Brain ChipsBrain ChipsPresented by Sumayya.SPresented by Sumayya.S

MCA B7MCA B7

Overview of brain chipsOverview of brain chips

IntroductionIntroduction Evolution towards implantable brain chipsEvolution towards implantable brain chips AchievementsAchievements Benefits of brain chipsBenefits of brain chips Drawbacks of brain chipsDrawbacks of brain chips Future of brain chipsFuture of brain chips ConclusionConclusion

IntroductionIntroduction It is man that gave technology its present It is man that gave technology its present form but today its entering a phase where it form but today its entering a phase where it will out wit man in intelligence as we as will out wit man in intelligence as we as efficiency.efficiency.

Man has now to find a way in which he can Man has now to find a way in which he can keep in pace with technology, & one of the keep in pace with technology, & one of the recent developments in this regard is the brain recent developments in this regard is the brain chips implants.chips implants.

Brain chips can enhance memory of human Brain chips can enhance memory of human beings, help paralyzed patients and are beings, help paralyzed patients and are intended for military purposes.intended for military purposes.

Develop direct interface between brain and Develop direct interface between brain and computers.computers.

Its likely that implantable computer chips Its likely that implantable computer chips acting as sensors may soon assist failing acting as sensors may soon assist failing memory, but even provide fluency in a new memory, but even provide fluency in a new language…language…

Evolution towards brain chips Evolution towards brain chips ……

The study of the BrainThe study of the Brain It is the most complicated area of It is the most complicated area of

research. When we enter a discussion on this topic, research. When we enter a discussion on this topic, the works of the physiologist JOSE DELGADO the works of the physiologist JOSE DELGADO need to be mentioned. Much of the work taking need to be mentioned. Much of the work taking place at the NIH, Stanford is built on the research place at the NIH, Stanford is built on the research done in 1950’s by JOSE DELGADO. He done in 1950’s by JOSE DELGADO. He implanted electrodes in animal brains and attached implanted electrodes in animal brains and attached them to a "stimoceiver" under the skull… them to a "stimoceiver" under the skull…

Jose Delgado controlling a bull with stimoceiverJose Delgado controlling a bull with stimoceiver

Jose Delgado’s experimentsJose Delgado’s experiments……

Studies in human subjects with Studies in human subjects with implanted electrodes have demonstrated that implanted electrodes have demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the depth of the brain electrical stimulation of the depth of the brain can induce pleasurable manifestations, as can induce pleasurable manifestations, as evidenced by the spontaneous verbal reports of evidenced by the spontaneous verbal reports of patients, their facial expression and general patients, their facial expression and general behavior, and their desire to repeat the behavior, and their desire to repeat the experience. experience.

With such experiments, With such experiments, DELGADO unfolded many of the mysteries of DELGADO unfolded many of the mysteries of the BRAIN, which contributed to the the BRAIN, which contributed to the developments in brain implant technology. For developments in brain implant technology. For e.g.: he understood how the sensation of e.g.: he understood how the sensation of suffering pain could be reduced by stimulating suffering pain could be reduced by stimulating the frontal lobes of the brain.the frontal lobes of the brain.

Neural NetworkNeural Network

Neural networks are loosely Neural networks are loosely modeled on the networks of neurons.modeled on the networks of neurons.

They can learn to perform complex tasks. They can learn to perform complex tasks. They are especially effective at recognizing They are especially effective at recognizing patterns, classifying data, and processing noisy patterns, classifying data, and processing noisy signals… signals…

The study of artificial neural networks The study of artificial neural networks has also added to the data required to create has also added to the data required to create brain chips. They crudely mimic the brain chips. They crudely mimic the fundamental properties of the brain.fundamental properties of the brain.

When eventually a network model When eventually a network model which resembles the brain in every aspect is which resembles the brain in every aspect is created, it will be a major breakthrough in the created, it will be a major breakthrough in the evolution towards implantable brain chips.evolution towards implantable brain chips.

Brain cells and silicon chips linked Brain cells and silicon chips linked electronically electronically ……

Researchers working on tiny electrode Researchers working on tiny electrode arrays that links the two.arrays that links the two.

However, once a device is However, once a device is implanted the body develops so-called glial implanted the body develops so-called glial cells, defenses that surround the foreign object cells, defenses that surround the foreign object and prevent neurons and electrodes from and prevent neurons and electrodes from making contact.making contact.

Fromherz researches led to the Fromherz researches led to the growth of three or four neurons on a 180x180 growth of three or four neurons on a 180x180 transistor arraytransistor array. . In few days live nerves…In few days live nerves…

Achievements In This FieldAchievements In This FieldBrain “pace makers”Brain “pace makers”They are implantable neurons that would perform the function They are implantable neurons that would perform the function of a part of brain that has been damaged by stroke or of a part of brain that has been damaged by stroke or epilepsyepilepsy......

Retinomorphic chipRetinomorphic chip

Retinomorphic chip is a silicon device similar to the human Retinomorphic chip is a silicon device similar to the human eye, picks out the kinds of features and facial patterns that we eye, picks out the kinds of features and facial patterns that we use to recognize people and read their emotional state…use to recognize people and read their emotional state…

Mental mouseMental mouse

Hollow glass cone, size of ball point pen tip. Before Hollow glass cone, size of ball point pen tip. Before implanting, cones are coated with chemicals — taken implanting, cones are coated with chemicals — taken from tissue inside the patients’ own knees for nerve from tissue inside the patients’ own knees for nerve growth.growth.

Implants contain electrode, picks up impulses from Implants contain electrode, picks up impulses from the nerve endings.the nerve endings.

Implants placed in brain’s motor cortex(body Implants placed in brain’s motor cortex(body movement).movement).

A transmitter inside skull helps the user to pick up signals from the brain and translate them into cursor commands on the computer

Remote controlled RatRemote controlled Rat Movement signals are transmitted from computer to Movement signals are transmitted from computer to

the brain of rat through a radio receiver strapped to its the brain of rat through a radio receiver strapped to its back.back.

Military purposes and human rescue operations.Military purposes and human rescue operations.

Benefits of Brain ChipsBenefits of Brain Chips It will increase the dynamic ranging of senses.It will increase the dynamic ranging of senses. Giving light to blind and giving paralyzed patients Giving light to blind and giving paralyzed patients

full mental control of limbs.full mental control of limbs. No genetic modifications in the next generation.No genetic modifications in the next generation. Rescue missions(remote controlled rat).Rescue missions(remote controlled rat). The advantage of implants is that they take the The advantage of implants is that they take the

decision making power away from the addict. Chips decision making power away from the addict. Chips take away one's free will. It enables a person to make take away one's free will. It enables a person to make a better choice not to take drugs at all. a better choice not to take drugs at all.

Drawbacks Drawbacks Cost.Cost. Safety(non toxic materials).Safety(non toxic materials). Losing Identity.Losing Identity. Normal range people seen as subnormal.Normal range people seen as subnormal. Risk for surgeonsRisk for surgeons..

Future of brain chipsFuture of brain chips It will enhance memory.It will enhance memory. It might enable “cyberthink”- invisible It might enable “cyberthink”- invisible

communication.communication. Enable consistent and constant access to Enable consistent and constant access to

information where and when neededinformation where and when needed.. It will increase the dynamic range of It will increase the dynamic range of

senses, enabling, for example, seeing IR, senses, enabling, for example, seeing IR, UV, and chemical spectra. UV, and chemical spectra.

ConclusionConclusion Brain implants enhance capability of Brain implants enhance capability of

human organs and senses.human organs and senses. It has a significant role to play in future It has a significant role to play in future

genetic engineering fields and genetic engineering fields and neuroscience.neuroscience.

The implants may enhance your The implants may enhance your capabilities, but they will expire when capabilities, but they will expire when you do.you do.

QuestionsQuestions

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