born2live: maximizing piglet survival via altered nutrition for ...improving nutrition of prolific...
TRANSCRIPT
June, 27th, 2019
Iowa Swine Day, Ames
Peter Kappel Theil
MSc, PhD, Senior scientist, Adj. professor
Department of Animal Science
Research Center Foulum
Aarhus University
AUAARHUSUNIVERSITY
Born2Live: Maximizing piglet survival via altered nutrition for hyper- prolific sows
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
Agenda
• Farrowing process and stillborn piglets
• Colostrum: Yield- , intake- , how and when is it produced?
• Maximizing milk yield and feed efficiency
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
What makes prolific sows special?
Genetic selection: Litter size
Challenges productivity / physiology
1. Farrowing length
2. Colostrum yield
3. Milk yield
Can we improve these traits by
improving nutrition of prolific sows?
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
DPRC (1999-2016)
7.9
11.8
9.4
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014
Sti
llb
irth
, % o
f to
tal
Production year
oStillbirth rate has
declined since 2009
(due to new
selection index)
o Piglet mortality is
still challenging the
Danish pig industry
Trends in stillbirth rate (%) in Denmark
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
Does sow nutrition play a role for the farrowing process?
Farrowing time < ------> number of stillborn piglets
Theil (2015)
Number of stillborn piglets
Fa
rro
win
gti
me
, m
in
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
Energy uptake from the GI-tract
Starch (~50%)
Uptake from
stomach and
small intestine
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
Energy uptake from starch (feed @ 0 h)0
200
400
600
800
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Peaks 30
minutes after
feeding.
~5-fold higher
than before.
Time after feeding (hours)
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
Feyera et al. (2018)
PLASMA GLUCOSE AND FARROWING LENGTH
LOW FIBER DIET HIGH FIBER DIET
Time from feeding to farrowing (hours)
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
ENERGY STATUS AND FARROWING LENGTH
Feyera et al. (2018)
Time from feeding to farrowing (hours)
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
Control Fiber-suppl. P-val
Groups (weeks) 32 32
Number of sows 298 322
Total born per litter 18.4 18.1 0.38
Dead born per litter, % 8.7 6.6 <0.001
Mortality, birth - weaning, % 14.6 13.7 0.21
Total mortality, % 22.3 19.9 0.004
Medication, % of sows 6.4 5.3 0.66
(Feyera et al., 2017)
Impact of increased fibre supply d 101 of gestation
until farrowing on piglet mortality
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
Fibre (8%)
Uptake from
caecum and
colon
Energy uptake from the GI-tract
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
Energy uptake from fibre (feeding @ 0 hours)
0100
200
300
0.5 2.5 4.5 6.5
Time after feeding (hours)
En
erg
y-u
pta
ke
Standard diet
High fibre diet
…is constant
for 24 hours!
(Serena et al., 2009)
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Farrowing length (minutes)
Constipation soft feces
13
(Oliviero et al., 2010)
Constipation and farrowing length
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
FARROWING LENGTH AND PROTEIN IN SOW FEED
(Tydlitat et al., 2008)
Protein content in sow feed (%)
Fa
rro
win
gle
ng
th(h
ou
rs)
13 15 18 21
Dietary fiber
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
Fibre (8%)
Uptake from
caecum and
colon
4-24 hours
after feeding
Energy uptake from the GI tract
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
ENERGY STATUS DURING FARROWING
Feyera et al. (2018)
Time from feeding to farrowing (hours)
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
ENERGY STATUS DURING FARROWING AND STILLBIRTH RATE (%)
Time from feeding to farrowing, hours
Sti
llbir
thra
te, %
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
ENERGY STATUS AND BIRTH ASSISTANCE(% BIRTHS ASSISTED)
Time from feeding to farrowing, hours
Bir
tha
ssis
tan
ce
, %
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
FARROWING IS LIKE RUNNING A MARATON
ALL PIGLETS NEED TO BE BORN…
…….before plasma glucose become critically low (2 mmol/L)
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
Agenda
• Farrowing process and stillborn piglets
• Colostrum: Yield- , intake- , how and when is it produced?
• Maximizing milk yield and feed efficiency
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
IMPORTANCE OF COLOSTRUM
”Piglets born alive
should be kept alive”
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
Impact of colostrum intake on piglet survival
Quesnel et al., (2012)
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
Colostrum and survival
What is most important during the first few critical days?
1. High colostrum intake (each piglet)
2. High colostrum yield (increases probability of sufficient
intake for all littermates)
3. Colostrum quality (Composition, contents of immunoglobulins and growth factors)
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Litter size
Colostrum yield, kg/sow
Calculated intakecapacity
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Litter size
Colostrum yield, kg/sow
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Litter size
Colostrum intake, g/piglet
Impact of Litter size on production and intake of colostrum
Krogh (2017) Krogh (2017)
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Sow number
Colostrum (g/piglet)
Low feed intake
pre partumLarge litter size
(>26)
Low mean birth weight
(average < 900 g)
(Data: 60 farrowings from 3 exp)
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
Should fiber in the diets be higher – and when? (Theil et al., 2014)
weight gain (g/piglet)
33% suger beet pulp Mating- > d 108 135
21% pectin residue Mating-> d 108 131
46% potato pulp Mating-> d 108 71
Standard gest diet (17%) Mating-> d 108 96
(Krogh et al., 2015)
12% suger beet pulp d 105 -> parturition 101
17% alfalfa d 105 -> parturition 90
Standard lact diet (15%) d 105 -> parturition 85
(Loisel et al., 2013)
SBP, Sunflow, soy (23%DF) d 106 -> parturition 76
Low fiber (13% DF) d 106 -> parturition 85
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
27
When does colostrum production occur?
#DEG = Number of
Differentially Expressed Genes
Mammary biopsies collected -14, -10, -6, -2, and +1 DIM
(Palombo et al., 2018)
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
Fe
mo
ralis
art
ery
Ute
rus
ve
in
2 in
M. v
ein
Exte
rio
rize
da
t
lum
be
rre
gio
n
2nd 4th
Hot water bath General anesthesia
Experiment with 10 multicatheterised sows
- Aim: to understand ontogeny of colostrogenesis
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
Plasma-Energy metabolites
-pAH
-IgG and IGF-I
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 12 18 24
Whole blood
-blood gasses
During farrowing, hours after birth of first piglet
Blood sampling protocol during the colostrum period
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
Input and output of
mammary carbon
was similar 0-24 h
=> Fat and lactose in
colostrum is mainly
produced after onset
of farrowing!
Net mammary carbon balance during the colostrum period (0-24h)
(Carbons for protein in colostrum not included!)
Lack of glucogenic
precursors
=> Oxidation of
ketogenic substrates
Feyera et al. (2019)
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
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31
MAMMARY C-METABOLISM
Impact of reproductive
stage
0
2
1
Carbon
dioxide
02
1 NEFA
02
1AA
02
1TG
02
1 SCFA
02
1Glucose
02
1Lactate
0
1
2
1
Lactose
output in
milk
0
1
2
1
Fat
output
in milk
0
1
2
1
Protein
output in
milk-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
-10 -3 3 17Days in milk
Ne
t m
am
ma
ryu
pta
ke
,
Mo
l c
arb
on
/d
ay
Ne
t m
am
ma
ryre
lea
se/se
cre
tio
n,
Mo
l c
arb
on
/d
ay
11±2 7±3
-39±12
-13±14
Krogh et al. (2017)
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
Colostrum production – new thoughts…
Why did sows fed high fibre from mating until d 108
produce more colostrum? (Theil et al., 2014)
Why did sows fed high fibre during the last week prior to parturition
NOT produce more colostrum? (Krogh et al., 2015)
1. Are mammary glands getting adapted over time to oxidize
ketogenic substrates?
2. Is a greater part of fat secreted in colostrum produced prior to
parturition when sows are fed high fiber?
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
Agenda
• Farrowing process and stillborn piglets
• Colostrum: Yield- , intake- , how and when is it produced?
• Maximizing milk yield and feed efficiency
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
Impact of sow back fat on litter weight gain
sow back fat (mm) at d 109 of gestation
Lit
ter
we
igh
tg
ain
(kg
)
-10%
-13%
(Kim et al., 2015)
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
Mobilisation
Milk yieldFeed
Is mobilization during lactation good or bad?
Efficiencies of utilizing energy for milk production
Dietary energy -> milk k = 78% (22% lost as heat)
Mobilised energy -> milk k = 89% (11% lost as heat)
Restoring mobilized energy k = 73% (27% lost as heat)
Mobilisation + restoring k = (89% x 73%)= 65% (35% heat)
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
UTILIZATION OF DIETARY ENERGY
(Pedersen et al., 2019)
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
Impact of dietary protein (Lysine) on milk yield
(Hojgaard et al., 2019)
1. parity
≥2. parity
% SID CP
9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0
Breakpoint: 12.5%
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
First limiting AA in the feed determines how much
colostrum or milk protein can be produced
First limiting AA ALSO determines how much
EXCESS dietary AA is being oxidised
Oxidation of AA (protein) is costly in two ways
More energy is lost in urine
More energy is lost as heat
The study by Tydlitat (2008) and Pedersen (2019) may
suggest that too much dietary protein contributed to energy
depletion during farrowing
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
UTILIZATION OF DIETARY ENERGY IN HIGH YIELDING LACTATING SOWS
(Pedersen et al., 2019)(Hojgaard et al., 2019)
Recommended level of CP for lactating sows in DK (2019)
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
41
Xylanase – a way to improve feed efficiency
Control Xylanase P-Val
Sow feed intake (kg/d) 6.6 6.9 **
Energy digestibility (%) 82.9 83.9 **
Weight loss (kg/week) 3.4 1.3 *
Milk Yield (kg/d) 13.3 13.0 0.66
Zhou et al. (2018)
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
Conclusions
• Sows lack energy during farrowing - more energy and 3 daily
meals are needed
• Fiber in feed: constipation Energy status stillbirth rate
• Colostrum HIGHLY important for piglet survival
• Lactose and fat in colostrum is mainly produced (>80%) after
onset of parturition
• Fiber in feed before parturition may increase colostral fat
• Sugar beet pulp and pectin fibres enhance colostrum yield
• Feed efficiency / lactation performance may be increased by
1. Controlling back fat (management/long term feeding)
2. Maximizing milk produced directly from feed
3. Avoiding under- and oversupply of dietary CP (and AA’s)
4. Adding xylanase to the feed
PETER KAPPEL THEILAARHUS UNIVERSITYAU
Questions?Thank you for your attention