bridging the gap of actual and calculated heating...
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BRIDGING THE GAP OF ACTUAL AND CALCULATED HEATING ENERGY
CONSUMPTION IN BOTTOM-UP RESIDENTIAL BUILDING STOCK MODELING
47. Međunarodni kongres i izložba o KGH, Beograd, 30.11–2.12.201647th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition, Belgrade, Nov.30–Dec.2 2016
Constantinos A. Balaras, PhD FASHRAEMechanical Engineer, Research Director
E.G. Dascalaki, PhD MASHRAE K.G. Droutsa MSc S. Kontoyiannidis, MSc
GRoup Energy Conservation (GREC)www.facebook.com/GRoupEnergyConservation
Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development IERSD-NOA, Athens, Greece
www.meteo.noa.gr
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Building Energy Use
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Estimate Energy Use & Potential Energy Savings Accuracy of Calculation Tools
Test Procedures “Building Energy Simulation” Tools – BESTEST (ASHRAE Std 140-2011)
Measure Actual Energy Use; Building Model CalibrationCalibrated simulation; Measurement & Verification (ASHRAE Guideline 140-2014)
Possible sources of errors, Uncertainties, Inaccuracies, Deviations from design conditions or actual technical characteristics, Assumed standard operating conditions
vs
Residential Building Stock ModelingSingle Building
Millions of Buildings
BUILDING STOCK MODELING
ENERGY & BUILDINGS
BUILDING TYPOLOGIES(building archetypes)
BUILDING TYPOLOGIES
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http://episcope.eu
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Mind the Gap: Calculated vs Actual
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Mind the Gap: Calculated vs Actual
Primary Energy Use Intensity (EUIP) for Space Heating & DHWone energy carrier
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Bridging the Gap: Calculated vs ActualENERGY CERTIFICATES Analysis for different building types
Adaptation Factors f (Actual/Calculated)
Ref: Balaras et al., Applied Energy 164, 2016.
(11,800 data from EPCs)
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Bridging the Gap: Calculated vs ActualENERGY CERTIFICATES Analysis for different building types
Raw data (SFH:1782; MFH:10042) Screened data (SFH:1414; MFH:7127)
Adaptation Factors f (Actual/Calculated)
Primary Energy Use Intensity (EUIP) for Space Heating & DHWone energy carrier
Average f Upper bound (Raw data)
SFH: 0.70 (i.e. 30% lower energy use than calculated)MFH: 1.08 (i.e. 8% higher energy use than calculated)
Average f Average bound (Screened data)
SFH: 0.52 (i.e. 48% lower than calculated)MFH: 0.56 (i.e. 44% lower than calculated)
(11,800 data from EPCs)
0.39 for heating operating hours 0.91 for indoor temperature 0.88 for heated floor area9/1747th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition, Belgrade, Nov.30–Dec.2 2016
Bridging the Gap: Calculated vs ActualFIELD SURVEYS
Lower boundAdaptation Factors f(Actual/Calculated)
Capture current trends Actual operating conditions deviate from
values used in normative calculations
Less operating hours Isolate roomsLess heated area
DISCOMFORTMiss Target-IEQOccupancy - Actual Behavior
(pilot in 211 dwellings)
Lower Thermostat
Isolated heated spacesThermostat settings
http://www.energycon.org/instructions.htm
http://episcope.eu
20 European residential building typologies National Case Studies
BUILDING STOCK MODELING
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National Statistical Authority
INPUTS
http://www.energycon.org/instructions.htm
http://episcope.eu
20 European residential building typologies National Case Studies
Envelope SystemCombined
Scenarios
BUILDING STOCK MODELING
Ref: Dascalaki et al., Energy & Buildings 132, 2016.
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OUTPUTS
Building stock monitoring tool for energy refurbishment of residential buildings TABULA residential building typologies Track and assess energy conservation measures Energy performance indicators
http://episcope.eu
BUILDING STOCK MODELING
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BUILDING STOCK MODELINGSpecial Issue Energy and Buildings - EPISCOPE
Towards an energy efficient European housing stock: monitoring, mapping and modelling retrofitting processes
Energy and BuildingsVolume 132, Pages 1-154 (15 November 2016)
Edited by Henk Visscher, Elena Dascalaki and Igor Sartori
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CONCLUSIONS• Building stock modeling – Bottom-up approach; Complexities can
be handled by building typologies supported with the insight from Census & Statistics, EPC & Field Surveys data
• Occupancy plays a major role in operational energy use (rebound or prebound effect)
• Use empirical adaptation factors to make more realistic estimates from normative calculations
• Assess actual energy savings from different EEMs & scenarios
• Make realistic estimates of actual heating energy use for medium-to long-term predictions in building stock modeling
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15/1747th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition, Belgrade, Nov.30–Dec.2 2016
BibliographyBalaras C.A. , A.G. Gaglia, E. Georgopoulou, S. Mirasgedis, Y. Sarafidis, D.P. Lalas, European Residential Buildings and Empirical Assessment of the Hellenic Building Stock, Energy Consumption, Emissions & Potential Energy Savings, Building & Environment, Vol. 42, No 3, p. 1298-1314 (2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.11.001
Balaras C.A. , E.G. Dascalaki, K.G. Droutsa, S. Kontoyiannidis, R. Guruz, G. Gudnason, Energy & Other Key Performance Indicators for Buildings – Examples for Hellenic Buildings, Global Journal of Energy Technology Research Updates, Vol. 1, No 2, p. 71-89 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.15377/2409-5818.2014.01.02.2
Balaras C.A. , E.G. Dascalaki, K.G. Droutsa, S. Kontoyiannidis, Empirical Assessment of Calculated and Actual Heating Energy Use in Hellenic Residential Buildings, Applied Energy, Vol. 164, p. 115-132 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.11.027
Dascalaki E.G. , C.A. Balaras, A.G. Gaglia, K.G. Droutsa, S. Kontoyiannidis, Energy Performance of Buildings - EPBD in Greece, Energy Policy, Vol. 45, p. 469-477 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.02.058
Dascalaki E.G. , C.A. Balaras, S. Kontoyiannidis, K.G. Droutsa, Modeling Energy Refurbishment Scenarios for the Hellenic Residential Building Stock Towards the 2020 & 2030 Targets, Energy & Buildings, Vol. 132, p. 74-90 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.06.003
Grossmann D., R. Galvin, J. Weiss, R. Madlener, B. Hirschl, A methodology for estimating rebound effects in non-residential public service buildings: Case study of four buildings in Germany, Energy and Buildings, Vol. 111, p. 455-467, (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.11.063
Kurnitski J., K. Kuusk, R. Simson, QUALICHeCK Overview of EPC compliance and quality issues on the ground, REHVA J., p.25-28, August (2016). http://www.rehva.eu/publications-and-resources/rehva-journal/2016/042016/qualicheck-overview-of-epc-compliance-and-quality-issues-on-the-ground.html
Li C., T. Hong, D. Yan, An Insight into Actual Energy Use and Its Drivers in High-Performance Buildings, Applied Energy, Vol. 131, p. 394-410 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.06.032
Sunikka-Blank M., R. Galvin, Introducing the prebound effect: the gap between performance and actual energy consumption, Building Research & Information, Vol. 40, p. 260-273 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2012.690952
https://www.linkedin.com/in/costasbalaras
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Constantinos_Balaras/Complete list of relevant publications are available at
47. Međunarodni kongres i izložba o KGH, Beograd, 30.11–2.12.201647th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition, Belgrade, Nov.30–Dec.2 2016
Constantinos A. Balaras, PhD FASHRAEMechanical Engineer, Research Director
E.G. Dascalaki, PhD MASHRAE K.G. Droutsa MSc S. Kontoyiannidis, MSc
GRoup Energy Conservation (GREC)www.facebook.com/GRoupEnergyConservation
Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development IERSD-NOA, Athens, Greece
www.meteo.noa.gr
17/1747th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition, Belgrade, Nov.30–Dec.2 2016
AcknowledgmentsPart of this work was performed in the frame of the European project EPISCOPE (http://episcope.eu) Energy Performance Indicator Tracking Schemes for the Continuous Optimisation of Refurbishment Processes in European Housing Stocks that is partly financed by the European Commission, Executive Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation (EACI). The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Union. Neither the EASME nor the European Commission is responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
The official Hellenic EPC registry (www.buildingcert.gr) was developed and is maintained by the Hellenic Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change - YPEKA (currently Hellenic Ministry of Reconstruction of Production, Environment & Energy) in collaboration with the Centre for Renewable Energy Sources (CRES). The authors wish to thankfully acknowledge YPEKA for allowing access to the national EPC database. The analysis performed by the authors does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Ministry.
www.meteo.noa.grwww.noa.gr
www.facebook.com/GRoupEnergyConservation
47th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition, Belgrade, Nov.30–Dec.2 2016