Bones of the Face• External (landmark) Bones of the Face

– Incisive (2)– Lacrimal (2)– Mandible (1 or 2)– Maxillary (2)– Nasal (2)– Zygomatic (2)

• Internal (hidden) Bones of the Face– Palantine (2)– Pterygoid (2)– Turbinates (4)– Vomer (1)

External Bones of the Face• Incisive:

– Also called pre__________ bones

– Most ___________ skull bones

– In common domestic animals, this bone houses upper incisor teeth. (Ruminants have a dental pad instead)

• Nasal:– Forms the _________ of

the nose.– Length depends on the

animal.

External Bones of the Face

• Maxillary– Form the ________ jaw with

incisive bone– House all teeth besides

incisors– Forms rostral part of

________ palate– contains maxillary sinus

• Lacrimal– Two bones that form

medial portion of the ________ of the eye.

– Contains lacrimal sac which is part of tear system.

External Bones of the Face• Zygomatic

– aka malar bones– form portion of orbit– join with temporal bone to form

zygomatic ______

• Mandible– lower jaw– houses all lower teeth– only __________ skull bone– forms TMJ with temporal bone– 2 bones come together at

mandibular ________________• fused into one bone in horses and

swine– 2 parts: ramus and shaft

• Ramus = caudal, vertical part• Shaft = contains teeth, horizontal

part

Internal Bones of the Face

• ____________________ Bones:– Make up caudal part of _____

palate

• ____________________ Bones:– Support part of the lateral

walls of the ________ (throat).

• ____________________Bone:– Forms part of nasal septum

(midline wall between left and right nasal passages).

• _____________________:– Also called nasal conchae.– Thin and scroll-like that fill

most of nasal cavity space.

Hyoid Bone• Also called hyoid

_____________• Supports base of tongue, the

pharynx, and the larynx and assists in swallowing.

• Composed of several parts that are united by cartilage.

Spinal Column (aka vertebral column)

• Vertebrae that extend from skull to tip of tail.• Divided into 5 sections:

– Cervical (neck, C)– Thoracic (chest, T)– Lumbar (abdomen, L)– Sacral (pelvis, S)– Coccygeal (tail, Cy)

• Refer to vertebrae by letter designation and number designation.

• Body– The main, ventral portion

of the bone.– Separated from other

vertebrae by intervertebral ________ of _________ cartilage.

• Arch– dorsal to body– helps to make up _______

________ which allows passage of the spinal cord.

VERTEBRAE CHARACTERISTICS

VERTEBRAE CHARACTERISTICS

• Transverse Processes– Two processes that

project laterally – Site of muscle

attachment.

• Articular Processes– On cranial and caudal

ends of vertebrae, form intervertebral joint

• Spinous Processes– Single and projects

dorsally

Cervical Vertebrae• Neck region• ______ vertebrae in all domestic

animals

• _________ is C1– Holds up head.– Has ________ that can be palpated– Has no vertebral body, just is a

ring which spinal cord passes through.

• ________ is C2– Has large blade-like spinous

process and a ______ that fits into atlas

Thoracic Vertebrae• Chest region• Have tall __________ processes.• Number of vertebrae = number

pairs of _______• Have articular facets which

communicate with the ribs.

• Dorsal to abdominal region.• Most massive-looking bones in

spinal column.• Bodies are large and bulky• Prominent cranial-directed

___________ processes

Sacral Vertebrae

• 3 - 5 vertebrae fused together to form one single, solid structure.

• Called the _________.• Joins pelvis via sacroiliac joint.

Bones of the tail. Cranial vertebrae have

arches, bodies and processes, caudal vertebrae are rods of bone

In humans fuse into coccyx.

Ribs• Flat bones that form the lateral walls of the thorax.

• Usually the number of ribs is equal to the number of thoracic vertebrae.

• Dorsal ends form moveable joints which is allows lungs to expand.

• Term for rib is ____________.• ____________ ribs aka “true

ribs” attach to sternum• ____________ ribs aka “false

ribs”make up caudal part of thorax.

• Unattached ribs are called ____________ ribs.

STERNUM Breastbone Made up of sternebrae. Most cranial sternebrae is

_________________ Most caudal sternebrae is called

_____________ process.