bonding&m&ch.7 types&of&bonding i. holds&everything ... ·...

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Types of Bonding I. ________________________________holds everything together! II. All bonding occurs because of ________________________ III. Electronegativity difference and bond character A. A ________________________________________________ between two atoms results in a __________________________________________ when those two atoms form a bond. B. Ionic and covalent bonding are not distinct categories as __________________________ It’s just that one is more prevalent than the other. C. EN is not the only factor. Whether they are metals or nonmetals also matter. IV. Covalent Bonding (____________ bonding) A. Bond that exists between ____________ B. Involves____________________________________ C. Includes: 1. Polar covalent ________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ a. hydrogen bonding: ____________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ b. dipoledipole: ____________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 2. Nonpolar Covalent ________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ V. Ionic Bonding A. Bond that exists between________________________ B. Involves the ____________________________________from the____________________________________ C. Ionic solids have a ________________________structure. VI. Metallic Bonding A. Bonding that exists between____________ B. Electrons are____________________________________________________________ C. Electrons act like___________________________________________________________ 1. give rise to properties such as _______________________________________________ 2. the more ________________________ or ________________________, the more ________________________________________________ (this is very general not a rule) Nature of Bonding I. Covalent bond nature A. Two nuclei have multiple electrostatic forces acting within it. 1. ________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________ B. Attractive forces________________________ at an________________ ________________ 1. According to the graph, ________ is the optimal bond length. Bonding Ch. 7

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Page 1: Bonding&M&Ch.7 Types&of&Bonding I. holds&everything ... · Types&of&Bonding I._____holds&everything&together! II.Allbonding&occurs&because&of&_____ III.Electronegativity&difference&and&bond&character

Types  of  Bonding

I.  ________________________________holds  everything  together!II.  All  bonding  occurs  because  of  ________________________III.  Electronegativity  difference  and  bond  character

     A.  A  ________________________________________________  between  two  atoms  results  

in  a  __________________________________________  when  those  two  atoms  form  a  bond.      B.  Ionic  and  covalent  bonding  are  not  distinct  categories  as  __________________________    It’s  just  that  one  is  more  prevalent  than  the  other.      C.  EN  is  not  the  only  factor.    Whether  they  are  metals  or  nonmetals  also  matter.IV.  Covalent  Bonding  (____________  bonding)�      A.  Bond  that  exists  between  ____________      B.  Involves____________________________________      C.  Includes:          1.  Polar  covalent  -­‐  ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________                  a.  hydrogen  bonding:  ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________                  b.  dipole-­‐dipole:  ________________________________________________________________________________________________          2.  Nonpolar  Covalent  -­‐  _____________________________________________________________________________________________________V.  Ionic  Bonding

     A.  Bond  that  exists  between________________________

     B.  Involves  the  ____________________________________from  the____________________________________      C.  Ionic  solids  have  a  ________________________structure.VI.  Metallic  Bonding      A.  Bonding  that  exists  between____________      B.  Electrons  are____________________________________________________________      C.  Electrons  act  like___________________________________________________________              1.  give  rise  to  properties  such  as  _______________________________________________              2.  the  more  ________________________  or  ________________________,  the  more  ________________________________________________  (this  is  very  general  -­‐  not  a  rule)

Nature  of  Bonding

I.  Covalent  bond  nature      A.  Two  nuclei  have  multiple  electrostatic  forces  acting  within  it.                1.  ________________________________________________                2.  ________________________________________________      B.  Attractive  forces________________________  at  an________________    ________________                1.  According  to  the  graph,  ________  is  the  optimal  bond  length.

Bonding  -­‐  Ch.  7

Page 2: Bonding&M&Ch.7 Types&of&Bonding I. holds&everything ... · Types&of&Bonding I._____holds&everything&together! II.Allbonding&occurs&because&of&_____ III.Electronegativity&difference&and&bond&character

               2.  This  is  the  ________________________________  where  the  _____________________________________________________  are  balanced.      C.  ________________________  hold  bond  together.II.  Ionic  bond  nature      A.  Metals  have  ______________________  and  would  more  likely  ______________________  to  a  nonmetal  (which  have_________________________________).      B.  Ionic  structures  are  held  together  by  ______________________  (___________________________________________________________________________).      C.  Ionic  compound  is  more  stable  because  all  ions  involved  __________________________        D.  Cations  and  anions  in  an  ionic  crystal  are  arranged  in  a  lattice  (______________________)  that  _________________________________  between  ions  while  ____________________________________________.III.  Properties:      A.  Ionic  compounds  are  orderly  (_______________)  so  they  are  _____________________________________________      B.  Molecules  don't  usually  form  ordered  structures  so  ____________________________________________________________IV.  Bottom  line:  All  elements  want  to  bond  because  they  form  _____________________________________________V.  More  on  this  in  later  chapters...VI.  One  more  thing...            A.  Ionic  bond  strength                      1.  ____________________________________________________________                      2.  The  ______________________________,  the  _______________ic  attraction.                      3.  Predicted  by  Coulomb’s  Law:                                a.  

                                       i.  F=______________________________                                        ii.  ke=______________________________                                        iii.  q1  &q2  =  ______________________________                                        iv.  r=  ______________________________                      4.  Electrostatic  attraction  is...                              a.  ______________________________                              b.  ___________________________________between  charges.                      5.  The________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Bonding  -­‐  Ch.  7

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Lewis  Structures  -­‐  Covalent  Bonding

I.  All  smaller  atoms  are  more  stable  with  ____________________________(______________)      A.  Except  for  ______________(______________)      B.  Some  atoms  with  ____________________________can  have______________  (__________________________________________).II.  Lewis  Structures  show  how  molecules  share  electrons.      A.  A  line  represents  a  _______

     B.  Unshared/lone  pair  -­‐  ____________________________

III.  How  to  draw  them:      A.  Count  the  total  number  of  valence  electrons      B.  Arrange  the  atoms  (C  is  usu.  middle.    Also,  element  that  is  least  abundant  is  in  the  middle).      C.  Draw  single  bonds  between  all  atoms  and  subtract  the  number  used  from  total  (one  line=2  electrons!)      D.  Place  the  rest  of  the  electrons  around  outer  elements  until  all  of  them  have  eight.          1.  Extra  electrons?    Put  them  on  the  central  atom.�          2.  Need  electrons?    Move  electrons  from  outer  atoms  to  create  double  and  triple  bonds.    E.  Check  work!          1.  Does  the  number  of  electrons  in  structure  equal  the    total  number  of  valence  electrons?          2.  Does  every  element  follow  the  octet  rule?

IV.  Resonance  structures:  molecules  that  have  more  than  one  possible  Lewis  structure.      A.  Shown  through  a  double  sided  arrow:  ↔      B.  Actual  structure  is  an  ______________  (like  an  average)  of  all  the  resonance  structures.      C.  Therefore,  the  __________________________________________  bonds  present.

   D.  Bond  order:                    1.  Single  bond  =___,  double  bond  =  ___,  triple  bond  =  ___                2.  Bond  orders  for  resonance  structures  are  an  __________________________________  of  all  the  bonds  present.    For  example:  For  nitrate,  the  bond  order  is  ___V.  Ions:  Don't  forget  to  place  ______________around  ions  and  to  __________________________________________________VI.  Exceptions  to  Octet  Rule      A.  Some  are  ____________________________:______________      B.  Some  can  be  __________________________:    P,  S,  Cl,  As,  Se,  Br,  Kr,  Sb,  Te,  I,  Xe  (p.  171)              1.  Because________________________________________________________              2.  Place  any  extra  electrons  on  the  central  atom  of  these  even  if  it  already  has  eight!

Bonding  -­‐  Ch.  7

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VII.  Acidic  and  basic  Lewis  structures:  __________________________________________VIII.  A  more  thorough  method  of  checking  your  structure:  ____________________________      A.  Molecules  will  be  arranged  in  the  structure  in  which  ______________________________________________________________________________________      B.  Formal  charge  =  __________________________________________      C.  Calculate  formal  charge  for  each  atom  in  structure!      D.  This  explains  the  octet  rule  exceptions  (Ex.  BeF2).

VSEPR

I.  VSEPR  states  that  ____________________________      A.  Electrons  will  orient  themselves  ____________________________      B.  Lone  pairs,  since  they  are  ________________________________________,  will  ________________________________________________________      C.  This  is  used  to  predict  ____________________________  (Think  in  3-­‐D!!!)II.  Refer  to  the  table  summarizing  the  shapes.          A.  Angular  means  bent.

Polarity

I.  Electronegativity  (Table  6.5  on  p.  154):  __________________________________________.      A.  Used  to  determine  ____________________________      B.  If  difference  is...              1.  >2.0  =  ionic              2.  0.5<x<1.6  =  polar  covalent              3.  0.5>  =  nonpolar  covalent              4.  For  ______________,  the  bond  is  ____________________________.    The  bond  is  __________________________________________      C.  The  trend  in  type  of  bond  is  the  same  as  the  trend  regarding  _______________________  ____________________________II.  Dipole:  Molecule  that  has  ____________________________  (__)  on  one  end  and  a  __________________________________________(__)  on  the  other.III.  Dipole  moment  shows  ____________________________(  ____)IV.  How  to  determine  polarity:      A.  If  all  dipole  moments  (polar  bonds)  ____________________________    If  they  do  not  cancel  out,  the  molecule  is__________________________________________      B.  Generally,__________________________________________.    DO  NOT  explain  using  only  the  symmetry  argument!

Bonding  -­‐  Ch.  7

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Orbital  Hybridization

I.  The  shapes  we  know  don't  match  shapes  from  Ch.  6!!!      A.  As  elements  form  a  bond,  their  orbitals  become  a  ________________________________________________________      B.  You  can  determine  ________________________________________________________   1.  Look  at  table  again...hybridization  =  _______________________________________________________________________________            2.  Ex:  NH3  =  1  lone  pair  &  3  atoms=4  orbitals.    Thus,  it  is  _______  hybridized.II.  Multiple  Bonds  (memorize)      A.  A  single  bond  is  known  as  a  ________(___)  bond.

     B.  A  double  bond  contains  __________  (___)  bond  and  ________  (___)  bond  (________________________________________).      C.  A  triple  bond  contains  ________________  (___)  bond  and  ________  (___)  bonds.      D.  π  bond  is  ________________  σ bond.      E.  Also,  π  bonds  ___________________________  and  leads  to  ________________________  (more  about  this  in  O  chem)      F.  If  many  ______________________  π  bonds  are  present,  molecules  may  conduct  electricity.      G.  Examples...

Other  Theories

I.  As  with  atomic  theory,  bond  theories/models  have  gone  through  many  revisions.          A.  Valence  Bond  Theory  vs.  Molecular  Orbital  Theory        B.  Lewis  Structures,  Ball  and  Stick  Model,  Space-­‐Filling  ModelII.  Though  they  have  all  proved  beneficial,  all  theories  and  models  have  limitations.

Bonding  -­‐  Ch.  7