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20. , , ( , ),Sir John Leman Grammar School Beccles1921-1928 , (Geldeston in Norfolk) 1928 18 , - , , - 1914 1932 , , - -. -: 12

21. - - ? ? - - - - - 1934 , , - , - , , 1937 , (1938 ), (1941 ) (1946 ) , 1935 , , - (1937),(1945), B12 (1954), 1969 -: 13

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33. - . , , , , - - - , , , , (, ,, ) 2025 , ? - () - -, , - /--: 25

34. , , - , - - , - , - -- - - , , ,- ()- - -CO2 + 2H2 --------------O > CH2 +O O2 + H2O -: 26

35. 1. (- )2. ( , -, ) , - - , - , -, - - , - - - -: 27

36. - |1. 2. - 3. , , - , , , , ,, , , -: 28

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38. , , , , , , ,, - -1 (../. 6-8 15-18 16-20 30 33 45 48 6-9 17 20-35-: 30

39. 33-50 50 () 50 () 551 = 0.23905 1 / = 239.05 /..-2 - () 107 107 106 105 1014 13 10x3- 60 10x3-3 ( ) 1.3 0.9 0.9 1.1 0.45-4 CO2 (%) CH4 (%) 50 50 (1) 38 62-: 31

40. (2) 38 72 24-31 76-79 , -1. / , / 2. , , 3. - 4. - 5. 6. () () 7. , , , - . () -211002-: 32

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61. ( , 300)AA E ( 306)E ( ,PG310),E - ( ),TBHQ ( , 320)BHA E ( , 321)BHT E (400 ..) - (Let your food be your medicine and your medicine be your)food ... -: 53

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63. (2007-2008) ( ) : 328.73 ( ) : 124.44 () : 1136.50 ( ) : 230.67 (/) : 439.30 ( ) : 22.57( ) .. : 116.5 : ,N P2O5,K2O ,N P2O5, K2O(4:2:1 ) : 5.5:2.1:1.0 / : 0.480 , , (..) , , , , -: 55

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65. - (10), (5), (2), (8), (8), (7), (1), (13) 60 90 , 90 , 85 65 -, , , 2000 , , 2000 , , 10 ... - , - , 2000 (....) ( ) .... - -: 57

66. (....) - / (-) 2004 10 , 57.05 / , ( )FAO / /3003TCP IND , -- - - (Participatory Guarantee- )System PGS , , , , ( , ) , (INDOCERT ) - (SKAL ) - (IMO CONTROL ... ) - INCOCERT - NOCA - -: 58

67. ONE CERT ASIA - BIO INSPECTA - (SGS ...) - (LACON ) - (USOCA ) - BVQU () - - 100 - 24.0( .) .... (2004) .... 2005 - 26.0 (%) / - 42.0 - 24.20 - 23.00 - 26.0 2004-05 2009-10 ( ) - 100.00 .. 123456. . 10.000002.96000.95000.72450.69690.00452.201.700.234.224.100.05138017796949406915628250-: 59

68. 78910110.30120.00050.03700.00020.00150.060.100.030.080.652910-51474053301 24.0700 1.60 462475( : .... , 2004) : , , : , , , : , , ,, , : , , , ,, : , , , ,, : , : . : 2-5 ( ) : 115,238 : 332 : 158 : 11 : 35 : 6472 .. (2003-2004): 95 : 100 -: 60

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70. 2025 1.5 42 : 21.3 42.0 (2001-2025)/ 2001 2011 2021 2025 1032 1267 1542 1690 1032 1237 1429 1504 ( ) 206 315 385 423 206 253 308 338 : (1997) 2006-07 179 900 522 1/5 0 0 1/3 : 22-23 -: 62

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73. , , ./. (.)(.) (.)(.) -1055.756.257.508.7510.00200001000011250122501500017500200000002000300035004000200001000011250150001800021000240009000750375070001050013500165000-8250-5250-15001500450075000- 1(19) , 2005 -: 65

74. 102 - 5620 . 14520 . . . ( ) () 103071052050048032027026025022022018017017012010050181399965554433322132202460166011101860590460360470056030032023034023017020221711813432342222211-: 66

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76. - ,, , - , , - - , , -, ,, , , , , - - -: 68

77. 6 2050 9 - () ( )-: 69

78. : . 2004 , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? () () ; - ( ) () -: 70

79. () () () 70 .. 70 300 .. ( ) ( ) - ( ) 300.. - () () ( ) , 1964 -: 71

80. 8.7 , 1319 , 5.0 5.9 , 17 7.0 7.9 16 , 1881, 7 23 , 1882 22 1988 12 6 8 17-0 - 7-9 176-0 - 6-9 1345-0 - 5-9 13194-0 - 4-9 13,0003-0 - 3-9 130,0002-0 - 2-9 1,300,000( : ) -: 72

81. 1964 9.2 , , , ? - 350 , (384..-322 ..) (43 ..-17 ) -: 73

82. , - ( ) , - - - , ( ) - - .. .. - ( ) .. - - - , , , , , , , , , , , -: 74

83. - - - - - - - , , () - ( 1880-1930) 1915 - ( 1908-93) 1965 - , , , - - -: 75

84. - , ( ) ( ) -(-) ( ) () .. () 1-4 .. ( ) - 3-4 7.2 .. -: 76

85. (1842-1919) - - - , - - - , - ( ) -: 77

86. 81 , , , - 17 , , 26 2001 , 1956 -: 78

87. 65 , (...) - (...) ... , ... - 1898 - 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 1200 1819, 16 , 8.01869, 10 , 7.51885, 30 , 7.0-: 79

88. 1897, 12 , 8.71905, 4 , 8.01918, 8 7.61930, 2 , 7.11934, 15 8.31941, 26 8.11943, 23 7.21950, 16 , 8.51958, 21 , 7.01957, 10 , 6.21975, 6 - 6.61988, 21 - 6.41991, 20 6.61993, 30 - () 6.31997, 22 . . 6.01999, 29 , 6.82001, 26 7.9 - -: 80

89. - () - -, - - - - - - - , () - - - - - - - - - ( ) () 132. , -: 81

90. - ? ? () () - , ( ) - 1 () 2.0 : , 2.0 2.9 -: 82

91. 3.0-3.9 4.0-4.9 5.0-5.9 6.0-6.9 7.0-7.9 , 8.0 , - 1880 ( - ) ? , , -, , , - -, 12 1880 , - -: 83

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95. - 26 2001 , 2.5 1999 - , - - 26 2001 - (2.5 ) 1999 - -: 87

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97. , , : , , :, , -: 89

98. : , , , , , -: 90

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100. , , , , ( ): , (): : (): : : , , - ( ): (): ( ): -: - -: , -: : : , -: 92

101. : : , : - : . . : : () -: - -: - : 1. . , , . . , ,19932. , 30-39, 20003. 24-41, 19994. .. , , , 19885. , , -: 93

102. 52-60, 19996. , ? ,, .4-13, 19997. . . , - , 43-59, 20058. , , , 9. , : , , , , 200910. : , , , , 2005 () ( )-50, -62, -201307-: . .smahanti@vigyanprasar gov in,.subodhmhanti@gmail com-: 94

103. . / , -, ,, , , ? -: 95

104. () ( ) ( ) () 10-5 ( ) , 3,84,400 , - 3,84,400 1969 -2 ( ) -: 96

105. 15 , () () ( t ) ( t ) - ( ) -: 97

106. , , - 16 1960 - ( ) 1917 - 1954 -: 98

107. 1964 1958 , , , ( ) , 1959 - 16 1960 -: 99

108. ( ) 10 10-8 : () ( ) ( ) , , -: 100

109. (10-3) (10-8) : 1) ( ), 2) ( ) /, 3) (/ ) , , , 90 - - -: 101

110. .. , , - , , , , , - .. -: 102 -

111. , , ( ), , , , -: 103

112. - -: 104

113. , , , , -: 105

114. (3-) /, , , () , () - 1887 - - -: 106

115. , ( ) -110019-: .pkm_du@rediffmail com-: 107

116. : . , , ,, : 14 (,, ) -: 108

117. , ;1. (, , --)2. (. , , , )3. ( , (, ,, , ) ) . 6.5 7.5 0.75 15-16 , -: 109

118. : 90 50% 36 () 0.2 0.30 : ( )erosion 533 29 , , , -: 110 1 2 3

119. : ( 3) (crop)rotation ( )intercrop : : -: 111

120. " , , " , , , , " , " -221005-: 112 -1 -2

121. . ( )micronutrients , (, )micro ( )trace elements ( )nutrient solution 1 () , , - (1 100 ) - ( ),Essential ( ),Probably essential ( )Toxic ( )Inactive , - , , , ,Cu Zn Mn Fe B Mo -: 113

122. Cl Co Na , , , , ,I Se Ni V Cr (1957) - , , (1939) | ,1. -, 2. 3. -: 114

123. , - 1928 Mn Zn () Co ( )Wasting Se Mo - , 8 , , , , , ,Mg Mn Zn Fe Ca I Mo Se I Se ( )activators Se (/)Cu 2-100Zn 10-300Mn 100-4000Mo 0.2-5.0B 2-100Fe 7000 -500,000Co 1-40Cr 5-3000V 20-500Se 0.1-2.0I 0.6-8.0As 1-50Cd 0.01-0.7Hg 0.01-0.3-: 115

124. ( )Mo ( )B 25, 26, 29, 30, 42 5 , 2, 3 6 Mn+2 Fe+2 Mo+6 B+3 - Fe++, Fe++BO3---, HB4O7--Mn++HMoO4-, MoO4--Cu++Se O4---Zn+Cl-, Br-, I- - Fe ,Mn ,Hg Pb Au , ,Fe Mn Cu ;Zn / , Mo B Fe+2, Mn+2 Zn+2 Mo B , -: 116

125. -1. Cu Zn 2. Fe Mn ( ) 3. , B Mo ( Cl-,Br- I-) - Si -: 117

126. -: :- 29 63.546Cu Cu+0.96, Cu+20.7230 65.38Zn Zn+20.7425 54.938Mn Mn+20.8026 55.847Fe Fe+20.74 Fe+30.675 10.81 0.23B42 95.94 0.62Mo17 35.45 1.81Cl53 126.90 2.16I28 58.71 0.78Ni34 78.96Se Se-21.9127 58.93 0.82Co82 207.2Pb Pb+40.8424 51.93 0.64Cr23 50.90 0.65V-: 118

127. , ( )Deficiency symptoms ( )extractants , , -: 119

128. 1. ,2. 3. 4. 5. , , () - - 1. - 7.3 Cu Cu+2 - CuOH+ - - Zn , ZnCO3 ( )Zn OH 2, -: 120 6%7%8%13%21%42%3%

129. , Zn3(PO4)2.4H2O ZnCO3 ( )Zn OH 2 (Zn PO4)2.4H2O ( -Zn) ( ) (Mn+2) - - - Mn+2 100 MnO2 MnO2 Mn+2 Mn - Fe+3 6.5 - 8.0 - - 8 ( )Fe OH4- - Fe+3 1000 - Fe+2 - 7.8 Fe+2Fe+3 (10-21 )M Fe+2 Fe+3 Fe+2 ( )Fe OH 3 MoO4-2 - -: 121

130. MoO4-2 100 H3BO3 - 9.2 H3BO3 , ,, , - ( )Clay , Cu (1945) - > > > > >Cu Ni Co Zn Fe Mn Cu Zn Fe (1974) Cu Zn - , -: 122

131. , , 1920 - - ,Fe Mn Zn 1970 , -1. 2. 3. , 4. -Cu 5-20 . (CuSO4 )Zn 3-15-: 123

132. 5-20MnMo 0.03 0.12B 0.5-4.0Fe 10-20 40 Zn , , 6.1-27.7 50 . 5-7 66-77/. , , , , ( )Toxicity , , , ,Cu Zn Mn B Mo Cu Zn Cu Zn Ni Zn 8 -: 124

133. 1., . .: (1950) Trace Elements in Plant Physiology, 3, 31-39Lotsya2., .. , . (1939) . . ,Amer J Botany26, 1443., : , 1974, , 4., .. (1963) . 15, 119-159Advances in Agron5., . (1946) . .Trace elements in plant Cambridge . -211002-: 125

134. . - (4-5 ) (2-3 ) ( )Hyponatremia ( ),Cerebral edema ( )Antioxidant , ( )Hepatotoxicity , , - , ,, , : , .., , , , , -: 126

135. (, )Mushroom ( )Toadstools , ( )Mycetism , ( )Amanita ,Amanitin 1 3 ( )Phallotoxin ( )Gastrointestine ( )Gyromitrin ( )Gyromitra ( )Ergotamine -: 127

136. ( )Claviceps ( )Agaritine , - ( )Nutmeg , , ( )Myristicin , , -: 128

137. ( )Amphetamine , 7.5 10 , , 1908 2001 ( )Apple ( )Amygdalin ( )Laetrile , -17 ( )Necrosis (Neuromyopathy - ) -: 129

138. ( )Almond ( )Nut , , ( )Prunus cerosus ( .)Prunus sp ( .P),persica ( . ),P domestica ( .P)armeniaca ( )Lathyrussativus ( )Insurance crop - - , -Oxyl L - ( )diaminopropionic acid ODAP -: 130

139. ( )Phaseolus vulgaris (Lectin)phytohaemagglutinin , ( )Solanum tuberosum ( )Solanin 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. -: 131

140. 9. , , , 10 , ( )Alkaloid 479 .. () ( ) - 14 1701 (: The Horse)Whisperer . ... -: 132

141. : . ( ),Coordination Chemistry , ( )Metal Complexes ( )Organometallic Chemistry ( )Bioinorganic Chemistry , , , , - (1866-1919), 1913 ? -: 133

142. , () K+, Al+3 SO4-2 K2SO4 Al2(SO4)3.24 2 2H O K++ 2Al+3+ 4SO42-+ 24H2O , K4 ( )[Fe CN 6 ,] (K+) ( )[Fe CN 6]-4 (Fe+2) (CN-) ( )Complex ion Fe+2 CN- K4 ( )[Fe CN 6 4 K++ ( )[Fe CN 6]-4 ( )ligand ( )Donor atom ( )Electron acceptor , Cl-, CN-,C2O4-2,SO4-2 H2 ,O NH3, ,CO ( ),en NO+( ) : -: 134

143. ( )ambidentate ligands , CN- C (-CN-) N (-NC-) NO2- SCN- , ( )denticity - Cl-, NH3, C2O4-2, en () 6 ( )chelating ligands -: 135

144. , , .... .... 5 6 1898 -1- ( )Valencies -() - () - : () (spatial)arrangement -: 136

145. , 6 : ( )octahedral ( )[Fe CN 6]-4 4 : ( )tetrahedral ( )Ni CO 4 ( )square planar [PtCl4]-2 sp3d2 d2sp3( )hybridisation :sp3 dsp2 ( )transition metals 6 4 (inner)transition elements (Geometrical and optical)Isomerism , ( )cis ( )trans (Facial -)fac (Meridional -)mer - ( )Clockwise ( )dextrorotatory isomer -d ( )anticlockwise -: 137

146. ( )levorotatory isomer -l isomer ( )[Co ox 3]+3 , -d -l 1914 ( )hexol ( )chirality C [PtCl2(NH3)2 ,] , , , - : -: 138

147. (Inorganic chemistry is the study)of coordination chemistry ( )biomimetic chemistry : ( )Mg (+2) : N - - Mg+2 N O N ( )photosynthesis -: 139

148. (CO2) (H2 )O () - - , h6CO2+6H2 -------------O > C6H12O6 + 6O2 , ( )Fe (+2)Fe N N Fe+2 Fe Fe C6H12O6 + 6O2 -- 6 CO2 + 6H2 +O -: 140

149. Fe (+2) (+3) ( )reversible binding (+2)Fe (+3) 4 N N S , -: 141

150. Fe+2 - - - Fe S , ,, Cu (+1)Cu (+2) -: 142

151. 12B 1948 12B ( )Co (+3) Co 4 ,N N CN- ( )enzymes , -: 143 B12

152. Zn (+2)Zn 3 N H2O OH O CO2 H2O H2 +O CO2 = HCO3-+ H+- Zn (+2) Zn+2 2 N O C Fe Mo Fe Mo -: 144

153. , , - , Fe Cu Fe Cu ( )Pb ( )Hg ....,. , - Pt+2 PtCl2(NH3)2, , Fe Ru - 0 TiCl4 (Al C2H5)3 -: 145

154. , - , 1963 - H2 ( ,)Wilkinson s catalyst([Rh Ph3 )P 3 ,Cl] , H2 CO ( )RCHO Co2( )CO 8 ( )Roelen 1938 CO2( )CO 3Cl2 =RCH CH2 + 2 +CO H2 -------->RCH2CH2 + ( )CHO RCH CHO CH3 O2 , , PdCl4-2 Cu - ( )Ag ( )Au KCN CN- ( )Zn -: 146

155. Ag2 + 4 2 ( )S KCN K[Ag CN 2 +] Na2S2 ( )K[Ag CN 2 +] Zn K2 ( )[Zn CN 4 + 2] Ag Ag Au Ag Au ( )K[Ag CN 2 ; ( )] k K[Au CN 2] , Ca+2 Mg+2 .... Ca+2 Mg+2 Ca+2 Mg+2 Ca+2 Mg+2- M+2+ ( )EDTA [M EDTA ]-2( =M Ca+2 Mg+2) Ag +AgBr Na2S2O3 ( Na[Ag S2O3) +] NaBr ... -208001-: 147

156. . , , 40,000 1940 , 1952 , 1960-: 148

157. Seldom has a singlediscovery in chemistry had such an impact on the thinking.in so many fields of human endeavour Seldom has a single.discovery generated such wide public interest , C12, C13 C14 12, 13 14 C12 C13 C14 C14 5730 C14 1.3 10X-12, 1/4 -: 149

158. 1934 . . , , , ( .. 1952 ) 1912 ... () , N14 C14 N14 ( , )n p C14 - . . 1933 1936 . . . N14 5730 4000 1940 .. ( , )d p -: 150

159. C14 , , - ? , 5730 (90% ) C14 - , , C14 C14 , C14 ? 10 , - 15 , ,p n 5-10 MeV -: 151

160. ( ,KeV ) C14 -N14+ =n C14+ H1{ = 1.7 10X-24cm2(1)} ( ),cross section CO2 ( CO2 ) ( )Stomata , , C12, C13 , C12 C13 -: 152

161. , (5730 ) , N /dN dT -N /N N -dT= (-Ln N ) + .T ConsttOr= -1/T Ln N/N0 = 1/T 1n (N0/N) (2) : T = 0.693 , 6 (C 14) 7 (N 14) ? , - -: 153

162. ? ( ) , , , ( ) , 4 - 1 :1. n p + e + anti- neutrino2. n + neutrino p + e3. p + e n + neutrino4. p n + neutrino + e+ e e+ , 1. ( ): 2. : , ( ) -: 154

163. ( ) - (2) 3. (..) : , - C14 + - N14+ / (m/e) N14+ C14 + , m/e ,-: 155

164. , m/e ( m/e ) - - 1 - , N (Biosphere) C12, C13, C14 , ;(i) (ii) / -: 156

165. (iii) - - , () -- - 2 , C14 -: 157

166. ; () , , - , , 1890 , , 1950 2 1890 (1950 ) 50 100 100 C12, C13 C14 5730 40,000 -: 158

167. , 1. 1. , (), - (Sediment)2. , , , , 3. , ( ), , , , , (1)- : , . . . - , , ( ) 600 ;- :650 . . 200 . . , : 850 - 350 (2) , , -: 159

168. - , ,, ; , , , , 4 (3)- : 4.4 x 1.1 (14 x 3.7 ) 1898 ? 1980 (1260-13 ) 2000 , , -: 160

169. (4)- () 1. , , .. . - ,, , , ... , 1. . (1952), , (124 )2. (1986), , -: 161

170. (589 )3. . . , . , . . (1992), : , - (596 )4. . . , . (2008), - , ; 2004 2007 , , , .307-309 -226007-: . .cmnautiyal@yahoo co uk-: 162

171. . 1809 , , , 12 1809 , , 8 , -: 163

172. , , , , - - . - 1827 , , , , -: 164

173. 1831 0 1831 ... 27 1831 , , , - - 5 ( ) 5 -: 165

174. , , , 2 1936 , ,, , , , - (1838-1841) 1839 1842 ( ) 1856 1858 , - 1859 1250 - , -: 166

175. , - , , , , , , , , -: 167

176. 19 () , - , , 1859 .. - , , 18 , 18 - , -: 168

177. , , , , ? -1- - () - , 2- ( )( ) , - , 3- () 4- ( ) , , , , , , -: 169

178. , 5- ( ) ( ) , - , ( 33 12 ) - , 1953 , 2010 201 151 19 , , -: 170

179. 19 1882 1842: 1844: 1846: 1851, 1854: 4 1859: -: 171

180. 1862: 1865: 1868: 1871: 1872: 1875: 1876: 1876: 1877: 1880: 1881: -, -2 -,115/6, -211009-: 172

181. . , , 1992 UNCED/, (United Nations Conference on Biological Diversity) -2 : (Inter-alia) , , , (LEVELS OF BIODIVERSITY) -1. (GENETIC DIVERSITY)2. (SPECIES DIVERSITY) 3. (COMMUNITY ANDECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY)(1) , -: 173

182. (speciation) ( ) , (2) , (3) :-(1) (Alpha Diversity) , / (2) (Beta Diversity) (gradient) (3) (Gamma diversity) -: 174

183. , (Biodiversity atglobal, national and local levels) (latitude) (altitude) 17 18 15 50 5 -1 (Higher Plants) (Algae) (Fungi) (Bacteria including cyanobacteria) (Virus) (Mammals) (Birds) (Reptiles)/ (Fish) (Amphibians) (Insects) (Crustaceans) (Mollusc) (Nematodes & worms) (protozoa) (others)2,70,00040,00072,0004,00015504,6509,7007,15026,9594,78010,25,00043,00070,00025,00040,000-1: , 14 61% 4650 (2,70,000) (vertebrates) , -: 175

184. - (India as a Mega-Diversity Nation) - 40,000 7 4900 , 88,000 4.6 % 14 6,50,000 .. (Hot Spots of Biodiversity) (1988) ( ),[in site (on site)] -1. (endemic species) 2. (habitat loss) 1.4 16 20 , , , (Swallow tailedbutterflies) (Endemism) (Threats to Biodiversity) , , (Habitat loss, Poaching of Wild Life, Man and wild life Conflicts)-: 176

185. -1. (Habitat loss and fragmentation) (wet lands) , , 2. (Disturbance and Pollution) , , (eutrophication), 3. (Introduction of exotic species) (Biotic interaction) 4. (Hunting and poaching) - , ,, , , -1. 2. 3. ( -: 177

186. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. -2 . ... (IUCN) (Extinct) (Extinct in the wild) (Critically Endangered)(Endangered)(Vulnerable) / / / / / / , -: 178

187. (Lower Risk) (Data Deficient) (Not Evaluated)/ / / (CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY)- (Conservation ofBiodiversity : in-situ and ex-situ Conservation of Biodiversity)- - (in-situ) (ex-situ) (IN-SITU CONSERVATION STRATEGIES) -: 179

188. (PROTECTED AREAS)- / ; (National Parks), (Wild Life Sanctuaries) (Biosphere reserves), (Sacred forests), (Sacredlakes), (World Conservation MonitoringCentre) 37,000 2002 , 581 (89 492 ) 4.7 , -(a) (b) / (c) (d) (National Parks)- , , - , - -: 180

189. (), (..), (), (..), (), -3, (Protected Areas)- (National Park)(Sanctrury) (Biosphere Reserve)1.2.3.4.5.6. , ,, 0.04 3162 . 40% 100 500 , 15% 500 1000 (Citnus), (Pitcher plant), (GreatIndian Bustard) 0.61 7818 40% 100 500 25% 500 1000 . , 5670 . : -: 181

190. 7. (Sanctuaries)- , , - , , - (), (), ( ), (), (), ( ), ( ) -4, 1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9. , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , -: 182

191. 10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.23.24.25.26. -, , , , --, , , , , , , , , , , , , , -, , (Biosphere Reserve)- / , -: 183

192. - (Core Area) (Buffer zone) (transitionzone) 1975 2002 94 408 13 -1. - 2. - 3. - 4. - 5. - - 6. - 7. - 8. - , 9. - 10. - 11. - 12. - 13. - (Sacred Forest and Sacred Lakes)- - ,, ,