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Speech:

Introduction:

[Niceties, blablabla]

A recent paper on climate change has suggested emissions rose again last year, by about

2.6%, to a record high of 35.6bn tonnes. This means global emissions from burning fossil fuels

are now 58% above 1990 levels, which, as we all know, is the base year for calculating

emissions cuts under the Kyoto protocol.

Scientists have found that in order to avoid devastating consequences such as mass

desertification, glacier loss,extreme weather, and sea level rise, the international

communitymust limitglobal warming to 2C above pre-industrial levels. And in recent reports by

other authorities including the World Bank and International Energy Agency, the world is headed

for catastrophic levels of warming of as much as 4-6 C.

Body:

1. PRINCIPLES

With such overwhelming figures, many countries have deemed that a new agreement with

new principles on tackling climate change is needed. However, we feel that there is an urgent

need to ensure the continuation of the principles set in the Kyoto Protocol, which has been the

foundation of international discussions for more than a decade. Its important to keep this format

alive so that in the future this may be used for countries to respond to the climate crisis. This,

notwithstanding the shrinking support for the same principles among the initial signatories. Size

is unimportant as long as the principles of Kyoto particularly the idea that earlier developed

nations should shoulder a bigger burden are maintained. Therefore, principles such as

common but differentiated responsibilities, equity, and historical responsibility should be

continuously upheld.

Brazil has done its part in climate change mitigation. The countrys greenhouse gas output has

slowed due to a deceleration of Amazon clearance. We have also committed to cut emissions

36.1 percent to 38.9 percent below projected levels in 2020 and set domestic targets for curbs

on deforestation in the Amazon and Cerrado regions. Because of this, we believe that we have

enhanced credibility to work with all parties. We see ourselves as a player that wants to promote

a convergence of ideas.

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2. MITIGATION

Mitigation Definition

Climate change mitigation is action to decrease the intensity ofradiative forcing in order to reduce the

effects ofglobal warming.[2]In contrast, adaptation to global warming involves acting to tolerate

the effects of global warming.[2]

Most often, climate change mitigation scenarios involve reductions in

the concentrations ofgreenhouse gases, either by reducing theirsources[3]

or by increasing theirsinks.

* Simply put, mitigation means pagbabawas ng cause ng climate change, i.e. greenhouse gases.

Regarding mitigation, we believe Annex I countries should have reduction targets, and these

targets should still be legally binding, as in the Kyoto Protocol. Because we believe in the

principle of historical responsibility, developing countries should not be required to have

reduction targets. Limits in increase of emissions or stabilization targets should still be observed

by these developing countries, however.

Hot air or leftover emissions credits from the first phase of the Kyoto Protocol should not be

allowed. Some countries, including Poland, Ukraine and Russia, have large surpluses of credits,

generated because their carbon output collapsed alongside their industrial base after the fall of

communism. These credits are not to be considered in this new agreement, because they

represent greenhouse gases already reduced many years ago, rather than new efforts. This

agreement has to have environmental integrity, and you will not have that if countries are

allowed to carry over their credits. The second period will be completely compromised. This is

not a way to have effective reductions.

Furthermore, we believe in enhancing ambition of the parties involved.Ambition, as we all must

know, refers to countries collective willthrough both domestic action and international

initiativesto cut global greenhouse gas emissions enough to meet the 2C goal.Enhancing

ambition is vital to the success of the UNFCCC (UN Framework Convention on Climate

Change) and the health of the planet. If countries dont agree to more ambitious pledgesboth

in terms of emissions reductions and financial assistancethe world will undoubtedly sufferfrom climate changes most catastrophic impacts.

3. ADAPTATION

Adaptation Definition

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiative_forcinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation#cite_note-TAR_glosary-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation#cite_note-TAR_glosary-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation#cite_note-TAR_glosary-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation_to_global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation#cite_note-TAR_glosary-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation#cite_note-TAR_glosary-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation#cite_note-TAR_glosary-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation_scenarioshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions#Greenhouse_gas_emissionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions#Greenhouse_gas_emissionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions#Greenhouse_gas_emissionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_sinkhttp://insights.wri.org/news/2012/02/ambition-durban-climate-dealhttp://insights.wri.org/news/2012/02/ambition-durban-climate-dealhttp://insights.wri.org/news/2012/02/ambition-durban-climate-dealhttp://insights.wri.org/news/2012/02/ambition-durban-climate-dealhttp://insights.wri.org/news/2012/02/ambition-durban-climate-dealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_sinkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions#Greenhouse_gas_emissionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions#Greenhouse_gas_emissionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation_scenarioshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation#cite_note-TAR_glosary-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation_to_global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation#cite_note-TAR_glosary-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiative_forcing

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Adaptation to global warmingand climate change is a response to climate change that seeks to reduce

the vulnerability of biological systems to climate change effects.

Simply put, adaptation means adjusting to the effects of climate change. For example, relocating

residents to less climate change-related disaster-prone areas.

On the issue of adaptation, it is important to include the economic impacts of response

measures, as well as the physical impacts of climate change. Aside from the individual

governments of party countries, companies should also be given responsibility in financing for

adaptation, as they contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions.

4. CLIMATE FINANCE

Financial contributions for mitigation and adaptation measures should be based on

responsibility for climate change, as well as capacity to pay. Brazil believes in this because we

are all for upholding the principles of historical responsibility and based on capacity. The

private sector and markets should be a source of funds as well, because as mentioned, they

contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. The more international institutions (such

as the World Bank) involved in managing climate finance, the better, as there will be more

sharing in the burden of the gargantuan task of climate change mitigation and adaptation.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming