bloody and destructive neighbor and family messy localized fight civil war? revolution and aftermath
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BLOODY AND DESTRUCTIVE
NEIGHBOR AND FAMILY MESSY LOCALIZED FIGHT
CIVIL WAR?
Revolution and aftermath
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May 1776Louis XVI aid to
rebels Secret and unofficial
Until defeat of Burgoyne at Saratoga 1777
Leads to two French Treaties
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1st Trade basedVery beneficial to America
2nd Recognized IndependencePerpetual alliance with USAFight against GB until independenceDisavow territorial claims
Treaties shift British attention
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The Reconstitution of Authority
Intense debate in America on constitutionalism
Written constitution importantFuller expressions of popular sovereigntyPower is derived from the people
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John Adams and the Separation of Powers
Thomas Paine and unicameral government
Adams responds with Thoughts on Government Mixed and balanced Separation of powers
Constitutional Conventions: “popular sovereignty in its purest form”
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The Virginia Constitution
June 1776, Virginiafirst state to adopt a permanent,
republican constitutionSovereign legislature
George Mason and Virginia’s Bill of Rights
Many states adopted variations of Virginia’s model constitution
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The Pennsylvania Constitution
Quaker and Proprietary Parties
Constitutional Convention 1776
“Constitutionalists”unicameral
Anti-constitutionalistsRepublicansbicameral
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Massachusetts Redefines Constitutionalism
Resentment of the “River Gods”Reformation of old ways
Berkshire Constitutionalistsconvention
General Court/constitution
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Confederation
John Dickinson and the “Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union” State sovereignty and
equality Congress must
requisition money from states
Each State retains its sovereignty, freedom and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this confederation expressly delegated to the United States in Congress Assembled Thomas Burke
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Ratification processAll had to agreeSlavesStalls over western land claimsApproved 3-1-1781
Effective?Jefferson/Sam Adams homeWashington armyFranklin/John Adams diplomats
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The Loyalists
Many colonists were conflicted: new American union vs. part of British
empireRisks for loyalists living in American
coloniesOne-sixth of white population chose
British side of the war 19,000 men joined loyalist military units
State government banished loyalists and confiscated their property
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Loyalist Refugees, Black and White
Slaves outside New England sided with Britain
British government freed thousands of slaves
Loyalists refugees, mostly to Canada 30/1000 Am. Rev. 5/1001 French Rev.
American Revolution laid groundwork for 2 Western hemisphere rivals—Canada and the U.S.A.
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The Indian Struggle for Unity and Survival
Most Indians believed only hope to stop colonist’s expansion was British victory
NeutralityIroquois
MohawksJoseph Brant
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ShawneesCornplanter
RacismIndian unity
George Rogers Clark
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Attrition
British war weary after 1778 Not only America
British army is desperate for soldiers Recruited many Irish Catholics Resulted in Protestant violence: Gordon riots
Yorktown 1781 Cornwallis defeated
March 1782 Lord North PM resigns George III writes, never releases, abdication letter
New Government leans towards peace
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Attrition weakened American forces and undermined economy
Continental soldiers left unpaid, ill-clothed, poorly fed
178016,000 on paper3,600 in reality – not enough horses to move equipment
Mutinies in New Jersey
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Congress abandons wartime economic controls and restores market
Robert MorrisBank of North America
Congress still weak, no laws, only ordinances
1778John Jay & John Adams secret
negotiation with New British Government
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Independence - Treaty of Paris (1783)
British recognize United States independence
Mississippi as Western boundary of United States
Access to Grand BanksPrewar debts still validCongress must urge states to restore confiscated loyalist property
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Post war problemsIndians don’t accept TreatyArmy discontent
Threatened coup 1783I have great apprehensions for the union of the statesCharles Thompson
Secretary to congress
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A Revolutionary Society
Independence transformed American life
Biggest winners: free householdersGained enormous benefits from
democratization of politics and chance to colonize Great West
Biggest losers: loyalists, Indians, Africans
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End Tuesday
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A Revolutionary Society
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Religious Transformations
Anglican Church “disestablished” in Southern states George III head
Congregational church “established” in New England Performed public functions Salary paid from Taxes 1818 Connecticut 1833 Massachusetts
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Office holding generally restricted to Christians or Protestants
Toleration extended to Catholics and Jews Bishop John Carroll 1790
Thomas JeffersonStatute for Religious Freedom 1779
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Where as Almighty God hath created the mind free; that all attempts to influence it by temporal punishments or burthens, or by civil incapacitations, tend only to beget habits of hypocrisy and meanness, and are a departure from the plan of the Holy author of our religion, who being Lord both of body and mind, yet chose not to propagate it by coercions on either, as it was in his Almighty power to do; that the impious presumption of legislators and rulers, civil as well as ecclesiastical, who being themselves but fallible and uninspired men, have assumed dominion over the faith of others
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The First Emancipation
Revolutionary Era: freedom for many slaves
Some freed because of Revolutionary War
Connecticut regiment Jeffery LibertyCuff LibertyDick Freeman Jube Freeman
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Massachusetts bill of rights‘Free and equal’
1781Bett Freeman
Massachusetts and New Hampshire slaves walk away to freedom
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Pennsylvania 1780 first gradual
emancipation statute model for slave
emancipation in North
Manumission of slaves allowed in Virginia and Maryland
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Slaves essential to plantation economy valuable asset in the South
South Carolina & GeorgiaReopen transatlantic slave trade 1790
60,000 new slaves ‘imported’ by 1808
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The Challenge to Patriarchy
Reverence for elderly gave way to idealization of youth
War gave women more responsibility and power
Philadelphia Ladies Association (1780) Esther de Berdt Reed
Republican Motherhood and the spread of women’s education
New jersey 1776 -1806 right to vote
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Daniel Boone and the Cumberland Gap
Postwar settlement boom
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Spain and Britain fuel Indian resistance
Secessionist Movements Franklin Green Mountain Boys
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The Northwest Ordinance
Land Ordinance of 1785 Surveyed and divided land into townships Ohio Company and apparent speculator
triumphNorthwest Ordinance of 1787
3-5 states equal to original 13 Congressionally appointed governor,
locally elected assembly after population of 5000
At 60,000 population, could apply for statehood
Public funded education No slavery
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1780s
OverviewDifficult times (critical period)
Failing economyDebtors vs. creditorsBitter state politics
Demand to amend the Articles of Confederation
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Commerce & Debt
Depression and debtAmerica in great difficulty
American Exports to Great Britain1774 - £ 1.9 million1784 - £ 750,000British imports
1784 - £ 3.7 million
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Deficit caused fiscal and social problems
Trade with France could make up difference
British Navigation Acts Closed West Indies to American Shipping
States began to pay debts with paper money Often worthless
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States and Debt – The Massachusetts example
Massachusetts had previous problems with paper money Didn’t want to issue more
Several states issued debt “stays”Delaying due date on debts
Massachusetts didn’t go that waySolution – High TaxesFarmers in west of state hit hardSee it as a repeat of British tyranny under new
nameLeads to Shays Rebellion 1787
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