ra!!e etails $et to the p*+lic is + 'a of anno*nce!ents+ the ##C itself on tele ision an ra io an that oes not nee an f*rther co!!ent.

t is plain on the e i ence that a $oo eal of 'or5 stretchin$ +ac5 so!e fi e to si> !onthspre io*sl $oes into the plannin$ arran$in$ an co!pilation of the ##C sche *le of tele isionpro$ra!!es for an partic*lar 'ee5. This is escri+e in etail in Mr. ?ill4s affi a it he +ein$c*rrentl the ?ea of "lannin$ 'hich thin5 !eans pro$ra!!e plannin$ +eca*se he has o erallresponsi+ilit for the "ro$ra!!e "lannin$ Depart!ent of the ##C.

f 'e ta5e the partic*lar 'ee5 2hi+ite in e>hi+it C&?1. t 'ill +e seenthat each chart co ers the pro$ra!!e pattern for this partic*lar 'ee5 +*t onl in its earl sta$esin er $eneral ter!s. The first of these raft trans!ission charts 'o*l +e the first for!al atte!ptto p*t on paper the pro$ra!!e for the partic*lar 'ee5 to 'hich the 'ere 'or5in$.

Those pro$ra!!e charts apparentl $o thro*$h a series of rafts. The are e elope an+eco!e !ore specific. The e ent*all reach the sta$e 'here a pro$ra!!e can +e pro *ce +fee in$ into the ##C4s co!p*ter the !aterials fro! the trans!ission charts. That res*lts in 'hatis calle insi e the ##C a trans!ission plan an for the partic*lar 'ee5 e>e!plie the firsttrans!ission plan 'as iss*e a+o*t 1Ath &*$*st 1982 'hich 'as still so!e ten 'ee5s a'a fro!the trans!ission 'ee5 that is the 'ee5 to 'hich the 'ere 'or5in$ 2


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e>cept for er last !in*te e!er$enc a!en !ents. The pin5 one has to +e rea in ti!e for thepress ate. The press ate is the ate 'hen it has to $o to the printers. The press ate for the'ee5 in =*estion 'as 12th Octo+er 1982.

The "ro$ra!!e "lannin$ Depart!ent ha in$ e ent*all $ot the pro$ra!!es planne o'n tothe sta$e at 'hich the are in the pin5 trans!ission plan the !aterial then $oes fro! the"ro$ra!!e "lannin$ Depart!ent to the 3a io Ti!es Depart!ent. The !aterial 'hich $oes o'nthere for a partic*lar iss*e is e>e!plifie in e>hi+it , ?E 'hich is in the separate +lac5 file. The!aterial 'hich $oes o'n to the 3a io Ti!es p*+lishin$ epart!ent fro! the "ro$ra!!e"lannin$ Depart!ent incl* es the trans!ission plan in ello' an e ent*all in pin5 to$ether'ith !aterials for the +illin$s an for!at all of 'hich can +e seen e>hi+ite in the copies in thee>hi+it 'hich ha e ;*st !entione . o not propose to $o thro*$h those oc*!ents in etail.

Clearl in ! ;* $!ent the trans!ission plans an the other oc*!entation to +e seene>e!plifie in , ?E that is the oc*!entation sent to the 3a io Ti!es p*+lishin$ epart!entfor the! to pro *ce their pro$ra!!es in the 3a io Ti!es onl ha e to +e seen for one to

appreciate that the e>tration therefro! of the !aterial 'hich is asse!+le into the sche *le ofpro$ra!!es + a s 'ith ti!es an titles in the for! one sees in the 3a io Ti!es !*st alsoin ol e a $reat eal of painsta5in$ 'or5 'hich e!an s co!plete acc*rac .

t is the ##C4s case that their trans!ission charts an plans an the sche *les of their tele isionpro$ra!!es incl* e therein an p*+lishe in the 3a io Ti!es are co!pilations 'hich areori$inal literar 'or5s an as s*ch the s*+;ect of cop ri$ht.

# section 2 of the Cop ri$ht &ct 19EF an s*+;ect to s*+sections 1 an 2 thereof cop ri$hts*+sisits in e er ori$inal literar 'or5 an + the efinition of Bliterar 'or5B 'hich is to +e fo*nin the efinition section of the &ct section 8(1) B4literar 'or54 incl* es an 'ritten ta+le orco!pilationB.

Mr. Nichols for the plaintiffs the ##C relie on t'o 'ell 5no'n a*thorities for his s*+!ission thatthe ##C sche *les of their tele ision pro$ra!!es are co!pilations 'hich are the s*+;ect ofcop ri$ht. The first case 'as that of #ritish #roa castin$ Co!pan Wireless 7ea$*e a6ette"*+lishin$ Co!pan G192FH Ch


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la+o*r an e>pense an a p*+lication of !atter solel 'ithin their 5no'le $e. The efen antssa that their p*+lication 'ill not co!pete 'ith the plaintiffs4 3a io Ti!es. are sa it 'ill notco!pete serio*sl . #*t that is no reason 'h the efen ants sho*l appropriate an part of theplaintiffs4 'or5 + cop in$ it.

BThe efen ants rel on three points. n the first place the conten that there can +e no cop ri$htin the plaintiffs4 co!pilation. The sa that there can +e no cop ri$ht in an in i i *al concertpro$ra!!e. o not see 'h not if that pro$ra!!e in ol es literar a*thorship. The efen antsconten that if there 'ere an s*ch cop ri$ht the a*thor co*l pre ent the perfor!ance of theite!s in the pro$ra!!e. cannot ! self *n erstan ho' an one can perfor! a irector or apro$ra!!e. #*t e en ass*!in$ that there is no cop ri$ht in an in i i *al ite! pro$ra!!e that'o*l not pre ent the plaintiffs +ein$ entitle to cop ri$ht in a co!pilation of se eral a ancepro$ra!!es. The efen ants conten that a !ere co!pilation of non-cop ri$ht pro$ra!!esin ol in$ no f*rther 'or5 than p*ttin$ the! to$ether cannot $i e cop ri$ht. The ans'er is that theco!pilation re=*ire er consi era+le 'or5 an 'as not a !ere collection of 'hat ha alrea+een prepare B. o not thin5 nee rea f*rther for present p*rposes.

n rel in$ on that a*thorit 'hat Mr. Nicholls for the plaintiffs the ##C sa s in this partic*lar caseis that e en if one onl loo5s at the position after the oc*!entation has $one to the "*+lishin$Depart!ent of the ##C there is s*fficient s5ill la+o*r an in$en*it in ol e to pro *ce the list ofpro$ra!!es titles an ti!es 'hich is to +e fo*n in the 3a io Ti!es for it to +e the s*+;ect ofcop ri$ht. #*t in his ar$*!ent that there is cop ri$ht in the ##C sche *le of pro$ra!!es ti!esan titles Mr. Nicholls $oes f*rther than that. ?e sa s that he can rel on the totalit of all thela+o*r an s5ill o er the pre io*s fi e or si> !onths to 'hich ha e referre 'hich 'ent into thera'in$ *p of the pro$ra!!es an the sche *les e!+o ie in the trans!ission charts an plansan the other oc*!entation 'hich is sent fro! the plannin$ epart!ent to the p*+lishin$epart!ent of the 3a io Ti!es. ?e relies for that proposition on the case of oot+all 7ea$*e7i!ite 7ittle'oo s "ools 7i!ite G19E9H Ch Ft*re lists in their 'ee5l foot+all pool co*pons.

T*rnin$ to the facts of that case at the thir line in the hea note the are set o*t as follo's: BTher*les of the 7ea$*e pro i e for the arran$e!ent an s*+se=*ent confir!ation at ann*al!eetin$s of 7ea$*e cha!pionship fi>t*res cop ri$ht in s*ch fi>t*res to +e este in the 7ea$*e.n the cha!pionship each cl*+ in each i ision pla e e er other cl*+ in the i ision t'ice in aseason once at ho!e an once a'a . When each cl*+ ha in icate its 'ishes as to thearran$e!ents for !atches in ans'ers to a =*estionnaire sent o*t + the 7ea$*e the cl*+s fi>t*relists 'ere co!pile + (Mr. *tcliffe) 'ho recei e a fee fro! the 7ea$*e for so oin$B. ?epro *ce in chart fro! a co!pilation 'hich re=*ire a $reat eal of 'or5 an re=*ire a hi$he$ree of s5ill an in$en*it 'hich he e elope hi!self an in part inherite fro! his father 'hoha perfor!e the sa!e tas5 +efore hi!. #*t e ent*all as a res*lt of this chart cl*+ fi>t*re lists

'ere pro *ce . These 'ere circ*late to the cl*+s. &fter the cl*+s ha !a e an necessara!en !ents at an ann*al fi>t*res !eetin$ final iffic*lties 'ere inore o*t so that all the fi>t*relists 'ere e ent*all finalise . Then fro! all that !aterial containe in the cl*+ fi>t*re lists achronolo$ical fi>t*re list 'as pro *ce .

sho*l refer to certain passa$es in the ;* $!ent +eca*se it is i!portant to appreciate theefen ants4 ar$*!ent in the oot+all 7ea$*e case +eca*se a si!ilar ar$*!ent has +eena ance + Mr. ,effs for the efen ants on these !otions.


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&t pa$e FE2 in the ;* $!ent of Mr. ,*stice p;ohn (as he then 'as) the learne ;* $e sai this:B?eB - that is Mr. helle co*nsel for the efen ants - Bs*+!its that the s5ill la+o*r an in$en*ite>pen e + *tcliffe are irecte to the pro *ction of infor!ation% the are not irecte to thepreparation of a fi>t*re list at all +*t to the pro *ction of a pro$ra!!e of foot+all $a!es to +e

carrie o*t + !e!+ers of the 7ea$*e% a pro$ra!!e esi$ne to $i e the !ost satisfactorres*lts to lea$*e foot+all an to its follo'ers + re *cin$ clashin$ e ents to a !ini!*! an +!eetin$ so far as it is possi+le to o so the 'ishes of each cl*+. o he sa s *tcliffe4s 'or5 hareall nothin$ to o 'ith the pro *ction of a oc*!ent. ?e 'as preparin$ infor!ation 'hich ofnecessit ha to +e re *ce to 'ritten for! +*t +ein$ p*rel creati e infor!ation the !erere *ction into 'ritin$ of that infor!ation co*l not $i e rise to an clai! for cop ri$htB.

&fter referrin$ to an a*thorit 'hich Mr. helle ha cite si> lines fro! the +otto! of pa$e FEohis lor ship sa s: B?o'e er 'hether or not cop ri$ht co*l ha e +een clai!e for the cl*+s4 listMr. helle s*+!its that there can +e no s*ch clai! for the chronolo$ical list for ins*fficient la+o*ris e>pen e thereon to ;*stif a clai! for cop ri$ht. ?e s*+!its that the onl s5ill la+o*r aneffort 'hich can +e calle in ai in s*pport of a clai! to cop ri$ht is that in ol e in repro *cin$the chronolo$ical list fro! the cl*+s4 list an that re=*ires no ele!ent of taste or selection

;* $!ent or in$en*it an nothin$ !ore than the $oo offices of a cler5 'hose onl =*alificationsnee to +e painsta5in$ acc*rac . To this point shall ret*rn laterB.

&fter referrin$ to the cases cite + the plaintiffs incl* in$ a!on$st others #ritish #roa castin$Co!pan Wireless 7ea$*e a6ette "*+lishin$ Co!pan G192FH Ch a!ple

&rsenal pla s Manchester Cit at ?i$h+*r on epte!+er 20 19E8 as the pro$ra!!e pro i ehe is oin$ so no o*+t pri!aril +eca*se that is +est fro! the point of ie' of lea$*e foot+all +*tif as the res*lt of the 'hole of his prolon$e an s5ille co$itations he pro *ces in a partic*larfor! the season4s list consistin$ of 2 028 !atches or thera+o*ts in ! ;* $!ent he or the7ea$*e ('ho ha e + irect assi$n!ent an cop ri$ht 'hich !i$ht other'ise est in hi!) areentitle to clai! that the chronolo$ical list is pro *ce as a res*lt of the entire s5ill la+o*r ti!e

;* $!ent an in$en*it of the 7ea$*e their ser ants an a$ents. n ! ;* $!ent on the facts ofthis case it is not open to the efen ants to tr an issect an +rea5 o'n the efforts of *tcliffein the 'a s*$$este . &ccor in$l in ! ;* $!ent the plaintiffs are entitle to cop ri$ht of thechronolo$ical listB.

That passa$e in ! ;* $!ent is clear a*thorit for Mr. Nicholls4 proposition that he is entitle torel on the totalit of all the la+o*r an s5ill 'hich 'ent into the ra'in$ *p of the pro$ra!!echarts trans!ission plans an other oc*!entation 'hich is sent fro! the "ro$ra!!e "lannin$Depart!ent to the 3a io Ti!es epart!ent in s*pport of his proposition that cop ri$ht s*+sists inthe act*al co!pilation of the sche *le of pro$ra!!es an ti!es.

#*t the rele ance of this case in ! ;* $!ent oes not en there +eca*se Mr. ,*stice p;ohn'ent on to consi er the point as to 'hether the pro *ction of the chronolo$ical lists fro! the cl*+


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lists in ol e a s*fficient ele!ent of s5ill an la+o*r as to confer cop ri$ht on the chronolo$ical listthe!sel es in other 'or s the secon point a ance + Mr. helle to 'hich the learne ;* $esai he 'o*l refer later.

On pa$e FEF his lor ship sa s: B ret*rn to Mr. helle 4s point that if contrar to ! ie' he isri$ht on his !a;or pre!ise an that the onl 'or5 of co!pilation consists in the pro *ction of achronolo$ical list fro! the cl*+s4 list then that he sa s oes not in ol e a s*fficient ele!ent ofs5ill an la+o*r to ;*stif a clai! for cop ri$ht. sho*l re$ar this as a +or er line case. accepte at once that in s*ch a co!pilation there is no ele!ent of s5ill of selection of taste of

;* $!ent or of in$en*it . &s the secretar of the 7ea$*e sai there is no iffic*lt - it is a*to!atic.#*t 'o*l a it in ol es a $reat eal of painsta5in$ har 'or5 'ith co!plete acc*rac as the5e note. That 'as all that 'as re=*ire for e>a!ple in ? #lac5loc5 an Co 7i!ite C &rth*r"earson 7i!ite G191EH 2 Ch chan$e7i!ite . ?a it +een necessar to o so sho*l ha e +een prepare to fin in the 7ea$*e4sfa o*r on this $ro*n alsoB.

&s ha e alrea sai it is clear in this case fro! an inspection of the trans!ission plans anoc*!entation 'hich $o to the 3a io Ti!es epart!ent fro! the "ro$ra!!e "lannin$Depart!ent that the e>traction therefro! an asse!+l into the sche *les of pro$ra!!es +a s 'ith ti!es an titles in the for! seen in the 3a io Ti!es !*st in ol e a $reat eal ofpainsta5in$ 'or5 that o+ io*sl e!an s also $reat acc*rac . n ie' of those a*thorities an

ha in$ re$ar to the ##C4s e i ence to 'hich ha e referre it see!s to !e that as 'ell ascop ri$ht in trans!ission charts trans!ission plans an pro$ra!!e plannin$ the ##C ha e!a e a er stron$ case that the ha e a cop ri$ht in the 3a io Ti!es strictl s*ppose in eachiss*e thereof not onl in the totalit of the partic*lar iss*e +*t also in so far as it is a co!pilationof the ti!es an titles of the ##C4s tele ision pro$ra!!es to +e +roa cast a + a in the 'ee5in =*estion.

t*rn no' to the efen ants Time Out 7i!ite an the !atters of 'hich the ##C co!plains ansee5s interloc*tor relief. Time Out 7i!ite 'hich is a relati el s!all co!pan p*+lishes its'ee5l !a$a6ine Time Out. t 'as fo*n e in 19F8 so that it has +een $oin$ for a consi era+leti!e. &ccor in$ to the e i ence it sells a+o*t F2 000 copies 'ee5l . t is p*+lishe 'ee5l onWe nes a pre o!inatel *n erstan for circ*lation in the 7on on area. t reports on ana+o*t co!in$ e ents in the 7on on area. or so!e ti!e - in ee thin5 at least fro! the

+e$innin$ of 1981 - it has p*+lishe a selection of tele ision pro$ra!!es in each of its iss*es foreach of the forthco!in$ se en a s to 'hich it refers that is to sa fro! a ri a *ntil thefollo'in$ Th*rs a incl*si e.

& cop of the iss*e of Time Out of the 22n Octo+er 1982 is e>hi+ite as , ?F. f one loo5s atthat e>hi+it one sees on pa$e F9 that it lists an has co!!entar in respect of fil!s 'hich are to+e sho'n on tele ision an it oes that a + a for the se en a s to 'hich the iss*e isirecte that is to sa fro! the ri a of that 'ee5 of p*+lication to the follo'in$ Th*rs a . Onpa$es A0 an A1 there are selections a + a of the ##C tele ision pro$ra!!es (an in ee


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of T pro$ra!!es too) other than the fil!s 'hich can also +e seen a + a . There is as*+stantial n*!+er of s*ch selections as 'ell as a co!!entar a+o*t the partic*lar ite! or thepartic*lar pro$ra!!e in each case. The also $i e *n er the a in =*estion the ti!e of thepro$ra!!e an its title. Time Out !a$a6ine ha e +een oin$ that for so!e ti!e +*t on 28th

Octo+er 1982 the ##C 'hich ha not +een *na'are of those selections sa' a chan$e in theiss*e 'hich ha +een p*+lishe the pre io*s a 2Ath Octo+er 1982 co erin$ the pro$ra!!esfor the a s Octo+er 29th to No e!+er th incl*si e. That 'as iss*e Fplain ho' it ca!e a+o*t that Time Out ha a ance 5no'le $eof ##C tele ision pro$ra!!es so as to +e a+le to p*+lish the selections. ha e alrea!entione the pro$ra!!e infor!ation !eetin$s at 'hich pro$ra!!es are isc*sse 'ith

;o*rnalists 'ho are in ite an that a ance copies of the 3a io Ti!es are then $i en to s*ch ;o*rnalists. That is testifie to in Mr. #*nce4s first affi a it para$raph 2. t oes see! that that isthe 'a in 'hich the efen ants Time Out 7i!ite $ot their infor!ation a+o*t ##C tele isionpro$ra!!es so that the co*l pro *ce their selections to 'hich ha e ;*st referre . The osee! to ha e o+taine copies of the 3a io Ti!es in a ance in so!e other 'a not partic*larlspecifie 'hich appears fro! Mr. #*nce4s secon affi a it +*t nee not sa an !ore a+o*tthat.

With the ne>t iss*e for Octo+er 29th iss*e Fhi+ite in e>hi+it , ?A. f one loo5s at pa$es FA to A1 one sees 'hat has co!e a+o*t. &s 'ellas the pre io*s t pe of selections an co!!entaries there is no' an a itional feat*re for eacha of the 'ee5 in respect of 'hich pro$ra!!es are referre to that is to sa fro! the ri a ofthat 'ee5 to the follo'in$ Th*rs a incl*si e. or each a of that 'ee5 there is a $ri or ta+lesettin$ o*r chronolo$icall the ti!es an titles of the entire pro$ra!!es so far as 'ee5 a s areconcerne fro! F p.!. on'ar s for ##C1 an ##C2 an also for T an for the 'ee5en a sthat is the at*r a an the *n a in that se en a s the entire pro$ra!!e fro! a+o*t!i a that is to sa a co!plete co!prehensi e pro$ra!!e sche *le 'ith ti!es an titles for

'hat as the e i ence testifies to an has not +een isp*te a!o*nts to the pea5 ie'in$ perio+oth on 'ee5 a s an on 'ee5en s for the at*r a an *n a .

n passin$ sho*l !ention that those ta+les an $ri s 'hich ha e +een referre to in thee i ence incl* e not onl co!prehensi e lists of the ##C1 an ##C2 pro$ra!!es on 'ee5 a sfro! F p.!. an fro! !i a on at*r a s an *n a s an si!ilar lists for T pro$ra!!es+*t then as fro! the T*es a of that se en a s the T*es a in the secon 'ee5 afterp*+lication that is to sa T*es a 2n No e!+er 1982 there is also incl* e for the first ti!e asi!ilar co!plete sche *le of the pro$ra!!es 'ith ti!es an titles for Channel 'hich hastarte to +roa cast on that a . That is also co!plaine of in the secon action +ro*$ht +n epen ent Tele ision "*+lications 7i!ite as 'ell as sche *les for T .

&s to 'here the !aterial for those pro$ra!!e sche *les ca!e fro! o not nee to p*rs*ethro*$h the e i ence ho' that 'as arri e at for it is conce e + Mr. ,effs in his a ress to !ethat the efen ants ha e o+taine the !aterial 'hich he calle infor!ation +oth for theirselections an for the $ri s or ta+les fro! the 3a io Ti!es an the T Ti!es respecti el anin ee that is conce e in the letter 'hich is e>hi+it , ?8 fro! the efen ants4 solicitors to theplainiffs4 solicitors in the ##C case so that cop in$ reall has +een a !itte .

The ##C4s case is that those ta+les or $ri s repro *ce a s*+stantial part of the ##C sche *lespro$ra!!es for the se en a s in =*estion na!el the co!plete list of pro$ra!!es as the


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appear a + a 'ith ti!es an titles. Therefore the efen ants the plaintiffs sa infrin$e the##C4s cop ri$ht in those sche *les or pro$ra!!es + repro *cin$ an p*+lishin$ in their!a$a6ine Time Out a s*+stantial part of those sche *les. o not thin5 it can serio*sl +ear$*e that those ta+les or $ri s $i in$ the ti!es an titles in chronolo$ical or er of ##C1 an

##C2 pro$ra!!es for the pea5 ie'in$ perio s of a se en a perio o not repro *ce as*+stantial part of the sche *le of pro$ra!!es 'hich appears in the ##C4s 3a io Ti!es fro!'hich the 'ere a !itte l copie .

pa*se here to sa that Mr. Nicholls for the ##C !a e it clear that 'hile the ##C are notconce in$ that the efen ants in their !a$a6ine Time Out ha e an ri$ht to p*+lish the ti!esan titles of the ##C pro$ra!!es as the ha e one for so!e ti!e in their tele ision selectionsso far as the !otion is concerne the ##C is not see5in$ interloc*tor relief in respect of theselections% the see5 interloc*tor relief solel in respect of the $ri +*t o e!phasise that Mr.Nicholls reser es the position so far as the selections are concerne .

The ##C first +eca!e a'are of that ne' feat*re in Time Out iss*e n*!+er Fparte or er +roa l in the ter!s of the notice of !otion. Then the !otion 'hich is no' +efore !eha a first hearin$ on th No e!+er 1982. The notice of !otion see5s an in;*nction to restrainthe efen ants fro! repro *cin$ or p*+lishin$ 'itho*t the a*thorit of the plaintiffs the 'hole oran s*+stantial part of an of the plaintiffs4 present or f*t*re sche *les s*!!aries or lists oftele ision pro$ra!!es to +e +roa cast + the plaintiffs an secon l fro! a ertisin$ offerin$ ore>posin$ for sale sellin$ istri+*tin$ or other'ise isposin$ of an copies of the first efen ants4p*+lication entitle B Time Out B or an other p*+lication pro *ce + or on +ehalf of theefen ants containin$ an repro *ction of the 'hole or an s*+stantial part of the plaintiffs4sche *les s*!!aries or lists of tele ision pro$ra!!es to +e +roa cast + the plaintiffs.

On that first hearin$ an *n erta5in$ 'as $i en to the co*rt an that is e!+o ie in the or er ofMr. ,*stice "eter i+son +efore 'ho! that first hearin$ ca!e. The or er 'hich e!+o ie the*n erta5in$ 'as in ter!s of the notice of !otion to$ether 'ith a pro iso in these ter!s: B"ro i ethat nothin$ in this *n erta5in$ shall pre ent the efen ants fro! contin*in$ to pro i e etails ofpro$ra!!es in the sa!e for!at or on the sa!e scale as that containe in pa$es FA to A1 ofiss*e n*!+er F


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o*t in the or er of Mr. ,*stice "eter i+son of th No e!+er 1982B. That !erel confir!s in'ritin$ 'hat ha e ;*st e>plaine of the ##C4s position in re$ar to the selections.

#efore consi erin$ the ##C !otion f*rther it is con enient at this sta$e to t*rn to the !otion ofn epen ent Tele ision "*+lications 7i!ite in the other action a$ainst Time Out 7i!ite an Mr.lliott +efore t*rnin$ to the efen ants4 ans'er on the !erits to the alle$ation of infrin$e!ent ofcop ri$ht as Mr. ,effs for the efen ants in each of the actions e elope his ar$*!ent in ans'erto +oth !otions. ha e alrea pointe o*t that in Time Out iss*e n*!+er Fhi+it 7,T1is a sa!ple assi$n!ent fro! one of the co!panies to n epen ent Tele ision "*+lications.

i!ilarl 'ith re$ar to Channel oc*!ent < in e>hi+it 7,T1 is an assi$n!ent + the Channel tele ision co!pan to the plaintiffs n epen ent Tele ision "ro *ctions of the cop ri$ht. That is alltestifie to in the affi a it of Mr. Tho!pson 'hich 'as !a e in a pre io*s action +*t i!porte intothis action + +ein$ e>hi+ite to an affi a it in this action.

There are three classes of oc*!ents 'hich are $enerate + the Tele ision co!panies. These!a +e seen in e>hi+it 7,T to the affi a it of Mr. Tho!pson. The first are pro$ra!!e infor!ationsheets 'hich are reall ail pro$ra!!e sche *les. ro! loo5in$ at the e i ence an in eefro! loo5in$ at the !aterial itself it is er e i ent that the are pro *cts of consi era+le s5ill an


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la+o*r + the co!panies the!sel es in selectin$ an arran$in$ the pro$ra!!es an re *cin$the! to 'ritin$. The s*ppl those pro$ra!!e infor!ation sheets 'hich are reall ailpro$ra!!e sche *les to the plaintiff co!pan for the p*rposes of p*+lishin$ their 'ee5lpro$ra!!es in the !a$a6ine T Ti!es. f one loo5s at those pro$ra!!e infor!ation sheets o

not thin5 there can +e an o*+t that cop ri$ht s*+sists in the! ha in$ re$ar to the 'or5 'hicho+ io*sl $oes into their preparation. The are sche *les of pro$ra!!es 'ith ti!es an titles inchronolo$ical or er an a $oo eal of other infor!ation as 'ell. n ee *n erstan fro! Mr.,effs that he conce e that cop ri$ht i s*+sist in those ail pro$ra!!e sheets 'hich arecalle pro$ra!!e infor!ation sheets.

Those pro$ra!!e infor!ation sheets are han e to the plaintiffs 'ho e it the! an finall p*tthe! in the for! in 'hich one sees the sche *le of pro$ra!!es in the T Ti!es 'ee5 + 'ee5.That is the onl p*+lication 'hich carries all the pro$ra!!es of the n epen ent Tele isionco!panies the T co!panies an Channel for the co!in$ se en a s. &$ain it is plain fro!the e i ence that a $reat eal of painsta5in$ 'or5 re=*irin$ the e>ercise of s5ill an e>pertise$oes into preparin$ the pro$ra!!e sche *les as the appear in T Ti!es fro! the !aterial'hich is s*pplie + the co!panies to the plaintiffs. That is escri+e in the affi a it of Mr.7in en 'ho is the plaintiffs4 ?ea of or'ar "lannin$. t 'as an affi a it in a pre io*s action +*t'as e>hi+ite in the present action an referre to + Mr. Tho!pson in his affi a it para$raph to ei$ht iss*es offeat*re sections at T Ti!es Ma$a6ine n epen ent Tele ision at ifferent sta$es of pro *ction.

&t an $i en ti!e appro>i!atel 1 E00 to 2 000 pro for!as are +ein$ chec5e s*+-e ite ore>pan e .B ?e then sa s in para$raph : B n pro *cin$ the T Ti!es Ma$a6ine n epen entTele ision "*+lications 7i!ite rel on the 'ee5l pro$ra!!e sche *les 'hich are iss*e + theT co!panies onl to n epen ent Tele ision "*+licationsB.

Mr. Morritt a optin$ the ar$*!ent of Mr. Nicholls s*+!its that n epen ent Tele ision"*+lications ha e in ie' of their e i ence an of the a*thorities that is to sa the Wireless7ea$*e case G192FH ch


13/25

1hi+it 7,T to Mr. Tho!pson4s affi a it for e>a!ple there is a cop of the pressinfor!ation 'hich is one of the press releases to 'hich ha e referre fro! 7on on Wee5enTele ision for the 'ee5en cept in the case of ail !ornin$ ne'spapers p*+lishe on at*r a 'herethe pro$ra!!es for the at*r a of p*+lication an the follo'in$ *n a !a +e incl* e B. tthen $oes on to eal 'ith pro isions for e enin$ ne'spapers an 'ee5l ne'spapers sa in$'hat the !a p*+lish.

&s to infrin$e!ent the iss*e of the efen ants4 Time Out !a$a6ine for 29th Octo+er n*!+erFparte application as5in$ for an in;*nction in the ter!s of the raft notice of !otion notice ha+een $i en to the efen ants4 solicitors an the appeare + lea in$ co*nsel Mr. 3o+in ,aco+an present ;*nior co*nsel. Mr. 3o+in ,aco+ then sai that the infor!ation a+o*t the pro$ra!!esis o+taine fro! the press releases or a ance copies of the T Ti!es. n ee no' thatplea in$s ha e +een ser e in para$raph 10 of the state!ent of clai! it is specificall plea e :B"rior to isco er the plaintiffs rel on the a !ission of the efen ants4 lea in$ co*nsel +eforeMr. ,*stice Walton on 1st No e!+er 1982 that (i) the efen ants o+taine their infor!ation forTime Out/s tele ision sche *les fro! cop in$ press releases of the pro$ra!!e co!panies ana ance copies of the T Ti!es !a$a6ine an (ii) 'itho*t s*ch cop in$ the efen ants co*lnot other'ise ha e co!pile their in epen ent tele ision sche *les in their !a$a6ineB. n theirefence that is a !itte in para$raph 10.

ro! the notices 'hich al'a s appear in the T Ti!es to 'hich ha e alrea referre as to theplaintiffs4 cop ri$ht an the notices to 'hich ha e alrea referre as to the plaintiffs4 cop ri$htin the press releases the efen ants cannot ha e +een in an o*+t a+o*t the plaintiffs4 clai! tocop ri$ht. The a !ission of cop in$ to 'hich ha e ;*st referre !*st !ean that the !aterial asto pro$ra!!es that is to sa the sche *les of ti!es an their titles 'hich appear in the $ri inthat partic*lar iss*e n*!+er F


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in irectl fro! the pro$ra!!e infor!ation sheets + +ein$ copie either fro! the T Ti!espro$ra!!e sche *les or fro! the press releases +oth of 'hich the!sel es are eri e fro! thepro$ra!!e infor!ation sheets. Therefore the plaintiffs sa the pro$ra!!e sche *les 'hich areto +e fo*n in the $ri an also the pro$ra!!e etails as to ti!e an titles 'hich are to +e fo*n

in the selection are copie irectl fro! their cop ri$ht !aterial in the T Ti!es or in irectl fro!cop ri$ht !aterial 'hich the ha e in the pro$ra!!e infor!ation sheets + +ein$ copie fro! theT Ti!es irectl or fro! the press releases. The onl =*estion therefore is 'hether 'hat ista5en a!o*nts to a s*+stantial part.

f one loo5s at the ta+les or $ri s in the iss*e n*!+er F


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t'o actions each of the selections an the pro$ra!!es incl* e in the efen ants4 ta+les an$ri s co er the pea5 ie'in$ perio in the se en a s in =*estion. f one ta5es that iss*ei$norin$ for the !o!ent the tele ision fil!s 'hich the efen ants ha e selecte accor in$ to !co*ntin$ the tele ision selections in Time Out a!o*nt to so!e 22 ite!s fro! the n epen ent

Tele ision pro$ra!!es an 12 fro! Channel pro$ra!!es an the 12 fro! the Channel pro$ra!!es 'ere c*lle fro! ;*st three e enin$s of pro$ra!!es on Channel in factco!prisin$ !ore than half the pro$ra!!es of Channel for those three a s. Whilst plainlthese selections o not a!o*nt to as lar$e a =*antitati e part of the plaintiffs co!pilations as othe $ri loo5in$ at the !atter =*alitati el as 'ell as =*antitati el it see! to !e that the !*sta!o*nt to ta5in$ a s*+stantial part of the plaintiffs4 co!pilations 'hich are their sche *les ofpro$ra!!es in the T Ti!es an the pro$ra!!e infor!ation sheets.

Therefore it see!s to !e that on the e i ence fro! the plaintiffs n epen ent Tele ision"*+lications an on the la' as *n erstan it on the Wireless 7ea$*e G192FH Ch


16/25


17/25

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the efen ants4 !a$a6ine Time Out as a p*+lication is one in 'hich the efen ants refer in their!a$a6ine to 'hat is c*rrentl $oin$ on in 7on on not ;*st 'hat $oes on in tele ision pro$ra!!es+*t 'hat $oes on in all sorts of places s*ch as the theatre the cine!a an ario*s other 5in s ofacti it . ?e sa s that all these efen ants are oin$ in their $ri s an in ee in the selections is

carr in$ o*t ;*st that acti it in respect of tele ision pro$ra!!es that is to sa referrin$ to 'hatis c*rrentl a aila+le an $oin$ on in 7on on.

Mr. Nicholls ho'e er s*+!its that the efence of fair ealin$ *n er that s*+-section ;*st oesnot r*n. 3eferrin$ thin5 partic*larl in this respect to the $ri s he sa s that the efen ants arenot reportin$ c*rrent e ents% the are cop in$ a sche *le or propose pro$ra!!es so thatpeople 'ill 5no' 'hen those pro$ra!!es are ta5in$ place an he s*+!its that 'hat the areoin$ is not a fair ealin$. n the Time Out $ri s he points o*t that 'hat the ha e one is to copthe !ost i!portant parts of the ##C an n epen ent Tele ision pro$ra!!es so that rea ers can5no' the pro$ra!!es a aila+le in the pea5 ie'in$ ti!es for the sa!e p*rposes reall that theare p*+lishe in the 3a io Ti!es an of co*rse the sa!e ar$*!ent 'o*l $o for the T Ti!es.

Mr. Nicholls referre !e to certain passa$es fro! the ;* $!ent of 7or Dennin$ the Master ofthe 3olls in ?*++ar osper G19A2H 1 &ll 3 102< G19A2H 2 Q# 8 . thin5 it 'ill s*ffice if reathe first co!plete para$raph on pa$e 9 in the ;* $!ent of 7or Dennin$: B t is i!possi+le toefine 'hat is 4fair ealin$4. t !*st +e a =*estion of e$ree. Jo* !*st consi er first the n*!+eran e>tent of the =*otations an e>tracts. &re the alto$ether too !an an too lon$ to +e fairIThen o* !*st consi er the *se !a e of the!. f the are *se as a +asis for co!!ent criticis!or re ie' that !a +e fair ealin$. f the are *se to con e the sa!e infor!ation as the a*thorfor a ri al p*rpose that !a +e *nfair. Ne>t o* !*st consi er the proportions. To ta5e lon$e>tracts an attach short co!!ents !a +e *nfair. #*t short e>tracts an lon$ co!!ents !a+e fair. Other consi erations !a co!e to !in also. #*t after all is sai an one it !*st +e a!atter of i!pression. &s 'ith fair co!!ent in the la' of li+el so 'ith fair ealin$ in the la' ofcop ri$ht. The tri+*nal of fact !*st eci eB.

Mr. Nicholls ha in$ re$ar to that a*thorit s*+!itte that on the e i ence +efore it the co*rtsho*l hol that the efence of fair ealin$ 'as plainl +a . !*st sa that on the !aterial +efore!e an ha in$ in !in the $eneral state!ent as to the approach to fair ealin$ fro! 7orDennin$ - sho*l e!phasise that thin5 ha e all the !aterial facts facts 'hich are not inisp*te +efore !e - this see!s to !e to +e a efence 'ith er little prospect of s*ccess to sathe least.

sho*l also !ention that in the efen ants4 efences in +oth actions a efence of ac=*iescenceis plea e in respect of the selections +*t not in respect of Channel % +*t no ar$*!enta resse to !e 'as irecte to this in either !otion so sa no !ore a+o*t it.

On the !aterials +efore !e on each of the !otions - an the !aterial facts are +efore !e as ha e e!phasise an the are not isp*te - as see it on +oth !otions the respecti e plaintiffsha e a stron$ pri!a facie case of infrin$e!ent of their cop ri$ht a case 'hich appears to offer ahi$h prospect of s*ccess 'hereas of the t'o lines of efence p*t for'ar + Mr. ,effs for theefen ants one in ! ;* $!ent is +a in la' an the other of fair ealin$ on the e i ence haser little prospect of s*ccess.

Mr. Morritt s*+!itte that this 'as a case 'here on the !otion the +alance of con enience sho*lnot co!e into consi eration as to 'hether or not interloc*tor relief sho*l +e $rante .


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*n erstoo that s*+!ission to +e !a e on the +asis that all the !aterial facts 'ere +efore theco*rt an not in isp*te on the respecti e !erits of the plaintiffs4 an efen ants4 cases. t is tr*ethat since the ecision of the ?o*se of 7or s in &!erican C ani!i thicon G19AEH &C e costs. ?e $oes into that in so!e etail. ?e refers to their lon$

ter! printin$ contracts. ?e sa s that *nless the 3a io Ti!es is p*+lishe at a profit he +elie esthe ##C 'o*l ha e to $i e serio*s consi eration to 'hether it co*l contin*e to p*+lish the3a io Ti!es in its e>istin$ or in so!e !o ifie for!. ?e points o*t that it is 'ell 5no'n that the##C ha e +een !a5in$ s*+stantial c*ts an that it is partic*larl i!portant at this ti!e that the3a io Ti!es sho*l re!ain at least as profita+le as it 'as in the ear to


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Then thin5 nee not refer to para$raphs 1< 1 an 1E in etail. "ara$raph 1E eals 'ithpossi+le effects of the rop in circ*lation on their a ertisin$ re en*e.

Then in para$raph 1A he points o*t: BCirc*lation of an p*+lication once lost is not eas tore$ain. f Time Out/s ne' T $*i e contin*es to +e p*+lishe it 'o*l in ! opinion *n o*+te la!a$e o*r sales 'ithin a fairl short ti!eB. ?e then $oes on to e>plain that it 'o*l +enecessar to !o*nt a s*+stantial an e>pensi e pro!otion ca!pai$n to atte!pt to re$ain theirloss of circ*lation.

Then there is a er i!portant consi eration for he contin*es: B f this T $*i eB - he is referrin$ tothe $ri - Bcontin*es to +e p*+lishe e en for a short perio +elie e that it 'ill enco*ra$e otherp*+lishers to follo' s*it an if not in;*ncte this 'o*l lea to e en $reater a!a$e to the salesof the 3a io Ti!es. o!e ne'spapers 'ill pro+a+l co!!ence p*+lication of se en a s ofpro$ra!!e sche *les partic*larl in their 'ee5en iss*es. The c*!*lati e effect of this co*l +eer serio*s in ee for the 3a io Ti!esB.

&s Mr. Nicholls referrin$ to that piece of e i ence s*+!itte that 'o*l +e a er po'erf*lpractical consi eration. ?e s*+!itte that an loss s*ffere 'o*l +e har to =*antif an 'illret*rn to that aspect of the !atter later.

Mr. ,effs p*t his e !ini!is ar$*!ent +ase on circ*lation an rea ership fi$*res in this 'a . ?esai that ta5in$ the circ*lation fi$*res $i en + Mr. Wilson the efen ants4 eponent the 3a ioTi!es of so!e e costs an !oreo er ta5e partic*lar acco*nt of 'hat !i$ht call a 5noc5-on effect'ith re$ar to other p*+lications to 'hich Mr. ?ol!es in his e i ence referre an to 'hich Mr.Nicholls referre callin$ it a er po'erf*l practical consi eration.

&s to n epen ent Tele ision "*+lications4 position a$ain oin$ a si!ilar e>ercise Mr. ,effs see5sto ar$*e that an effect on the sales of T Ti!es if Time Out is allo'e to contin*e to p*+lish itsne' T $*i e 'o*l ha e a e !ini!is effect. ?e s*pporte that ar$*!ent in the sa!e 'a +*t'hereas for the ##C an the 3a io Ti!es the fi$*res 'ere 0.FAK an 1K the correspon in$fi$*res he 'or5e o*t *sin$ circ*lation fi$*res for the T Ti!es 'o*l +e a loss of 0.F K of TTi!es circ*lation an a loss of rea ership of 2.F1K. That a$ain in ! ;* $!ent is an ar$*!ent'hich oes not !eet the ar$*!ent of the plaintiffs n epen ent Tele ision "*+lications or theire i ence as to the loss the 'o*l +e li5el to s*ffer if Time Out is allo'e to contin*e p*+lishin$the $ri pro$ra!!e.

&s to that refer to the e i ence of Mr. Tho!pson to 'hose e i ence ha e referre a n*!+er of


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ti!es he +ein$ the finance irector an co!pan secretar of n epen ent Tele ision"*+lications 7i!ite . n his repl affi a it s'orn on 1


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so!e L9 299 so that on +alance the 'hole thin$ loo5s to +e in e+it. &ltho*$h the efen ants4financial position 'as challen$e in e i ence p*t in + the plaintiffs in +oth !otions there has+een no response fro! the efen ants an no atte!pt to *p- ate those fi$*res.

What is the efen ants4 position as re$ar s a!a$esI t is stri5in$ that there is no e i ence fro!the efen ants on either !otion that the 'o*l +e li5el to s*ffer an a!a$e + the $rant of anin;*nction *ntil ;* $!ent in the action. What is er clear is that the efen ants are reall !a5in$a eli+erate assa*lt on the cop ri$hts of the ##C an n epen ent Tele ision "*+lications in theirpro$ra!!e sche *les. That appears fro! so!e of the e>hi+its e>hi+itin$ !aterial 'hiche!anate fro! the efen ants an also in ee fro! so!e of the later e itions of their !a$a6ineTime Out0 'hich are also in e i ence.

#*t ho'e er that !a +e if the efen ants sho*l s*ffer an a!a$e as a res*lt of in;*nctions+ein$ $rante no' +*t 'ere to s*ccee at the trial it is not s*$$este that either the ##C orn epen ent Tele ision "*+lications 'o*l not +e $oo for an a!a$es li5el to +e a'ar e sothat on the a!a$es aspect it see!s to !e that the +alance is er !*ch in fa o*r of the

plaintiffs on +oth !otions.

& point to 'hich sho*l refer on p*+lic interest 'as ta5en + Mr. ,effs in his a ress. ?es*+!itte it 'as a !atter 'hich ha to +e er !*ch +orne in !in on the consi eration of the+alance of con enience. ?e sai that in the selections Time Out are p*+lishin$ critical !aterialan in the $ri in iss*e No. F


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an ri$ht at all has +een infrin$e % an the i!portance of lea in$ free speech *nfettere is astron$ reason in cases of li+el for ealin$ !ost ca*tio*sl an 'aril 'ith the $rantin$ of interi!in;*nctionsB.

The secon case to 'hich Mr. ,effs referre !e 'as raser ans G19F9H 1 Q# < 9 G19F9H 1 &ll3 8. That 'as a !otion to pre ent the p*+lication in the *n a Ti!es of a confi ential report'hich ha e!anate fro! the plaintiff Mr. raser. &s 'ell as the action +ein$ raise inconfi ence it 'as also raise in cop ri$ht. & point 'as raise on the efence of fair ealin$. t'as 'hen that 'as +ein$ ealt 'ith in the ;* $!ent of 7or Dennin$ that the passa$e occ*rre to'hich Mr. ,effs attache so!e i!portance. The passa$e in =*estion is to'ar s the +otto! ofpa$e tracts fro! it follo'e *p 'ith so!e of the state!ents 'hich Mr.raser !a e to the! an their co!!ents on it. The sa that 'o*l +e a 4fair ealin$4 s*ch as isper!itte + section F(press it Mr. ,effs relie on a passa$e in ?*++ar osperG19A2H 1 &ll 3 102< G19A2H 2 Q# 8 a case to 'hich ha e referre earlier in the ;* $!ent of7or Dennin$ in the passa$e co!!encin$ +elo' on pa$e 9 : BMr. "ain too5 et another point.This 'as on the +*lletins an letters. These he sai 'ere not p*+lishe to the 'orl at lar$e +*tonl to a li!ite n*!+er of people an in partic*lar to those 'ho too5 classes in cientolo$ . ?esai that 'hilst it !i$ht +e 4fair ealin$4 to criticise the +oo5s it 'as not 4fair ealin$4 to ta5e

e>tracts fro! these +*lletins an letters an criticise the!. ?e =*ote fro! the 'or s of Mr.,*stice 3o!er in #ritish O> $en Co 7t 7i=*i &ir 7i!ite B an that citation is set o*t. 7orDennin$ contin*es: B a! afrai cannot $o all the 'a 'ith those 'or s of Mr. ,*stice 3o!er.

&ltho*$h a literar 'or5 !a not +e p*+lishe to the 'orl at lar$e it !a ho'e er +e circ*lateto s*ch a 'i e circle that it is 4fair ealin$B to criticise it p*+licl in a ne'spaper or else'here. Thishappens so!eti!es 'hen a co!pan sen s a circ*lar to the 'hole +o of sharehol ers. t !a+e of s*ch $eneral interest that it is =*ite le$iti!ate for a ne'spaper to !a5e =*otations fro! itan to criticise the! - or re ie' the! - 'itho*t there+ +ein$ $*ilt of infrin$in$ cop ri$ht. Thene'spaper !*st of co*rse +e caref*l not to fall fo*l of the la' of li+el. o also here these+*lletins an letters !a ha e +een so 'i el circ*late that it 'as perfectl 4fair ealin$4 for Mr.osper to ta5e e>tracts fro! the! an criticise the! in his +oo5s. t see!s to !e therefore thatMr. osper !a ha e a $oo efence of 4fair ealin$4 to raise at the trialB.

Those three cases an the passa$es fro! the! *pon 'hich Mr. ,effs relies in s*pport of hisp*+lic interest point it is to +e o+ser e 'ere all cases concerne as *n erstan it in so far asthe eal 'ith this partic*lar p*+lic interest aspect 'ith the p*+lic +ein$ infor!e of the !attersin =*estion. n each of the cases it 'ill +e seen that apart fro! +ein$ infor!e in the 'aco!plaine of the p*+lic 'o*l not other'ise ha e learne of the!. That position ;*st oes notan cannot arise here in respect of the ti!es an titles in the pro$ra!!e sche *les. The arep*+lishe each 'ee5 in the case of the ##C in the 3a io Ti!es an the are p*+lishe each'ee5 in the case of n epen ent Tele ision an Channel in the T Ti!es. The p*+lic thereforehas f*ll access to the! an of co*rse s*+;ect to the li!itations *pon 'hich the are allo'e to


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