brincc prelim report english

PRELIMINARY REPORT OF THE

BRINCC EXPEDITION JANUARY

2012

2

2

CONTENTS

Executive summary - biodiversity 3

Executive summary - social 4

About the expedition 5

Aims of the expedition 6

Expedition members 7

Survey site location 8

Gibbons 9

Amphibians 13

Entomology 18

Large Mammals 24

Small Mammals 27

Birds 33

Botany 48

Social 67

Acknowledgements 74

When using data from this report please use the following citation:

Cheyne SM, Zrust M, Hoeing A, Houlihan PR, Rowland D, Rahmania M, Breslin K (2012). Barito

River Initiative for Nature Conservation and Communities (BRINCC) Preliminary Report. In BRINCC

Expedition Reports; 74 pages. Palangka Raya, Indonesia: BRINCC Expedition.

3

3

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The BRINCC expedition surveyed a wide range of biodiversity at three sites and carried out social ecology

surveys in two villages in the Murung Raya region of Central Kalimantan.

The Biodiversity Team’s results include:

Amphibians

A total of 452 individuals from 37 species were identified from 4 families; Bufonidae (9),

Megorphrydae (5), Ranidae (17), Rhacophoridae (6).

Birds

223 species were identified including 16 species endemic to Borneo, 3 listed as IUCN Red List

‘Endangered’ and 7 listed as IUCN Red List ‘Vulnerable’.

Entomology

More than 100 species of butterflies were recorded .

Large Mammals

11 species were captured on the camera traps: 10 mammals and one bird.

An additional 6 species were recorded from signs or sightings including the clouded leopard

(Neofelis diardi).

Primates

8 species identified and density estimates for gibbons are 1.59-3.04 groups/km2.

Small Mammals

10 species were identified including the IUCN Red List Data Deficient Chestnut-Bellied Rat

(Maxomys ochraceiventer).

The results show that the area is of high conservation value for biodiversity.

Photo M. Zrust

4

4

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Social Team’s findings and results include:

A resource map showing the important locations of traditional and modern resources for local com-

munities.

Mapping data gathered through participatory mapping to feed into the legal establishment of a

community forest.

Findings that suggest that in order to fulfil daily needs people from both villages are almost 100%

dependent on the surrounding forest and its resources.

In both villages people feel that numbers of animals and plant species went down in the past 5

years.

Previously sustainable livelihoods in the villages changed to a more market oriented and dependent

lifestyle. Commodities include meat, animal parts, fish, birds (rarely), wood, gold and jewels.

Commercial timber extraction in the area is likely to be joined by coal mining in the future and coal

exploration is on-going. Coal has been found.

The government has several programs designed to help the communities.

5

5

ABOUT THE EXPEDITION

Tropical forest ecosystems are threatened worldwide by human activity and climate change. This is

particularly true of the tropical forests of Borneo, where timber extraction both legal and illegal, coal

mining and conversion to agricultural land (oil palm and acacia plantations), as well as increasingly

frequent large-scale wildfires threaten one of the richest biodiversity hotspots on Earth.

At a time when the protection of Borneo’s interior forest is uncertain, more information is needed on the

state of the forest ecosystems in the region, particularly on the natural diversity which depends on them,

in order to raise awareness of the area and inform plans for their conservation.

In order to gather data about animal

and plant diversity, as well as

hydrological data, we surveyed several

sites along the Murung river in the

North of the Central Kalimantan region

in Indonesia. This area, stretching from

the Muller mountains in the North, to

the Murung river’s confluence with the

Barito river in the South, has only been

scientifically surveyed during two short

surveys.

Pilot surveys of large and small mammals, birds, insects, amphibians and reptiles were undertaken at

three sites along the Murung river, sampling in a community forest, a primary forest and at a highly

disturbed location near the large village of Kelasin. Ape population densities were estimated for a

naturally occurring hybrid gibbons (Hylobates muelleri x Hylobates albibarbis) as part of a large-scale

comparative project across different sites in Borneo.

Together, these data will increase scientific knowledge of the area, complementing extensive research

work undertaken by other NGOs in the surrounding river catchments. It is hoped that they will raise the

profile of the area and public awareness of the threats that compromise the balance of its ecosystems. In

addition, it will help build capacity in conservation techniques and expedition work, for both Indonesian

and foreign team members.

Photo M. Zrust

6

6

AIMS OF THE EXPEDITION

The expedition addressed the following research questions:

1. What animal and plant species are present along the Murung river?

2. Does their distribution and abundance vary across forest of differing disturbance levels?

3. Are gibbon population densities influenced by vegetation characteristics in the area?

4. What is the level of human disturbance in the area, and how can resource mapping and other social

techniques be used to identify local needs along the Murung river?

Photo M. Zrust

7

7

EXPEDITION MEMBERS

THE TEAM

Dominic Rowland (UK) - Expedition Leader and Medic

Dr Susan Cheyne (UK) - Scientific Director and Medic

Andrea Hoeing (Germany) - Deputy Expedition Leader (Communties: Social Ecology)

Michal Zrust (Czech Republic) - Deputy Expedition Leader (Biodiversity)

Mila Rahmania (Indonesia) - Project Leader: Herpetology

Iis Sabahudin (Indonesia)- Project Leader: Social Science (Anthropology)

Erisa Maranata Muray (Indonesia) - Team member: Social Science (Anthropology)

Andhi Suncoko (Indonesia) - Team member: Social Science (Social Politics)

Peter Houlihan (USA) - Project Leader: Entomology

Juli Setiawan (Indonesia) - Team Member: Birds

Katherine Breslin (UK) - Project Leader: Birds

Deni Doang (Indonesia) - Team member: Social Science (Economy)

Edwin Hermawan (Indonesia) - Team member: Biodiversity

M. Yunnus Adrian Saputra (Indonesia) - Team member: Small Mammals

Kursani (Indonesia) – Leader Botany

Suparjan T Uring (Indonesia) – District Environment Agency, Puruk Cahu

Junaidi Shalat (Indonesia) - District Environment Agency, Puruk Cahu

Leni (Indonesia) - Department of Resource Management, Puruk Cahu

Jaya (Indonesia) – Research assistant from Tumbang Tujang village

Pak Bahni (Indonesia) - Research assistant from Tumbang Tujang village

Laura D'Arcy (UK) - Scientific Advisor

8

8

SURVEY SITE LOCATION

The Murung watershed

Central Kalimantan District

Borneo

9

9

GIBBONS - Dr Susan Cheyne

INTRODUCTION

Gibbons are small arboreal apes, of which there are 17 species

distributed throughout the forests of South-East Asia, southern China

and the Indian subcontinent. Borneo is home to two species of

gibbons: the Southern Bornean gibbon, Hylobates albibarbis, and

Müller’s gibbon, Hylobates muelleri. Both species are threatened

principally by the destruction of their habitat or its conversion to

agricultural land, and are listed as ‘Endangered’ on the IUCN Red List

of Threatened species 2008 (www.iucnredlist.org).

All gibbons are territorial, with family groups formed of a mated pair and their offspring. Using the

singing behaviour of pairs of gibbons is a practical, time-efficient method to estimate their density, as

groups of gibbons can be counted by listening to their morning duets for a relatively short period of time.

Studies around the world have found that primate densities are influenced by the quality of their habitat.

Wildfires and logging have been found to negatively affect the abundance of primates, and to have

resulted in lower densities of gibbons, principally because of a decrease in food availability. Findings

suggest, however, that gibbons are able to persist in disturbed forests thanks to their dietary flexibility,

but their reproductive potential is lowered by this shift towards folivory . Furthermore, primates have

been found to be less abundant near forest edges . The density of the Southern Bornean gibbon

(Hylobates albibarbis) has been found to be negatively correlated with elevation in the Gunung Palung

National Park, West Kalimantan, which coincided with fewer large trees and lower availability of gibbon

food items while detailed data on the Müllers gibbon (Hylobates muelleri) are not available.

All gibbon species are now listed as at least ‘Endangered’ on the IUCN Red list, including the species we

work with, Hylobates muelleri, the endemic Bornean gibbon. The main objectives of this programme are

to monitor gibbon population size, density and distribution. On a wider scale, we are also investigating

the effects of anthropogenic disturbance and conservation measures on the gibbon population. In

addition, gibbon density surveys were conducted at a number of locations for monitoring purposes.

Adult female gibbon (H. mulleri x albibarbis) - ©

10

10

GIBBONS

METHODS

Gibbon density was estimated using fixed-point counts, as described by Brockelman and Ali (1987), at

three distinct survey sites within the research area. This method has been recommended for the survey of

gibbons for the following reasons: first, because the gibbons’ inconspicuous behaviour and preference for

high canopy makes the use of line transects for surveying unsuccessful *Brockelman and Ali 1987;

Brockelman and Srikosamatara 1993b; O'Brien et al. 2004; Nijman and Menken 2005; Cheyne et al. 2007;

Hamard et al. 2010+. Secondly, because the

territorial behaviour of gibbons enables

efficient mapping of triangulated points

(Sutherland, 2000). The animals’ loud calls,

audible from a considerable distance, enable

their detection from greater distances than by

using sightings *Davies 2002+. Finally, fixed-

point counts enable quick, time-efficient

surveys, with more reliable results than a line

transect survey conducted within the same

time frame (Nijman and Menken, 2005).

The density estimates were obtained with the following formula, developed by Brockelman and Ali

(1987):

D = n / *p(m) x E+

where n is the number of groups heard in an area as determined by the mapping, p(m) is the estimated

proportion of groups expected to sing during a sample period of m days, and E is the effective listening

area *Brockelman and Ali 1987; Nijman and Menken 2005; Cheyne et al. 2007+. The correction factor p(m)

was determined at each site with the formula:

p(m) = 1 – *1- p(1)+m

with p(1) being the singing probability for any given day, and m being the number of survey days. The

effective listening area was calculated for each site using a fixed radius of 1km around each listening post,

and was defined by the area in which at least two of the listening posts could hear gibbons singing.

Photo M. Zrust

11

11

GIBBONS

RESULTS

The production forest in Kalasin and the Community Forest of Tumbang Tujang had similar densities of

about 2 gibbon groups/km2, whereas the Tumbang Tujang Ladang (fragmented farming area) had the

lowest density of 1.55 gibbon groups/km2. The primary forest sites in Sungai Borah were home to the

highest densities of gibbons (2.6-3 groups/km2). The table below presents the results of each study site.

Hylobates muelleri muelleri female (photo from a rescue

centre © Susan M. Cheyne)

Adult female H. mulleri x albibarbis mid-swing © Susan M.

Cheyne

Site No Location Species Groups/

km2

Individuals/

km2

Lone gib-

bons/km2

Total gib-

bons/km2

1 Kalasin S. Jalo Mulleri and Hy-

brid

2.05 20 1 21

2 Kalasin Ladang Mulleri 2.04 20 1 21

3 Tumbang Tujang

(South) Ladang

Mulleri and Hy-

brid

1.59 16 0.8 16.8

4 Tumbang Tujang

North (Camp)

Mulleri 2.00 32 1.6 33.6

5 Sungai Muring x

Borah South

Mulleri and Hy-

brid

3.04 36 1.8 37.8

6 Sungai Borah

Pondok (North)

Mulleri 2.67 32 1.6 33.6

12

12

GIBBONS

Species

English Name

Indonesian

name

IUCN Status

Hylobates muelleri

Müllers Gibbon

Owa-owa

(Kalaweit)

Endangered

Nasalis larvatus

Proboscis monkey

Bekantan Endangered

Presbytis frontata

White-fronted langur

Lutung dahi

putih

Vulnerable

Tarsius bancanus ssp.

Borneanus

Western/Horsfield’s tarsier

Binatang hantu/

inkir

Vulnerable

Nycticebus menagensis

Bornean Slow loris

Kucang Vulnerable

Macaca nemestrina

Pig-tailed macaque

Beruk Vulnerable

Presbytis rubicunda

Maroon langur

Luting merah/

kelasi

Least Concern

Macaca fascicularis

Long-tailed macaque

Kera Least Concern

Hylobates muelleri x

H. albibarbis

Hybrid gibbon

Owa-owa

(Kalaweit)

Not listed

SPECIES LIST—ALL PRIMATES

13

13

AMPHIBIANS—Mila Rahmania

INTRODUCTION

As well as being an important component in the

food chain of tropical forest ecosystems, amphibians

especially those from the order Anura are highly

sensitive to environmental change and thus can be

used as bio-indicators of environmental

degradation. There is currently no data on

amphibian diversity in the Murung Raya region

available in the public domain, so this study

represents the most comprehensive in the region.

Amphibians play an important role in ecosystem food chain. Amphibians are nocturnal animals that

commonly live in aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Frogs, especially from Anura order, are highly sensitive

to environmental change. Anura population declines can be caused by pollution, climate change, and the

loss of habitats and wetlands.

Murung Raya District was located in north of

Central Kalimantan which spread from Muller

Mountain in north side to Busang River. Biotic

richness, especially amphibian, in this research

location wasn’t ever observed and studied yet.

Thus a biodiversity study, especially about

amphibians is needed to know the protection

priority that is required for that location.

Research about amphibian diversity in several

locations of Murung Raya District was carried

out to know the diversity of amphibians and the characteristics of habitat types in some research

location.

Leptobrachium abbotti

Megophrys nasuta

14

14

AMPHIBIANS

METHODS

This research was carried out in August-

September 2011 at locations registered in Uut

Murung Sub-district; those are Tumbang Tujan

village, Bora Forest, and Kelasin village. Collected

data included: (i) species name, total individual

and total species, SVL (snout-vent length), activity

when it found and its position in the environment,

(ii) habitat data that including location name,

observation time, weather, substrate, and

vegetation. Used observation method was Visual Encounter Survey (VES) based on Heyer et al (1994) that

performed for 2 hours at night. Calculated data were including species diversity by Shannon-Wiener index

(Brower & Zar, 1977), species evenness index by calculate evenness value (Brower & Zar, 1977),

population density, encounter probability, species similarity index between location (Brower &Zar, 977),

relative frequency and habitat data that analyzed descriptively.

Surveys were conducted using a Visual

Encounter Survey, standardized for survey

effort by time primarily in two locations, on the

Bora river and around Kalasin. A pilot survey

was also conducted in the community forest of

Tumbang Tujang. Surveys were conducted

along streams and around sources of fresh

water as well as transect surveys through the

forest. Data was analysed in a variety of ways

including species diversity by Shannon-Wiener index, species evenness index by calculating evenness

value, population density, encounter probability, species similarity index between location, relative

frequency and habitat data were analysed descriptively.

Photo M. Zrust

15

15

AMPHIBIANS

RESULTS

A total of 452 individuals from

37 species were identified from

4 families; Bufonidae (9),

Megorphrydae (5), Ranidae (17),

Rhacophoridae (6). One further

species, found in two locations

at the Bora river site was not

possible to identify in the field

and has been taken to the

Natural History Museum in Bogor, Java for identification. Species accumulation curves show that

although survey effort was sufficient it did not reach the plateau to suggest it was fully comprehensive.

Of the 37 species identified, 25 (67.6%) are listed on the IUCN redlist of endangered species, 4 of which

are classified as endemic to Borneo. Of these 25 species, 15 are listed as least concern, 8 as near

threatened, 1 as vulnerable and 1 as data deficient (see appendix species list). One species is also listed

on the ZSL Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) programme.

From 452 individual of 37 amphibian species found, Ranidae family has the highest total individual

(45.95%), and then Bufonidae family (24.32%), Rhacophoridae family (16.22%), and Megorphryidae

family (13.51%), while species with highest total individual was Limnonectes leporina (28.10%) and

Limnonectes kuhlii (10.84%). Amphibian species with lowest total individual were Ansonia minuta,

Pedostibes hosii, Pedostibes rugosusu, Leptobrachium abbotti, Leptobrachium nigrops, Leptolalax dringi,

Limnonectes blythi, Limnonectes palavanensis, Polypedates colleti, Rhacophorus gadingensis,

Rhacophorus pictus that amounted 0.22%.

16

16

AMPHIBIANS

Family Species Author Other Names IUCN Status Notes

Bufonidae Ansonia albomaculata Inger, 1960 Whitebelly Stream

Toad, White-lipped

Slender Toad

Near Threatened Endemic to Borneo

Ansonia leptopus Gunther, 1872 Brown Slender Toad,

Matang Stream Toad

Not Listed

Ansonia longidgita Inger, 1960 Long-fingered Stream

Toad

Near Threatened Endemic and only

previously reported

from Malaysian Bor-

neo

Ansonia minuta Inger, 1960 Tiny Stream Toad,

Dwarf Slender Toad


Ansonia spinulifer Mocquard, 1890 Spiny Slender Toad,

Kinabalu Stream Toad


Pedostibes hosii Boulenger, 1892 Tree Toad, Boulenger's

Asian Tree Toad

Least Concern

Pedostibes rugosus Inger, 1958 Green Tree Toad,

Inger's Asian Tree Toad


Phrynoidis aspera

(Bufo asper)

Gravenhorst,

1829

River Toad, Malayan

Giant Toad

Least Concern

Dicroglossidae Limnonectes blythi Boulenger, 1920 Giant Asian River Frog,

Blyth's River Frog

NA

Limnonectes finchi Inger, 1966 Rough Guardian Frog,

Finch's Wart Frog

Least Concern

Limnonectes ibanorum Inger, 1964 Tributary Wart Frog,

Rough-backed River

Frog


Limnonectes ingeri Kiew, 1978 Greater Swamp Frog,

Inger's Wart Frog


Limnonectes kuhlii Tschudi, 1838 Large-headed Frog,

Kuhl's Creek Frog

Least Concern

Limnonectes laticeps Boulenger, 1882 Corrugated Frog, Rivu-

let Frog

Least Concern

Limnonectes leporinus Andersson,

1923

Giant River Frog NA

Limnonectes pala-

vanensis

Boulenger, 1894 Smooth Guardian Frog Least Concern

Limnonectes parama- Inger, 1966 Lesser Swamp Frog Near Threatened

SPECIES LIST

17

17

AMPHIBIANS

SPECIES LIST

Family Species Author Other Names IUCN Status Notes

Megophryidae Leptobrachium

abbotti

Cochran, 1926 Lowland Litter Frog Least Concern

Leptobrachium

nigrops

Berry &

Hendrickson, 1963

Black-eyed Litter Frog Least Concern

Leptolalax dringi Dubois, 1987 Dring's Slender Litter Frog Near Threatened Endemic to

Borneo

Leptolalax hamidi Matsui, 1997 White-bellied Slender

Litter Frog, Asian Toad

Vulnerable Endemic to

Borneo

Megophrys nasuta Schlegel, 1837 Long-nosed Horned Frog,

Bornean Horned Frog

Least Concern

Ranidae Hydrophylax

chalconotus (Rana

chalconata)

Schlegel, 1837 White-lipped Frog Least Concern

Hylarana picturata

(Rana picturata)

Boulenger, 1920 Spotted Stream Frog Least Concern

Hylarana raniceps

(Rana raniceps)

Peters, 1871 Peters' Malaysian Frog,

White-lipped Frog

Least Concern

Hylarana signata

(Rana signata)

Gunther, 1872 Striped Stream Frog Least Concern

Meristogenys

macrophthalmus

Matsui, 1986 Data Deficient Endemic and

only previously

reported from

Malaysian

Borneo

Odorrana hosii

(Rana hosii)

Boulenger, 1891 Hose's Rock Frog,

Poisonous Rock Frog

Least Concern

Staurois natator Gunther, 1858 Rock Frog Least Concern

Rhacophoridae Nyctixalus pictus

(Rhacophorus

pictus)

Peters, 1871 White-spotted Tree Frog,

Painted Indonesian

Treefrog

Near Threatened

Polypedates colletti Boulenger, 1890 Black-spotted Tree Frog,

Collett's Whipping Frog

Least Concern

Polypedates

macrotis

Boulenger, 1891 Dark-eared Tree Frog,

Bongao Tree Frog, Brown-

striped Tree Frog

Least Concern

Rhacophorus

pardalis

Gunther, 1858 Gliding Tree Frog Least Concern

Rhacophorus

gadingensis

Das & Haas, 2005 Gading Tree Frog Data Deficient

18

18

ENTOMOLOGY—Peter Houlihan

In threatened ecosystems, identifying areas of high diversity, and understanding the broader ecological

process underlying the diversity is essential to ensure any hope of conservation. To this end it is

necessary to conduct rapid assessments of a forest’s diversity and health. Insects, most notably

butterflies, are strong indicators of biodiversity, which is often correlated with overall forest health. The

diverse and complex life histories as well as widespread phenotypic plasticity of many insects make them

an ideal model taxa for monitoring recent changes to forest ecosystems and to understand the ecological

differences between forest type, geography (such as elevation and hydrology) and the effect of land use

change and forest fragmentation.

While there is currently no published data relating to

entomological research in the Murung Raya region, it is

BRINCC’s aim that studies such as ours will contribute

towards estimates of overall species richness along the

Barito River. In doing so, estimates of insect community

diversity will be used to indicate areas likely to support high

levels of diversity in other taxa. The high conservation

importance of these areas will bring much needed

attention and provide predictions for areas at greater risk

of forest loss.

OBJECTIVES

To document the insect species inhabiting the forests along the unprotected and hardly-studied

upper reaches of the Barito River.

To sequence the DNA of collected specimens in order to gain further insight on the diversity of life

through DNA barcoding

To evaluate phenotypic and genotypic variation of species across an elevation gradient

To identify species, subspecies, and phenotypes previously unknown to science

INTRODUCTION

Amathuxidia amythaon (Male)

19

19

ENTOMOLOGY

OBJECTIVES CONT.

To estimate the overall species richness of the Barito River insect communities using species

accumulation curves and indices of diversity.

To use insects as indicators of biodiversity in order assess which areas are greater risk of forest loss

and thus in higher demand of conservation.

To publish the results in peer-reviewed journals, popular science literature, and local media.

To train local students and conservation workers in the various methods of surveying insect

populations, in order to encourage continued monitoring of the Barito River and other regions of

Borneo in high demand of species documentation and conservation.

METHODS

BRINCC’s 2011 entomology studies mainly focused on the

ecology and diversity of butterflies. Fruit-bait traps and

hand netting were used in order to survey the butterfly

communities at each site. Traps were set at a height of one

meter along streams and ridges using as bait bananas

fermented with sugar. Additional sampling methods

included the use of malaise traps, pitfall traps, and

nocturnal light trapping in order to establish methods for

future monitoring and inventory efforts of a greater variety of insect taxa. BioQuip Products generously

donated all entomological equipment for the expedition. A total of 23 days of trapping were recorded in

the Hutan Desa community forest and 15 days of trapping in the primary forest of the Bora river site.

The DNA of sample specimens will be sequenced in order to provide greater insight on the biogeography

of Kalimantan’s understudied mountain species and the phenotypic variation that occurs throughout the

Indonesian archipelago. The majority of butterfly species accounts on the island of Borneo are from

Northern or Southern populations. However many of the species recorded throughout the expedition

appear unique to these other geographic distributions, suggesting the possible presence of hybrids or

entirely new species.

Night collecting using BioQuip Products

20

20

ENTOMOLOGY

While data analysis is yet to be completed, all results will be collated into a series of academic papers

published in peer-reviewed journals, as well as in the BRINCC Expedition’s full scientific report due to be

published in 2012.

In total, more than 100 species of butterflies were recorded and will be compiled into a guide

addressing the butterflies of the Upper Barito.

New morphological variations and possible sub-species were identified (subject to confirmation)

This study will provide the first

comprehensive butterfly study in

the entire Murung Raya region,

contributing vital data points into a

data ‟blind spot‟ of the island of

Borneo. BRINCC’s entomological

work will provide greater

understanding of the distribution of

Bornean butterflies, especially with

respect to elevation. Importantly,

these data will address the most

fundamental questions of ecology

and evolution, aiming to understand more about how species diversify spatially and temporally. At the

same time, these results will indicate areas that show potential for being multi-taxa hotspots for

biodiversity, supporting necessary efforts in the conservation of these fragile and threatened forests.

Genetic data is remarkably sparse on the butterflies of Southeast Asia and this study will lay a crucial

foundation for future research. The DNA barcoding that is being conducted as part of this project ensures

that this research is at the cutting edge of entomological research and that such data remains in the

public domain for the benefit of academics worldwide.

RESULTS

21

21

ENTOMOLOGY

The list here is tentative and additions/revisions will be made when more specimens from the

Lycaenidae, Hesperidae, and Pieridae families are identified. Some individuals that have been classified

to the genus level, but have not been identified to species have been excluded from this list. Species were

recorded by capture in bait traps or hand nets, and by observation. Thank you to Dr. Rosichon Ubaidillah

and Dr. Djunijanti Peggie at LIPI for helping to facilitate the export of many of these species for

identification. Specimens will be deposited in the Bogor Zoological Museum after the analysis is

completed.

SPECIES LIST (PRELIMINARY*)

Family Subfamily Species Author Notes

Papilionidae Papilioninae Graphium agamemnon Linnaeus, 1758

Graphium antiphates Cramer, 1775

Graphium bathycles Zinnken, 1831

Graphium doson Felder & Felder, 1864

Graphium evemon Boisduval, 1836

Graphium sarpedon Linnaeus, 1758

Papilio demolion Cramer, 1776

Trogonoptera brookiana brookiana Wallace, 1855 CITES Appendix II

Troides sp. Hübner, 1819

Nymphalidae Charaxinae Agatasa calydonia Hewitson, 1854 IUCN: Least Concern

Charaxes bernardus Fabricius, 1793

Charaxes borneensis borneensis Butler, 1869 Bornean Subspecies

Charaxes distanti Honrath, 1885

Charaxes durnfordi Distant, 1884

Charaxes fervens Butler, 1896

Charaxes solon Fabricius, 1793

Polyura athamas Drury, 1773

Polyura delphis Doubleday, 1843

Polyura hebe Butler, 1866

Prothoe franck Godart, 1824

Danainae Euploea mulciber Cramer, 1777

Euploea radamanthus Fabricius, 1793

Idea stolli Moore, 1883

Ideopsis vulgaris Butler, 1874 IUCN: Least Concern

Heliconiinae Terinos clarissa Boisduval, 1836

Terinos terpander Hewitson, 1862

Morphinae Amathuxidia amythaon Doubleday, 1847

Faunis kirata de Nicéville, 1891

Faunis phaon Erichson, 1834

Faunis stomphax Westwood, 1858

Thaumantis noureddin Westwood, 1851 IUCN: Least Concern

Thauria aliris aliris Frühstorfer, 1902 Bornean Subspecies

22

22

ENTOMOLOGY


Nymphalidae Zeuxidia amethystus Butler, 1865

(continued) Zeuxidia aurelius Cramer, 1777

Zeuxidia doubledayi Westwood, 1851

Nymphalinae Amnosia decora Doubleday, 1849

Athyma asura Moore, 1858

Athyma pravara pravara Moore, 1857 Bornean Subspecies

Athyma reta Moore, 1858

Bassarona dunya Doubleday, 1848

Cirrochroa satellita Butler, 1869

Cupha arias Felder, 1867

Dophla evelina Stoll, 1790

Euripus nyctelius Doubleday, 1845

Euthalia sp. Hübner, 1819

Kallima buxtoni Moore, 1879

Kallima spiridiva Grose-Smith, 1885

Lexias dirtea Fabricius, 1793

Lexias pardalis Moore, 1878

Moduza procris Cramer, 1777

Neptis magadha Felder & Felder, 1867

Pandita sinope Moore, 1858

Rhinopalpa polynice Cramer, 1779

Tanaecia clathrata clathrata Vollenhoeven, 1862 Bornean Subspecies

Pseuderglinae Dichorragia nesimachus Doyere, 1840

Satyrinae Coelites epiminthia Westwood, 1851

Coelites euptychioides euptychioides Felder & Felder, 1867 Bornean Subspecies

Elymnias sp. Hübner, 1818

Lethe sp. Hübner, 1819

Melanitis leda Linnaeus, 1758

Mycalesis amoena Druce, 1873 Endemic to Borneo

Mycalesis anapita Moore, 1858

Mycalesis maianeas Hewitson, 1864

Mycalesis mnasicles mnasicles Hewitson, 1864

Mycalesis oroatis Hewitson, 1864

Mycalesis orseis borneensis Frühstorfer Bornean Subspecies

Mycalesis patiana Eliot, 1969

Mycalesis thyateira Frühstorfer, 1909

Neorina lowii Doubleday, 1849

Ragadia makuta Horsfield, 1829

Ypthima sp. Hübner, 1818

23

23

ENTOMOLOGY

Lycaenidae Lycaeninae Amblypodia narada Horsfield, 1828

Arhopala sp. Boisduval, 1832

Caleta elna Hewitson, 1876

Drupadia ravindra Horsfield, 1828

Eooxylides tharis Geyer, 1837

Hesperidae Hesperiinae Koruthaialos sp. Watson, 1893

Pieridae Coliadinae Eurema tominia Vollenhoven, 1865 IUCN: Least Concern

Pierinae Appias lyncida Cramer, 1777

Cepora iudith Fabricius, 1787

Pareronia valeria Cramer, 1776

Prioneris cornelia Vollenhoeven, 1865 Endemic to Borneo

Riodinidae Riodininae Paralaxita orphna Boisduval, 1836 IUCN: Least Concern

Paralaxita telesia Hewitson, 1861

Taxila haquinus Fabricius, 1793


Butterfly trap baited with fermenting bananas

24

24

LARGE MAMMALS—Dr Susan Cheyne

INTRODUCTION

Bornean tropical forest contains a guild of five felid species: Sunda clouded leopard (Neofelis diardi), bay

cat (Pardofelis badia), marbled cat (Pardofelis marmorata), flat-headed cat (Prionailurus planiceps), and

leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis). Two are endangered, two threatened, and their presumed

primary habitat is rapidly being lost

and/or altered in the region. The

behavioural ecology of none is well-

known, and the impact of forest

destruction and management on

each of these species is obscure

*Cheyne et al. 2009; Cheyne et al.

2010b; Cheyne and Macdonald

2010; Wilting et al. 2010; Cheyne

and Macdonald 2011; Cheyne et al.

in prep-b+. The perceived decline of

cat populations is predominantly

accredited to the usual human disturbances: habitat degradation and fragmentation and hunting (direct

and indirect). Cats are widely hunted for their pelts, which are often considered as status symbols

*Rabinowitz et al. 1987; Nowell and

Jackson 1996; Povey et al. 2009+. Their

teeth are also highly prized and their

bones and organs are sometimes used in

traditional medicine *Shepherd and

Nijman 2008+. In addition, some

restaurants serve clouded leopard,

reputedly catering for wealthy Asian

tourists *Rabinowitz et al. 1987+. Clouded

leopards are also killed as by-catch of

hunting for pigs, deer and monkeys

*Rabinowitz et al. 1987; Wilting et al. 2006+.

Common porcupine

Sambar deer

25

25

LARGE MAMMALS

METHODS AND RESULTS

10 camera traps were placed individually at 2 study sites: Sungai Borah and Tumbang Tujang. A total

of 11 species were captured on the camera traps: 10 mammals and one bird.

Species

Bearded pig

Bornean Muntjac

Common porcupine

Great Argus Pheasant

Greater mouse deer

Mouse deer

Pig-tailed macaque

Red langur

Sambar deer

Short-tailed Mongoose

Squirrel unknown

Despite the cameras being in place for less trapping time in Sungai Borah (primary forest site), the

capture rate was higher, % of animal captures was higher and the most diverse (7 species captured v.s.

5). Below is the summary data for the cameras in each location.

Location Number of

cameras

Number

of camera

nights

Number

of photos

Number of

individual

animal

photos

Capture rate

(photos/trap

night)

% of

animal

cap-

tures

Total

number

of spe-

cies

Tumbang

Tujang

10 24 465 8 0.33 1.72 5

Sungai

Borah

10 16 124 9 0.56 7.26 7

26

26

LARGE MAMMALS

Species Latin Name IUCN Status Method of

confirmation

Indonesian Name

Clouded

Leopard

Neofelis diardi Vulnerable Visual sighting Macan dahan

Marbled cat Pardofelis marmorata Vulnerable Foot print Kucing batu

Banded

palm civet

Hemigalus derbyanus Vulnerable Visual sighting Musang

Sun bear Helarctos malayanus Vulnerable Markings Beruang madu

Leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis Least Concern Visual sighting Kucing liar

Otter NA NA Foot print Berang-berang

Small-

toothed

palm civet

Arctogalidia trivirgata Musang Least concern Visual sighting

SPECIES Latin Name Indonesian Name IUCN Status

Squirrel unknown NA Tupai NA

Pig-tailed macaque Macaca nemestrina Beruk Vulnerable

Bearded pig Sus barbatus Babi hutan Vulnerable

Sambar deer Rusa unicolor Rusa besar Vulnerable

Bornean Muntjac Muntiacus atherodes Kijang Least concern

Short-tailed Mongoose Herpestes brachyurus Luwak Least concern

Mouse deer Tragulus kanchil Kancil Least concern

Red langur Presbytis rubicunda Kelasi Least concern

Greater mouse deer Tragulus napu Kancil Least concern

Common porcupine Hystrix brachyura Landak Least concern

Great Argus Pheasant Argusianus argus Kuau Least concern

SPEICES DATA FROM CAMERA TRAPS

SPECIES DATA FROM OTHER METHODS

27

27

SMALL MAMMALS—Michal Zrust

INTRODUCTION

Small mammals play a key role in forest ecosystems; they disperse seeds, disperse mycorrhizal fungi, and

predate on insects and seedlings. Information on the diversity and abundance of small mammals is

central to understanding ecological processes; including population dynamics, population demography,

community structure, and forest functioning. This information can then help identify areas of high

biodiversity, prioritise areas for conservation, and can help us to understand the effects of logging and

habitat fragmentation. In addition, different small mammal species exhibit different levels of tolerance to

changes in habitat and vegetation structure depending on their life histories and habitat utilization.

Very little public domain

data is available on the

small mammals of the

Murung Raya. Therefore,

studying small mammals on

BRINCC Expedition allows

us to add key information

to the known distribution

of species across Borneo,

develop important baseline

population estimates from

which future changes can

be monitored, and gain an understanding of which species are most vulnerable to habitat loss and land

use change.

Monitoring small mammal diversity is a relatively quick and cheap method of indicating healthy/

unhealthy functioning of the ecosystem. Importantly, an understanding of these dynamics allows

conservationists to suggest practical methods of reducing negative impacts from habitat alteration when

it does take place.

Photo M. Zrust

28

28

SMALL MAMMALS

This study employed a trapping

grid system using 128 locally

made wire mesh traps, broken

up into eight grids of sixteen

traps each. Two sites were used

in this study: a Hutan Desa (a

‘community forest’ sustainably

utilised by the local villagers)

and a primary forest site along

the Bora River. In each site,

trapping was conducted at 18

consecutive days giving a total of 2304 trap nights at each site. In the Hutan Desa, grids were alternately

baited with fresh coconut and dried fish, however due to the surprisingly low uptake of dried fish, all traps

were baited with coconut at the Bora site. Upon capture all individuals were be anesthetised with ether,

weighed, measured, and data on sex, and sexual development noted. Capture location was recorded and

individuals were uniquely

marked using Monel ear tags

for recapture purposes.

Ectoparasites were collected

from each new species caught

and stored in alcohol to be

identified by experts at a later

date.

METHODS

Photo M. Zrust

Photo M. Zrust

29

29

SMALL MAMMALS

RESULTS

Data analysis is not yet complete, and will be included in the full BRINCC Expedition Scientific Report.

However, early analysis and observation allows us to draw some early preliminary findings.

The species number was relatively similar between our two study sites (see text box) however there

were far fewer individuals caught at the primary forest site (56) as opposed to the Hutan Desa

(127). The primary forest however yielded many more Long-Tailed Giant Rats, Whitehead’s Rat, and

Brown Spiny Rats the latter two listed vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.

Analysis will calculate average territory sizes as well as range and distribution of territory sizes,

diversity indicies, habitat and forest type comparisons and other ecological analysis.

Methodological analyses will contribute to debate regarding the effect of different bait types,

washing traps, anaesthetization by ether, and the effect of territory sizes on trapping design. It is

likely that due to the findings of this study, widely used trapping designs will need to be altered, at

least for the region under expedition scenarios.

Photo M. Zrust

30

30

SMALL MAMMALS

Bait

The effectiveness of a trap is decided by the effectiveness of the bait and this was clearly shown in our

Hutan Desa trapping. Dried fish is often quoted as a suitable (and often as preferred) bait for small

mammal trapping. However we found that dried fish did not catch one individual and therefore was not

suitable in this instance. The reasons behind this are not known, but this has a significant impact on

future expeditions.

Under expedition circumstances, bait needs to be light-weight, compact, long lasting, relatively

inexpensive and, importantly, easy to acquire in potentially remote locations. Dried fish has all these

attributes and therefore would serve as the perfect bait, unfortunately our study found this bait not to

attract small mammals. To some extent, coconut fulfils this role well, however it can be bulky and heavy.

It’s longevity in the jungle is also approximately a month.

Territory size

This part of the study will require far more data analysis. One interesting result is that whilst most rats

were caught within a small area and confined to only a few traps if re-caught, some individuals were able

to travel between grids in the Borah. One

marked juvenile Brown Spiny Rat was caught

over 160m from initial point of capture by an

opportunistic trap placed in our camp. There

was also an elevational difference of

approximately 60m between the two points of

capture.

Whilst this was the case for only three

captures in our study, this demonstrates that

the trapping design will have to be altered in

the future to account for what may potentially be larger territory sizes than previously thought.

Effect of smell

Whether to wash traps or not after a trapping session has often been debated. We used the opportunity

provided by the failure of the fish bait to undertake this experiment in our second site. There was a

Photo M. Zrust

31

31

SMALL MAMMALS

significant difference between the capture rates of the traps that had had animals in them before and

the traps that had not. Whilst a more complicated analysis will need to take place to tease out the

details, it is clear that traps that have had animals in them before (and thus smell of other rats) caught

many more animals right from the start. In fact it was not until day eight that the two sets started to

catch comparable numbers. This is again an important aspect of trapping that needs to be taken into

account when developing a trapping study.

Other results

Many other interesting results have come out of this study which will go towards improving our

practical knowledge of how to conduct small mammal studies under expedition conditions. We have

found for example that Chestnut-Bellied Rats are much more susceptible to anaesthetization by ether

than other rats; locally made wire traps using chicken wire are only suitable for approximately a

month’s use in the jungle as the wire rusts and allows for rats to escape more easily; Dark-Tailed Rats

are far more aggressive than others and are unwilling to go into a holding bag. These are just some

examples of the knowledge that expeditions such as this can provide for future work. We will be

publishing all of these in our final

expedition report which will be

publically available.

Conclusions and the Future

This study has yielded some important

as well as interesting results and full

data analysis will most probably reveal

even more interesting details. This

information will also be shared with

the IUCN, ZSL, and the publishers of

the Mammals of Borneo ID book in

order to disseminate our results. We hope that the information will help conservation managers work

more efficiently in the region, create more targeted research and provide the local government and

NGOs with greater knowledge to help understand the possible environmental impact created by

companies wishing to extract resources in the region.

Photo M. Zrust

32

32

SMALL MAMMALS

Brown Spiny Rat (Maxomys rajah), Hutan Desa (HD), Bora (B), Vulnerable

Red Spiny Rat (Maxomys surifer) HD, B, Least Concern

Whitehead’s Rat (Maxomys whiteheadi) HD, B, Vulnerable

Long-Tailed Giant Rat (Leopoldamys sabanus) HD, B, Least Concern

Chestnut-Bellied Rat (Maxomys ochraceiventer) HD, B, Data Deficient

Grey Tree Rat (Lenothrix canus) HD, Least Concern

Dark-Tailed Tree Rat (Niviventer cremoriventer) HD, Vulnerable

Muller’s Rat (Sundamys muelleri) HD, B, Least Concern

Whitehead’s Rat subspecies (Maxomys whiteheadi piratae) B, No data on Redlist

Large Treeshrew (Tupaia tana) B, Least Concern

SPECIES LIST AND IUCN STATUS

Photo M. Zrust

33

33

BIRDS—Katherine Breslin

Despite generally appearing at relatively low densities, the role of birds as indicators of biodiversity is

well established, mainly due to well documented taxonomy and the fact that they can be easily

identified within the field. Birds fulfil a wide range of ecological roles within the forest ecosystem;

pollination, seed dispersal and predation, and as such examining the assemblage of avian communities

can indicate wider ecological processes.

Within Indonesian Borneo there have been a few studies that have taken place around the Barito

River, carried out by Project Bartio Ulu. But the work done in this area was conducted many years ago

spending a very small amount of time in the upper regions. Many distributions of birds in Borneo have

been estimated from those seen in the Malaysian Peninsula but more recently it was found that these

distributions were inaccurate.

INTRODUCTION

Photo Peter Houlihan

Megalaima rafflesii (Red-crowned Barbet)

34

34

BIRDS

METHODS

This study used independent

point counts and transect walks

across the three sites of varying

altitudes. Point counts are

frequently used throughout the

world in order to determine

relative abundance and

densities. At the first 2 sites

independent point counts were

carried out during the hours of

5.00 and 8.00 in the morning.

The point counts were located at least 150m apart, 38 point counts were completed at each site. At each

point count there was a 5 minute period before recording to allow the birds settle. At each station the

birds were recorded for 10 minutes with the distance to each bird being estimated. At the third site and

during the rest of the day at the other 2 sites transect walks were conducted in order to create a species

inventory of the area. This involved walking transects slowly at different times of day recording the birds

via song and sight in order to maximise the number of species encountered. Vegetation data was

collected at the first 2 sites by plotting in 100m x 4m plots, measuring and identifying all the trees with a

dbh greater than 10cm.

RESULTS

A) Species encounters

Overall 222 species of birds were identified by sight and from all three of the sites. At the Hutan Desa of

Tumbang Tujang there were 157 different species of birds observed, on the River Bora there were 153

and only 98 species recorded in Kalasin. The number of species found at each site, not found at either of

the other two were 51, 42 and 23 respectively. Although, both Tumbang Tujang and the River Bora have

Photo M. Zrust

35

35

BIRDS

RESULTS

similar numbers of species, there were found to be 45 species at the River Bora but not at Tumbang

Tujang. There were 19 species recorded at Kalasin which had not been recorded at either Tubang Tujang

or the River Bora.

B) Endemic birds

There are over 50 species of endemic birds in Borneo, 15 of which were identified during the research

period, with 8 sighted at the Bora site, followed by 6 in the community forest and 3 in Kalasin.

C) Marketable Birds

Marketable birds from Borneo range from song birds which are often used in competitions to mynas and

parrots which are popular as pets due to their ability to imitate. Analysis is being conducted in conjunc-

tion with the social team’s research to look at the effect of the song bird trade on populations of song-

birds in the region.

D) Threatened Species

From the 222 bird species recorded from this area, 154 are deemed least concern, 2 under review and 3

not yet evaluated by the IUCN Red List. There were 55 species listed as near threatened including species

encountered frequently such as the Rhinoceros Hornbill. Other near threatened species such as the Bor-

nean Ground Pheasant, were recorded at all three sites and very frequently at the Bora river site. There

were 7 species classified as vulnerable identified at the three sites, including the Straw-Headed Bulbul

whose trade as a songbird species in the villages is being investigated. Two species were identified listed

as endangered, The Bornean Peacock Pheasant and the Storm’s Stock, both of which were found at the

primary forest site at the Bora.

36

36

BIRDS

A graph showing the species accumulation curves from Tumbang Tujang, the River Bora and Kalasin.

TOTAL SPECIES 222

Endemic Species 16

IUCN Endangered Species 3

IUCN Vulnerable Species 7

RESULTS

37

37

BIRDS

SPECIES LIST BY FAMILY

English Name Indonesian name Species Name IUCN status Endemic

Ardeidae

Javan Pond-heron Blekok sawah Ardeola speciosa

Ciconiidae

Storm's Stork Bangau Storm Ciconia stormi Endangered

Accipitridae

Jerdon's Baza Baza jerdon Aviceda jerdoni

Brahminy Kite Elang bondol Haliastur indus

Grey-headed Fish-eagle Elang-ikan kepala kelabu Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus

Crested Serpent-eagle Elang-ular bido Spilornis cheela

Changeable Hawk-eagle Elang brontok Spizaetus cirrhatus

Phasianidae

Long-billed Partridge Puyuh siul-selanting Rhizothera longirostris

Blue-breasted Quail Puyuh batu Coturnix chinensis

Crested Partridge Puyuh sengayan Rollulus rouloul

Crestless Fireback Sempidan merah Lophura erythrophthalma

Bulwer's Pheasant Sempidan Kalimantan Lophura bulweri Vulnerable Y

Bornean Peacock-pheasant Kuau-kerdil Kalimantan Polyplectron schleiermacheri Endangered Y

Great Argus Kuau raja Argusianus argus

Charadriidae

Little Ringed Plover Cerek-kalung kecil Charadrius dubius

Columbidae

Pink-necked Green Pigeon Punai gading Treron vernans

Mountain Imperial Pigeon Pergam gunung Ducula badia

Ruddy Cuckoo-dove Uncal buau Macropygia emiliana

Little Cuckoo-dove Uncal kouran Macropygia ruficeps

Psittacidae

Blue-rumped Parrot Nuri tanau Psittinus cyanurus

Blue-crowned Hanging-parrot Serindit Melayu Loriculus galgulus

38

38

BIRDS


Cuculidae

Moustached Hawk-cuckoo Kangkok kumis Cuculus vagans

Malaysian Hawk-cuckoo Kangkok Melayu Cuculus fugax

Indian Cuckoo Kangkok India Cuculus micropterus

Oriental cuckoo ? Cuculus optatus

Banded Bay Cuckoo Wiwik lurik Cacomantis sonneratii

Plaintive Cuckoo Wiwik kelabu Cacomantis merulinus

Rusty-breasted Cuckoo Wiwiwk uncuing Cacomantis sepulcralis

Violet Cuckoo Kedasi ungu Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus

Drongo Cuckoo Kedasi hitam Surniculus lugubris

Asian Koel Tuwur Asia Eudynamys scolopaceus

Black-bellied Malkoha Kadalan beruang Rhopodytes diardi

Chestnut-bellied Malkoha Kadalan saweh Rhopodytes sumatranus

Raffles's Malkoha Kadalan selaya Rhinortha chlorophaea

Red-billed Malkoha Kadalan kembang Zanclostomus javanicus

Chestnut-breasted Malkoha Kadalan birah Rhamphococcyx curvirostris

Bornean Ground-cuckoo Tokhtor Sunda Carpococcyx radiatus Near Threatened Y

Short-toed Coucal Bubut teragop Centropus rectunguis Vulnerable

Greater Coucal Bubut besar Centropus sinensis

Lesser Coucal Bubut alang-alang Centropus bengalensis

39

39

BIRDS


Strigidae

Reddish Scopsowl Celepuk merah Otus rufescens

Collared Scopsowl Celepuk reban Otus lempiji

Barred Eagle-owl Beluk jampuk Bubo sumatranus

Brown Boobook Punggok coklat Ninox scutulata

Brown Wood-owl Kukuk beluk Strix leptogrammica

Podargidae

Sunda frogmouth Paruh-kodok tanduk Batrachostomus cornatus

Javan Frogmouth Paruh-kodok Jawa Batrachostomus javensis

Caprimulgidae

Malaysian Eared Nightjar Taktarau Melayu Eurostopodus temminckii

Large-tailed Nightjar Taktarau besar Caprimulgus macrurus

Savanna Nightjar Cabak kota Caprimulgus affinis

Apodidae

Glossy Swiftlet Walet sapi Collocalia esculenta

Silver-rumped Swift Kapinis-jarum kecil Rhaphidura leucopygialis

Little Swift Kapinis rumah Apus affinis

Hemiprocnidae

Grey-rumped Tree-swift Tepekong jambul Hemiprocne longipennis

Whiskered Tree-swift Tepekong rangkang Hemiprocne comata

Dicruridae

Hair-crested Drongo Srigunting jambul-rambut Dicrurus hottentottus

Greater Raquet-tailed Drongo Srigunting batu Dicrurus paradiseus

40

40

BIRDS


Trogonidae

Red-naped Trogon Luntur kasumba Harpactes kasumba

Diard's Trogon Luntur diard Harpactes diardi

Cinnamon-rumped Trogon Luntur tunggir-coklat Harpactes orrhophaeus

Scarlet-rumped Trogon Luntur putri Harpactes duvaucelii

Orange-breasted Trogon Luntur harimau Harpactes oreskios

Alcedinidae

Blue-eared Kingfisher Raja-udang meninting Alcedo meninting

Blue-banded Kingfisher Raja-udang kalung-biru Alcedo euryzona Vulnerable

Stork-billed Kingfisher Pekaka emas Pelargopsis capensis

Banded Kingfisher Cekakak batu Lacedo pulchella

Collared Kingfisher Cekakak sungai Halcyon chloris

Rufous-backed kingfisher Udang punggung-merah Ceyx rufidorsa

Rufous-collared kingfisher Cekakak-hutan Melayu Actenoides concretus

Meropidae

Red-bearded Bee-eater Cirik-cirik kumbang Nyctyornis amictus

Bucerotidae

White-crowned Hornbill Enggang jambul Berenicornis comatus

Bushy-crested Hornbill Enggang klihingan Anorrhinus galeritus

Wrinkled Hornbill Julang jambul-hitam Rhyticeros corrugatus

Wreathed Hornbill Julang emas Rhyticeros undulatus

Black Hornbill Kangkareng hitam Anthracoceros malayanus

Asian Pied Hornbill Kangkareng perut-putih Anthracoceros albirostris

Rhinoceros Hornbill Rangkong badak Buceros rhinoceros

Helmeted Hornbill Rangkong gading Rhinoplax vigil

41

41

BIRDS


Capitonidae

Gold-whiskered Barbet Takur gedang Megalaima chrysopogon

Red-crowned Barbet Takur tutut Megalaima rafflesii

Red-throated Barbet Takur warna-warni Megalaima mystacophanos

Mountain Barbet Takur gunung Megalaima monticola Least Concern Y

Yellow-crowned Barbet Takur topi-emas Megalaima henricii

Golden-naped Barbet Takur tengkuk-emas Megalaima pulcherrima Least Concern Y

Blue-eared Barbet Takur tenggerat Megalaima australis

Black-throated Barbet Takur leher hitam Megalaima eximia

Brown Barbet Takur ampis Calorhamphus fuliginosus

Picidae

Rufous Piculet Tukik tikus Sasia abnormis

Rufous Woodpecker Pelatuk kijang Celeus brachyurus

Crimson-winged Yellownape Pelatuk sayap-merah Picus puniceus

Banded Woodpecker Pelatuk merah Picus miniaceus

Common Goldenback Pelatuk besi Dinopium javanense

Olive-backed Woodpecker Pelatuk Raffles Dinopium rafflesii

Buff-necked Woodpecker Caladi badok Meiglyptes tukki

Great Slaty Woodpecker Pelatuk kelabu-besar Mulleripicus pulverulentus

White-bellied Woodpecker Pelatuk ayam Dryocopus javensis

Grey-capped Woodpecker Caladi belacan Dendrocopos canicapillus

Grey-and-buff Woodpecker Caladi tikotok Hemicircus concretus

Maroon Woodpecker Pelatuk pangkas Blythipicus rubiginosus

Orange-backed Woodpecker Pelatuk kundang Reinwardtipicus validus

42

42

BIRDS


Eurylaimidae

Dusky Broadbill Madi kelam Corydon sumatranus

Black-and-red Broadbill sempur-hujan sungai Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchos

Banded Broadbill Sempur-hujan rimba Eurylaimus javanicus

Black-and-yellow Broadbill Sempur-hujan darat Eurylaimus ochromalus

Green Broadbill Madi-hijau kecil Calyptomena viridis

Pittidae

Banded Pitta Paok pancawarna Pitta guajana

Garnet Pitta Paok delima Pitta granatina

Blue-headed Pitta Paok kepala-biru Pitta baudii Vulnerable Y

Hirundinidae

Pacific Swallow Layang-layang batu Hirundo tahitica

Campephagidae

Bar-bellied Cuckoo-shrike Kepudang-sungu Sumatera Coracina striata

Bar-winged Hemipus Jingjing bukit Hemipus picatus

Irenidae

Green Iora Cipoh jantung Aegithina viridissima

Greater Green Leafbird Cica-daun besar Chloropsis sonnerati

Lesser Green Leafbird Cica-daun kecil Chloropsis cyanopogon

Blue-winged Leafbird Cica-daun sayap-biru Chloropsis cochinchinensis

Asian Fairy Bluebird Kacembang gadung Irena puella

Sturnidae

Hill Myna Tiong emas Gracula religiosa

43

43

BIRDS


Pycnonotidae

Straw-headed Bulbul Cucak rawa Pycnonotus zeylanicus Vulnerable

Black-and-white Bulbul Cucak sakit-tubuh Pycnonotus melanoleucos

Black-headed Bulbul Cucak kuricang Pycnonotus atriceps

Bornean Bulbul Cucak kuning Pycnonotus montis Least Concern Y

Grey-bellied Bulbul Cucak kelabu Pycnonotus cyaniventris

Puff-backed Bulbul Cucak rumbai-tungging Pycnonotus eutilotus

Yellow-vented Bulbul Merbah cerukcuk Pycnonotus goiavier

Olive-winged Bulbul Merbah belukar Pycnonotus plumosus

Cream-vented Bulbul Merbah corok-corok Pycnonotus simplex

Red-eyed Bulbul Merbah mata-merah Pycnonotus brunneus

Spectacled Bulbul Merbah kacamata Pycnonotus erythropthalmos

Finsch's Bulbul Empuloh leher-kuning Criniger finschii

Ochraceous Bulbul Empuloh ragum Criniger ochraceus

Grey-cheeked Bulbul Empuloh janggut Criniger bres

Yellow-bellied Bulbul Empuloh irang Criniger phaeocephalus

Hook-billed Bulbul Empuloh paruk-kait Setornis criniger Vulnerable

Buff-vented Bulbul ? Hypsipetes charlottae

Hairy-backed Bulbul Brinji rambut-tunggir Hypsipetes criniger

Common Streaked Bulbul Brinji bergaris Hypsipetes malaccensis

Cinereous bulbul Brinji kelabu Hemixos cinereus Endangered Y

Turdidae

Chestnut-capped thrush Anis kembang Zoothera interpres

Oriental Magpie-robin Kucica kampung Copsychus saularis

White-rumped Shama Kucica hutan Copsychus malabaricus

Chestnut-naped Forktail Meninting cegar Enicurus ruficapillus

Bornean forktail ? Enicurus borneoensis Not Listed Y

44

44

BIRDS


Timaliidae

White-browed Shrike babbler Ciu besar Pteruthius flavicapis

Black-capped Babbler Pelanduk topi-hitam Pellorneum capistratum

Short-tailed Babbler Pelanduk ekor-pendek Trichastoma malaccense

White-chested Babbler Pelanduk dada-putih Trichastoma rostratum Near Threatened Y

Ferruginous Babbler Pelanduk merah Trichastoma bicolor

Horsfield's Babbler Pelanduk semak Trichastoma sepiarium

Abbott's Babbler Pelanduk Asia Trichastoma abbotti

Chestnut-capped Laughing-thrush Poksai genting Garrulax mitratus

Moustached Babbler Asi kumis Malacopteron magnirostre

Sooty-capped Babbler Asi topi-jelaga Malacopteron affine

Scaly-crowned Babbler Asi topi-sisik Malacopteron cinereum

Rufous-crowned Babbler Asi besar Malacopteron magnum

Grey-breasted Babbler Asi dada-kelabu Malacopteron albogulare

Chestnut-backed Scimitar-babbler Cica-kopi Melayu Pomatorhinus montanus

Mountain Wren-babbler Berencet gunung Napothera crassa Least Concern Y

Eye-browed Wren-babbler Berencet berkening Napothera epilepidota

Rufous-fronted Babbler Tepus dahi-merah Stachyris rufifrons

Grey-throated Babbler Tepus kepala-hitam Stachyris nigriceps

Grey-headed Babbler Tepus kepala-kelabu Stachyris poliocephala

Chestnut-rumped Babbler Tepus tunggir-merah Stachyris maculata

White-necked Babbler Tepus telinga-putih Stachyris leucotis

Black-throated Babbler Tepus kaban Stachyris nigricollis

Chestnut-winged Babbler Tepus merbah-sampah Stachyris erythroptera

Striped Tit-babbler Ciung-air coreng Macronous gularis

Fluffy-backed Tit-babbler Ciung-air pongpong Macronous ptilosus

45

45

BIRDS


Sylviidae

Oriental Reed Warbler Kerakbasi besar Acrocephalus orientalis

Mountain tailorbird Cinenen gunung Orthotomus cuculatus

Dark-necked Tailorbird Cinenen belukar Orthotomus atrogularis

Rufous-tailed Tailorbird Cinenen merah Orthotomus sericeus

Ashy Tailorbird Cinenen kelabu Orthotomus ruficeps

Yellow-bellied Warbler Cikrak bambu Abroscopus superciliaris

Muscicapidae

Grey-chested Rhinomyias Sikatan-rimba dada-kelabu Rhinomyias umbratilis

Verditer Flycatcher Sikatan hijau-laut Eumyias thalassina

Indigo flycatcher Sikatan ninon Eumyias indigo

Little pied flycatcher Sikatan belang Ficedula westermanni

Rufous-chested Flycatcher Sikatan dada-merah Ficedula dumetoria

Dark Blue Flycatcher Sikatan besar Cyornis concretus

Hill Blue Flycatcher Sikatan cacing Cyornis banyumas

Bornean Blue Flycatcher Sikatan Kalimantan Cyornis superbus Least Concern Y

Sunda Blue Flycatcher Sikatan biru-langit Cyornis caerulatus Vulnerable

Malaysian Blue Flycatcher Sikatan Melayu Cyornis turcosus

Pygmy Blue Flycatcher Sikatan kerdil Muscicapella hodgsoni

Grey-headed Flycatcher Sikatan kepala-abu Culicicapa ceylonensis

Acanthizidae

Flyeater Remetuk laut Gerygone sulphurea

46

46

BIRDS


Monarchidae

Rufous-winged Philentoma Philentoma sayap-merah Philentoma pyrhopterum

Black-naped Monarch Kehicap ranting Hypothymis azurea

Asian Paradise-flycatcher Seriwang Asia Terpsiphone paradisi

White-throated Fantail Kipasan gunung Rhipidura albicollis

Pied Fantail Kipasan belang Rhipidura javanica

Spotted Fantail Kipasan mutiara Rhipidura perlata

Sittidae

Velvet-fronted Nuthatch Munguk beledu Sitta frontalis

Dicaeidae

Yellow-breasted Flowerpecker Pentis raja Prionochilus maculatus

Crimson-breasted Flowerpecker

Pentis pelangi Prionochilus percussus

Yellow-rumped Flowerpecker Pentis Kalimantan Prionochilus xanthopygius Least Concern Y

Scarlet-breasted Flowerpecke Pentis kumbang Prionochilus thoracicus

Yellow-vented Flowerpecker Cabai rimba Dicaeum chrysorrheum

Orange-bellied Flowerpecker Cabai bunga-api Dicaeum trigonostigma

Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker Cabai merah Dicaeum cruentatum

Zosteropidae

Everett's White-eye Kacamata belukar Zosterops everetti

Estrildidae

Dusky Munia Bondol Kalimantan Lonchura fuscans

Scaly-breasted Munia Bondol Peking Lonchura punctulata

Chestnut Munia Bondol Rawa Lonchura malacca

47

47

BIRDS


Nectariniidae

Plain Sunbird Burung-madu polos Anthreptes simplex

Brown-throated Sunbird Burung-madu kelapa Anthreptes malacensis

Red-throated Sunbird Burung-madu leher-merah Anthreptes rhodolaema

Ruby-cheeked Sunbird Burung-madu belukar Anthreptes singalensis

Purple-naped Sunbird Burung-madu rimba Hypogramma hypogrammi-cum

Olive-backed Sunbird Burung-madu sriganti Nectarinia jugularis

Crimson Sunbird Burung-madu sepah-raja Aethopyga siparaja

Scarlet Sunbird Burung-madu ekor-merah Aethopyga temminckii

Little Spiderhunter Pijantung kecil Arachnothera longirostra

Thick-billed Spiderhunter Pijantung kampung Arachnothera crassirostris

Long-billed Spiderhunter Pijantung besar Arachnothera robusta

Streaky-breasted Spiderhunter Pijantung gunung Arachnothera affinis

Corvidae

Common Green Magpie Ekek layongan Cissa thalassina

Crested Jay Tangkar ongklet Platylophus galericulatus

Black Magpie Tangkar kambing Platysmurus leucopterus

Bornean treepie Tangkar-uli Kalimantan Dendrocitta radiceus Near Threatened Y

Slender-billed Crow Gagak hutan Corvus enca

Large-billed crow Gagak kampung Corvus macrorhynchos

48

48

BOTANY

Surveys of all trees over 10cm diameter at breast

height were carried out at 2 of the 3 locations

(Hutan Desa Tumbang Tujang and Bora River).

Systematic surveys of the trees were carried out

by experienced members of the team and all iden-

tifications were made to species where possible by

Kursani. Local names were also recorded where

they were available.

The forest was surveyed in 3 habitats: ridge, valleys and riparian zones. All plots were 100x10m wide and

at least 2 plots were surveyed per habitat.

Measuring dbh

Table of summary data from Tumbang Tujang

SITE Number of species

Number of families

Average height (m)

Height range (m)

average dbh

dbh range

Hutan Desa Ridge

68 35 15.39 6-40 20.21 10.06 - 84.07

Hutan Desa Valley

53 25 19.12 6-35 24.20 10.38 - 64.07

Hutan Desa Riparian

66 15 16.3 6-40 27.97 10.44 - 100.82

Tujang Ladang Side

55 21 16.8 6-40 25.25 9.84 - 119.84

Mammal Plot 1

26 21 12.71 6-25 15.25 10.19 - 40.76

Mammal Plot 2

14 14 13.44 6-26 19.37 8.56 - 52.8

Mammal Plot 3

11 10 14.33 6-28 16.05 8.73 - 32.1

THE TEAM

Kursani, Dr Susan Cheyne, Dominic Rowland

49

49

BOTANY

SPECIES LIST FROM TUMBANG TUJANG

Family Species Local Name IUCN

Achariaceae Hydnocarpus sp 1

Hydnocarpus woodii

Anacardiaceae Gluta malayana Rangsan

Gluta motleyana Rangsan

Gluta sp Rangsan

Koordersiodendron pinnatum

Mangifera pajang Anjem Kelau

Parishia maingayi

Pentaspadon motleyi Palajau

Annonaceae Cyanthocalyx sp Critically Endangered

Mezzetia havilandii Kayu sampun Critically Endangered

Polyalthia glauca Lobi

Polyalthia sumatrana Lobi

Xylopia malayana Malajujut

Apocynaceae Alstonia sp Masubak

Dyera costulata Pantung

Gymnacranthera contracta Kumpang

Bombacaceae Durio sp Durian

Kostermansia sp.

50

50

BOTANY


Burseraceae Canarium littorale Mahusum Least concern

Canarium sp

Dacryodes rostrata

Santiria laevigata

Santiria rubiginosa

Santiria tomentosa

Calophyllaceae Calophyllum sp.

Calophyllum sp. 1 Pinaga

Cannabaceae Gironniera nervosa Nahum

Celastraceae Kokoona sp. 1

Centroplacaceae Bhesa paniculata

Chrysobalanaceae Maranthes corymbosa

Parinari sp. 1 Kayu batu

Clusiaceae Garcinia havilandii Manggis

Garcinia mangostana Manggis

Garcinia sp. Mundar

Garcinia dulcis Gandis

Garcinia grandifolia

Crypteroniaceae Crypteronia griffithii

Dilleniaceae Dillenia bornensis Jamehing

Dillenia sumatrana Tampuru Critically endangered

51

51

BOTANY


Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus cornutus Bajan Least concern

Dipterocarpus fagineus Bajan

Dipterocarpus pachyphyllus Bajan Endangered

Dipterocarpus palembanicus Bajan

Dipterocarpus sublamellatus Bajan

Dryobalanops aromatica Salompeng

Dryobalanops oblongifolia Salompeng

Hopea mengerawan Bangkirai

Hopea nutans

Hopea semicuneata Bangkinang

Hopea sp 1 Rasak

Hopea sp 1 Rasak Vulnerable

Hopea sp 2 Bangkirai Least concern - varieties

Hopea sumatrana Bangkirai

52

52

BOTANY


Shorea agamii Parupuk

Shorea atrinervosa Kayu batu

Shorea beccariana Kakawang

Shorea crassa Kayu batu

Shorea hemsleyana Lampung

Shorea kunstleri Kayu batu

Shorea laevis Kayu batu

Shorea leprosula Nyaru Bolu

Shorea macroptera Kayu batu

Shorea maxwelliana Least concern

Shorea multiflora Malcut

Shorea parvifolia Kayu batu

Shorea pauciflora Tahan Konot

Shorea platyclados Tuntung Saluang

Shorea sagitatta Tahan Lutup Data deficient

Shorea scrobiculata Kayu batu

Shorea seminis Palepek

Shorea sp Mangkabang

Shorea sp 1 Kayu batu

Shorea sp 1 Kayu batu

Shorea stenoptera

Vatica bella Rasak

Vatica micrantha Rasak

Vatica oblongifolia Rasak

Vatica sp 1

Vatica umbonata Rasak

53

53

BOTANY


Ebenaceae Diospyros argentea Merung

Diospyros confertiflora Menong

Diospyros sp Menong

Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus griffithii Bangkinang Endangered

Euphorbiaceae Blumeodendrom sp Least concern

Blumeodendrom tokbrai Data deficient

Macaranga beccariana Critically endangered

Macaranga hosei

Macaranga hypoleuca Mahang baputi

Macaranga triloba Mahang

Mallotus leucodermis Balanti

Mallotus muticus Balanti

Meuallotus echinanthus

Moultonianthus sp

Moultonianthus sp 2 Merrah

Neoscortechinia sp

Fagaceae Castanopsis megacarpa Kayu Ampit

Castanopsis sp 1 Takolok Ampit

Castanopsis sp 2 Tabalien Ampit

Lithocarpus sp1 Pampaning Least concern

54

54

BOTANY


Gentianaceae Fagraea racemosa

Hypericaceae Cratoxylum arborescens Erat

Lauraceae Beilschmiedia palembanica

Beilschmiedia sp.

Cryptocarya benangensis

Cryptocarya crassinervia Bahunei Daun Besar

Cryptocarya sp. 1

Dehaasia incrassata Penguan

Dehassia sp. Pangwan Critically endangered (endemic to Malaysia)

Eusideroxylon zwageri Tabalien (Ulin)

Phoebe grandis

Lecythidaceae Barringtonia lanceolata Prutap Gunung

Planchonia grandis

Leguminosae Dialium indum Kurangi

Dialium patens Kurangi

Koompassia malaccensis Ompas

Millettia albiflora Tampung Vulnerable

Ormosia sp

Parkia speciosa Petai Endangered

Parkia sp. Endangered

Sindora beccariana Marijang

Sindora coriacea Merijang

http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2408185

55

55

BOTANY


Lythraceae Lagerstroemia sp

Malvaceae Sterculia sp Kayu Gadang

Melastomataceae Astronia masubak Masubak

Memecylon sp Tameas Putih




Memecylon sp (daun besar merah) tamias

Memecylon sp1 Tameas

Memecylon sp1 Tameas

Memecylon sp1 Tameas Vulnerable

Pternandra coerulescens Brunsolan

Pternandra sp Jambu Burung

Meliaceae Aglaia ganggo Katatiwar Hutan

Sandoricum beccariana

Moraceae Artocarpus anisophyllus Papuan Endangered

Artocarpus elasticus Tarap

Artocarpus integer Tiwadak

Artocarpus kemando Tiwadak Banyo

Artocarpus nitidus Tumpang

Artocarpus odoratissimus Bintorong

Parartocarpus bracteatus Bintorong

http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2408185

56

56

BOTANY


Myristicaceae Horsfieldia sp. Kumpang

Knema hookerana Kumpang

Knema laurina Kumpang

Myristica lowiana Kampang

Myristica villosa Kumpang

Myrtaceae Rhodamnia cinerea Barun Sulan

Syzygium bankense Jambu

Syzygium polyanthum Mundu

Syzygium sp. 1 Jambu Burung

Syzygium sp. 2 Merrah Jambu burung

Syzygium sp. 2 Merrah Kangkuhis Hutan

Syzygium sp. 3 Jambu

Syzygium sp. 4 Jambu

Olacaceae Strombosia sp.

Oxaridaceae Santiria griffithii

Pentaphylacaceae Ternstroemia javanica

Pentaphylacaceae Ternstroemia wallichiana Vulnerable

57

57

BOTANY


Phyllanthaceae Aporosa lunata Mulok

Aporosa sp 1 Molok

Aporosa sp 2 Molok Sungai Critically Endangered

Baccaurea bracteata

Baccaurea macrocarpa Puwak/Mawi

Baccaurea reticulata Kalibun

Baccaurea sp

Glochidion superbum

Polygalaceae Xanthophyllum affine

Xanthophyllum amoenum

Xanthophyllum obscurum

Xanthophyllum palembanica

Xanthophyllum rufum

Xanthophyllum stipitatum Mallalin Least concern

Proteaceae Heliciopsis sp1

Putranjivaceae Drypetes pendula

Rosaceae Prunus javanica

Rubiaceae Canthium glabrum Kori Kopian

Gardenia tubifera

Neolamarckia cadamba Benkel Hutan

Porterandia anisophylla

Pternandra anisophylla

58

58

BOTANY


Sapindaceae Arytera sp

Nephelium cuspidatum Mariti Hutan (Rambutan)

Nephelium sp Tangkuis

Xerospermum noronhianum

Sapotaceae Madhuca magnifolia Puntik

Madhuca kingiana Least concern

Madhuca motleyana Puntik Least concern

Palaquium maingayi Puntik

Palaquium sp Puntik

Payena lucida Puntik Critically endangered

Pouteria sp

Theaceae Adinandra dumosa

Thymelaeaceae Gonystylus sp Ramin

Tiliaceae Microcos sp Jirak Danum

Pentace borneensis

Pentace glauca Senek

Pentace kingiana Sengek

http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/Lecythidaceae/

59

59

BOTANY

SUMMARY FROM BORA RIVER SITE

SITE Number of species

Number of families

Average height (m)

Height range (m)

average dbh dbh range

Bora Gibbon Site (opposite)

68 11 15.035 6-45 24.4586 10.19-91.08

Bora Ridge Plot 22 21 17.785 6-50 28.92675 9.55-152.86

Bora S.M. Plot 1 48 12 14.725 8-38 19.48726 10.31-58.59

Bora S.M. Plot 2 12 7 13.27 6-32 18.83758 9.87-46.49

Bora S.M. Plot 3 12 8 12.905 6-25 14.82166 10.5-20.95

Bora S.M. Plot 4 4 3 18.375 8-30 29.85669 11.14-64.64

Bora Sungai Satai 62 15 14.725 3-38 28.40446 10.19-116.24

Bora Valley Plot 25 15 17.88 8-37 24.34395 10.44-85.98

Murung gibbon site 30 13 18.065 6-45 23.28025 5.98-81.4

60

60

BOTANY


Anacardiaceae Buchaniania sp. Bakah Garih biowau

Campnosperma auriculata Tarangtang

Pentaspadon motleyi

Spondias cythera Bajan

Spondias sp.

Annonaceae Mezzetia havilandii

Polyalthia glauca Lobui

Apocynaceae Gymnacranthera contracta Kumpang

Gymnacranthera euginifolia Kumpang

Gymnacranthera sp. Kumpang

Tabernaemontana macrocarpa

Arecaceae Oncosperma horridum handiung

Pholidocarpus majadum Sirang

Bombacaceae Durio kutejensis Papakin Vulnerable

Durio oxleyanus Karatungen

Kostermansia malayana

Burseraceae Canarium sp.

Dacryodes rostrata

Dacryodes rugosa

Calophyllaceae Mesua sp. 1

Cannabaceae Gironniera nervosa

Celastraceae Kokoona sp.

Centroplacaceae Bhesa sp.

Chrysobalanaceae Licania sp.

Parinari oblongifolia Kayu abu

SPECIES FROM BORA RIVER SITE

http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/Arecaceae/

61

61

BOTANY


Cluseaceae Garcinia mangostana Mangis

Garcinia sp. 1

Garcinia dolcis Gandis

Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus conaserum

Dipterocarpus elaeocarpus

Dipterocarpus elongatus

Dipterocarpus fagineus Bajan Ohit

Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Bajan

Dipterocarpus lowii

Dipterocarpus oblongifolius Kacuhui

Dipterocarpus pachyphyllus Bajan

Dipterocarpus sublamellatus Bajan

Hopea mengerawan Critically Endangered

Hopea sp. 1

Shorea angustifolia

Shorea antrinervosa Kayu Batu

Shorea atrinervosa

Shorea beccariana Kakawang Gambir

Shorea crassa Kayu Batu

Shorea kunstleri Jangaan Critically endangered

Shorea macroptera Kakawang

Shorea palembanica Critically endangered - Light Red Meranti


62

62

BOTANY


Dipterocarpaceae Shorea parvifolia Lampung behas Endangered

Shorea scrobiculata Kayu batu

Shorea sp. Mangkabang

Shorea sp. Mangkabang

Shorea sp.1 Kayu batu

Shorea sp.2 Merrah Kalapeh

Shorea stenoptera Critically endangered

Shorea uliginosa Lampung Vulnerable

Shorea xanthophyla Critically endangered

Vatica cinerea Rassak

Vatica mangachapoi Endangered

Vatica micrantha Rasak

Vatica oblongifolia Rasak

Vatica sumatrana Rassk

Vatica umbellata Rasak Least concern

Ebenaceae Diospyros merung

Diospyros siamang Merung

Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus griffithii Bangkinang

Elaeocarpus sp.1 Bangkinang


63

63

BOTANY


Euphorbiaceae Macaranga conifera

Macaranga hosei Mahang bahangdang

Macaranga hosei Mahang bahangdang

Macaranga hypoleuca

Mallotus echinanthus Kalumpai pohing

Mallotus leucodermis Balanti

Mallotus sp. Balanti

Moultonianthus esinatus

Moultonianthus sp

Neoscortechinia forbesii

Blumeodendrom sp. 1

Fagaceae Castanopsis inermis

Lithocarpus sp. Pampaning

Lamiaceae Teijsmanniodendron sp.

Lauraceae Ctenophyllum sp.

Dehaasia firma Panguwan

Dehassia incrassata Pangwang

Lecythidaceae Abdulmajidia chaniana Vulnerable

Barringtonia lanceolata

Planchonia grandis

Planchonia sp.


64

64

BOTANY


Leguminosae Dialium indum Kurangi

Dialium keranji Kurangi

Dialium patens Kurangi

Dialium sp.

Koompassia malaccensis Ompas Least concern

Millettia albiflora Tampang

Sindora beccariana marijang Data deficient

Lythraceae Duabanga sp. Binuang

Malvaceae Heritiera simplicifolia Lambing

Sterculia rubiginosa

Melastomataceae Memecylon laurinium

Pternandra barunsulan

Pternandra sp. 1 Barun Sulan

Pternandra sp. 2 Salompeng

Astronia sp.

Meliaceae Meszetia sp. 1

Sandoricum beccariana

Moraceae Artocarpus elasticus

Artocarpus kemando Tiwadak Banyo

Artocarpus nitidus Tampang

Artocarpus sp.

Parartocarpus aurophilus


65

65

BOTANY


Myristicaceae Horsfieldia irya Least Concern

Knema hookerana Kumpang Vulnerable

Knema latifolia Kumpang Least Concern

Myristica eliptica Kumpang Least Concern

Myristica sp Kumpang

Myristica villosa Kumpang daraya

Knema percourisa

Myristica gigantea Kumpang Near Threatened

Myrtaceae Eugenia griffithii jambu burung

Eugenia polyantha Mundu

Eugenia polyantha Mundu

Syzygium sp 1 Putih Jambu Burung

Syzygium sp 2 Jambu Burung

Syzygium sp daun kecil Jambu burung

Syzygium sp2 Merrah Jambu Burung

Tristaniopsis merguensis Palawan

Pentaphylacaceae Ternstroemia sp

Phyllanthaceae Aporosa sp Mollok

Baccaurea bracteata Rambui hutan

Baccaurea macrocarpa Maui


66

66

BOTANY


Polygalaceae Xanthophyllum vitellinum

Xanthophyllum apinea

Xanthophyllum bullatum

Xanthophyllum griffithii

Xanthophyllum obscurum

Xanthophyllum palembanica

Xanthophyllum rufum

Xanthophyllum stipitatum

Proteaceae Helica robusta

Helica sp 1

Rubiaceae Canthium peralabum

Sapotaceae Planchonella obovata Puntik

Pouteria sp Puntik

Palaquium sp1 Hangkang

Symplocaceae Symplocos ramosissima Jirak bangkai

Thymelaeaceae Amyxa pluricornis


67

67

SOCIAL Andrea Hoeing

SOCIAL TEAM

Iis Sabahudin, Erisa Maranata Muray, Andhi Suncoko, Deni Doang and Andrea Hoeing

INTRODUCTION

The social science part of BRINCC was conducted in two villages along the Barito/ Murung river:

Tumbang Tujang and Kalasin, which belong both to the Murung Raya regency, sub-district Uut Murung,

Central Kalimantan, Indonesia.

The social team stayed from 10th of July- 17th August 2011 in Tumbang Tujang and from 18th August to

22nd September 2011 in Kalasin. The team consisted of five members (4 Indonesian students (2 from

“Universitas Indonesia (UI)”, Jakarta and 2 from “Institute Pertanian Bogor (IPB)”, Bogor and 1 German

student from Georg-August Universität, Göttingen).

The aim of the work of the social team was to get a better idea of the life of the communities in the two

villages, to learn about the village history, livelihoods, the local perception of the importance of nature;

the work further included mapping of stakeholders, as well as learning about already existing programs

in the area. Needs and potential threats to communities and their environment were assessed. Further

the team facilitated the villagers to create a sketch map of the area in which they draw important places

for their lives and trained some persons in each village how to use a GPS which was then borrowed to

the community for ~1 year so that they get the possibility to create more detailed maps. With the help

of sketch maps BRINCC created professional GIS maps including all the information the villagers want to

be presented in the map which are now returned to the villages for rechecking if everything is right.

When the final maps are confirmed by the communities, they can be used for example to support the

spatial planning process in the area or to claim community forest areas..

All data from Focus group discussions were left in the village, in the house of the BPD – representative of

the village (T.Tujang) and the SekDes – secretary of the village (Kalasin).

68

68

SOCIAL

METHODS

After introducing the whole team in the villages asking for permission to carry out the research and

talking about aims and perspectives of the expedition, the forest team left and the social team started

their work.

In the first days the main task was to socialise with the villagers and to collect general information about

life in the villages. Therefore informal chatting and interviews were conducted.

At the same time the introductory meeting of the social team was conducted where the villagers were

invited. This meeting included:

the introduction of the team (what we planned to do in the next weeks and why we came)

discussion about the maps (what kind of maps they want/need and what are areas of interest

to be mapped)

creating a time line of the village history

dividing in different focus groups (regarding their work) to continue with focus group

discussions in the next days to weeks

Focus group discussions

We divided the different kind of jobs into 4 main categories in which we met for Focus group discussions

in which we facilitated (which meant we tried to interact as little as possible, we explained the exercise

and helped if there were questions, but the exercise was carried out by the community) 3 exercises:

Mata Pencaharian – livelihood (in this exercise the group started filling in a table:

different kind of job, commodity, working steps, tools and materials used and the involvement of

different actors: community, trader, NGO, government)

Kalender Musim – seasonal calendar (the seasonal calendar shows in which months the people can

conduct their work + which months are preferred, problems which occur and other things which can

influence the work were also listed) .

Additional information were collected by the Indonesian students with focus on their interests about tra-

ditions and culture by Erisa Maranata Muray and Iis Sabahudin, on environmental politics by Andhi

Sucoko and on social economics by Deni Doang .

69

69

SOCIAL

METHODS

Peta sketsa – sketch map (the sketch map was

started with a blank sheet of paper in which

the first focus group draw the basic elements

for orientation such as rivers, lakes,

mountains, the village, roads, etc.. Those

information could be corrected any time or by

any focus group. After general information the

group draw the areas where they work and

could add any other area of interest for

example sacred sites, springs, anything which

was not included yet).

In the end we asked if everybody agrees with the map and said that it is a dynamic map which can be

changed if people remember places which were forgotten.

Questionnaires

Another part of the research which the team conducted were Questionnaires to collect individual

opinions on different topics: such as the level of life, livelihood, perception on nature, perception on

outsiders coming to the village, etc.. We asked a minimum of 5 people per each of the five groups (groups

were divided in woman and man and age classes (20-39, 40-open end) plus one group with people in

leading positions in the village.

Pebble Distribution Method

Another “game” was conducted in which we looked for a mixed group of people (male and female, young

and old) in an informal meeting, mostly while they were gathering in the afternoon or evening on the

street or in front of houses. We then evaluated the relative importance of different habitat types to fulfil

different needs. The Pebble distribution method was used for collecting this data.

A focus group discussions in Kalasin

70

70

SOCIAL

GPS training

We parallel trained villagers who were interested in

learning how to use the GPS device and one person each

village how to backup the data.

We then conducted several trips to GPS reference the

sketch map and to be able to create a GIS map.

Children and BRINCC

The social team did additionally work for example teaching

school children (mainly in the primary school, which was

present in both villages, as well as teaching children which

were on holiday from junior high school) English and do

games (for example the gibbon game from the BRINCC

booklet) to involve environmental education. These task

were in Kalasin (where the social team consisted of two people in the meantime) heavily supported by

the forest team. Learning from and teaching the children (especially in Tumbang Tujang where we had

more time and a bigger team) further included teaching how to make bracelets and learning from the

children, who took us on a forest walk, about their knowledge of plants, animals, hunting and farming

methods.

GPS training afternoon with villagers in Kalasin.

Teaching English to school kids in Tumbang Tujang (left) and Kalasin (right)

71

71

SOCIAL

Mapping and the hutan desa

In the first meeting, we discussed about the points of interest to the local communities. In Tumbang

Tujang we found out that the villagers already established an area which is called hutan desa – village

forest which is managed in a sustainable way mainly to protect the spring where the villagers get their

drinking water supply from. The villagers now need to map the boundaries to get it formally

acknowledged as hutan desa.

In Kalasin people were not sure about the definition of a hutan desa as in their opinion all the forest

within the village boundaries would be the hutan desa and should belong to them. We had some

discussion with what kind of map they want to start and mapped the spring on the other side of the

village which is most important for drinking water supply.

The water problem

In both villages the water from the Barito river cannot be drunk any more. People complained about

stomach problems after drinking Barito water. To get access to the springs people from both villages

need boats. In Kalasin the water can be taken from the small river opposite of Kalasin. In Tumbang Tujang

the villagers have to use a boat with engine and drive up to 15 minutes down stream to collect water

from a spring in the hutan desa. There are some small springs around Tumbang Tujang, which cannot be

used to support the whole village and which are therefore often assigned to several families or

neighbourhoods. Some people who cannot afford to use a boat (petrol is very expensive) have to drink

Barito river water and get sick. In Tumbang Tujang there is already a plan with the help of the

government to establish a water pipe from the spring in the hutan desa for better water supply in the

village.

Nature and Communities

To full fill their daily needs people from both villages are almost all 100% dependent on the surrounding

forest. For water supply as mentioned above, for hunting, collecting firewood, wood for building their

houses, searching for traditional medicine, fishing in estuaries of small rivers and the Barito river and for

farming which is necessary for their rice and vegetable supply.

RESULTS

72

72

SOCIAL

In both villages people feel that numbers of animals

and plant species declined in the past 5 years. Rarely

people felt there was an increase of species. In Kalasin

people already feel a change in nature and got

problems with pests in their forest gardens since

2006. Thus most people of both communities are very

aware of the necessity for nature conservation.

Influence of markets

Both villages are already connected to the national

and international market. The influence from

outsiders changed the nature-people interaction.

The previously sustainable livelihoods in the

villages changed to a more market oriented and

dependent lifestyle. Commodities include meat,

animal parts, fish, birds (rarely), wood, gold and

jewels.

In Tumbang Tujang the main sources of income are gold,

jewels and Gaharu (Agar wood or Eagle wood) in Kalasin

main sources are Ulin (Iron wood)/Meranti and Gaharu.

Companies acting in the area were previously mainly timber

companies, but surveys for coal mining are now taking place

as well. People from both villages felt that companies in the

past did not care about customary laws and cut down

customary wood without asking for permission.

The government has several programs to help the

communities, for example are schools for children in

Murung Raya free of school fees.

73

73

SOCIAL

Some potential outcomes of the social projects

After finishing all the analysis, we hope to have a better overview on needs and threats to the

community and nature. We will further have a map showing the social importance of the area as well as

combined with the biodiversity teams results areas of high conservation value regarding the species

abundance.

Other outcomes of this study are capacity building and training of (this time just few people, but

hopefully in the future more) villagers to use GPS devices.

Hopefully the maps BRINCC

creates will help the

communities to claim their

hutan desa, so that their

water supply will be secured

for the future. A possibility

for Kalasin would be to track

the boundaries of the hutan

adat – traditional land

protected by customary law,

already descendants estate

from their ancestors, even though it cannot be protected formally (e.g. if there is already a logging

concession). Operating companies could still be asked to respect traditions and avoid those areas with

exact boundaries.

After assessing main needs and threats to both communities and nature we hope through data sharing

and collaboration with local governments, NGOs to develop a conservation program for the area.

M. Zrust

74

74

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Barito Initiative for Nature Conservation and Communities would like to thank the following people and organizations (in no particular order) without whom the expedition could not have happened:

AZA Ape Tag, WildCRU (Professor David McDonald), Clouded Leopard Project, Lewin Education, Fauna &Flora International (Godwin Limberg and Darmawan Liswanto and Ratu), The Zoological Society of London (Laura D’Arcy), Centre for the International Cooperation in Sustainable Management of Tropical Peatlands (Dr Suwido and Yunsiska Ermiasi , Bupati Murung Raya, OuTrop (Simon Husson), BioQuip (Celia Whitman), LIPI (Dr Rosichon Ubaidillah and Dr Djunijanti Peggie), The Maryland Entomological Society (Fred Paras, Phil Kean and Eugene Scarpulla), German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), Dr Matthias Waltert, Laura D'Arcy, Dr Irendra Radjawali and Emeline, Indonesian Ministry of Science and Technology and the Indonesian Department of Forestry, Jaringan Kerja Permetaan Partisipatif (JKPP Palangkaraya), Yayasan Tambuhak Sinta (Horma), Institute Pertanian Bogor (Pak Sadiwibowo), Pak Bani, Ibu Bani, Ibu Rita, Ibu Yetti, Pak Hadi, Marie Hammard, Nick Brickle, WWF Palangkaraya (Pak Ambang), Waldhofschule in Templin, Pak Sion, Pak Jaya, Pak Cali, Royal Geographical Society (Shane Winser), Steve Oliver, Dr David Chivers, Rupert Ridgeway, Stephen Edwards, Dr Gregory Ball, Lindy Thompson, Dr Konstans Wells, Dr Erik Meijaard, Professor Shukor Md. Nor, Andy Royle, Dr Jay Malcolm, Dr Robert Anthony, Dr Robert Parmenter, and Dr Eric Rexstad, Professor Dankmar Bӧhning, Dr Murray Efford, Dr David Borchers, Professor Steve Buckland, and Dr Paul M. Lukacs. Of course we would like to thank those who joined our research: Leni Mentari Dewi, Suparjan, Junaidi Shalat, Andhi Suncoko, Iis Sabahudin, Deny Doang, Erisa Maranata Murray, Laurio Leonald, Edwin Hermawan, Mila Rahmania, Muhammad Saputra (Yunus), Juli Setiawan, Kursani. We are indebted and forever grateful to the communities of the villages of Tumbang Tujang and Kalasin without whose support the research would not have been possible. You made us feel at home and let us become family and friends. Our corporate sponsors: "BioQuip Products is pleased to have our collecting gear and books be part of the BRINCC Expedition. As the premier producer of entomological supplies, BioQuip has been dedicated to advancing the study of insects by providing quality products, books and customer service for 64 years" “LED Lenser are proud to support this exciting expedition to the Bornean Highlands. Such gruelling expeditions deserve the very best equipment and that is why LED Lenser torches will be on the journey. LED Lenser - the world's best technology in the world's best torches.” “Heightec’s rope access equipment will be essential in the vital work of surveying small mammals on BRINCC Expedition. The state of the art equipment will allow the biodiversity team access to the canopy with equipment that is safe, reliable and can withstand the jungle environment”

75

75

THANK YOU!

www.brinccexpedition.org

CONTACT US

[email protected]

OUR BLOG

http://brinccexpedition.blogspot.com

ON TWITTER

http://twitter.com/BRINCCexped

ON FACEBOOK

Search “BRINCC Expedition”

OUR SUPPORTERS AND SPONSORS

brincc prelim report english

Documents