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Table S1. Chemical properties of the indicator compounds
Classes Indicator Compounds Structure Chemical Properties
Analgesics Acetaminophen Phenol, amide
Ibuprofen Aromatic ring, carboxylic acid
Antibiotics ErythromycinComplex aliphatic structure, ketone, alcohols, ester, ethers, tertiary amine, heterocyclic rings
Sulfamethoxazole Sulfone, primary amine, secondary amine, aromatic ring, isoxazole ring
Trimethoprim Aromatic ring, pyrimidine ring, primary amines, methoxy groups
Antiepileptic Carbamazepine Aromatic rings, heterocyclic ring, amide
β-Blocker Atenolol Aromatic ring, carboxylic acid, ether, amine
Blood Lipid Regulator Gemfibrozil Aromatic ring, carboxylic acid, ether
Fire Retardant TCEP Phosphate, chlorines, aliphatic structure
Nicotine Metabolite Cotinine Ketone, pyridine ring
Pesticides Atrazine Triazine ring, secondary amines, chlorine
DEET Aromatic ring, amide
Psychomotor Stimulant Caffeine Xanthine ring
Steroid 17β-Estradiol Aliphatic rings
X-ray Contrast Agent Iopromide Phenol, alcohol, aliphatic rings
Table S2. Pilot plant source water quality
Parameters Concentration
Source Water Quality T (°C) 19-27
Turbidity (ntu) 2.3-7.5
pH 7.33-8.29
Alkalinity (mg/L) 72-90
Hardness (mg/L) 98-118
Ammonia (mg/L as N) 0.02-0.3
Nitrate (mg/L as N) 0.03-0.30
Nitrite (mg/L as N) ND-0.02
Sodium (mg/L) 39.1-42
Aluminum (mg/L) 0.06-0.10
Mn (mg/L) 0.15-0.27
Iron (mg/L) 0.16-0.26
TOC (mg/L) 4.17-7.58
DOC (mg/L) 3.86-6.58TOC – Total Organic Carbon; DOC – Dissolved Organic Carbon; ND – Not Detected.
Table S3. PPCP concentrations in process effluent in Run 1
Classes CompoundsMRL
(ng/L)
RPD
(%)
Target
Conc.
(ng/L)
Blank
(ng/L)
Spiked*
(ng/L)
Pre-O3
(ng/L)
DAF
(ng/L)
Filter 1
(ng/L)
GAC-virgin
(ng/L)
GAC-used
(ng/L)
Inter Cl2
(ng/L)
Filter 2
(ng/L)
UV/H2O2
(ng/L)
Train 1 – 3 1 – 3 1 – 3 1 – 3 1 1 2 3 3 3
Analgesics Acetaminophen 5 0 1,855 ND 2,700 12 13 14 ND ND ND ND ND
Ibuprofen 10 2.9 685 ND 970 270 250 220 ND 180 230 210 ND
Antibiotics Erythromycin 10 0 139 70 820 74 76 71 73 73 70 71 ND
Sulfamethoxazole 5 53 3,382 16 2,600 5.8 6.6 24 17 28 23 ND 15
Trimethoprim 5 0 1,150 9.7 1,800 8.4 ND 52 ND 16 12 ND 10
Antiepileptic Carbamazepine 5 0 1,424 ND 2,800 14 14 13 13 23 12 12 ND
Beta-Blockers Atenolol 5 12 575 ND 940 540 370 480 ND 51 300 570 8.3
Blood LipidRegulators Gemfibrozil 5 1.8 685 ND 590 55 55 54 ND 37 43 39 ND
Fire Retardant TCEP 5 78 575 ND 390 440 410 400 ND 290 490 370 210
Nicotine Metabolite Cotinine 10 29 1,185 ND 790 750 770 860 ND 430 740 630 110
Pesticides Atrazine 5 13 657 ND 1,300 180 260 300 21 200 260 350 19
DEET 2 13 2,415 710 3,900 1,200 800 770 220 770 830 710 11
Psychomotor Stimulant Caffeine 5 3.4 9,189 14 6,900 4,500 4,500 2,700 ND 1,800 4,100 3,200 55
Steroids 17β-Estradiol 5 5.6 288 ND 430 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
X-ray Contrast Agent Iopromide 5 4.9 1,150 ND 1,200 730 690 640 51 580 720 590 18
ND – Not Detected; MRL – Minimum Reporting Limiting; RPD – Relative Percent Difference. *Removals were calculated based on the actual spiked concentration measured in the pilot plant.
Table S4. PPCP concentrations in process effluent in Run 2
Classes CompoundsMRL
(ng/L)
RPD
(%)
Target
Conc.
(ng/L)
Diluted Spiked
Solution**
(ng/L)
Blank
(ng/L)
Spiked*
(ng/L)
DAF
(ng/L)
Inter O3
(ng/L)
Filter 1
(ng/L)
GAC-virgin
(ng/L)
GAC-used
(ng/L)
UV/H2O2
(ng/L)
Train 4 – 6 4 – 6 4 – 6 4 – 5 4 4 5 6
Analgesics Acetaminophen 5 1.2 1,855 1,500 ND 1,200 1,300 67 73 ND 12 ND
Ibuprofen 10 1.4 685 250 ND 380 200 140 190 ND 140 ND
Antibiotics Erythromycin 10 15 139 20 ND 14 22 ND ND ND ND ND
Sulfamethoxazole 5 1.7 3,382 3,100 ND 2,700 2,600 190 150 ND 90 ND
Trimethoprim 5 13 1,150 1,400 ND 1,200 950 65 62 ND ND ND
Antiepileptic Carbamazepine 5 17 1,424 2,400 ND 1,600 1,700 150 170 ND 56 31
Beta-Blockers Atenolol 5 18 575 630 ND 850 780 270 210 ND 44 8.3
Blood Lipid Regulators Gemfibrozil 5 5.4 685 690 ND 600 600 110 95 ND 73 9.9
Fire Retardant TCEP 5 41 575 280 ND 190 240 180 170 ND 150 150
Nicotine Metabolite Cotinine 10 6.9 1,185 950 ND 1,400 1,200 820 950 ND 480 200
Pesticides Atrazine 5 8.7 657 460 ND 670 400 380 550 ND 200 24
DEET 2 18 2,415 2,300 ND 3,500 1,200 830 1,300 ND ND 9.1
Psychomotor Stimulant Caffeine 5 1.6 9,189 9,300 51 7,500 6,100 3,700 3,800 8.6 1,500 390
Steroids 17β-Estradiol 5 5.5 288 310 ND 250 300 6.8 8.5 ND ND ND
X-ray Contrast Agent Iopromide 5 2.6 1,150 1,300 ND 670 1,100 730 530 17 420 14
ND – Not Detected; MRL – Minimum Reporting Limiting; RPD – Relative Percent Difference.*Removals were calculated based on the actual spiked concentration measured in the pilot plant.**The diluted spiked solution was prepared from the spiked solution to simulate the expected condition in the pilot plant after spiking.
Table S5. PPCP concentrations in process effluent in Run 3
Classes CompoundsMRL
(ng/L)
RPD
(%)
Target
Conc.
(ng/L)
Diluted Spiked
Solution**
(ng/L)
Blank
(ng/L)
Spiked*
(ng/L)
DAF
(ng/L)
Inter O3/H2O2
(2.5 mg/L / 0.5 mg/L)
(ng/L)
Inter Cl 2(ng/L)
Filter 2
(ng/L)
UV/H2O2
(ng/L)
Train 7 – 9 7 – 9 7 – 9 7 – 8 9 9 9
Analgesics Acetaminophen 5 4.6 1,855 1,400 ND 1,200 ND 24 47 27 ND
Ibuprofen 10 2.6 685 460 ND 560 530 110 480 430 ND
Antibiotics Erythromycin 10 35 139 ND ND ND 15 ND ND ND ND
Sulfamethoxazole 5 8.4 3,382 3,200 ND 3,000 3,100 19 6 330 ND
Trimethoprim 5 40 1,150 1,000 ND 1,500 ND 14 88 49 ND
Antiepileptic Carbamazepine 5 3.5 1,424 1,300 ND 1,400 1,600 11 70 170 28
Beta-Blockers Atenolol 5 10 575 1,000 ND 650 660 100 ND ND 22
Blood Lipid Regulators Gemfibrozil 5 16 685 510 600 ND 590 26 510 510 22
Fire Retardant TCEP 5 0.36 575 790 17 570 470 390 110 ND 350
Nicotine Metabolite Cotinine 10 12 1,185 1,500 12 ND ND 1,200 160 250 330
Pesticides Atrazine 5 6.2 657 220 ND 520 870 220 560 ND 9.2
DEET 2 23 2,415 2,700 ND 2,800 1,200 ND 76 250 ND
Psychomotor Stimulant Caffeine 5 5.7 9,189 12,000 41 12,000 8,200 ND 370 780 ND
Steroids 17β-Estradiol 5 13 288 280 ND 100 220 6.6 9.2 10 ND
X-ray Contrast Agent Iopromide 5 6.5 1,150 1,200 ND 1,400 1,600 820 1,600 1,400 29
ND – Not Detected; MRL – Minimum Reporting Limiting; RPD – Relative Percent Difference.*Removals were calculated based on the actual spiked concentration measured in the pilot plant.**The diluted spiked solution was prepared from the spiked solution to simulate the expected condition in the pilot plant after spiking.
Table S6. PPCP concentrations in process effluent in Run 4
Classes CompoundsMRL
(ng/L)
RPD
(%)
Target Conc.
(ng/L)
Diluted Spiked
Solution**
(ng/L)
Blank
(ng/L)
Spiked*
(ng/L)
Pre-Ozonation/H2O2
(2.5 mg/L / 0.5 mg/L)
(ng/L)
Filter 2
(ng/L)
UV/H2O2
(ng/L)
Train A-C A-C A C C
Analgesics Acetaminophen 5 4.6 1,855 1,100 ND 940 110 1,200 ND
Ibuprofen 10 2.6 685 650 ND 560 240 520 ND
Antibiotics Erythromycin 10 35 139 ND ND ND ND ND ND
Sulfamethoxazole 5 8.4 3,382 3,200 ND 3,100 58 2,800 ND
Trimethoprim 5 40 1,150 1,400 ND 1,300 69 740 ND
Antiepileptic Carbamazepine 5 3.5 1,424 1,100 ND 1,100 140 1,700 ND
Beta-Blockers Atenolol 5 10 575 920 ND 940 980 780 ND
Blood Lipid Regulators Gemfibrozil 5 16 685 620 ND 520 260 610 18
Fire Retardant TCEP 5 0.36 575 370 14 820 650 560 750
Nicotine Metabolite Cotinine 10 12 1,185 1,600 14 1,500 1,300 1,700 170
Pesticides Atrazine 5 6.2 657 290 9.3 230 270 670 ND
DEET 2 23 2,415 2,600 420 2,300 2,300 11,000 ND
Psychomotor Stimulant Caffeine 5 5.7 9,189 12,000 35 12,000 12,000 7,000 550
Steroids 17β-Estradiol 5 13 288 300 ND 200 ND 200 7.2
X-ray Contrast Agent Iopromide 5 6.5 1,150 1,800 ND 1,400 1,000 2,200 20
ND – Not Detected; MRL – Minimum Reporting Limiting; RPD – Relative Percent Difference.*Removals were calculated based on the actual spiked concentration measured in the pilot plant.**The diluted spiked solution was prepared from the spiked solution to simulate the expected condition in the pilot plant after spiking.
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Train 1Pre-O₃ DAF
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Train 2Dual Media Filter 1 Virgin GAC Inter-Cl₂
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Train 3Dual Media Filter 2 UV/H₂O₂
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Train 4DAF
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Train 5Inter-O₃ Dual Media Filter 1 Virgin GAC
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Train 6
UV/H₂O₂
Figure S1. Cumulative removal by each treatment process in a) Trains 1 to 3, b) Trains 4 to 6, c) Trains 7 to 9, and d) Trains 10 to 12.
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Train 7DAF Inter-O₃/H₂O₂ (2.5 mg O₃/L-0.5 mg H₂O₂/L)
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Train 8Inter-Cl₂ (2.6 mg/L) Dual Media Filter 2 (6 min)
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Train 9UV/H₂O₂ (500 mJ/cm²-15 mg/L)
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Train 10Pre-O₃/H₂O₂ (2.5 mg O₃/L-0.5 mg H₂O₂/L)
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Train 11Dual Media Filter 2 (6 min)
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Train 12UV/H₂O₂ (700 mJ/cm²-15 mg/L)
Figure S1. Cumulative removal by each treatment process in a) Trains 1 to 3, b) Trains 4 to 6, c) Trains 7 to 9, and d) Trains 10 to 12 (continued).