BRANCHES OF SCIENCE

Ch. 1.1

True False Statement True False

There are 3 branches of physical science

Science & technology are interdependent

Chemistry is the study of matter and energy, while physics is the

study of the composition of matter

Goal of science is to expand knowledge

Goal of technology is to apply knowledge

Science

A system of knowledge that apply methods to find new knowledge

Begin with curiosity, end in discovery!

Qualitative= descriptive Quantitative= numerical

Goal= expand knowledge

Technology

The use of knowledge to solve practical problems

Goal= apply knowledge gained from science

Science Technology

Interdependent: advances in one lead to advances in the other

Natural Science

3 main branches Physical Science

Earth & Space Science

Life Science

Physical Science

Study of the composition, structure, properties and reactions of matter

Study of matter, energy and the interactions between the 2 through forces and motion

Chemistry Physics

Earth and Space Science

Study of the origin, history and structure of earth

Study of the universe, beyond earth

Geology Astronomy

Life Science (biology)

Botany Zoology

The study of living things

SCIENTIFIC APPROACH

Ch. 1.2

True False Statement True False

The scientific method, is a way of gathering information to solve a

problem

There are 8 steps to the scientific method

There are 2 types of variables: manipulated and responding or

independent and dependent

Dependent variables are changed, while independent stay the same

Models must be continually changed

Scientific Method

Organized plan Gathering,

organizing, and communicating info

Goal= solve problems, or understand an event

Steps

1. State the Problem Question format Based on

observations Ex:

2. Research the Problem Gather information Journals, articles,

interviews Ex:

3. Form a Hypothesis Probable solution to the problem Educated guess as to what will solve the

problem If-Then format Ex:

4. Conduct an Experiment

Independent Variable (manipulated) “I” Change on

purpose Ex:

Dependent Variable (responding) Changed due to what

you changed Ex:

Control Group or object

that does not change

No IV added Ex:

Constant Condition that

remains the same

5. Record/analyze data Results in tables

6. Conclusion What does the

data mean? Was hypothesis

correct?

Evidence to support hypothesis

Evidence doesn’t support hypothesisRevise and try

again

7. Repeat experiment Must get same

results over and over to be VALID

Law vs Theory

Repeatedly tested Summarizes

patterns in nature Doesn’t try to

explain patterns

Hypothesis repeatedly supported

Well tested explanation

Never proved Become stronger Can be revised or

replaced Explains patterns

Models

Make it easy to understand things that are too difficult to observe directly

Ex: Earths rotation

New continually replace old

Mental Models Comets are like

giant snowballs made of ice

Physical Models Maps, drawings

MEASUREMENT

Ch. 1.3

True False Statement True False

Scientific Notation makes numbers more precise

Significant figures allow you to know how many decimal places you need

to have

Scientists use SI units, which were developed in France

Precision and accuracy are the same

The SI unit for temperature is K

Scientific Notation

Short hand way to express very large or small #’s

Speed of light = 300,000,000 m/s

Scientific Notation 3.0 x 108 m/s

#’s greater than 1 are +

#’s less than 1 are -

Steps to Scientific Notation

Step 1: Count the amount of decimal places that

must be moved to make the original number between one and ten.

Step 2: Write this amount as the exponent

above the ten. Make the exponent positive = move left and negative= move right.

Examples

Convert 2,530,000 Step 1) 2,530,000 Step 2) We moved decimal places to the

left, so we know that the exponent above the ten will be positive 6.

Convert 0.0000000523 Step 1) 0.0000000523 Step 2)

Practice

1) 287

2) 840,000

3) 0.0000683

4) 603,400,000

<1 = negative, >1 = positive

Practice

1.) 5.89 x 10 5

2.) 3.45 x 10-3

3.) 7.0 x 105

4.) 1.23 x 10-6

- Move decimal left, + move decimal right

Scientific Notation

Multiplying Multiply #s Add the exponents 3.0 x 108 x 5.0 x 102

= 1.5 x 1011

Dividing Divide #s Subtract exponents 1.5 x 1011

3.0 x 108

(2.8 x 108) x (1.9 x 104)=

(4.9 x 1024) (1.6 x105) =

(3.6 x104) x (6x 105)=

(1.44 x 1024) x (1.2x 1017)== 5.0 x

102

SI Units of Measurement

System International d’Unites developed by French

Metric System Used by scientists

globally

Base Units

Length- straight line distance between 2 points Meter

Mass- quantity of matter in an object Kilogram

Volume- amount of space taken up by an object Cubic meter, m3

Density- ratio of objects mass to volume Kg/ m3

King Henry Died Monday drinking chocolate milk

Practice

Convert 125 kg= _______ g

0.146cm= _______Hm

39 s= ______Ds

Metric Prefixes

Indicates how many times a unit should be multiplies or divided by 10

Conversion Factors

Ratio of equivalent measurements used to convert 1 quantity into another

8848m=km? 1km 1000m

1000m 1km

8848 m x 1 km1000m

= 8.848 km

Gauge of how exact a measurement is

Limited by the least precise measurement used to calculate

Significant Figures!

Closeness of a measurement to actual value of what is being measured

Precision Accuracy

Accurate & Precise

Accurate not Precise

Not Accurate or PrecisePrecise

not accurate

Significant Figures Rules:

1) ALL non-zero numbers (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) are ALWAYS significant.

2) ALL zeroes between non-zero numbers are ALWAYS significant.

3) ALL zeroes which are SIMULTANEOUSLY to the right of the decimal point AND at the end of the number are ALWAYS significant.

4) ALL zeroes which are to the left of a written decimal point and are in a number >= 10 are ALWAYS significant.

A helpful way to check rules 3 and 4 is to write the number in scientific notation. If you can/must get rid of the zeroes, then they are NOT significant.

Use the least precise measurement Mass=34.73g Volume=4.42cm3

Density= 34.734.42cm3

= 7.85766g/cm3

Adding/Multiplying

The answer cannot CONTAIN MORE PLACES AFTER THE DECIMAL POINT THAN THE SMALLEST NUMBER OF DECIMAL PLACES in the numbers being added or subtracted.

23.987+ 9.07=

0.238+ 23=

Multiplying/Dividing

The answer cannot CONTAIN MORE SIGNIFICANT FIGURES THAN THE NUMBER BEING MULTIPLIED OR DIVIDED with the LEAST NUMBER OF SIGNIFICANT FIGURES.

100 x 203 =

245 / 403 =

0.0029 x 2.098 =

2.020 / 192 =

Temperature

Thermometer- instrument that measured how hot an object is

Celsius Fahrenheit Kelvin

°C = 5/9 (°F – 32°)

°F = 9/5 (°C) + 32°

K = °C + 273

99 °F = _____ °C

20 °C = _____ °F

1923 K = _____ °C

45°C = _______ K

PRESENTING DATA

Ch. 1.4

True False Statement True False

Data must be displayed using tables and graphs

In line graphs, the independent variable is always X, while the

dependent variable is Y

The same data can be shown in all types of tables/graphs

Circle graphs must be arranged by %s

A graph can be directly proportional and inversely proportional at the

same time

Organizing Data

Scientists collect data, and organize it by graphs, and tables

Communicate the data through journals and conferences

Line, bar, and circle

Line Graph

Show changes related to variables

Independent= X axis

Dependent= Y axis

Slope= rise/run Y / X

Directly Proportional Ratio is constant

Inversely Proportional Relationship in

which the product of 2 variables is constant

Bar Graphs

Simple- Width of bars

must be the same Grouped-

Each bar in a group needs a distinguished mark, with ledgend

Composite- Each different

component needs a distinguishing mark

Histogram- Represents a

range independent variables, rather than single value

Simple

GroupedComposite

Histogram

Circle/Pie Graph

Always = 100% Key is needed

%= specific sample of data x 100 total data collected