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A Guide to BMP4Steven Jones

This guide covers the changes introduced through theatest industry BMP4: Best Management Praccesor Protecon Against Somalia Based Piracy.

Work has been ongoing to create the latest incarnaon of industry

est Management Pracce (BMP4), providing Suggested Planning

nd Operaonal Pracces for Ship Operators, and Masters of Ships

ransing the High Risk Area.

he Industry partners who have come together to produce the

MPs are also nancially sponsoring the publicaon of 50,000

ard copies of BMP 4 so that they can be distributed to Industry

n a free-of-charge basis. Addionally this year, a DVD haseen produced by Steamship Mutual and endorsed by many

ssociaon signatories. This will also be distributed on a free of

harge basis. The challenge for the Industry is to ensure the widest

ossible distribuon and use of BMP4 and ensuring onboard

mplementaon

aval Authories now report on a monthly basis, the names

f vessels which have failed to fully implement BMP, and

rganisaons are being pushed to raise an internal invesgaon to

erify compliance of their members.

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BMP4 stresses some basics on how to avoid beinga vicm of piracy:

Do not be alone - Report, use IRTC, Keep AIS On

Do not be detected - Use Nav. lights only, Follow NAVWARNS

Do not be surprised - be vigilant

Do not be vulnerable - SPMs

Do not be boarded - Speed and manoeuvres

Do not be controlled - Drills, Citadels, access control

The guidelines now explicitly cover a wider geographical area, with

the Somali Basin added to the Coast of Somalia and Arabian Sea

areas.

Prior to the introducon to BMP4 there is a new secon which focuses

on The three Fundamental Requirements of BMP. In essence

these consist of:

Register at MSCHOA - In addion to the usual bounding areas,

the Straits of Hormuz are now included

Report to UKMTO UKMTO acts as the primary point of contact

for merchant vessels and liaison with military forces in the region

and it is the primary point of contact during an aack. For this

reason UKMTO should be made aware that the vessel is transing

the High Risk Area

ImplementShipProteconMeasures(SPMs)- These are the

most basic measures likely to be eecve at reducing the risk of

piracy aack. If pirates are unable to board a ship they cannot

hijack it.

What follows is an assessment of the addional areas, issues and secons within BMP4. Marime security personnel a

encouraged to use this in-conjuncon with the new BMPs, so they can see what addional measures they need to ado

and of the current and latest best management pracce.

New Issues Highlighted and Idened within BMP4

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A Guide to BMP4

Secon 1: IntroduconThe guidance provides a slightly expanded explanaon

of Somali piracy, stang that Somali pirates have to

date sought to hijack a vessel, her cargo and crew

andholdthemunlaransomdemandispaid.

It also covers the intended scope of the BMPs and the

fact that the aim is to assist ships to avoid, deter or

delay piracy aacks in the High Risk Area.

It stresses that the guidelines are based on not just

experience, but also on evidence and data collected by

naval forces.

BMP3 stated that The extent to which the guidance

given in this booklet is followed is always to be at the

discreon of the Ship Operator and Master. In BMP4

this statement had been deleted.

BMP4 also remind us that not all measures

discussed in this booklet may be applicable for

every ship type.

Secon 2: Somali Pirate

Acvity the High Risk Area

BMP4 addresses the shiing dynamic of pirate

operaons, and recognises the eect of the increased

use of Motherships, and the extension to pirate

aack ranges these vessels have oered.

The guidance has been expanded to cover the cyclical

nature of pirate acvity stressing that level of pirate

acvity varies within the High Risk Area due to changin

weather condions and acvity by Naval/Military Force

It is stated thatpirateacvitygenerallyreducesin

areasaectedbytheSouthWestmonsoon,andincreased in the period following the monsoon. The

guidance also reminds us that the onset of the North E

monsoon generally has lesser eect on piracy acvity.

There is a reminder thatwhenpiracyacvityisredu

in one area of the High Risk Area, it is likely to

increase elsewhere (e.g. Kenya and Tanzania. the Gul

Aden and Bab-al-Mandeb have experienced an increas

pirate acvity during the South West Monsoon.)

There has been an addion to the High Risk Area for piwhere pirate acvity and/or aacks have taken place.

For the purposes of BMP4, the High Risk Area is an a

bounded by Suez and the Straits of Hormuz to the

North, 10S and 78E.

Perhaps reecng this widening area, the BMPs state

that vessels should be prepared to alter course at sho

nocetoavoidpirateacvitywhen informaon is

provided by NAV WARNINGS and/or Naval/Military For

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4 A Guide to BMP

In BMP4 the factors to be considered in the Risk

Assessment cover:

Crew safety - Assessing access control versus

safety, especially in the event of shipboard

emergencies.

Locaon of a safe muster point or Citadel.

Balliscprotecon for crew on the bridge

Freeboard- Pirates will likely try to board at the

lowest point above the waterline. Usually vessels

with a freeboard greater than 8 metres are less

likely to be boarded. However, freeboard mayprovide lile or no protecon if other access

points are provided.

Speed- To date, there have been no reported

aacks where pirates have boarded a ship

that has been proceeding at over 18 knots. It

is possible however that pirate taccs and

techniques may develop to enable them to board

faster moving ships.

Sea State - Pirates aack from small cra

(skis), it is oen more dicult to operate theskis if the sea state is 3 or above.

Secon 3: Risk Assessment

he secon on Risk Assessment looks at the idencaon

f measures for prevenon, migaon and recovery.

statement that pirate acvity increases in the wake of a

elease is no longer included in BMP4.

he importance is stressed of the Risk Assessment being

hipandvoyagespecic,andnotgeneric.

Secon 4: Typical Pirate Aack

A typical pirate aack now states that two small high spe

(up to 25 knots) open boats/skis will be used.

The fact that pirates apparently preferred boarding from

port quarter has been deleted also.

BMP4 states that thepiratesoenapproachfromeith

quarter or the stern.

The skis are frequently ed with two outboard engine

a larger single 60hp engine.

Signicant new secon on Pirate Acon Groups and the

various boat conguraons - assessing skis, whalers and

motherships.

Examinaon of weapons used, and the fact that pirates

RPGstoinmidatevesselsintostopping.

The guidance stresses the importance of maintaining Ful

Sea Speed.

Slightly enhanced view of the pirate tools used to board -

these now include in addion to ladders, ropes and lon

hookedpoleswithknoedclimbingropeare also us

While night-me aacks are sll less common, the guidanow states that aacks have occurred on clear moonlit

nights.

The majority of pirate aacks have been repelled by ship

crew who haveplanned and trained and applied BM

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A Guide to BMP4

The UK Marime Trade Operaons (UKMTO)

whose reporng process is to incorporate:

1. Inial Report

2. Daily Reports

3. Final Report (upon departure from the high risk

area or arrival in port).

The Marime Security Centre Horn of Africa

(MSCHOA) which is the planning and coordinaon

centre for EU Naval forces (EUNAVFOR).

The EUNAVFOR operaonal area does not extend

East of 65E.

Secon 5: BMP Reporng

Procedures

An essenal part of BMP that applies to all ships is

liaison with Naval/Military forces. The two key Naval

organisaons to contact are:

It is important that vessels and their operators complete

both the UKMTOVesselPosionReporngForms

and register with MSCHOA.

Secon 6: Company PlanningReporng is stressed in this secon too, and a Vessel

Movement Registraon Form should be submied to

MSCHOA and details are provided on how to do this.

The latest informaon should be obtained from the MSCHO

and NATO shipping centre websites.

The company planning checklist stresses the importance o

reviewing the ShipSecurityAssessment(SSA)and the

implementaon of theShipSecurityPlan(SSP)as requir

by the Internaonal Ship and Port Facility Security Code

(ISPS).

The CompanySecurityOcer(CSO) is encouraged to

ensure than an SSP is in place and that discussions have

taken place with theShipSecurityOcer(SSO).

The monitoring of piracy related websites is supplemented

with instrucons to monitor all NAVWARNINGS - SAT C

should not only be monitored but acted upon.

Planning is given greater emphasis with the guidance

stressing that great care should be taken in voyage

planning.

The company should oer the Ships Master guidance with

regard to the recommendedroungthrough the High Ri

Area.

Self Protecon measures are now, VERY strongly

recommended.

Crew training now specically menons citadel drills whe

ulised. The crew training sessions should be conducted p

transit, and debrieng sessions post-transit.

This secon now stresses that the UKMTO is unable to

respond as an SSAS designated recipient when a vessel i

outside the UKMTO Voluntary Reporng Area

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A Guide to BMP

Secon 7: Ship Masters

Planning

The Master should ensure that these BMP measures

are in place prior to entry into the High Risk Area:

Greater emphasis placed on the briengofcrewand of

the conducng of drills.

Masters should also consider tesngofSPMs, tesng ofthe security of all access points and a thorough review of

the SSP.

Masters are advised to prepare an Emergency

CommunicaonPlan, this will include all emergency

contact numbers and prepared messages.

The ships AIS policy is reviewed. The recommendaon is

now to keep AIS on - though this is le to the Masters

discreon.

This secon once again stresses the importance of

reporngtoMSCHOAandUKMTO.

During transit through the High Risk Area:

There is a new secon on maintenance and engineering

work in the High Risk Area. Any work outside of the

accommodaon is to be strictly controlled and access

points limited and controlled.

No maintenance should be performed on essenal

equipment in the Engine Room.

There is an enhanced policy fordailyvesselreporng

UKMTO via email at 0800 GMT.

Masters are encouraged to carefully review all warnin

and informaon.

There is a reminder that voyage roung changes may b

necessary.

Advice on the use of the IRTChas been amended, and

instrucons on which area of the IRTC to use dependen

direcon of transit has been removed.

Ships are reminded that they may have to make

adjustments topassage plans to conform to MSCHOA

advice on group transits.

There is a new secon on the use ofNaonalConvoy

some countries oer independent convoy escorts throu

the IRTC.

Advice on vessels avoiding entering Yemeni Territorial

waters remains, however it is now thought to be very

dicult for naval vessels to enter the waters, as oppos

to not possible in the past.

Much of the BMP3 Secon 8 Voyage Planning aspects

have been brought into the Masters Planning secon

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Secon 8: Ship Protecon

Measures

Secon 8 has now been completely changed, with the

emphasis away from pre-transit planning, and now

focusing on SPMs.

The SPMs are the most basic level which will likely be

eecve. The advice rests on the premise that If pirates

are unable to board a ship they cannot hijack it.

Watchkeeping & Enhanced Vigilance

There is advice that vessels should consider a shorter

rotaonoftheWatchperiodin order to maximise

alertness of the lookouts.

The use ofan-glarebinoculars is encouraged.

The use of well constructed dummies remains -however the unequivocal view is that, A proper lookout

isthesinglemosteecvemethodofselfprotecon

where early warning of a suspicious approach or aack is

assured, and where defences can be readily deployed.

Enhanced Bridge Protecon

The bridge is usually the focus for any pirate aack.

BMP4 states that Kevlar jackets and helmets

(preferably in non-military colours) should be available for

the bridge team.

Flying glass is a major issue when the bridge is aacked

- as such the use of security glass lm oen called Blast

Resistant Film is encouraged.

BMP4 states that fabricated metal(steel/aluminium)pla

may be used for the side and rear bridge windows and t

bridge wing door windows. The use of sand bags on brid

wings is also encouraged.

In order to protect from RPG shells the guidance states t

the sides and rear of the bridge, and the bridge wings,

may be protected with a double layer ofChain Link Fen

which has been shown to reduce the eect of an RPG ro

Proprietaryan-RPGscreensare also available.

Control of Access to Bridge, Accommodaon &

Machinery Spaces

It is very important to control access routes to deter or

delay pirates who have managed to board a vessel.

If pirates do gain access to the upper deck of a vessel

they will be tenacious in their eorts to access the

accommodaon secon and in parcular the bridge.

It is strongly recommended that signicant eort isexpended prior to entry to the High Risk Area to deny

the pirates access to the accommodaon and the

bridge, should they overcome the vessels ship proteco

measures and be able to board the vessel.

All doors and hatches providing access should be

secured, and BMP4 now adds the word properly to t

guidance, and this is done in order to aordtheship

themaximumproteconpossible.

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8 A Guide to BMP

BMP4 stresses that pirates have been known to gain access

through portholes and windows. The ng ofsteel bars

to windows will prevent this even if they manage to shaer

the window.

Physical Barriers

Physical barriers have been discussed in earlier incarnaons

of BMP. In the latest guidance there is further advice, in

that such barriers should be used to make it as dicultas

possible to gain access to vessels by increasing the height

and diculty of any climb for an aacking pirate.

Anyrazor wire should be secured so pirates cannot pull o

the razor wire with, for instance, the hook of their boarding

ladder.

Consideraon should also be given to securing the razor

wire with a wire strop to prevent it being dislodged.

BMP4 goes into great detail about the types and quality of

razor wire which is recommended.

An climb paint is no longer considered an eecve

measure.

Ifelectric fences are to be used, then a full risk

assessmentis to be carried out.

Water Spray & Foam Monitors

Water cannons receive new coverage, and steam is now

cited as an eecve deterrent, as are water spray rails

The use offoam is covered, and it is stressed that any

supplies used must be in addion to the ships Fire Fighn

Equipment (FFE) stock.

Where possible no maintenance should be carried out on

the vessels sea water systems whilst on passage in the

High Risk Area.

It is also stressed that in order to ulise allpumps,

addional power may be required and therefore these

systems should also be ready for immediate use.

Pracce,observaonanddrillswill be required in ord

to ensure that the results achieved by the equipment

provide eecve coverage of vulnerable areas.

Alarms

The use ofalarms and sound signals is covered, and if

approached, connuous sounding of the vessels foghorn/

whistle distracts the pirates and lets them know they hav

been seen.

Manoeuvring Pracce

There is a new emphasis placed on the use of

manoeuvringpracce. Praccing prior to entry into

the High Risk Area will be very benecial and will ensure

familiarity with the ships handling characteriscs and ho

to eect an-piracy manoeuvres whilst maintaining the

best possible speed.

Itisstressedthatwaingunltheshipisaacked

beforepraccingistoolate!

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A Guide to BMP4

There is a detailed examinaon of the criteria

that any Naval/Military forces will apply before

considering a boarding operaon to release the

crew from a Citadel.

The criteria include:

100% of the crew must be secured in the Citadel.

The crew of the ship must have self contained,

independent reliable 2-way communicaons

(sole reliance on VHF communicaons is not

sucient)

The pirates must be denied access to ship

propulsionClosed Circuit Television (CCTV)

& Upper Deck LighngBMP4 goes into some detail about the use ofClosed

CircuitTelevision(CCTV)and the use ofUpper Deck

Lighng. However it is stressed that navigaon lights

should not be switched o at night.

Ships Tools & Equipment

There is a secon on the importance of denying pirates the

use ofships tools or equipment. The BMPs also stress

the importance of protecng ships equipment such as gas

boles or ammable liquids/materials - using sand bags or

Kevlar blankets.

Safe Muster Points/Citadels

A Safe Muster Pointis a short-term safe haven, which

will provide ballisc protecon should the pirates

commence ring with small arms weaponry or RPGs.

Citadels get a lot of coverage in BMP4 - If citadels are to

be employed, they should be complementary to, rather

than a replacement for, all other Ship Protecon Measures

set out in BMP4.

It is stressed that establishing a Citadel maybe beyond

the capability of a ships sta alone, and requires external

technical advice and support.

The details of the construcon and operaon of Citadels

are beyond the scope of this booklet. A detailed document

containing guidance and advice is included on the

MSCHOA website.

BMP4 perhaps reecng this fact has deleted a series of

measures to enhance a safe-haven.

It is important to remember that the use of a Citadel,

even where the criteria are applied, cannot guarantee a

Naval/Military response. This is now explicit within the

BMPs.

Private Marime Security Contractors

There is now a secon dedicated to the use of private

marime security contractors - both armed and unarmed

BMP4 states,useofunarmedPrivateMarimeSecurity

ContractorsisamaerforindividualShipOperator

following their own voyage risk assessment. The

deploymentonboardissubjecttothenaonal

laws of the Flag State. The use of experienced and

competentunarmedPrivateMarimeSecurity

ContractorscanbeavaluableaddiontoBMP.

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Some key elements of the BMP4 include the followingadvice:

If armed Private Marime Security Contractors are

to be used they must be as an addional layer of

protecon and not as an alternave to BMP.

If armed Private Marime Security Contractors

are present on board a merchant vessel, this fact

should be included in reports to UKMTO and

MSCHOA.

The Internaonal Marime Organizaon (IMO)have produced guidance in the form of an IMO

Circular for ship operators and Masters and for

Flag States on the use of Private Marime Security

Contractors in the High Risk Area.

The current IMO guidance on the use of armed

Private Marime Security Contractor is included

on the MSCHOA website (www.mschoa.org).

Armed Private Marime Security Contractors

There is an addional examinaon on the use ofarmed

Private Marime Security Contractors.

The use, or not, of armed Private Marime Security

Contractors onboard merchant vessels is a maerfor

individual ship operators to decide following their own

voyage risk assessment and approval of respecve FlagStates.

Subject to risk analysis, careful planning and

agreements, the provision of MilitaryVesselProtecon

Detachments (VPDs) deployed to protect vulnerable

shipping is the recommended opon when considering

armed guards.This advice does not constute a

recommendaon nor endorsement of the general use of

armed Private Marime Security Contractors.

Secon 9: Pirate AackThis secon examines the correct response of a vessel bein

approached and then coming under aack.

If a vessel suspects that it is coming under a pirate aack,

there are specic acons that are recommended to be tak

during the approach stage, and the aackstage.

It should be noted that the pirates generally do not use

weapons unl they are within two cables of a vessel.

Therefore any period up to this stage can be considered

as approach and gives a vessel valuable me in which to

acvate her defences, and make it clear to pirates that they

have been spoed and the vessel is prepared and will resis

Approach Stage

When being approached, if not already at full speed,

increase to maximum. Steer a straight course to maintain maximum speed.

The communicaonplan at this me is vital, and in

addion to previous advice BMP4 also states that once

established, the vessel should maintain communicaon wit

UKMTO.

The advice also states that aacksshouldbereported

to UKMTO even if the vessel is part of a naonal convoy so

other merchant ships can be warned.

The issue ofballiscprotecon is a key element of the

new guidance, and when under aack it is stressed that all

crew except those required on the bridge to muster at the

Safe Muster Point or Citadel if constructed, so that the crew

are given as much ballisc protecon as possible should th

pirates get close enough to use weapons.

When discussing the manoeuvres used to keep clear of

pirates, the latest advice no longer contains explicit meno

of the use of bow and stern wash to restrict incoming pirat

When the aack comes in, the advice is to ensure that allexternal doors and, where possible, internal public rooms

and cabins, arefully secured.

In addion to the emergency alarms and announcement fo

the benet of the vessels crew, sound the ships

whistle/foghorn connuously to demonstrate to any

potenal aacker that the ship is aware of the aack and is

reacng to it .

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Aack Stage

There is now a new Aack stage covered and advice

is given on the conduct. At this phase it is important to

reconrm that all ships personnel are in a posion of

safety.

As the pirates close on the vessel, Masters should

commence small alteraons of helm whilst maintaininga speed to deter skis from lying alongside the

vessel in preparaon for a boarding aempt. These

manoeuvres will create addional wash to impede the

operaon of the skis.

It is stressed that substanal amounts of helm are not

recommended, as these are likely to signicantly reduce

a vessels speed.

Secon 10: If the Pirates take

Control

The BMP4 guidance If the Pirates take Control is to, try

remain calm. Before the pirates gain access to the bridg

BMP4 states the importance of informing UKMTO. Ensure

that the SSAS has been acvated and theAIS is switched

As with earlier BMPs it is stressed that no resistance shobe oered to the pirates once they reach the bridge.

BMP4 now expressly states that pirates are likely to be

aggressive, highly agitatedand possibly under the

inuence ofdrugs (khat).

In BMP3 there was a list of the things not to do - such a

not use rearms, do not make sudden movements, and d

not use ares or pyrotechnics. These have now been dele

If the bridge/engine room is to be evacuated the main en

should be stopped and allwaytakenothevesselifpossible, (and if navigaonally safe to do so).

All remaining crew members should proceed to the

designated Safe Muster Pointwith their hands visible.

BMP4 also stresses that any CCTVshould be kept running

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Secon 11: In the event of

Military AconMP4 follows that of previous guidelines, however where

aval/Military forces take acon onboard the ship there

s new advice.

ll personnel should keep lowto the deck and cover

heir head with both hands with hands visible. On no

ccount should personnel make movements which could

e misinterpreted as being aggressive.

he BMP guidance states that personnel should not

se ash photography, they should be prepared to be

hallenged on their identy, they should cooperate fully

uring any Naval/Military acon, while remaining aware

hat English is not the working language of all Naval/

Military forces in the region.

is stressed that Naval/Military forces will endeavour

o respond rapidly to ongoing acts of piracy, however

ecause of the very large distances across the High Risk

rea a Naval/Military response may not be possible.

Secon 12: Post Incident

ReporngFollowing any piracy aack or suspicious acvity it is vital

that a detailed reportof the event is reported to UKMTO a

MSCHOA.

BMP4 now reminds us that it is considered helpful to pro

a copy of the report to the IMB. It is also stressed that any

report contains descripons and disnguishing features of

suspicious vessels that were observed.

The Post Incident Reporng emphasis is supplemented by

a new secon on Prosecuon of Pirates Assisng Law

Enforcement Authories.

Law enforcement authories will rounely request permis

to conductpost-release crew debriefs and to collect evide

for ongoing and future invesgaons and prosecuons

following capvity. A thorough invesgaon is crical to

ensure that potenal physical evidence, including electron

evidence, is not tainted or destroyed or potenal witnesse

overlooked.

The company and crew are advised that the quality of the

evidence provided and the availability of the crew to tesf

will signicantly help any invesgaon or prosecuon that

follows.

A signicant part of this secon now features informaon

INTERPOL as well as reporng processes. BMP4 states that

INTERPOL is an internaonal police organisaon with 188

member countries which facilitates cross border police co-

operaon to combat internaonal crime.

INTERPOL recognise that seafarers as the vicms of piracy

must be dealt with in a sympathec and professional man

and can assist in taking the appropriate steps to preserve

the integrity of the evidence le behind at the crime scene

INTERPOL has a Command and Co-ordinaon Centre (CCC)

which supports any of the 188 member countries faced wi

crisis situaon or requiring urgent operaonal assistance.

The CCC operates in four languages English, French, Span

and Arabic and is staed 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.

recommended ship operators contact INTERPOL within 3 d

of a hijacking of their vessel.

BMP4 Change

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Secon 13: Updang BestManagement Pracces

he Industry Organisaons engaged in producing BMP4

will endeavour to meet regularly and ensure updates are

ssued as necessary, based upon operaonal experience

nd lessons learned. The latest advice may be found on

he MSCHOA, NATO Shipping Centre and MARLO websites.

ddionally the UKMTO may be contacted at any me for

pdated advice.

A Guide to BMP4 1

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Annexes

Annex A - List of useful contact details

Annex B - UKMTO Vessel Posion ReporngForms. The

reporng forms have been changed and updated.

Annex C - Piracy Denions. This annex sets out somecommon denions and guidelines for reporng piracyaacks and suspicious acvity. This lisng is not exhausand is provided as guidance only.

Annex D - Follow up report

Annex E - MSCHOA Vessel MovementRegistraon Form

This has been revised and is especially interesng as it

contains a signicant overview of the an-piracy measur

actually in place on vessels.The new form has the follow

addions:

Entry point to High Risk Area (HRA)

ETA to HRA Exit Point from HRA

ETD from HRA

Do you intend to transit the IRTC?

Annex F - Provides guidance for vessels engaged inshi

Annex G - Contains specic advice for leisure cra, inclu

yachts. In view of escalang pirate aacks in the High R

Area, the advice is NOT to enter this area.

Annex H - SupporngOrganisaons, Naval/Military/L

Enforcement orgsanisaons

The full BMP4 document can be downloaded from

SAMI website:

hp://seasecurity.org/images/uploads/pdfs/SAM

BMP4.pdf

NTERPOL may be consulted to discuss the recommended

est pracces and protocols for the preservaon of

vidence or other physical clues that could be useful to

aw enforcement agents pursuing an invesgaon of the

ncident.

he 24 hour telephone contact details for the CCC and

NTERPOLs Marime Task Force website are:

CC 24 hour telephone helpline: +33 (0) 4 72 44 76 76

NTERPOLs Marime Task Force website: www.interpol.int

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Supporng Organisaons

BIMCO - www.bimco.org

Cruise Lines Internaonal Associaon (CLIA) - www.cruising.org

The Internaonal Chamber of Shipping (ICS) - www.marisec.org The Internaonal Group of P&I Clubs - www.igpandi.org

The Internaonal Marime Bureau (IMB) - www.icc-ccs.org/piracy-reporng-centre

Internaonal Marime Employers Commiee (IMEC) - www.imec.org.uk

INTERCARGO - www.intercargo.org

InterManager - www.intermanager.org

INTERTANKO - www.intertanko.com

The Internaonal Shipping Federaon (ISF) -www.marisec.org

The Internaonal Transport Workers Federaon (ITF) -www.iseafarers.org

The Internaonal Parcel Tankers Associaon (IPTA) - www.ipta.org.uk

The Joint Hull Commiee and The Joint War Commiee

The Oil Companies Internaonal Marine Forum (OCIMF) - www.ocimf.org

SIGTTO (The Society of Internaonal Gas Tanker and Terminal Operators) -

www.sigo.org

The Mission to Seafarers -www.missiontoseafarers.org The World Shipping Council - www.worldshipping.org

Combined Marime Forces (CMF) -

hp://www.cusnc.navy.mil/cmf/cmf_command.html

EUNAVFOR - www.eunavfor.eu

INTERPOL - www.interpol.int

The US Navy Marime Liaison Oce (MARLO) - www.cusnc.navy.mil/marlo

The Marime Security Centre - Horn of Africa (MSCHOA) - www.mschoa.org NATO Shipping Centre (NSC) - hp://www.shipping.nato.int/Pages/default.aspx

Operaon Ocean Shield -

hp://www.shipping.nato.int/operaons/OS/Pages/default.aspx

The UK Marime Trade Operaons (UKMTO) -

hp://www.mschoa.org/Links/Pages/UKMTO.aspx

http://www.bimco.org/http://www.cruising.org/http://www.cruising.org/http://www.igpandi.org/http://www.icc-ccs.org/piracy-reporting-centrehttp://www.imec.org.uk/http://www.intercargo.org/http://www.intermanager.org/http://www.intertanko.com/http://www.marisec.org/http://www.itfseafarers.org/http://www.ipta.org.uk/http://www.ocimf.org/http://www.sigtto.org/http://www.missiontoseafarers.org/http://www.worldshipping.org/http://www.cusnc.navy.mil/cmf/cmf_command.htmlhttp://www.eunavfor.eu/http://www.interpol.int/http://www.cusnc.navy.mil/marlohttp://www.mschoa.org/http://www.shipping.nato.int/Pages/default.aspxhttp://www.shipping.nato.int/operations/OS/Pages/default.aspxhttp://www.mschoa.org/Links/Pages/UKMTO.aspxhttp://www.mschoa.org/Links/Pages/UKMTO.aspxhttp://www.shipping.nato.int/operations/OS/Pages/default.aspxhttp://www.shipping.nato.int/Pages/default.aspxhttp://www.mschoa.org/http://www.cusnc.navy.mil/marlohttp://www.interpol.int/http://www.eunavfor.eu/http://www.cusnc.navy.mil/cmf/cmf_command.htmlhttp://www.worldshipping.org/http://www.missiontoseafarers.org/http://www.sigtto.org/http://www.ocimf.org/http://www.ipta.org.uk/http://www.itfseafarers.org/http://www.marisec.org/http://www.intertanko.com/http://www.intermanager.org/http://www.intercargo.org/http://www.imec.org.uk/http://www.icc-ccs.org/piracy-reporting-centrehttp://www.igpandi.org/http://www.cruising.org/http://www.cruising.org/http://www.bimco.org/