a

BRIEFING

. I I . . . , III I b•

Ii I 1 I . 1 L .

This briefing is part of Amnesty International's worldwide campaign for the internationalprotection of human rights.

Throughout the world thoUsands of people are in prison because of their beliefs. Many areheld without charge or trial. Torture and executions are widespread. In many countries men,women and children have "disappeared" after being taken into official custody. Still othershave been put to death without any pretence of legality: selected and killed by governmentsand their agents.

These abuses—taking place in countries of widely differing ideologies—demand an inter-national response. The protection of human rights is a universal responsibility, transcendingthe boundaries of nation, race and belief. This is the fundamental principle upon which thework of Amnesty International is based.

Amnesty International is a worldwide movement independent of any government,political persuasion or religious creed. It plays a specific role in the internationalprotection of human rights:

it seeks the release of prisoners of conscience. These are people detained fortheir beliefs, colour, sex, ethnic origin, language or religion who have not usedor advocated violence;

it works for fair and prompt trials for all political prisoners and on behalf ofpolitical prisoners detained without charge or trial;

it opposes the death penalty and torture or other cruel, inhuman or degradingtreatment or punishment of all prisoners without reservation.

Amnesty International is impartial. It does not support or oppose any government orpolitical system, nor does it support or oppose the views of the prisoners whose rights itseeks to protect. It is concerned solely with the protection of the human rights involvedin each case, regardless of the ideology of the government or the beliefs of the victims.

Amnesty International, as a matter of principle, condemns the torture and execution ofprisoners by anyone, including opposition groups. Governments have the responsibilityfor dealing with such abuses, acting in conformity with international standards for theprotection of human rights.

Amnesty International does not grade governments according to their record on humanrights: instead of attempting comparisons it concentrates on trying to end the specificviolations of human rights in each case.

Amnesty International has an active worldwide membership, open to anyone whosupports its goals. Through its network of members and supporters Amnesty Interna-tional takes up individual cases, mobilizes public opinion and seeks improved interna-tional standards for the protection of prisoners.

Amnesty International's work is based on the United Nations Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights. The organization has formal relations with the United Nations (ECOSOC),UNESCO, the Council of Europe, the Organization of African Unity and the Organizationof American States.

a

First issued January 198$

Amnesty International Publications 1 Easton Street

London WC1X IIDJ United Kingdom

Al Index: AMR 46/01/85 ISBN: 0 86210 0801

Cover photograph: see page 1

0 Copyright Amnesty International Publications. Original language English. All rights reserved. No partof this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by anymeans, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise, without the prior permission ofthe publishers.

Printed by Redesign, 9 London Lane, London Ell

Peru

Pampas•JUNIN

Ecuador ColombiaPenis departments -- the

E mergency Zone (shaded)

comprises provinces in

Huancavehca 1). Ayacucho 2 )

and Apurimac C31

HUANCAVEL ICA ICO

TA6

6Huancavehca •

Acoha mha

Julcamarca

HUANCAVELICA ANGARAE.411

Totos

Aya• cucho

HUAMANGA

Soccos

LA MAR

Vilcanchos

VICTORFAJARDO

•Sac samarc a

Canaria

AYACUCHO

2

Chile

LA CONVENCION

• PichanSivia

NA ,

Ocros vCA,•

CANGALLO

ChltCangallo IcherosS

• • AndahuaylasHuancapi

Vilcashuaman

LUCANAS

•

Castrovirreyna

CASTROVIRRE YNA

APURIMAC

Emergency ZoneHlIciricayn

•

HUANCAYO

AYACAJA

HUANTA

Lima

Luisianas

San Miguel a

Pucayacu

* lamb()Huanta

CUZCO

•

Puquio

Provinces called HuancaSancos and Vilcashuaman areto be formed from districts nowin Cangallo and Victor Fajardoprovinces

Departments in bold capitals(e.g. AYACUCHO); provinces inlight capitals (e.g. HUANTA).

Hundreds of men, women and children are reported to have been victims of political killingsby government forces in the remote provinces of Peru's Andean Emergency Zone, and morethan 1,000 people have "disappeared" there since the area came under a political-militarycommand in December 1982.

Human rights violations of this scale are unprecedented in modern Peru. They haveoccurred against the background of armed conflict between government forces and theSendero Luminoso (Shining Path) guerrilla movement, which has conducted a campaign ofatrocities, including "executions", mutilations and torture of unarmed civilians.

The Peruvian public was slow to give full credit to first reports of secret mass gravescontaining the bodies of people killed by the security forces, of roadside dumping grounds forbodies, of torture and reprisal killings by police, army and navy personnel. The inaccessibilityof the zone acted as a kind of insulation and the position was further clouded by the fact thatShining Path was operating there. Eventually, however, protest at what was happeningbecame nationwide.

The armed forces continued through 1984 to violate human rights in the zone with virtualimpunity; the government has done little to control them.

However, grim as the details are, there remain grounds for hope: the pattern of humanrights abuses does appear to be confined to one specific area, the Emergency Zone-13 out ofmore than 140 provinces - and Peru's Public Ministry, headed by the Attorney General, iscontinuing to make determined efforts to bring the facts out into the open.

In this briefing, Amnesty International deals specifically with "disappearances" andpolitical killings by government forces in the Emergency Zone.

isappearances' and political killingsby govern ent forces

in eru's ndean ergency one

COVER PHOTOGRAPH shows a family from a peasant community in Ayacucho departmentholding a wake for a "disappeared" relative whom they presume to be dead. His clothes are allthey have left of him. Such ceremonies for "disappeared" men, women and children havebecome frequent in the Emergency Zone since December 1982. Hi pub/h“

On 26 December 1982 nine highlandprin. inces ol Pertis Ayacucho, Apun mac and

Huanca% elica departments. s%here a guerrilla

gmup calling itself Sendero LuminovoShining Path) 51/4IS ICtISe, were placed under

military rule. A Political Military Command

((omando Politico - Militar) headed by an

army general was esuiblished to administer

the Emergency Zone's political affairs and to

ci)ordinate a coumer insurgency offensi‘e,integrating police, military and ei . ilian

irregular forces. Army and na% al officers were

appointed as Political Military ('hielS (Jefi's

Politico - Militares) at the provincial and

district le‘ el throughout the /one. and encilian

authorities in nany peasant conunimities were

replaced by military appointees. -Hie

EmergencyZone was later expanded to I I,

and, in 1984, to 13 ol Perils nnue than 140pro inces. Hie /one is under the overall

contriil of the etmimand based in the regional

army headquarters in the departmentalcapital, Ayacucho.

Amnesty international has compiled

documentation on 1,005 cases Of reported- disappearance.' after detention in the

Emergency Zone that appear to remainunresok ed. Basic inkirmation on each of

these cases is set out in an appendix to this

briefing: nine unresok ed cases are describedon pages 13. 14 and 15. Cases of reported

2

- disappearance- yy hich fire know n to hay e

been resift\ ed thy( nigh the prisoner'', I eleaSe

in court ;11e not included in the

appendix

I he lull nundei ot um esoly ed cases of

thsappeared" prisoners since Jaiun ir I WO

nlit lar higher than tht Ise Amnesty

I n N.^ rnatt(mill has been able to dr wilment

NI an -thsappearances- in the more remote

areas ot (he largely roadless Inghlands may go

unreported because of the great distances to he

trio tiled reach the region's tiny rvii and en les.

and the pineal y and illiteracy ot many ot the

tennis and their Lunde,. Reporting ol

"dhappearances.. has also been restricted by

the threat ot eposal hy securitY torces against

(amines or peasant communities that report

human rights abuse

I he minder! ot political killings by

gmeminent torces in the E inergency /one

smce January 1983 is also difficult to

estimate. Amnesty International has TeceRed

information on 420 Ind\ iduals named as

h ing been detained and subsequently founddead, w here these and other circumstances

suggest strongly that they were ictims

extrajudicial executli n. he include Carlm

Amid Torres and his %kite Rey na Cervantes

de Auqua detained on 9 and 10 Nmember

198? respecto ely. and peasant leader Jesus

Oropeta Chonta, detained mi 27 July 1984

(see page I 3 for the Oropeza case).

Condition of bodiesIn most cases of political killings in the

Emergency Zone believed to Moe been

carried out by government forces. the hodies

III the victims, w hgn found, are naked, marked

by torture, and with single gunsluit wounds to

the heal; in many cases the victims are found

blindfolded and with their hands hound

behind their backs. Many ictims arc

unidentifiable: their clothing has heen

destroyed. features mutilated. and bodies

dumped far from the scene of detention, in

areas where relatives are unlikely to travel.The scale of the killings may be gauged

partly by the large numher of secret mass

graves and roadside body dumping grounds.

At these sites, unidentifiable bodies are

frequently thund with the bodies of persons

positively identified by their families; these

latter victims had previously been reported

as detained by government forces and had

"disappeared...

Such sites include the dumping grounds of

- Paracuti- and "Infiernillo-, outside Aya,

cucho, where many of the victims have been

identified as "disappeared- prisoners, and the

mass graves found in August 1984 at

Pucayacu, in ithanta, where at least one Of the

50 victims was reportedly identified as a

prisoner detained by government forces who

had "disappeared' over a month before.

Goy eminent statistics on deaths it ascribed

to armed clashes between guerrilla groups and

the police and military may pros ide a further

idea of the lev el of extrajudicial executions in

This briefing deals specifically with theextrajudicial execution and the "dis-appearance" of prisoners in theEmergency Zone. Both are phenomenaAmnesty International has observed,on the present scale, only since 26

December 1982. and only in the 13provinces administered by the AyacuchoPolitical-Military Command. Theorganizatioif s other concerns in Peruare dealt with in other AmnestyInternational reports see the annual4 mnestr International Report.

The movement has received reports ofscores of killings in Peru by the ShiningPath guerrilla movement and it hassought to make clear to the PeruvianGovernment and to the general publicthat Amnesty International condemnsunder any circumstances the torture andkilling of prisoners by anyone, sy hetheragents of the government or organ-izations such as Shining Path.

Amnesty International recognizesthat it is the responsibility of thePeruvian Government under nationaland international law to prevent and topunish crimes of violence, whether of a

Extrajudicial executions are unlawfuland deliberate killings carried out bygovernments or with their complicity.Amnesty International uses the term todistinguish these political killings bygovernments from the "judicial" deathpenalty, the execution of a deathsentence imposed by a court. It also dis-tinguishes them from deaths resultingfrom the use of reasonable force in lawenforcement, as permitted undernational and international legal standards,and from killings not forbidden underinternational humanitarian law inarmed conflict

Many political killings by governmentshave been concealed because thevictims have "disappeared": Amnesty

the Emergency Zone. Communiques tit the

Ayacucho Political-Military Command regu-

larly report the killing of scores of people

described only as '•guerrillas.' the reports fail

to identify the dead or to detail the

circumstances of killings, nor do they reler to

purported guerrillas taken primmer. or

Wounded and mit killed.

Statistics issued by the Ministry of the

Interior similarly report the killing of hundreds

of guerrillas, all purportedly in armed clashes,

without issuing names or further details: in

1981 two guerrillas were reported killed: in

1982, 381in 1983, 1.435. Statistics issued tr

political or other nature hut all such

government actions have to be inconformity with international standardsfor the protection of human rights.

Amnesty International's mandate (see

inside front cover) is based on humanrights principles proclaimed by theinternational community through theUnited Nations and other intergovernmental bodies. These internationalstandards define the obligations ofgovernments in protecting the rights ofindividuals. It is the principal role ofAmnesty International to ensure thatgovernments respect these commitments.

When governments curtail the humanrights Amnesty International defends,the organization urges them to take allnecessary steps to restore these rights.

Where offences are committed byopposition groups, Amnesty Interna-tional considers that it is within thejurisdiction of governments to determinecriminal responsibility and to bringthose responsible to justice. The exerciseof such authority by states must conformto their commitments in internationallaw.

International considers that a "dis-appearance" has occurred wheneverthere are reasonable grounds to believethat a person has been taken intocustody by the authorities or with theirconnivance and the authorities denythat the victim is in custody.

"Disappearances" and political kill-ings by governments are frequentlyconnected. Often victims of extrajudicialexecution are secretly abducted beforebeing killed; the "disappearance" dis-guises the killing.

A "disappearance" may be resolvedby the authorities' acknowledging thevictim's detention or by the detainee'srelease or reappearance in prison or incourt.

the first six months of 1984 indicated the

killing of at least 600 people alleged to be

guerrillas.

1fie pattern of got, eminent reporting tin

guerrilla casualties plus ev idence on

indiY 'dual political killing by the security

forces that Amnesty Intennitional has

examined, raises the tear tlhit many ol the

indi‘ 'duals reported to Italie been guerrillas

killed in armed dashes may. in fact haye been

icums of extrajudicial execution. killed atter

capture by or surrender to government forces

and that in any may not lime been guerrillas at

all.

Wu scope r it political kilIiiits hy

gin comment torces in the I MO L1010 /onc. an

i mportant c1'n5ider:0nm is the pattern (O

y dence exhibited hy viten Ila hides

shining path group outlined lurthef below.

in early I 982 Shining Path adopted a practice

ot capture and public execimon st‘ le

ludo 'duals it determined to be Its enemies

Most e xecution styhe k Wings hy guerrillas that

come hi Amnesty Internatiomils

allentii in hi:ie been dirtied out in public. olten

betore assembled y Magers, and Inv °Is ed%it ell kiiink II to their there

w ere no reported iittempts to make the y Ictinis

unidentifiable. and the guerrilla perpetrattirs

tit ere rep lilted hme stated platnly iii

political speeches ;Ind ceremonies that the)

had carried out the killings In some eases.

guerrillas hay e reportedly earned out mass

xecution sty le killings, reprisals against

(mine ca immunities helie ed to hay e

etillahorated Wild the security seta ices

CondemnationIn 1983 Amnesty International reported in

its publications the killing ot at least (17

captured menders ol the I Aleanamatca

peasant communities by Shining Path, and

man-meal the Perm ian ( emment andpublic that a condemned such killings. Hie

movement condemns the killing or torture of

tIi captoc, w holier bY agents of a

gm et nillent or of any other organ!, ation,

including aimed re% olutionary groups.

Amnesty International continues to be

concerned :dont et idence ol execution sty le

killings hy Shining Path guerrillas. hut has

been unable to estimate the numbers ot these

killings. Ministry ot the Interior statistics

attributed three en than deaths to guerrilla

torces in 1981: 56 in 1982: 433 in 19831 and

an estimated 1,200 tor the lirst six months of

1984.

sekeral cases. howey et'. gm eminent

reporting attributed political killings by gm ern

ment forces to guerrillas. [hese included cases

such as that of Soccos, in Iluamanga

ploy ince. in which 47 men, women and

children were killed and secretly buried in

Nos ember 1983. This was attributed to

guerrillas hv the Political Military Command

and the NIinistry of Interior. but in September

1984 independent investigators trom the

otlice 01 the pew% ian Attorney General made

public conclusay e ey idence that the Co

G uard had been responsible.

Similarly. In ,August 1984, v. hen the bodies

ot 50 people w ere discm tried at Pucayacu.

I uanta pioy ince, the Perm ian armed lorces

issued an inunediate communique attributing

the mass burial to Shining Path guerrillas,

despite et, idence that some ol the y icums had

last been seen in got eminent custody.

I he true les el ot pendia t. iolence and of

political killing, hy go‘ eminent torces mat

lie' et he know n.

Government troops shout to remose a ShiningPath red flag from a pole in the Emergencv/one. I he message reads: "lie who takes downthis flag will be executed in the Wars of SantaAna. I he central plata." Shining Path guerrillashase carried out scores of public execution-stsle

before assembled %Wagers. i i k,v'JP'Ir. !.

hebackground(M I 8 l'sla I )'<(). Peru held its first presiden

tial elections since a coup in 1968 hegan 12

) ears ol military rule. Election day 18 May

1980 as the date chosen by the then little

know n Shining Path guerrilla group for its first

armed :town. As Pertn, tans oted for the first

time in oy er a decade. Shining Path burned

hallo( boxes at the Y illage of Chuschi. in the

remote highland department of Ayacucho.

On 28 July 1980 Perds Constitution 01

I 979 came into force and President Fernando

Belaunde Terry began his lis e year

presidential tenni. -I-Throughout the balance of

1980 and 1981 Shining Path guerrillas

htmlbed gm entitled titriceSi electricity

trailminission towers. and other state owned

property. Official reports attributed tw er

,000 bombings to Shining Path by the end of

1981, as yr, ell as tine killing in 1980 and 11 in

1981 (including security forces casualties).In May 1982 Shining Path turned to

sy stematic killing. Their prime targets w ere

Emergency ZoneThe 13 provinces in the EmergencyZone are: Huanta, La Mar. Huamanga,Cangallo, Victor Fajardo and Lucanas(Ayacucho department); Andahuaylasand C hincheros (Apurimac department):Angaraes, Tayacaja, Acobamba,Huancavelica and Castrovirreyna(Huancavelica department).

3

security torces pers. innel. intl oth s tt, horn

!he elauned v ere yt yr

it alto! s. h, the people If :it al goy eminent

'tl ictal'. peasant community and lab( fin

communi ties. ci than \ lit ere

ilritt landlords tnytintam

',wed, put through mock it als and then

became ictims of execution st \ le killings In

l9R2 gos eminent statistics stilts\ ed •41

CI\ Watts and 36 memhers 01 the securitx

lorces as hal mg been ktlled hy Shining Path

guerrillas

for IcLlia..tiglien ailment iesponded hx depit ing

the ( ( Limit' s elite counter insurgencx

Borallon S'irwhi. in the Mountain

areas ol Ay acucho and neigh!), niring

departments w here the giterrillas xscie aiti\e

In March 1981 it Liss Agaitml I et-nuns:ft

Decree 046. came into torce w Inch made

punishable a broad range ot clinics delined as

acts 'II terrorism Virtuallv all political

prisoners* detained since then ha tic been

charged w '•terrin stit Utley include NI ale

indisiduals hom Ainnestx Intern:0k inal

belies es to be prisoners 01 conscience

Bet‘seen 1980 and December 1982.

A ninest?, international teietl. eti tew reports of

extranidicial executions yr -disappearances. .

eN ell :ther the declaration Id a state oh

I.' titenge tics and the suspension ot some

constitutional guarantees in March 1982 in

nine pry t, inces in the departments ot

A> acuctio. Huancas elica and Apurimac.

This changed dramatically v. ithin the first

eeks of January 1983. As arms and nas al

forces hecame directls involved in counter-

insurgency in the Emergency tme. a pattern

ot extrajudicial execution emerged. and

detentnm procedures leading to -disappear

ances- became routine.

AppealsIn the first months of 1983 AmnestyInternational acted on behalf ot a number of

Perm ians, mostly minors under 18. vt ho \here

reptirted to hat e been detained by ided

security personnel in the city ol Ayacucho.

Elie authorities denied that the detentions had

taken place. Howe er, some ot the detainees

w ere freed after has ing been held sect etly tOr

social weeks.

*Amnesty International uses the term

'political pristine('to reter to any One A ho is

imprisoned in a case ill V.. Inch the mom ation

01 the authorities of the acts or mons, ation

tor the acts ot the prisoner appear to be

International doe, not use

the termil to denote a particular legal status,

.dthough it recogm/es that some national

legislations ploy ide a legal definition of the

term.Amnesty International opposes torture or

eveeution in all cases It ad tkiates lair and

prompt trials ttar all politIcal pummels. It

seeks the unconditional release only ot

"prisoners fit conseiencc.. see definition on

inside Inuit On Or

PERU BRIEFING PERU BRIEFING

Scope of this briefing Shining Path

Extrajudicial executions, 'disappearances'

4 PERU BRIEFING PERU BRIEFING 5

'Disappearance' of journalist\ \ lI1itIfl.IthTIjI Al„." Appe,d,

\\ IIITI,UI Icllllfl\c

inqinic two .1 \\ Ink II

ri P"lhirth JUL no. b urnb•r,inirel luti Liter keen h u iiJ de.irl

In II:Ilea I ,oakk„,, ()lupin\

WC1110N11h111111 \ 11111CI-I \ 1111C111.1hou;d ,ippc,ile,

l'IC‘ILIC111Rd (11111de t,” itticut \ e‘t want 11,,

into cj irted rses I t ti Itutu. •if ippein ant Cs-

(Ind kilhnC h\ the se‘inrit slicesdnd 1)Ni\ !tied iUIi \\ 1th \ CI I 1 11

lleged ilisappeinkni.e: knit \ Inciniiriinduei pointed to it:polls that poll, einihim‘ ohjailuigt1 III

conninunih, p.1111k ¼CIC C' )iII\ thI I thesehmts. Inch had beentn led 4 nil \kith

Impunik and Inch %%Lit' Ink 1 etNirit' 111

11111111 \CI

I he \ ininent did II, It u1t1 14, thcletter and mem( irflidtrin. and \ !Truest\I!1ICIt1tIIiul.II nude them prihIR )11 22Senten1hC1 1 98 c, 11thent 0111C1,11', then

&Minnie:A 111C pl11111hill LbILIIflLII I bhised

and N.tRI there \kJ, no basis 1,, icportshuman iglus \ loiam ins in Pc1

National debateIn the last quartet III I In: 1 ,1 11,a1011:d

debate rindk place m the Penh tan neyy smedia ;Ind I fthet national Iola on efifyres !dello." of a -dirt \ \Ai ar- being conductedhsthe Political MilitarY C. fnunand fit theEmergency /one .A tele \ ision documental

in September 1 98.-1 included inter icy% s YY ithMath et, .11 -disappeared prisoneis, and with the outgoing Ayacucho ProvincialProsecutor. kk Ito acknow ledged that "dis-appearances- yr,e re occurring on a 'mice

scale

In N ok ember 1983 the Perm lan new media ft lund and nten iewed w it 1112',NCS to the

ass murder ol 47 men, women and childrenin the Ayacucho hamlet ot Soccos earlierthat month. and presented clear e‘ Mence tit

il Guard responsibilik for the killings.

Although the Perm Ian authorities madepublic commitments to ink estigate allegat ions ',if human rights iibuse at the end ot I 983.and ink esugation did proceed into the Soccosmassacre, "disappearances- and politicalkillings continued throughout 1984 tal a largescale.

National protests at continuing humanrights y iolations continued through 1984. He

discos ery of 50 bodies in the shallow gray esat Pucasacu (in 22 August 1984 andsubsequent discoveries in other secretcemeteries ot alleged ictims politicalkilling h go ernment Mites retnelledPerm ian protests against counter insurgenev

policies in the Finergency Lone.

Although by mid 1984 national andinternational attentirm had been dray. n to thewidespread human rights y 'Nations occurringunder military rule in that zone, no steps toextend ek ilian monitoring and control overthe Political Military Conunand wererept med. On the contrary. tin 20July 1 984 thego\ernment announced a decree empowering

the \ oned I fit, Cy hem ( and eyer,yf Ili In kith:hoes pie y 1.)11,1N. IICILI H tht

VlIfirt1 \ III he 1111,1101 10 due,' bothmilli:II\ uhf e Lignitel lifyill yen. y tot(Intl 10 111111 C C1/41111: .111L1 Cot1t the

:0\ eminent \ lcI h rl. ;warns( sulk\ eision

Iliii11011itit (hi eine I Li with 1.

A st p uresand'disappearances'A nor\ flilIciti ol t est emeiged in Nih IIILII)

mid lurid iias altei the ¼ILaIIIIl III the

A \ ocucho lilItlIlLil \HUAI \

In coil \ 1 '18 Ihctt 1 Ii ii II illets ill

111c tltIc :II \ ,IL t1,110 .1101 luanla

rids d111 Ine ',11 IL 11 \ CUII IPLLLI ICU I it,c

:Ante 11,111 111 111:: I .111.11 1,1 elled 111 1111111,11 And

lit dl,c kWh. H., hull IA CIL' hilittied .111\1 \ \

\ 111,111 IVIht:S SCl \ ItILi,I ISlepdalt\

denied lUll dale had been rests. m Oft% PliICLMi t deICIII II In

The na sI la Mwina( rines)

"Marines came in, breaking the doors... They forced everyone down on tothe floor and took away Freddy . . .They say he was seen at DuantaStadium . . . On 30 December awoman found his green sweater onthe road to Rashuillca, with theclothes of Lucio Lozano Huayta."I V, ittless describing the arrest of Freddy

illantoy Palomino. detained inIluanta. 13 Nok eiiihei I 983, he tilLI

lAICIO Loiano has L.' -disappeared'.

"My daughter has gone to look forhim at the place the dead bodiesappear, but we have only found thecollar of his shirt, which the marinesused as a blindfold on another person."(testimony of the mother of a prisonerdetained by marines in Huanta on 12December 1983, and still -dis-appeared-).

IThe Perm ian nits v includes a force ol anestimated 2,000 marines trained torconventional warfare and counter insurgent:N.Many were sent into the Emergency Lone inlate 1982, and from January 1983 this lintewas reported to he taking part in combined

to 111,,,e deLlinett CIA , Ink

1cl-11110141H 11C111'.' t..1C.I`tA1 1111111 (1 1 \

?CI tich,111I.11 111 Olt .11 111 \ 11C.1(11.111.11

1 1,, .‘i the I t \lot. et/eftinfirm `loin( posiirielii relii.i.ed (IM .11I,') 11.01011,11 and Inlet 11,01011,11

tu01c,h,

1 )1 _1 .1IMC Mina .1 1111111.1n 1 IOUs Iftlilt itid

WWII:III, LICtallled h \ 1100L1C,1tIH () \ 1 W. : I IR. dewed I il.011(

\\ IIL \ 111:111 ;nal .1111

1.11‘,11IrC,11,111,C CLICII 111.1 LILI11.11Ther,

WI"tl \k a , iloni

,11\ 1111', FLO I ,IL

In the \, `,RIC theft' LL a', 110 L11011 1,:

c.11 the identity o testing illItIIII lIfts

t moot ['led ( d ( mantle .infl ypet yunilel penlY LIIled I hi al lest. wid..fr mid nue,. Pohl IL kiItihiL I lie did ion tI

th• I IFICICCII, /nue, the joy, ,

\\1111L“,,,cs titiIt 1.21.1CL 1111.1 ',peaking

II:JAN.1111 LIlI11LIS hIlLl tile I CI1IL 1,111LC 01 people

in the ctiastal ones and the national newsinedm ti lielicke 111111,11 I eplIIIS I )f NUCII

1111111,111 HOW, \ 101,1I1011‘,

I CeIntlal CI4II1ILl Instlt eerie \ I(tILe.., to ILt

\'. It 11 11/Th11111k

counter insurgene N. operations \\ ith 0. 11

Guard units, and with traditional patrols from communities hich \\ ere particularlyhostile to the Shilling Path guerrillaInO‘Clnent,

Marines ha\ e been particulark e in thepro\ ince ol I uanta: a Milne commander v asappointed Political Militars Chief-there and aregional militars headquarters \\ as establishedin the Manta Municipal Stadium. Mostprisoners detained on suspicir ii olterronsm iii

Iluanta are hello ed ti i be taken directly to thestadium for interrogation: many of the

Alis.ippeared• prisoneFS k111/%111 AninestvInternational at the time ol wining werereported as originalls detained bY marinesand, or last seen in custody' at the stadium.

Domestic protest at marine inkol ement in"disappearance.. and political killing increasedafter I August 1984, Yr. hen a marine patrolV. as reported to lune shot dead six religiousleaders outside the Evangelical NationalPresbyterian Church of Caitlin. 2km east ofthe city of Huanta. Memhers of thecongregation saY the six o ere taken IMttildeand killed during a serY ice.

PrtAestillil Church leaders deinanded

protection tor church members threatenedss ith reprisals kW ha% mg denounced thekillings. File pro ious eek, 20 members ot a

small protestant church in Santa Rosa, LaMar, were rept med to hake been killed in asiniilar nwriner by Shining Path guerrillas.Church leaders described their situation as

r I

1 \ I I 1 I 111

1,, \ i i t.

ILI.:))/11 V11 T11 , t

ll(I LIII Ile Ott] 11 (It1 11111:

”1 111(V.: litlrabb(r," And "1,antcra"liLt Itttlt-1, \keit ill \ -if ell,

twin I I ti -11, \ .19C1 Ilr t .r1the I'm ay act' gr:tx es Aninests Internationaldod 1. no \\ (lit ii k tii initirtedIII intim, non, 1)1 I he I 111a111

In 11 II1c UCI I hnICIn

The army"lie has been detained by the army of

Cangallo in a violent manner,headed h), Major. ... lie has beencruelly tortured . . A prisoner whowas arrested with him was releasedafter 30 days, he saw him at the sameCangallo Barracks." testulloir, 01 a

relah \ C ,1 teacher ot the MicaelaHastidas School. I ncaraccav iii

Cangallo. detained \1/4ith tFuiLe other teacher, and two students there in

,AtigtKt I 'ISA" . . . the army based in the city ofPichari . . together with thehelicopters sent to the tone ... camein and detained about ... 54 people ...no one knows even now thewhereabouts of any of them. theyhave been declared "disappeared",there have only been ... rumours ...that they have been murdered out ofhand and buried in secret graves."I letter of 29 December 1983 In rtnrelatk es to the .Archbishop otAy icrJLtlt I iii disappearances' Iii

Shia. La Mar. 5 Nok ember 1983

Die Ay acucho [mei-genes tone has been.idnumstered bs an ;Inn general ',Ince 16

kce11111C1' 1982, .ind :MU \ officers ha cdirected cmthined military and police oper,ations througlmut the zone since the Political-!1/41 cuminand \\ as established. rfflop

\ els repoiedly increased dramatically In the

/one ill\ I 984. when an estmlated 6010soldiers V, Cr; ',Olt Ill.

In IWO Case`, in \\ Inch people are reportedtO ha \ C -disappearcir after detention or to

ha \e been \ ictints of political b the

the prisoners concerned \\ ere said toe been iirrested ii the first place hs politcnaf s torces and then turned tn. Cr to the

army its Los Calutos Barracks in Ayacuchocif OF to posts in more remote areas..10111 COMInand \\ here prisoners are

Jaime Ayala Sulea. 22. a journalist onthe 1 ima dans / a Rupubbra and onRada) Manta nas last seen enteringthe navv's regional headquarters anddetention centre at the Manta Municipal Stadium at 10.00 ant MI 2 August1984. Ile had gone there to inquire intothe killing the day before of six leadersof the Presbyterian church at Calqui(see page 4), and to protest at a policeraid on his home on the propions night.

While .laime Ayala went into thestadium. his wife and sister and theadministrator of Radio Manta waitedoutside. After two hours inquiries weremade: naval officers denied that he hadever entered the stadium. At 3pm hisfamily reported his unacknowledgeddetention to the Duanta Proy incialProsecutor.

Protests at Jaime Ayala's "disap-pearance" resulted. on I 2 August, in acommunique issued by the navyacknowledging that he had, in fact. beenin the Huanta headquarters on 2August, but that he had voluntarily leftafter about 10 minutes to visit "thelocality Calq ui- N isperocniyocc. toinvestigate the appearance of sixcadavers in that locality". Thisexplanation was rejected by Ayala'sfamily and others present at thestadium at the time of his "disap-pearance".

The Attorney General. Dr AlvaroRey de Castro. appointed a specialinvestigator into the case. On 15

repo] ted to ha C hCC11 held in sec] et detention

are identitied mum belovi

Old one :ii 1p. •s( tnitside file Lifie1-gent:

Itnie has been identnied i5 the sae oi seeietdetention 01' e In the

PIC11:11 1 headquarter, 01 :III ,ani engineersbattalion in C WO

Cork encion pro% ince. across the Apunmac

River from Si% ia. La Mar.The incidents at Sik ia and Pichari on 5 andNo ‘, ember I 9s 3 illustrate the arm is role in

combined operations in the tone. andconstitute an extreme example ot reponedmild:ills reprisals tor guerrilla attacks on thealined lorces, ACcording to a \Aide range 01

testinlonies reeenedb\ Anulest International.

On 5 Nos ember guerrillas ambushed a grouptwin the Pichari barracks at the crossing onthe Sk la side of the Apunmac Riker. killingan army captain. About two hours later oker100 marines were flown in from Ayacucho tohunt for the guerrillas. Many of Si% idsresidents \A ere reportedly seized and taken tothe local air strip and forced to lay- face downha an noon to 6.00pm. when women andchildren were ordered to return to their

Jaime Asala sulca

August, Dr Rey de Castro went toHuanta to meet naval officers there andexamine the stadium. He found noprisoners in it.

Jaime Ayala's whereabouts were stillunknown in early November 1984.

homes.

Fitt urr yi Ring men \\ ere then selectedtrom those renlaming according to onetestimony. "bk a CI\i I Guardsman w ho washooded- but w. ho w as know n to residents.According to the sarne testimony. the 54,including Siv ids chief municipal °nicer,Jesus Vault Valladolid. were taken across theApumnac at midnight to an area near the

Pichari barracks. I here, it is reported, armsengineers dug a trench syith bulldoters. and the54 \sere stir ft and buried,

No investigation of the killing orexhumation of the bodies has, to AmnestyInternational's knowledge, been permitted,in spite of formal protests to the PublicMinistry by the families of prisoners allegedto have been killed and secretly buried atPichari.

(The Public Ministry consists of anAttorney General and the nation'sfiseales(prosecutors, roughly equivalent to USdistrict attorneys), who combine roles asprosecutors and human rights watchdogs inthe administration of justice.)

overn ent forcesresponsible

6 PERU BRIEFING PERU BRIEFING 7

The Civil Guard"On 3 I January 119831 the SinchisI Civil litiardsI came to the com-munity of Cocairo in helicopters.Who are the terrorists? they asked, .. The comuneros- I members of thecommunity I . . . were hit with riflebutts, their hands tied behind themthey walked on their backs, slashedthe comuneros' hands with GilletteI razor bladesi and then spread theblood on their own bodies ...“ from

a hands% ritten testimony hs commumts

leaders ot ( ocaina Andahuas las.

Fehruan, 1983)

I hey came at 11 in the night, duringthe curfew, and they took my sims.I he police took them, 10 or 15 of thetit il Guard, hooded. I have gone tothe police station, the post. thebarracks: '1 here is no one', they say ."

(CH 'Il It the motrel IN!!!

H .1nd S. dcLiined

I Tz Deccinbcr I

Pell] poliiic Lonoi,t, iIOnto

separate services. the plainclothes Permian

In\ esti:tame Pollee I PIP). the ( t tl tuairt

he Re ptiN lean t \s hit h Inv\ Ida,

km its trti go\ ernment install:mons. meluilmr

gis I hu PIP Junto 1et I kga

Pfreccom Cmura el hvThrtstrmIDIRCOand Stale `NcetH it \ igalk hes. and the RLimil‘k

ivard's countei subs erm battalion. /Japan

. Inc (Quechua Hi -all pr tLk coup ail corm thute

to the counter 111;))11gcno pr.hJNniI

1he principal police lofty. Ingse \ et. H the

iumd. rind it is to this tot-Le tit !I\ el

40,00H that pomars eolinter InstilgelkA IL

sponsibillties ILOe allen. and ss Inch LH most

frequently been cited in reports of secretdetention. --diappearance- :Ind political killing.

Guards take down a Shining Path flag inAyacucho department. i u Republic u

I tic ( /HAW 11C, ! N

1/41111, /11 It matronIn p.1111,111 I/ 11 I I 14 t /Lk

//HI ,111 111 11.111LN IN H. 1/I, /1/.11, 1/,1,1 I /I , I /11111. I. 11 ' 11 \

!LI 11/ /IN ( 1`11III HI! //I 1

II11101.,1 fli It 'NUR 111 loppt )1 I/ / v, 11 I

,1,1111 K1111.11.11, 1.1'1.'15 CI '

IL/1111, LI III L Id V, ;

/11.171111' 1.

NornEtIlk the pollee ser \ Ices tall under the

Lktwit]; I thL \ d I iic I ill L/ 1. II H,1

K Ink PH/ dlk ! 1, I1N ‘11.11111 NI III

/lint/ 111.11 I/. \ IL 1, LILL. 1/ pl ;I 1111)11 Og

thIC,I!/ ./1 Oft /1,_Ir., ,/

! Hi111( I3IILLII MO

IT, Ilv HI 1 11ILI '. 11. N in, III di, i

tot,. )) an., I )f ..1111& / IIP' LI, 11 111/1/41t1

''TIITIiTil H LIR WU/ 11 \11111.11N

/1I11.1 11.(I Illt I,

PHI ! .111,1 In III 1 1 !

"Htiitii 111 dr, LI !IV WW1 I'N

/11/1 '1,111 11 LI. 1/ , 11 !! N,1111, 1.111,

I111,1 k1,111,111. V111/!K IntcolaIii 11

no it ql !, /It 1,1'111c.

VI' ht_ II 1. P‘1111,!", 'Ili

1511 didiii,ii,iLIII !LH 1110_0

Ir ( II VA II kh, II ll.cL

1 '11L kJ.. Hi` /1IN •

,,,1111 [LIN. .1, 1/111.1,L iiITi'JkI Lii TL l)'. Hi

(111,11d nit 11 ;LW! 10)

The role of civilianauthorities andcommunitypatrolsS&UiIC U11.1Clokl \\ 1»dtkAl dclent I) )11s ;111)1 polii Ica I

kiiIiii lalIe 1CCTI itiolgited to Lib Mani,

antic undo the leader oh pcasant community

appointed pot\ moat Political

Mtlitars t. hick In mans ;Item peasant Loin

mummy-, has e baditionalk oactini/ed inhuntal

lorces It carrs out haste polleillg I kinetions

strict] \ ssulim the bounds tti communits lands

In the [mei gene \ lone_ this columnints

patrol ss stem lias beell adapted lot countel

insurgent:\ \sot k. In ace, trdance \suit emeicencs

[tossers. 1)1-Ht.metal Miluat 'Inds

has e replaced elected community leadeis tsith

appointed It al pt.-ople trusted \ the mditais

ttuthoriticsa

In communities km Iss n lor their hostihis

Shining Path guerrillas. or lin- then ii aIi' S IA1111

gigintitillItles Ill IA Illeh the guerrilla), had been

most acme, eo1111111.111It% patrols are reported to

heen authowed tind Instrtleted i nnhtark

authorities tot detain ans tiTle Stiiipckited

guerrilla mobeinem :aid in some cases to

kill them stimmaril \

On 2 I and 22 Januar\ I'm." patrol, ol the

141.11ella contriklnitles Ilua chao neigh'souring I. tchuraccm in Iuanta prosince s.LiC

repOrtedt011.1\ C def:1111ed and killed 12 suspec

led guerrillas iketums reported immediately

to the new s media by spiikesmen ot theI0hiLILilIrslilitary Command and leportedly

applauded by Peruvian Government officials.

hill

Ititgr sit lien eight ittlirttalists itIkeStIgatIlig tilt'

.1/21 11,/11/11 ! I,

/1/ I! HILL 1///I h h

I [I k I \ I

( h r lit ill I) I Ind III

) II 11., .11)1 aoi Ain \

I \ 1111. 111 II 0;11,11 II 1) ,iLL,

-, it 1,..

iii \ \ /1111111111,/, 1),Th 1i 1

tr\ 14 '1111, LT/4

11.1 I Olt 1 ,111 I ,111, .1/ II1.111 /11 III/

,pra t tintIL,Iltit tit to la writ

t tr rualti t4!i tat, ,-...rttoti lidi ‘g !!!`

Hull III !Phi.

\t! 1/.,, I /hi Li` nl, /1111/It/NIL

I ',pity ill k ietor 1 aiaidii111;,11 I /11, 111,1,11

1 11111 I!lIiT iL I ,ILIII,111 1 1 MI 'II 1, !LILL,. \

L.! /111/11/11111, Hi(i' Hiiii iici linoi!Hil

c ha sus era I comuneros \keit' detained anti

(iiiiiLLl I nk ,1[111/!,1 LI /I. iL1CN ILI, II

!LI - .:1! k kIllt1 VIIII K HICI

11,111/111,11 h 1 .1 11 ill, 111! (0

ini iI111‘,171;‘/I 1111,11!";111-11 L',11,11://11.I,LIII/'2111,AHL\111 I 1,1

Le.1‘,LICI III 1111,111,1 \ ielt,i I :wild,' ,.1-.atIo1lit I it ',ninon\

theft; oil I ( )et,thef 19S H ,1 communit s

pattol and Ttii itetl \ et 1)) tgo aim \

Rallied ii the ft-introit \ takcil to the

iliii\ hart acksIt ( awn ar, and \\ , l kat ,ecii

dm, abet Ins al les'

ln the plo\ Ike III 1111 11 k, It 'lit a

\ pap ol I\ ;

up( II,;(.1 hi hid Jim Ici,

tick:11114MS I lied1,11111 \ikun• It,

hell v. III.' /W01,111,111 paint:, A :mink:, „,,,„

heen It Ulu ilk 1.11

PtilitiL,t1 \t tmlin.iiid .11 Ilic

id the 3 +id Vitth)iiied \

11.17112,1:LIN I It to ha\ c been toilet) trill ill

:\ \ III \ estIgaILAI the Lletentir Pfl

and subsequent killinc of three int:mhos ol the

Pacheco !amity in \Ian/atlas tic. I a \ de:kw. in

\larch 1983. \\Inch ss ere attialmited to mentheis

ol a communits

International ieceised a cop\ ot

the 8 Jtine 198 t ol one )11 those

stispeetcLI ol the killings. ssllo swat he and

t Idlers liaLlbecli instructed lsy aims and police

personnel tit Lletam rind kill suspected glIel 1Illa

supporters At ter taking one pi Putt Itp the

a rm \ garrison at Pampas_ he said_ he had I-wentold that ii the pain)! captureLl mend-leis

Path, "if pi tssible they should just kill

them. because these \sett' negatts e dealt:11k

aiitt L'IICIMCS id the iti\ CIII

Merit- I lc said also that alto the esecutions

of the Pachect ts, the legion:II I>pplitieit IStilitars

(Thiel hash twotiniest lieV) et)111111LillitA .1t1t11))11

tiii:).s.tiii.ii(1111111.: 111111 \ lee Prt)sillelit 01 NI tiffila

.Aintiests International Ilas I Ceel \ e).1 soffie

rellort‘I it e01111111illilles IIa \ IlL reluseslto Iaise

torees to assist counter insurgent) piograms.

sometimes lot leaf i it gueoilla rein isals. and

then has ing heen attacked h regular seem its

lorees :Old patrols Lord neighltournir coin

1,11111111! I II / /111111h, 1. /IL 1 1/41,111 II III/1

I .1 h 1) la., lc 1.1111 Hid IIa

d, lit 1,11); tII

ecretdetentioncentres'ICI el al pollee and indital COM Cs \

reperitedk been identified in the I 0011 pitis

Cases Ill detentions lolly \A ed disappeai

:Mee lel), tried tt A Innest \ liiieiiiitiiniii

Postmen, dclamed imitalk at pro \ iiieiat ( 'I\ ii

ritaid go/nantioncra\ ill b \ the Perm lan

Ins estigank e Police tile gent:Lilts reported to

lime been lianded el lo tlit: anti> tit 11;1\ \ at

I me ()I /,‘,/k el al legit Mal Celine,. PI

;Wittily_ these ;TR' the I .,'S Calglos mill

Ileadtltiarters :111t1 the 11)1I > headtlilaItels .11 the

I I liant a Stadium s incllIde the

III the

village school in Totos, Cangallo province, and army camps at Cangallo city: Asquipata (Cangallo). Canaria (Victor Fajardo) andI insiana I I a Mari

Los CabitosBarracks

"From members of the barracks welearned she was there, in the CahitosNo. SI Barracks, and she waswearing a maroon skirt and a whitesweater with blue stripes. and blackshoes. She is an abandoned motherwith a two-year-old baby which ishelpless.- 01 a 'chaise ol

telia Dionicta De I a Liu/ Melcar,

23, detained on 2 Nos ember 1983 at a

dance ill Ay acne hor

I os Labitos Bar racks is behesed to he the

I mercenes tone's main interrogation and

detentu tit Lentil:, Iti Vi Inch prisoners suspected

oh hong of particular significance ha\ c been

brought lrom thioughout the /one Released

prisoners ha\ C testified that the> half heell

held III IA all people ‘‘ hose

detention has nes er been ackno‘s hedged and

V) Ito 'cumin - disappeal eel-, these testimonies

lime substantiated repoits I ii outine

s1stematie tot tuie in the harraiks

Huanta MunicipalStadium

"At four in the morning I went to thepolice post and they told me. *Seliora,your sons are not here; go and ask upthere at the navy, the stadium'. Iwent there, and they also said theyweren't there. I have presentedpetitions at the navy and they haven'twanted to receive me. But the prisoners

Inside timmta Municipal Stadium. used as adetention centre tis the marines. Doiens ui

people who are reported to hase been seenentering or in the stadium are afterwards said 10

has e - disappeared-.

that have left in November have toldme they saw my older son at thenavy."( testimony of the mother of twobtt;3)y8sdetained in Fluanta, OctoberI

I he principal detention centre in II nanta Is a

ralodern concrete sports stadium huilt in I 974.

Often called -el nasal-. it is the headquarters

ol the Political Military Chid ol Manta

pros ince. ti Mei al ()Ricci, and houses a na at

gal Usti!) Prisollels are held both in the Open

111(1 III the elk:lost:LI areas tinder part 01 the

grandstands

Luisiana, La Mar

- From Trivolina they took him toLuisiana. They don't want us to gothere. They say they won't let usenter there." I testimony ol a relatise

ofCarlos Rojas Paucar, 19, detained 6Nosember 1983 hv marines and still'disappeared-I

In inost cases of unackno\k hedged :HIest. in

the .Aptinnlag Riser areas ol La Mai and

II uanta pn "dIsappearett prist, Hie rs

tire tilleged to ha\ C (leen taken to a combined

forces encampment near thc riser at I titsiana.

I.a Mar. Access to the camp is reportedk

restocted hy \ 11( ;uard and marine )anors.

A round. prisoner has said that Perm tan

l'onlederation oh Peasants leado Ink)

Oro/co I luatnam. detained on August

1983 at Rosario. la \lay. w as held in the

camp in one ol a number Lit pits in the crotikl

allettedk used to hold pi's, InelN h.' !villain,

t111,10:011111eif

"I've been searching for him since Iarrived. !fonts 1 can find his bones, orpart of his flesh. to bury him."

"There are cadavers at the Chaqui-huayeco site. and at Palmayoec, and itis not right that the dogs are left todevour them, or the pigs, they arehuman beings." (from testimonies ot

FLIiiti\ eS -disappeared- prisoners)

AOiliest International has ret:ets cd mit tt manon in man \ sires onto& cities and hamlets in

the I; ilicrgenei, tone at ‘k high large numbers

tib \ ictims oi political killings Iv% set:urit \

truces rire relm tried to has e been huricd

thitn.Atlletdsso iii these sites. Plkal (near

uanta ell ), here .7;l) hodies \sere found in

shallolk gra \ es Auctist 1984 tind

I anti( outside Soccos. II uamanga). ss here 47

men. ss omen and elilldIen \\ ere buried in

No\ ember 1983. exhumations and ins estiga

tions undei the mallow \ ot the Attorno

General heen carried out.

At other sites militars authorities lime

reportedls obstructed exhumation and lormalidentincation oi bodies, and threatenedrelatives w ith iolence tor hirmally requesting

exhumation and inv estigation ut the killings.In most isolated areas, formal complaints

about mass gra' es and sites of secretexecutions have reportedly 110i been investi-gated. Scseral Slleh sues \sere identified Intesannonies reccis cd by Amnesty Internationalfrom eWnlinenn ol I otos after April 1983,w hen the army established a regional head-quarters in the community miltH.)1 there. Atleast lour prisoners w ere reported to has c been

forced to dig their ow n exav es at Ccarpacasa, apiece of !yen ground 2 k ii In MI l'Offis. beforebeing shot 011 the night oh 16 .April. Massgra\CS IA ere also reported :it Pietist) Runu,

ILH soupampa. Ccolpa Ccolpa, Ccarhuanta.and Cot inallum eco. all near road:, and kik,'thin

a ()km radius oh Foto,. Families w,ere not

allow ed to recover the bodies.Several sues on the outskirts of the cities 01

Iftuta ik

nt: ,,i : :crie h

d i:\ vt,,ectie:alititialil

dumping !Sounds arc alss as s near theprincipal highs\ ak s :nal are patrolled by thesecurity lorees„A 11 such •,ite, ;Ite regularly hue d lanithes ot the. -disappeared-. Hie

best know n sites III ase tinni 1983 to theesent are Inhel Halo- zind -Paracuti '. a

garbage dump, both near A \

Juliet is I 4kin south °IA) aeucho on

the iiiad to t uico. 1'1a IA-411110n 1 recei \ cd

Amnesty International, a mother describedher search for her 16-year-old son in 1983:

ass gravesand body

our du ping- grounds

8 PERU BRIEFING PERU BRIEFING 9

/ /11,, ,/ ,

The remains of an unidentified woman found in a dumping ground for the bodies of sictims ofpolitical killings by government forces in Ayacucho department Several sites on the outskirts of thecities of Ayacucho and Huanta have become known as "the places where the cadavers appear"Families of "disappeared" people often visit site after site in efforts to trace their relatives.

Mass graves and body dumpinggrounds

Bodies of alleged v ictims ot political killings

bv government ffirces have been foundregularly or in large numbers in mass gravesor dumping grounds at the following sites.among others. The best- known sites arcwithin a 3 20km radius of the two major

cities. Ayacucho andlluanta; all know n sitesare near roads. In the table below thedistance of the site from the city is indicated.

AYACUCHO CITY

HUANTA CITY

Puchccochicc 4krn) S hodies, 14 August

I 984

Lidos ( Soccos, 34 bodies lound onnuamanga province) outskirts on 23 Nov

ember 1983: 13other bodies found in

area 23-30 Novem-ber 1983

Pichari (La Conven- 50 or more, accordingcion, Cuzco depart- to unconfirmed alle-ment) — across river gations. Novemberfrom Sivia, La Mar 1983; no investiga

fion of mass grave

reported.

(Taos (Cangallo 40 bodies ( estimated),

province) July 1984

Tows ( Cangallo 27 bodies at fiveprovince) grave sites. April

1983.

"Paracuti- garbage

dump ( 3km

"Infiernillo- (14km)

Quinua and sur-rounding area( 20km)

Sacsaruni ( 12km)

Casaorcco ( 20km)

bodies found regularlysince January 1983

bodies found regularlysince January 1983

9 bodies, 10 October

1983

25 bodies, 14-15

August 1984

7 bodies. 12 July1984

17 headless bodies,18 August 1984

8 bodies. 15 Sep-tember 1984

Pago I inpao f 3km

lanopampa ( 3kno

Charnana ( 23km)

Baru Chico 3kno

Pucayacu ( 46km)

5 bodies, 20 October1984

4 bodies, I 8 August

I 984

5 bodies, 20 October

1984

14 fx des. 20 October1984

50 bodies. 22 August1984

Other major grave sites

I hr Stift h II -41 nurl.,

Itic-ted him \ ItcHn HI ')

`Ncptonht I I W.L. I I h PLR t

Hit Oh/ ,I11// .11/.1k i t

UMW!, tn Illht iii d 11 I ILI

',CUR \ 111.1I tTh.

Pcn,"t1 u Ih i'.(1I1.0-

Ho I ,K h

hut I di n kn;,\

Others have tound t heir !glans ei; remains

rhe vrti of a teacher detained hs an arflIV

pillnil ( )ciithci I w; I,,ic

enl It) placc !Wed • It‘ hoc iI;i' cith•u no. hthb.nal, I It und In t. I.)111111:'

Ni \ caicr.....;11.,cil

.111(1 !NI II I

I l'tracllii IFl1ue &HIP_ some 4kniHim A\rLLIcI LiR.K iegolai Is path !Heil Irst)ie ILO. A 1.1..i111.111 ;I-,

detained \ III I lune 198 tViarlit'il that ili..e lii `...ialdled

;in dead \Nile 111C111

"1 lime seen rise cadaset .It Paracuti. •nd the and ;uu erc eating them Amarine Oleic ,aid to me • Noss I'll kills ill: pedlar'. \ Oil are a terrorist or alournalist! I liar', tli> sou are coming tolot di, around • I told them I \Ail's searchingtoi ins husband. that I 1/2%asili a tem mt.then he chased MC ink av sav ing: -1 in stile

> 1ur husband', just ;I prIsi flier: Wei; tl4iiit

kill those only those who has e ds namite.Don't cry. daughter.. „ but don't come hereagain. II you return I \A.ill kill you..

In August 1984 insestigators id theAttorney General's office discos ered ses enShallow. graves at Pucayacu. mime 46km In tin

fluant:1, while searching li w the "disappeared-

journalistJaime Ayala. In the graves, opened(m 22 and 23 August. were found the bodies in49 men and a IA oman: most were those of

y oung peaple.

Fhe details were reported as lollows: Mostof the hi &hes were naked, blindfolded and withsigns of torture: systematic beatings and cuts.-Fhe hands of some were tied behind theirbacks. %1st ol the bodies had a single bulletwound in the forehead or mouth. As in othercases ol bodies found in Ayacuchols humandumping grounds, there was evidence thekillers had tried to prevent identification of the%tennis linger tips were severed, lacesobliterated and clothing destRfyed.

On 24 August the Armed Forces JointCommand issued an t illieiai communiquedenying military or police responsibility forthe killings, and saying that the dead wereShining Path guerrilla battle casualties whosebodies had been recovered by theircompanions and secretly buried.

Evidence that the victims were prisoners put to death by navy forces was made public

unofficially by the Attorney General's estigators, who had ffiund at the grave site

an identity card belonging to Cirilo Sanchez

I WI LIM L/11,./11/

pl Ht. -///1/ 1,1 / ii

bidithi In I \

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/ h \ .1 111.111Ili l.Ii I t /I in

fiktriLi L ii \ (In I \ ilaughtutterhitt•d h \ the nev,, imtiliume cdos

idcriiilrcd hici lathe! Knd \ I he vc he] e

{Mout- Crista 1 cinandei de Rannici and het husband remain link ni n

Dri thy night id 2, Vigils! .ilter theeyhumanon id the den s\\ Cie Ciirithied At tile II t1.1111.1 ( n IL ( eiiIt

ille 'V111110 ( erierrl 111d tile

fia \L.. Well .01 A pi:ILaid \\as 110111.1 Ill tile

-.1I eel si iti ilL")eath hi the An, if no.( Iluanta Pio\ metal Phisegutiii

'sum in PalimumI h 'Id the nevi, media heed the homhindis and tin eat, \sew

intended to hi, iLk auk 'piaci, on th• lead and tointimidate ins estigators N1) WW1 rL,tl l ts 01

the ins estigation into the PuLas a:it killing,had been released hs eat Is Nos Limbo I 984

he la , thecou s andthe ublic

inistIhie Peruv ran Constitution ol 1979 outlines abroad range of rights and guarantees tullyconsistent with international human rightsstandards: this is summed up in Article 1which states that —Fhe hunum person is thesupreme end of the society and the State. Allhave the iibligatiim to respect it and paitect it

Suspension of sonic cisil and political rightsis provided ffir in Article 231, which definesstates of siege and emergency. States ofemergency may he declared in all or part of thecountry in response to disturbance of the

peace or public order, disasters. or other gravecircumstances disturbing the life of the nation.Guarantees then suspended are specified: theinviolability of the home: freedom ofassembly freedom of movement: and the rightnot to be detained without a warrant issuedby a court. All other constitutional guaranteesremain in force. States of siege, which permitfurther restriction of constitutiomil guarantees.have not been declared under the presentgovernment.

Rights which may not be suspended underthe state Of emergency include those corerights to life and physical integrity guaranteedin international human rights standards, and a

LW. I he rnhidepros gaiin • prig.iIirhi

ippearani pl

ill ilelt 1111.111 HI

An. 01 1,11i...irkI ut 0. cii IICi Hii 1,,

h Hien lass \tit. andainhig -meiNulled to I Cr.

tidellik

t. sonnesi \ Into tut in.11 knim ledvc tht:

\ ivrIdars r 'flimflam] hasI eta ,s stetnatu. I I Tcp..): /WV/

ledpc e en to I cluc,ent.ok Ihk•

rublft \ (Ind the 11.1.11‘1:11 \

t'lctipthill". °Ilk iii 1 minority id Lase,

At the -.aim time. the Per us Ian cow 4 andthe N1 imsti s ruse tIilLl ti nsgia thatthe ideninics id pi Hi s alitl then pla, es or

detention Ite repid hi them 1111, ha,cowl ibuti:d to the ;indite] an, in id thsappea,an“:- altei detention sine,• lanuars I Yti

Domestic remediesunder Peruvian lawI hnliestic I clued 8. to undeknossledgeddetention. es en under states 01 eniergcno,.

should uncle] Peru\ ian lass he mailable

through his° distinct mechanisms.

I he remedy ol habeas einpu.s. by \A hiiLhithe courts establish the c, hereabouts :Indplo, meal condition of a primmer. and

determine whether imprisonment is lass tul,remains partialls applir. able. Article 295 ofPeru's Constitution, hich defines hahcas corpus as a remedy to infringementindk idual liberty and broadly defines itsfippheability. may not be suspended understates of emergency. Although constitutional

provisions by which the courts may assessthe legality of arrests or order releases aresuspended. in at least one case the

Supreme Court of Justice has ruled that thecourts are still obliged to grant habeas corpusin order to establish prisoners' whereaboutsand guarantee their safety (see case of EfrenYangali and others, page 13). Despite thisruling. however. the civil courts in the

Emergency Zone hav c failed to regularly seekor gain entry to police and military detention

facilities. and have consistently failed to applythe remedy of habeas corpus in cases ofprim mers reported to hake "disappeared-.

Habeas corpus as a remedy in the EmergencyZone is. therefore. wholly ineffective.

I he Cinistitutum also prin. ides tor remedythrough petition to the Public Ministry , whichunder Article 250 plays a special autononfousrole in the monitoring Of and defence of humanrights. Ike representativ es of the PublicMinistry serve both as public prosecutors and

as human rights monitors. receiving complaints of human rights abuse from the public

and empowered to take steps to remedy suchabuses by police or other governmentauthorities.

Peru's humanrights commitments

Peru is a party to the limericanConvention On Human Rights. andhas made a declaration under itsA rticle 45, accepting the competenceof the Inter- American Commissionon Human Rights to receive inter-state complaints, and under Article62, accepting the compulsory juris-diction of the Inter-American Courtof Human Rights. Peru has alsoratified the International Covenanton Civil and Political Rights and itsOptional Protocol. In addition, Peruis a party to the four Geneva Con-ventions of 1949.

Since March 1983 the PeruvianGovernment has regularly notifiedthe Secretary-General of the UnitedNations of the existence of a state ofemergency in accordance with theprocedure laid down in Article 4 ofthe International Covenant on Civiland Political Rights.

Public Ministryinvestigations

In the Emergency Zone since January 1983the Public Ministry representatives at

departmental and prov incial ley el has e madesignificant aims to establish the v.hereaboutsof the '•disappeared-.

- Piey pros ide petitioners frequentlyrelatis es of the "disappeared- or theA s acucho Bar Association acting on theirbehalf with a stamped copy of theirdenunciations confirming its receipt as aformal complaint to the Public Ministry. ThePublic Ministry has also made ay ailable tocomplainants photocopies of its formal lettersof inquiry to the Ayacucho Political- MilitaryChief, listing the names of reportedly unack-nowledged prisoners and requesting that theirstatus be confirmed by the military command.

Amnesty International has received copiesof Public Ministry letters to the Ayacuchocommand, and of hundreds of formal lettersreporting arrests of people who had not beenacknowledged to be in detention, andrequesting the assistance of the Public

Ministry.

Representatives of this ministry inAyacucho have since late 1983 regularlymade public protests at the obstruction of theirtasks by police and military authorities.

Prosecutors have been denied transport or

clearance to enter some rural zones.

.fhey have regularly been denied access todetention centres, both established centres likeLos Cabitos Barracks, and unmarked army- sale houses- in Ayacucho city.

III die I

IU\ ki /II /k

Four women in Ayacucho holding up photographs of loved ones who have "disappeared". Women like these have often gone to extraordinary lengths to try to learn the fate of "disappeared" relatives: making inquiries at security forces installations, laying depositions before the Public Ministry. visiting mass grave sites and body dumps. They have provided valuable information to church and human rights groups. ROM.

St

PERU BRIEFING

Fe

1 110

I Iia C Ileen 1..Ienied ,Idi I en( is of

a••esis prisoner traikters

I hen toimal tommunu :mons I etiliCsIIIIC

!Min-ManiUi (in speCtIli ISollers eiine

led!".C111011

In the I" Merin:MA /One support 6fl theseprosecutors from Ihtt Ii nithorituni.

Including the Attorney General. has been

insufficient hi io eleorne this obstruction

I )e.,pite intense (lehate oit the-disappeared

III the Penn Lin legislature and new s media in

Septembei and Oct( iber 1983. the rate ot

complaints of "disappearance" recen edthe Public Ministry appeared to increase In

the tinal months ot the year.

In late September 1983 the Ay acueho

Pros invial Prosecutor. Dr Ricardo Pequeno,said in a tele kiwi) documentary that in 1983

his office liad acted on 160 cases ot reported

- disappearance'. from Huamanga provincealone Dr Pequeno. s ho was immediatels

transferred. protested that the Pohtical

Ffrin Vangali de los Rios, lawyer and member ofthe Lima Bar Association, who was one of fourpeople reportedly detained in front of witnessesat their homes in Churcampa in November 1983by uniformed members of the Civil Guard.Officials at first said the four had been taken toLos Cabitos Barracks, then denied the arrestshad ever taken place. Former prisoners later saidthe four had been moved from the barracks to anarmy detention camp near the town of Cangallo.Since then there has been no word of them: theyhave "disappeared" (see Case Studies).

Military Command had refused to respond toor assist in his inquiries.

Dr Zegarra Dongo, the outgoing AyacuchoProsecutor, told the press in February 1984that in the previous 1 4 months he hadreceked 1,500 formal complaints of dis

appearance-. In Api ii 1984 the Ay acucho

Departmental Prosecutor. Dr Benjamin

Maduena Vansen. resigned from hi, posi.citing military non (Auto ;loon ith thie

Public Minktry N ins estt;iti''n I "khiS

IppCara !ICC'. and Iinba lid killings ,n, hi,

rea,on, and Nixming Mat the Public Nitioqn

ice !lad I CCM ed I reports id

;lime:trance- in the pros Mee (II I

bets). cell I Jarmar iiid ind .April t()SI

'ugh the representatis es ot the Publiv

Ministry in the I- mergency lime has c

repeatedly pn 'tested at the non cooperainni

obstruction ot the regiofts

IMe'dIgill10115 I1M C in some eam2, been car ried

11(.1( Medi\ Cl\ . In so cral nulls idual cases it

lifiense national interest, Puhlic M misty s

ins estigators has e taken exhausto, e steps todeterinme the w hereabouts of "disappeared-

prisoners, as in the cases of journalist Jaime

Ayala and lawyer Efren Yangali. In one caseknown to Amnesty International, that ofNational C'onfederation of Peasants leaderJesus Oroper a, the Public Ministry haspressed for the prosecution in the civil courtsof the police or military personnel respon-sible for his secret detention. "disappear-ance-, and murder ( see ('ase Studies).

PERU BRIEFING

tfie disappearance" ihcii guide on

Januar\ I '”iit in the illage I t letnna,:tas iii

!Emma win, inye Ileaded ninch-a 'Mario

\ alga, I knit. the el mininsii In and 'cam idexpel), Lditied Lii Intel 111 A\ ,ftalL1H1

hill al L'a . ptlhk heft in (-dense. e[gum m Maid] I I he raiding, of the

Special (.niriiIssIi1s repoo in 1 chin ius;o.w ere swum:tilted m Anmeso Inteinationars

letter and menun anthill) to esideniliclaunde. published in 22 Septemhei I10-1

see page 4 ).

ourcesused by

nestyInternational

UN questionnaires lime been widely:

circulated in Peru, and hake pros ivied the basis

tor data collection by Se% eral Perm ian human

rights organizations, including the Ayacucho

Departmental ComnUttee of Duman Rights,

the private National Commission on IlumanRights ( CONADF I I) and the prk ate

Perus ian Homan Rights Association

( A P1201)EII). Similar questionnaires pre-

pared by the Latin Ainerican EederatitM

Relatives of Disappeared Prisoners

( FEDEFAM) and circulated during its visitto Ayacucho in 1983, are more extensive thanthe UN's ; each includes a separate sheet on

sk hick a detailed physical description of the

"disappeared" permui can be (Unlined by

completing a check list of physical character

istics (such as scars. hair colour, and dental

leatures). and on which detailed int(wination

(m the clothing worn by the "disappeared" is

requested.

Ainriesty International has receised aNwit

250 UN and FEDF M questionnaires

completed by families reporting the precise

c ire umstances (if an'est of tine t F nkne ()I their

elatO es and the measures taken to determine

their w hyreatumts and legal status.

Die Wealth of documentation as ailahle on

indik 'dual cases of "disappearance" in the

Emergeno Zone has been possible becauseof the V,ihhimigness (il the ictims titillates to

tras el to Ayacucho to ieport the cases, the

existence of pris ate and church organifationsto assist them. and the good-offices role

played by members of some go). crnmental

institutions. notably Public Ministry attorney s

and, to a lesser extent, inch), idual members ot

the judiciary.

Thiviugh the families of the "disappeared.

and their law yers and assisting institutions.

Ainnesty International has recels ed photo

copies of documents from the office of the

Public Ministry in Ayacucho recordingsometimes lengthy and detailed accounts of

arrests leading to "disappearance", and

sometimes extrajudicial execution. Such

material has been reeds ed on 120 cases

affecting os er 200 indk iduals.

In addition to documents on [nth% iduals oigroups of -disappeared" people detained

together. Amnesty International has receiked

copies ()I tormal communicatiims from the

Public N1inistry to the head of the Political-

Military Command concerning lists of up to

173 reported "disappeared- prisoners.Amnesty International has also received

copies (it some documentation from civil

courts in the Emergency Zone which haYe

estigated charges of huinan rights abuse.

This material has included official copies of

transcribed testimony. d()cumentation on

(unsuccesstUl) petitions fin. habeas corpus onbehalf of "disappeared- prisoners. and

character references pro% ided by local judges

()II behalf of indk idUal "disappeared..

prisoners.

Cases that has e been particularly Via

documented included many in which membersof seseral families were detained at one time.

In two cases 01 mass execution so, le I he extreme isolation (il the Andean

killings. (he Public Mulish k lia taken extra Emergency Zone t rum Pelvis major

Irdinan„ steps to identits the dead and those population centres. and the shtliculty ut trin el

responsible. In September I '484 it made in the region. has e raised particular problems

public the finding), ot an ins estigatiOn, drak Ing tor human rights moniuwing and reporting.11n Vsork by Peru\ tan Ins estigative Police I hese problems ha c been aggras ated ln

ffirensic specialists. into the killing 0147 men, military restrictions on tras el by journalists

women ffid chikken in Nmcmher 1983 in and representatis, es of church or human rights

the Huanianga hamlet of Soccos. organizations in the /one, and by the ever

itness testimonies had been reeen ed present threat ot lolence. both from Shining

by Amnesty Intermitiorml in 1983 indicating Path guerrillas and go). ernment counter

that the massacre had been carried out by the insurgency forces,

Soccos il Guard detachment after se% eral Howes er. it is the rural people of the

ol as members had been insulted at a peasant Emergency Zone themselves who has()

engagement party helped soh e these problems In in-asening I romIhe announced findings of the ins estigat ion the most renuite areas to the zone's

said that tests on the bullets rem(ned from the administrative capital. AN acucho, and

bodies showed that they had been tired by sometimes es en to the tuitional capital, 1inia.

weapons then assigned to the Soccos detach to make their stories know n.

ment: 26 men of the detachment were later An extraordinary number of documents and

reported to has e been confined to quarters at testimonies, signed (w fingerprinted by

Los Calmos Barracks relatis es ot It:urns or the representatives of

A conflict oljurisdiction arose in the Soccos their small communities. and their tape

case between the CRii and military court recorded testimonies. hake been provided to

systems. Although the Puhlic Ministry called Amnesty International directly by the

for prosecution IS ir murder f honticidio tamilies, and through Peruvian church,

calificad(i) by co ii courts. the Cis il Guard professional. trade union and human rights

claimed that the case should he heard hy a organizations. as V. ell as prk ate indk iduals.

military court because the alleged crimes Fhese has e included Roman Catholic clergy

related to official duty ( Vellu).s de fiarcion"y and agencies, peasant and teachers' unions.

indik idual members of the Perm ian legislaturein n nthe tirst decision of its kind kow.

Amn from a broad range of political parties andesty International. the Supreme Court

ruled in October 1984 that the cis il courts lawyers associations which lime pros ided

sis (mid Mike jurisdiction in the case, and that legal sers ice to families of the "disappeared".An important source of indisidual easy'the Ay acucho criminal COIM Woldd begin

I illOrMatiOn came in the torm ot questionnairesproceedings for murder.

A turther major int estigation (4.as initiated filled out either In the relati s es themsely es ot

by the Public Ministry atm the discos en, ()I "disappeared" prisoners. or, it thes V.ere

50 mutilated bodies in mass gra s es at illiterate, on their behalf by inters lel\ ers. I hePucay acu. near lluanta. in August 1984 ( see questloilllaffes \\ en: Eased on a loon metaled

page 8 ). In, the United Nations Working Group onIn Februars, 1983 II Special Commission Entorced OF hiiultintarA Disappearance'',

\‘, created In President Belaunde to ink esti s),filch V. lien COMpleted 1/4 ere made as adable

Amnesty International.gate the killing ot eight Permian joUriudists

1 2 PERU BRIEFING PERU BRIEFING 1 3

A young woman in Ayacucho holds up a photograph of a "disappeared" relative while her baby looks on. The victims of human rights abuses by government forces are not only the dead and "disappeared" — but their relatives as well the wives, children, fathers, brothers and sisters who are left behind.

I. on, to Robl.,

Plea f wife of 'disa red' man"... I again turn to you, pleading with you to reiterate the order that Ithe Political-MilitaryChief of Huancapil provide information about the fate of my husband. who was seized on6 January . . .

"Since then he has disappeared . . . all my efforts to determine his whereabouts havebeen unsuccessful . . .

"In the military barracks of Huncapi they have given me different stories: that they havesent him to Ayacucho; that they have sent him to Cangallo; that they don't know anything/about him I.. .

"I have the right to know what happened to my husband . . . I want to know whether heis alive or dead, and where he is to be found". (Extract from a letter dated 26 April 1984from the wife of a "disappeared" man to the Provincial Prosecutor of Huamanga; herhusband is reported to have been detained by the army in Huancapi, Victor Fajardoprovince, Ayacucho department.

international no Pertly Ian court IN 1.1110 \111

111\ C inv estigated the reports of thc",ecrel

dclennoll In L11111:11111) and

t lie i e ma in -disappeared-

Aged 33. he was Secretary General torPeasant COMM unities of the Cookdera('OmNacional Agraria (CNA). National

Peasant Confederation. and a national leaderof the Partido Socialism Revolu-cionario (PSR). Rev olutionary SocialistParty. lie N.k.as detained V. hen he yv ent to thePuquio CI% il Guard post in I. ucanasprovince on 27 July 1 984. He had gone thereto inquire about accusations against himmade by members of a powerful landtmningfamily .

Food and blankets taken for him by hisfamily at about 7.00 pm the same day were

accepted. Next morning, however. Civ ilG uard officers said he was not in detention.On 2 August the Minister of the Interiorstated that the Civil Guard denied that JesusOropent had es er been detained.

Nationwide protests at his "disappearance"ssere followed by in% estigations by both thePublic Ministry and a Puquio criminal courtjudge. The court inquiry received testimonyfrom one Civil Guardsman acknow !edgingthe detention. hut stating that Oropeza wastaken from the police post at 2.00 am on 28July and turned over to an army patrol based

at Andamarca, Lucanas; this was later denied

ugust. a delegation from the

byo thn e

Public Ministry was present in Puquio when Oropeta's body was found ss.voeme 30km away. Photographs of the badly burned body

with its right arm missing

it

widelypublished.

The autopsy reportedly indicated massiv einjuries: multiple fractures of the skull,shattered teeth. one knee fractured, the

Four leading citizens ofJesus ManuelChurcampa, TayacajaOropeza Chontaprovince

JO III V. hi, h imulk mcmhci 11114.\\ dii

, i'11.11.11e1 111.1t1

II11[ 11 1, ] 11,1,1;111p

I N. .111,

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(dh, ON. 1 !II;

/011.- 1101I1H,11 \ —111;11 ,111k1 111;

1H11,41 \ II thu lpiriit'r mickl

or, low! .; Weill.

el I crIcn 1111111%: icp1/011,,•il m

l'eni% Ile umeds

hitt Inmiolial kr. .11,k) Liken mt, omit

iepoilimH 11,011.1i111:1:11',',1111,111(}11

11\ 'Oki! pri ). ate (1-ganization, ()N \ IA I I.

\ PROD! 1 1 1 I 1 )1 1 \ .111(1

.111111,th'. the ( nilirilittec il the Relain c), ) )1 the

I )1,,appealcdtr1iprlIr1 Ow Hindle \ 4111,nil

200 eponed tIK.ippe,tred. posonco I. old

Romin Chinch --,

ui Si wial ...non

he victi sA Hu melt “t P"lalcal kiIIirig hS Peru'ssecurity tin ces Intl detentions Ii •ow, ed hy"disappearance in the 1- inergencv /onehav e included si nue prof e,sional people

among them agnnumnsts. chemical engineers,and a member 14 the Lima Bar ,Association hvlat the ntworits fun e heell people of lov‘ ()Galstatus or influence. Most are belie\ ed ha\ ebeen peasant farmers w. ho speak Quechua. theindigenous language 01 the Andes. and notSpanish. the languaee ni goy eminent. and kt hoIi ed in areas in which Shining Path guerrillaswere activ e. Leaders ot peasant communities

and labour organuations ha\ e been particulartargets.

Students and teachers hav e also beensingled out for human rights iolations. in partbecause limner teachers Ns ere among ShiningPath's tbunders, and also because manysecondary school students and other ytning

people have been recruited into the guerrillamovement. To he young is to he suspect in theEmergency Zone 76 of the cases outlined inthe attached list ot "disappeared- prisonersare under 18, minors under Peruvian law. Theyoungest of the "disappeared" reported tohave been detained as suspected guerrillas areaged 12, according to affidavits by theirrelatives. Those listed who were detained and"disappeared" with relatives include a toddler

of three years and children of four. six and 10years of' age.

The families of the "disappeared- and thedead are also victims. The "disappearance"after detention Of a I I uanta couple wasreported in an affidavit signed by their nine-year-old daughter, left alone to care for herthree younger brothers, the girl travelled to thecity of Ayacucho in January 1984, when thepresence of a Peruvian human rightsorganization there became known. Amnesty

International has receiv ed a copy of theaffidav it. the girl's name is being withheld forher safety.

ase studies

Romulo Yangali de los Rios. 60. olhici,ilthe N al ional Electoral (')Ilurni Efrin Yangali de los Rios. 47. lawy er and11ell)i)t'I II ( he 1 una 13ir A \ soclation;

Fortunato V angali Iluachaca. 41). local

IA

gm eminent empli cc , illid Hugo BustamanteGonzalez. primary school teacher, were

reportedlydetained in In ,n1 anesses at

their home, in Churcampa on 21 Noy wither1983 hs uniformed memhers ot I heC hurcampa ivard. I he arrests

ill) 11\ Shining Path guerrilla, near it farm %Issued hs the V ;meal'

According to lc \ (mum)). hy (Thurcampare \ idents and one member of the Co, ;Harddetachment, the four were handed (ner to anarmy patrol at ,thout 2.30 am on 22Nov einher. I he Co,ii Guard olliciall firstclaimed that the lour were taken hv, the armyto 1.os Cabitos Barracks. but later deniedthat the arrests had ev er taken place.

Members ol the Yangali tannly trav elled toAy:lc:Lich° to inquire about the lourprisoners. ln a meeting on 24 Noy ember w thithe then Political Military Chiet 01 the

me rge tic y Zone. General °entente Noel.the family w as teportedls told tlmt Me menwere in fact detained at Los Cahitos onsuspicimi of collaborating with the guerrillaMt A ement. This w as subsequently demed bythe Political Military Conlmand and said tohay e been a "mistake".

Former prisoners released from armycustody in December 1983 said the lOur menhad been transferred from Los C Amos to anarmy detention camp near the remote town ofCangallo. Eiren and Romulo Yangah weresaid to hay e been badly injured.

A petition for habeas corpus On behalf 01the four men was rejected by an Ayacuchocourt on the grounds that constitutionalguarantees had been suspended. 'Hiedecision w as successfully appealed, how ek cr.in the only czsw of its kind known to AmnestyInternational: in March 1984 the SupremeCourt ruled in support of the Yangali family'scontention that habeas corpus remained ineffect. despite the state of emergency. as aremedy to protect those rights not suspended.

The judge responsible for the initialrejection ift" the habeas corpus petition was.acccifding to press reports, fined theequivalent of live days' salary by theSupreme Court for having dismissed thepetitton without having carried out aninvestigation of the prisoners' status.

Despite the Supreme Court's ruling onhabeas corpus, to the knowledge of Amnesty

linger \ he lel I hand so ered, and internal'irk:ails (lei-in-Hied hi, flic

hit e been a 1'h)-1,), ph) )r) ncendi an grenadeA communique II Iii Ilie .Arined I.ork. es

Joint oil I hi ,Alleihd shied liiil

(.kiipe/a had heen taken to the reel/midfleadqualters It Andfumuca Ilic

Pupil)) ( ilidt Ole iimis had

ref used to )ic)..ept cu toil\ ol the 1111\1)11er\ earls Nov ember 1984. it had not been

determined V‘IICOICI CO. ;wird per \onnelillegedly In\ ob. ed in the -disappearance-

arid killing of le,u. Grope, a t (Add hedetained and piosecuted hy eithei militarv or

courts

Antonio LimacoChuchonA teacher, aged 54, he w as reportedkdetained in the presence ol Ins ihe and mink'

ol hes nine children hy a group ol hem ilarmed hooded

men. some inarmy uniforin. whocame to thefamily's lodgingsin Ayacucho cityat 11.30pm on 1

May 1983.The family

immediately re-ported his arrestto the Ayacucho office of the Public Ministry.

he famils w as subsequently informed hy

released prisoners that Antonio Limaco N.s a \in lAis Cahitos Barracks. This appeared to heconfirmed by the Ayacucho State Attorneywho initially ins estigated the case. Accordingto a testimom receiv ed by AmnestyInternational from a friend of the family:

"'The Attorney indicated that General

Noel [then head of the Political-MilitaryCommandi responded by telephone thatAntonio Limaco was in the barracks forterrorism and that after 15 days he wouldhe passed to the custody of the PIP I theinvestigativ e policel. Another prisonerwho was passed to the PIP said that Sr.Limaco was at Los Cahitos Barracks1with burns on his face and body.-

Reports reaching Lima in the third week ofJune 1983 wrongly alleged that AntonioLimacSs body had been found at the"Paracuti- garbage dump outside Ayacucho.

Since he had not been turned over to the

investigative police PIP) and had nothad his detention acknowledged within 1.5days, the Public Ministry made several furtherellOrts to establish his whereabouts and heldthe Political- Military Command accountablefor his situation. Amnesty Internationalreceived a photocopy of a 27 July 1983memorandum, signed by Ayacucho ProvincialAttorney Dr Luis Orlando Carrera Conti.Addressed to General Clemente Noel, itrequested a response to previous memorandaregarding cases of "disappearance'', and

14

appended a Ina of I 01 cases, including that fit

Antonio I MTMO)

"I am tk mule to you to reiterate the„ftioal let Ter, No \ :16 I .362.336 pi\ 11

which C erit M %nu requesting kin' M

prIW M With information responding to

the denunciations presented to my office

regarding the detentions and 4)r de,

iippearances of the citirens hoM I list for

your information below

I LI AlrIne`4 International's know ledge, the

Political Military Ci gnmand laded to respond

to the Puhlic Ministry regarding the status of

any of the 101 persons named, and Antonio

I.tmaco remains -disappeared-

Six teachers andstudents and tworelatives, Incaraccay,Cangallo province.I' hese eight pet Tile hake remained

"disappeared- since their detention in

August 1983.

On 15 August a hem ily armed force Iron'

the army's detachment at the town of

Cangallo raided the Nlicaela Bastidasschool. Incaraccay. and. in the presence ofpupils and staff detained the Director,Antonio Olivares Alvarado, 36; primaryschool teacher Eduardo Escriha Huaytalla,29; and a 17 - year old student, Felices

Bautista Salvatierra. Some tOur hours laterthey were reportedly taken towardsCangallo, the provincial capital.

•

School Director Antonio Olivares Alvarado,kft, and Eduardo Escriba Huaytalla

On 17 August an army patrol raided theschool again and detained mathematicsteacher Jose Ogosi Bautista. 32; metal workteacher Guzman Huamani Tinco. 34, andthree relatives of Eduardo EscribaHuaytalla: brothers Guzman GomezHuaytalla, 18, a student at the school. andPedro Gomez Iluaytalla, 25, a student atLima's National University of San Marcoswho was visiting his family; and their uncle.Mariano Escriha Gutierreff. a 52 year oldpeasant farmer. The four arrested teachersare all belioed to be members of the teachers'union, sump.

Amnesty International has recek ed many!Orilla] communications from the families of

•

t

Jose Ogosi I3autista, left, and GuzmanHuamani Tinco

all these -disappeared" people to the Public Ministry !ind other authorities. As tar as the organuatnm is aware. their detentions hal. e

er been acknowledged.

Alejandro HuafiaHuatia

Alejandro Huana. 40, a vendor of candy floss

who lit ed ith his wife and eight children in

the city of Iluanta, used to trat el to provincial

towns with his candy floss machine, usually

accompanied by one or more of his sons.

On 24 June1983 he wasseized by marinesin the city ofTambo. La Mar,while lunchingin a cafe with his12-year-old son.He is reported tohave been takento his hotel room

Alejandro Huaha

where he was systematically beaten, before

being driven off in an official car.Amnesty international has received reports

from witnesses of the arrest, and thetranscribed testimony of Alejandro Huana'swile in November 1983 in which she describesher search for him in the region's jails andmilitary barracks - and in the body dumps of"Infiernillo-, "Paracuti- and others. Shestated:

". . . the Guard told I my son I 'go hack andtell your mother to conie and collect histhings because the marines took himaway' ... When my son came home Iwent to Tambo . and collected all his things. the candy floss machine. thepotatoes he had bought, his blankets and

his spectacles went to the marines and they told MC: • He is not here. Surelyyou. too, are a terrorist... but the neighhours in Tamho ho kmwk my husbandtold me the marines took hint awayI they saidl he could he at 'Paracuti': therewere dead people there. I have gone toParacuti' . . From hill to hill I have

looked for my husband. 1 ha\ e foundmany bodies hut not my husband's

PERU BRIEFING

As far as Arnnestk International know s.

Alejandro Iluana remains ••disappeared-

Carlos Vega Canchari,Antonio PalominoOchoaCarlos Vega. 27. and Antonio Palomino, _tI.

are peasant farmers Whn were teportedlY

detained by hooded members of the Cis il

Guard in theMagdalena neighhourhood ofAyacucho city on24 July 1918.

Amnesty International re -ceived a copy

of a formalcomplaint by Antonio PalominoCarlos Vega'smother to the Prok incial Prosecutor of

Huamanga, dated 5 December. protesting atthe continued ••disappearance- Ill her sondespite her "many previous communicationswith this office-.

In a testimony of hers made mailable to

Amnesty International by a Peru tan human

rights tirgani/ anon she stated:

"He worked in San Francisco, in themountains ... He had previously been

detained lig 24 days and when he wasreleased my lawyer told him to go andwork somewhere else because if they.

Caught him again they WI mid make him

'disappear'. tie came back for a few daysand when he was about to return to SanFrancisco . . . the Civil Guard caught himin Magdalena. .1hey took him with hislittle bundle, I containing his money, seedstig his crops and his cheese. tie was takenwith his work mate, Antonio PalominoOchoa ... to the Comandancia . .

Hie detention of the two men wasacknowledged for two days. After the thirdday, the acknowledgements ceased: the twohad "disappeared-. Antonio PakgninoDcluia's wife stated in a formal complaint tothe Provincial Prosecutor:

"Once detained, my husband was takento the Civil Guard's Comanduncia . . .therefore I took hint food as well as ablanket. However. when I went again tothe Conianduncia on 26 J uly 1983 . .two days after his detention. the riIiee

told me he was no longer at this Coman-dancia. Since then 1 have been inquiringinto his whereabouts .

he lamilies w ere informed unofficially that

the two men had been transferred to Los

C Antos Barracks in Ay acucho, hut then

detentiigis there Were net cr

acknowledged, and. as tar as Anmestk International knows, they remain "disappeared-.

PERU BRIEFING

Arquim•des AscarzaMendozaA student. aged 18. he W:1‘. CINMCM‘

detamed in the presence of w ittlesseshooded men in iir111\ t1111101111 kk,ho broke intohis home in Ayacucho in an earlk immuneraid on 2 July1983. Accordingto his family. 15days after hisarrest formerprisoners whohad been held with him at Los Cahitos Barracksbrought out a

Arquimed Aseartanote from hi

mm

in which he said he est)ected to he transferred

to pollee custody.. ills family gat e the note to

the Ayacucho Provincial Prosecutor as

evidence t it his secret imprisonment.Amnesty international ha• FCCCI Cd

copies of the formal petitions to Ow PublicMinistry Mice in Ayacucho hy ArquimedesA scarza. s family requesting that his arrest heacknim !edged and his k hereabouts andsatety, confirmed. Ins mother, AngelicaM e ndoz a de A scar/ a. kk as a boundermemher. and president the Ay ac liChn

Committee ot the Relato es ot theDisappeared formed in late 1983. Shetestified as follow s:

"At about 12.30 at night about 30 soldiers climbed the walls, all of themhooded and carrying rifles . . They tookmy son away without clothes. just withwhat he was sleeping in ...I shouted:- Where are you taking my son?' Theysaid: -Be quiet or we will kill you.' ..After 15 days I received a note my sonsent me ... 'saying' 1 am here mother,they will transfer me to InvestigationsI PIP I, from there you will surely get meout'. But since then I have heard nothingmore. I have been told he has been takento Matara, others say to Totos, others toHuancayo or to Vilcas. They are onlyrumours.-

His whereabouts were still unknown as ot

early November 1984.

Yuri Alejandro Simbr6nSimbrim, 14;Abdón Wilber MansillaSimbron, 17

Ube tw o brothers, both students at theGonzalez Vigil school in Huanta city, weredetained in the city on 19 October 1983 at

ahout I I pm by the Civil Guard. /According

to neighbours, guardsmen broke into theboys' room and dragged them into the street

hareh sit and partiallt dressed. Ncighhourssay an official car toi,k the hot, s to the Cii

uard headquarters, they tt ere then

reportedly transtei led In the nak headquarters and detention centre ;it the

II uatlia i1 uliic pa I St;idiu m

••

Abdén Mansilla Simbrén, left, and YuriSimbron

heir mother subsequently isited allknown detention centres in !Emma. all policeand military authorities denied knowledge oftheir detenticm. At the stadium a run, al officerreportedly told her that she -should pray toGod that her sons Were alik c, as perhaps thevwere terrorists-.

According to sources close to the !amity.

prisoners released from Huanta Stadium on3 Nin. ember said the R'o boys Were incustody there at that time. No I urtherinlormation on their w hereabouts is reportedto Moe been reeek ed.

Amnesty International knows ot no specificreason for the boys' arrest. Abdon Wilberwas reportedly an active member of theRoman Catholic youth organizationiu ventudCamila,. Neither of the two was belie ed tobe imolved in politics.

However. teenagers throughout the Entergeney Zone hake been the object of arbitrars.arrest and "disappearance-. in part becausethe Shining Path guerrilla group recruitsmembers from young people of school age.Amnesty International has extensive docu-mentation on 76 cases oi minors reported tohave "disappeared- in the Emergency Zone.Over 15 students from the Gonzalez Vigilschool alom, are reported to have "dis-appeared.'.

Boris Marco AntonioYu lio MedinaBoris Yuncaccallo, 14, was another pupil ofthe Gonzalez Vigil school in Huanta whowas reported to have "disappeared" afterdetention by the security forces. In a swornstatement to the Ayacucho city prosecutor,Boris' father, a notary public, said that hisson was detained by a marine patrol on theevening of 27 October 1983 as he wasleaving on an errand to buy sugar.

The boy's parents immediately reportedthe arrest to the city prosecutor and to anAyacucho criminal court judge.

1 5

Rods Yuncaccallo

Neighbours are reported to have cor-roborated the family's version of events

but marine and police authorities havecontinued to deny that Boris was everarrested.

Measures to establish his whereabouts byhis parents, the courts and the PublicMinistry have been unsuccessful and, as faras Amnesty International is aware, heremains "disappeared".

an ittan sawn • grandn

Its 1•• ore

In •ans amnion I •nions, ns ••••• beadi•, p••-

ents• Sanas •inlainnIn •41•It• • •• ins

nos. • fat IN •• nen • •••.e ti lionatalnad

t• 1•• •ptIon• is.Ls dainlown• as In •141.e• sans.

In, pea peletI• lelstinsann In denials, tad

benaan 1.. darn I Senn d• tstll• too Ina

Ins •n ono tante..

In le nano

tan • ft.. nen wow Isoinna, ante • s1

am to J•• •

d• •nnen, to Inn,'

•••

0/

Above is part of a petition dated 30 Nov-ember 1983 by Boris' parents to a Huantajudge. They report the existence of bodydumping grounds at Chaquihuaycco andPalmayocc on the outskirts of the cityand ask the courts to order the bodies tobe recovered so that "we, their relatives,their fathers and mothers who have losttheir loved ones, can identify them".The court stamp records receipt of thepetit ion.

During 1983 and 1984 courts inHuanta made a number of orders for therecovery of bodies from secret gravesand body dumping sites, in the face ofstrong opposition from the militaryauthorities. To Amnesty International'sknowledge, no body identified as beingthat of Boris Yuncaccallo was found.

worldwide campaign • Infor ation from mnesty International

Human rights are a human responsibility. Whenever they are violated people are the victims. They and theirfamilies need practical help.

The protection of human rights is an international responsibility. This principle is accepted by majorworld bodies such as the United. Nations; governments are now publicly accountable to the worldcommunity for protecting the rights of their own citizens. That accountability includes accepting the rightof international organizations to ask questions and express concern when people's rights are curtailed.

Amnesty International works on the basis of the universal human rights standards which the internationalcommunity has proclaimed. If a state is violating those standards, Amnesty International comes to thedefence of the victims.

Amnesty International began in 1961 with a newspaper article, "The ForgottenPrisoners", by British lawyer Peter Benenson. He urged people everywhere to beginworking impartially and peacefully for the victims of political persecution. "Open yournewspaper any day of the week and you will find a report from somewhere in the worldof someone being imprisoned, tortured or executed because his opinions or religion areunacceptable to his government," he wrote. Within a month more than a thousandpeople from various countries had sent in offers of practical help. They were ready tohelp collect information on cases, publicize them and approach governments. Whatstarted as a brief publicity effort became a growing international movement.

Amnesty International now has more than 5(X),000 members, supporters and subscribers in over 160countries and territories. They come from all walks of life, reflecting a wide variety of points of view. Mostare organized into small local groups. There are now more than 3,000 groups in Africa, Asia, the Americas,Europe and the Middle Last. Lach group works on behalf of prisoners held in countries other than its own—emphasizing the need for international human rights work. No group or member is expected to provideinformation on their own country, nor do they have any responsibility for action taken or statements issuedby the international organization concerning their country.

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