both are nucleic acids… be able to compare these two nucleic acids
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Both are nucleic acids… Be able to compare these two nucleic acids](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c9e5503460f9495e993/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Both are nucleic acids…Be able to compare these two nucleic acids
![Page 2: Both are nucleic acids… Be able to compare these two nucleic acids](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c9e5503460f9495e993/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
DNA Monomer: Nucleotide
• 1 phosphate group• 1 deoxyribose 5-carbon sugar• 1 nitrogen-containing base (A, C, G, or T)
![Page 3: Both are nucleic acids… Be able to compare these two nucleic acids](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c9e5503460f9495e993/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
DNA polynucleotide• Alternating sugar and phosphate molecules
form backbone• Nitrogenous bases form complementary pairs
joined by hydrogen bonds• Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T)• Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G)
![Page 4: Both are nucleic acids… Be able to compare these two nucleic acids](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c9e5503460f9495e993/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
DNA Bases
![Page 5: Both are nucleic acids… Be able to compare these two nucleic acids](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c9e5503460f9495e993/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
RNA Nucleotides• 1 phosphate group• 1 ribose sugar• 1 nitrogenous base
(A, C, G, or U)• Uracil replaces
thymine in RNA
![Page 6: Both are nucleic acids… Be able to compare these two nucleic acids](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c9e5503460f9495e993/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Both are nucleic acids… Be able to compare these two nucleic acids](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c9e5503460f9495e993/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Both are nucleic acids… Be able to compare these two nucleic acids](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c9e5503460f9495e993/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Information Flow• Genetic information in DNA is transcribed to
RNA (transcription), then translated to protein (translation)
• The molecular basis of phenotypic traits are proteins that serve many different functions
![Page 9: Both are nucleic acids… Be able to compare these two nucleic acids](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c9e5503460f9495e993/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Transcription & Translation
of
RNA Codons
![Page 10: Both are nucleic acids… Be able to compare these two nucleic acids](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c9e5503460f9495e993/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
One gene - One protein ?
• Each protein made at the ribosomes is controlled by a specific DNA gene (based on sequence of DNA base pairs)
• Changes in DNA base sequence can ultimately result in changes in the protein produced in cell
![Page 11: Both are nucleic acids… Be able to compare these two nucleic acids](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c9e5503460f9495e993/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
RNA Transcription
• DNA nucleotides are transcribed into RNA nucleotides in nucleus
• Adenine pairs with Uracil
• Cytosine pairs with Guanine
• Every 3 bases in DNA make 1 RNA triplet codon
![Page 12: Both are nucleic acids… Be able to compare these two nucleic acids](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c9e5503460f9495e993/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
RNA transcription• RNA polymerase allows DNA nucleotides to
be transcribed into RNA nucleotides and then links them together
• 3 different types of RNA are transcribed: 1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
2. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
![Page 13: Both are nucleic acids… Be able to compare these two nucleic acids](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c9e5503460f9495e993/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The Genetic Code
• 1961: The first RNA triplet codon was decoded and found to translate into a specific amino acid
• The genetic code is basically the same for all organisms, so bacterial cells can translate genetic messages from humans, and vice versa.
• Useful for Recombinant DNA technology
![Page 14: Both are nucleic acids… Be able to compare these two nucleic acids](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c9e5503460f9495e993/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Both are nucleic acids… Be able to compare these two nucleic acids](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c9e5503460f9495e993/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
5’
3’
![Page 16: Both are nucleic acids… Be able to compare these two nucleic acids](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c9e5503460f9495e993/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Both are nucleic acids… Be able to compare these two nucleic acids](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c9e5503460f9495e993/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Transcription of a Gene
![Page 18: Both are nucleic acids… Be able to compare these two nucleic acids](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c9e5503460f9495e993/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Both are nucleic acids… Be able to compare these two nucleic acids](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c9e5503460f9495e993/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
At the ends of each intron areSmall nuclear ribonucleoproteins or snRNP’s
And these recognize splice sites
Many snRNP’s join with protein = splicesome
Ribozymes = RNA’s that function as enzymes
Some intron RNA’s function as ribozymes to catalyze their own excision
![Page 20: Both are nucleic acids… Be able to compare these two nucleic acids](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c9e5503460f9495e993/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Both are nucleic acids… Be able to compare these two nucleic acids](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c9e5503460f9495e993/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Translation involves complex biochemistry!
…Correct matches between tRNA and aa (aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase)…Correct match between tRNA anticodon and the mRNA codon…Ribosomes facilitate the coupling of tRNA anticodons with mRNA codons during protein synthesis…rRNA has three binding sites for tRNA …….A site = holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the growing polypeptide …….P site = holds the tRNA carrying the growing poly- peptide chain …….E site = exiting tRNA
![Page 22: Both are nucleic acids… Be able to compare these two nucleic acids](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c9e5503460f9495e993/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Transfer RNA
![Page 23: Both are nucleic acids… Be able to compare these two nucleic acids](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c9e5503460f9495e993/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Transfer RNA
• Transfer RNA serve as “interpreters” during translation
• Each has an anticodon region that binds to specific codons on the messenger RNA
• Each also has an attachment site for an amino acid
![Page 24: Both are nucleic acids… Be able to compare these two nucleic acids](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c9e5503460f9495e993/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
E P A
5’
5’3’
3’
mRNA
![Page 25: Both are nucleic acids… Be able to compare these two nucleic acids](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c9e5503460f9495e993/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
APE
Initiation – mRNA, tRNA, aa2 rRNA subunitsRibosome scans downstream5’ 3’
Elongation – aa are added one by one to the precedingaa mRNA is moved thru theribosome in one directiononly..5’ end firstRibosome and mRNA moverelative to each other codonby codon
Termination – stop codonreaches the A site of ribosomeUAG, UAA, or UGA5’
3’A U G
U A C
![Page 26: Both are nucleic acids… Be able to compare these two nucleic acids](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c9e5503460f9495e993/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
EPA
![Page 27: Both are nucleic acids… Be able to compare these two nucleic acids](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c9e5503460f9495e993/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
E
E
E
E
P
P
P
P
A
A
A
![Page 28: Both are nucleic acids… Be able to compare these two nucleic acids](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c9e5503460f9495e993/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Summary of transcription
and translation
E
E
E
![Page 29: Both are nucleic acids… Be able to compare these two nucleic acids](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c9e5503460f9495e993/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Flow of genetic information
• DNA to RNA to protein• Polyribosomes = many ribosomes read one
mRNA• Post-transcriptional Modificaiton
– Coil and folding polypeptide
– Modify aa by adding a sugar, lipid or phosphate group
– Enzymes may remove one or more aa
– Enzymes may cut protein in ½
– Free ribosomes = proteins function and dissolve in cytosol
– Bound ribosomes = ER or Nuclear Membrane bound endomembrane system
![Page 30: Both are nucleic acids… Be able to compare these two nucleic acids](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c9e5503460f9495e993/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
RNA has many roles in a cell
Point MutationsSubstitutions
Insertions/DeletionsMutagens
What is a gene?
![Page 31: Both are nucleic acids… Be able to compare these two nucleic acids](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c9e5503460f9495e993/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Sickle cell anemia: a single base mutation
![Page 32: Both are nucleic acids… Be able to compare these two nucleic acids](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c9e5503460f9495e993/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)