blood-letting, identity and the tragedy of nation-making

8/14/2019 blood-letting, identity and the tragedy of nation-making.

1/46

4wdr fs th boi ds bdtorifty fs th whboi. bussh`fif tmfs whrj

ahbprfsos hn oxaorpts hn pug`fsmol rosodram bhst`y nrhb esthr.hrc

hi tmo cfnt hn tmo chls diltmo prfao wo pdy nhr `dw dil hrlor: `hchs.hi thtobfsb, floitfty dil afvf` ro`fcfhi.hi wmdt wo wdit nrhb tmo chls dil wmdt tmoy wdit nrhb us fi roturi.hi tmo vfhòiao fimoroit, tmo ghly dil tmo ghly ph`ftfa.

Hi vfhòiao, `dw dil floitfty bdjfic.^fhòiao tmrodtois `dw iht fi spfto gut goaduso

hn tmo ndat tmdt `dw mds fts hrfcfis fi vfhòiao.Sd`tor Goiedbfi. Arftfquo hn ^fhòiao. 4673

g`hhl-òttfic,

floitfty, idtfhi dil ardy-bdjfic.

tmo trdcoly hn idtfhi-bdjfic.

dbbd gfrdch

!rhgdg`y,ih idtfhi fs rfam oihucm th pdy nhr ghtm wdr dil afvf`fdtfhi.

"o bust bdjo hur amhfao# wo adiiht mdvo ghtm.Dgrdmdb Nòxior

"o usol th whilor wmoro wdr `fvol, wmdt ft wds tmdt bdlo ft sh vfò.$il ihw wo rod`fo tmdt wo jihw wmoro ft `fvos... fisflo hurso`vos.

D`gort Adbus.

% d pdttori fi wmfam diy `hss hr nodr hn `hss mds tmo phtoitfd`th trfccor dixfoty dghut tmo bdtorid` ghly# &fshcyiy, d jfil hn ropotftfhi ahbpu`sfhi.

Hi`y d loop uilorstdilfic hn hur prhpoisfty th rotrodt th&fshcyiy fi tfbo hn arfsfs adi mo`p us trdisaoil tmfs pdttori.

Lfdio hito!"dao

^fhòiao tmrodtois `dw iht fi spfto gut goaduso hn tmo ndat tmdt `dw mds fts hrfcfis fi vfhòiao."d`tor 'oiedbfi. (rftf)uo hn *fhòiao. 4673


2/46

+wdr fs th boi ds bdtorifty fs th whboi. bussh`fif tmfs whrj


#i floitfty dil idtfhi!bd$fic. %mo #olfpus ahbp`ox.$il hi wmy di dttftulo hn bhurific. $t tmo cdtos hn loi wo bhuri"o dro `hhjfic th roturi th tmo chls tmofr cfnt hn tmo och dil floitfty.Hi tmo cfnt hn tmo chls, sdarfao dil g`hhl`ottfic. /mo fivortol `hcfa.



3/46

;wdr fs th boi ds bdtorifty fs th whboi. bussh`fif tmfs whrj


%moro fs d rfvor, tmo strodbs wmorohn smd`` bd$o c`dl tmo afty hn &hl,tmo mh`y p`dao hn tmo tdgoridaòs hn tmo bhst 'fcm."sd`b () v. (

$ ahitrhvorsfd` tmohry succosts tmdt pdtrfhtfsb, wdr, dil dlmoroiao th tmo dc drofiaftoboits th d lfscufsol nhrb hn sdarfao. 7oiord``y, tmo mhbfaflo rdto loarodsos wmoi d

idtfhi fs fivh`vol fi d phpu`dr wdr. $`tmhucm tmoro dro htmor wdys th fitorprot tmfs ndat, ft fs damd`òicfic tmhucmt tmdt pdtrfhtfsb bfcmt go rocdrlol ds 1d afvf` ro`fcfhi hn g`hhl sdarfao,wmfam porfhlfad``y jf``s fts amf`lroi th joop tmo crhup thcotmor1 *+drvfi

dil icò -, p. /-;4. 7hgort 1dstoigdub. #i . icò.3`hhl


4/46



3i ro`fcfhus bytmh`hcy wo soo oxdbpòs hn sdarfaos wmoro tmo sdarfaor dil tmo sdarfordro iht lfstficufsmdgò oftmor. :htdg`y, fi tmo sthry tmo sdarfao hn 3sdda 07oi +++-429,$grdmdb obghlfos ghtm, dil fi tmo soiso tmdt mo fs dsjol th sdarfao mfs hwi shi, mfs hwiosm dil g`hhl, mo adi fi ndat d`sh go sooi ds tmo hgeoat hn tmfs sdarfafd` dat, ds =`dvfatfbo6.4'y tmo adid`fsdtfhi hn vfhòiao nhr prhtoatfic d pdrtfau`dr shafd` oitfty, tmo oxfstoiao hn tmdt

oitfty fs bdlo ocftfbdto. :ht gy ronoroiao th d uilor`yfic prfiafpò hn eustfao, gut sfbp`y gytmo ndat tmdt d`` ocftfbday fs nhuilol hi tmo lfstfiatfhi gotwooi ocftfbdto dil f`òcftfbdtovfhòiao.

1Hur loopost soarot, tmo ah`òatfvo crhup tdghh, fs tmo jihwòlco tmdt shafoty lopoils hitmo lodtm hn sdarfafd` vfatfbs dt tmo mdils hn tmo crhup ftso`n8 0p. +4, obpmdsfs fi hrfcfid`9.$ 1thtob soarot1 provoits hur roahciffic tmo truo idturo hn tmo shafoty fi wmfam wo `fvo. "odro vfatfbs hn d nd`so ahisafhusioss bhro fisflfhus tmdi diy provfhus`y fbdcfiol. /htobs,g`hhl sdarfao, ghrlor purfadtfhis-d`` dro rod`, gut fivfsfgò.

3`hhl sdarf?ao dil tmo idtfhi6 7ovfsftfic afvf` ro`fcfhiAdrh`yi +drvfi. Ldvfl ico`

'hbh =oadis6 %mo Ditmrhph`hcy hn Diafoit &roo$ d`tor 3ur$ort

Kdarfao ds d rftud` wmhso bdfi purphso wds ds d cfnt th tmo chls. (dtochrfol gy tmobdiior hn roaoptfhi gy tmo lofty dil tmo dil tmo bhtfvos hn tmo sdarfor, wmoro tmo loftyahisubos tmo sdarfao, d, g, tmo ossoiao h dil a, tmo shu` hn tmo h


5/46

Owdr fs th boi ds bdtorifty fs th whboi. bussh`fif tmfs whrj


phpu`dr lhbdfi, wmfam ahitrfgutol th tmo thtob gy roprhluatfhi dil fitordatfhi. %. "dr fsshafoty8s ioaossdry dgdilhiboit hn fisflors, iht fts dttobpt th vdi)ufsm hutsflors. $s tmodutmhrs put ft, 1/mo lobdil nhr fisflor lodtm fs tmo frrdtfhid`, torrfnyfic modrt hn tmosdarfafd` arfsfs, fts ldrj soarot1. % !h`ftfad` pdrtfos, nhr oxdbpò, goahbo thtobfa a`dicrhups wmh dro 1di oxhcdbhus bdtfic pdfr1 0p. ++9 vyfic th soòat tmo modl hn tmo thtoba`dss. òatfhis dro 1d sodshid` rfto th rocoiordto tmo thtob nhr nuturo sdarfao1 0p. +5N9.

!dtrfhtfsb 1fs d sybgh`fad``y ahmoroit, loop`y prfbftfvo, phwornu``y ro`fcfhus oitorprfsohrcdifol drhuil d vfhòit floitfty-arystd``ffic boamdifsb1.

Dborfadi Dadloby hn 7o`fcfhi 0. 3`hhl . icò%. tmdt idtfhid`fsb fs tmo bhst phwornu` ro`fcfhi fi tmo Ciftol Ktdtos, dil pormdps fi bdiyhtmor ahuitrfos.8 % "o drcuo tmdt ghtm soatdrfdi dil idtfhid` ro`fcfhis hrcdifo jf``ficoiorcy gy ahbbfttfic lovhtoos th sdarfao tmobso`vos th tmo crhup.% /mo ndbf`fdr a`dfb tmdt d ro`fcfhus vfow hn tmo whr`l fs amdrdatorfol gy d bhrd` hpphsftfhith vfhòiao fcihros d bhro ahbpòx rod`fty fi wmfam ndftms tmdt bhst loop`y gfil tmoahbbftboit hn lovhtoos dro struaturos nhr hrcdif2fic $f``fic oiorcy. /mfs fs truo

ghtm nhr ro`fcfhis tmdt dccrossfvo`y jf`` tmo Htmor fi tmo idbo hn d lofty hr loftfos dil tmhsotmdt pòlco tmofr lovhtoos th so`n-sdarfao wmoi ahinrhitol wftm vfhòiao. "o smd`` drcuotmdt vfhòit dil sh-ad`òl ihi-vfhòit ro`fcfhis dro struaturd``y filfstficufsmdgò nrhb daortdfi porspoatfvo.% Ahr wmdt fs rod``y truo fi diy ahbbuifty fs wmdt fts bobgors adi dcroo fs whrtm jf``ficnhr, hr wmdt tmoy adi go ahbpo`òl th sdarfao tmofr `fvos nhr. /mo sdarol fs tmus odsf`yroahcifol. 3t fs tmdt sot hn go`fons dil porshis nhr wmfam wo hucmt th smol hur hwi g`hhl, fnioaossdry, wmoi tmoro fs d sorfhus tmrodt. % Kdarfafd` lodtm tmus loios idtfhid` floitfty.%. Hi`y tmo truo chl, wmhso dcoit fs tmo idtfhi-stdto, bdy jf``. % "mhovor ahbpotos wftmtmo truo chl, tmo idtfhi-stdto, bdy go puifsmol dt tmo ahst hn mfs `fno.



Lfdio hito!"dao

Hur loopost soarot, tmo ah`òatfvo crhup tdghh, fs tmo jihwòlco tmdt shafoty lopoils hitmo lodtm hn tmfs sdarfafd` crhup dt tmo mdils hn tmo crhup ftso`n.

"o uso tmo torb tdghh th losarfgo tmo toisfhi gotwooi tmo vfhòit sdarfafd` boamdifsbtmdt sustdfis oilurfic crhups dil tmo roùatdiao hn crhup bobgors th daaopt rosphisfgf`ftynhr oidatfic ft. /h prhtoat tmobso`vos nrhb dajihwòlcfic tmo shurao hn crhup uifty, aftfoisroilor thtob vfhòiao dil fts sybgh`s sdarol. /mo jihwòlco tmdt tmo crhup bust sdarfao

fts hwi th survfvo fs d soarot. "o joop ft gy trodtfic vfhòiao ds prfbftfvo dil bhrd``ysuspoat, d ndfùro hn shafd` struaturo rdtmor tmdi di oòboitd` ahbphioit.M "moro vfhòiaooxfsts, ft fs prosoitol ds d `dst roshrt, d amd`òico th afvf`fol bhlorifty ds tmo md``bdrjhn tmo idtfhi-stdto. /mus, wo dvhfl dajihwòlcfic fi d tmhusdil wdys tmo truo idturo dilhgeoat hn thtob phwor.

"mdt proafpftdtos tmo `drco-sadò rftud` sdarfao wo ad`` wdrL /htob arfsfs, d torb wo dldptnrhb Doio 7frdrl8s ihtfhi hn sdarfafd` arfsfs, sots ft fi bhtfhi 0;2-MF9. % $ thtob arfsfshaaurs wmoi tmoro fs uiaortdfity dghut tmo ossoitfd` ghrlors tmdt lobdradto hur crhup.



6/46

Mwdr fs th boi ds bdtorifty fs th whboi. bussh`fif tmfs whrj


"moi torrfthrfd` ghrlors dro grodamol dil ih `hicor lf


7/46

Fwdr fs th boi ds bdtorifty fs th whboi. bussh`fif tmfs whrj


3fg`fad` 7o`fcfhi dil Afvf` 7o`fcfhi fi Dborfad7hgort =. 3o``dm

@omoi Dborfadis turi th &hl, wmfam &hl fs ft(fvf` ro`fcfhi adbo odsy nhr $borfadis. Kfiao tmo gocfiific wo nro)uoit`y sdw hurso`vos dsd 1:ow 3srdo`1 ahbfic hut hn urhpo th nroolhb dil pòity fi hur hwi prhbfsol `dil. "ogo`fovol wo mdl d 1bdifnost lostfiy1 th strotam hur oi`fcmtoiol wdy hn `fno nrhb sod thsmfific sod, dil ovoitud``y th oxphrt tmo =$borfadi wdy hn `fno6 drhuil tmo whr`l. "o sdw

hurso`vos ds 7hlBs amhsoi pohpò. ?o mdl htmor smoop, gut wo woro chlBs ndvhrftos. ?owditol th uso $borfad th sprodl nroolhb 0ospoafd``y9 dil eustfao 0d gft òss sh9 darhss tmoodrtm. "o woro 7hlBs thh`s.

voi hur sybgh`s robfil us hn tmfs wdy hn tmfijfic. (hisflor tmo uiifsmol pyrdbfl wftmtmo oyo hi thp tmdt dppodrs hi hur hio lh``dr gf``. Hvor tmo thp dro tmo Idtfi whrls, $iiuft(hoptfs -- 17hl!rhvfloiao mds sbfòl hi hur gocfiifics.1 $t tmo ghtthb :hvus HrlhKoa`hrub -- 1$ iow hrlor hn tmo dcos.1 /djoi thcotmor tmoso bhtths borco idtfhid` dilro`fcfhus go`fons. 7hl wds ospoafd``y sbf`fic ds wo stdrtol guf`lfic tmfs idtfhi, dil wo wf`òstdg`fsm d iow hrlor hn tmo dcos thcotmor uilor chl. "mfam chlL /mo chl hn afvf` ro`fcfhi[tmo chl-gomfil-d` -tmo-chls.

/mo (fvf` "dr th us wds hur crodt sdarfao, dil tmo lodtm hn Ifiahì fs hur hwi sthry hn

cfvfic hioBs `fno sh tmdt htmors bdy `fvo[tmo sugstftutfhidry lodtm fi hur hwi ahuitry. %Aroolhb fs tmo u`tfbdto vdùo dil wo dro wf``fic th lfo nhr ft[ovoi jf`` nhr ft. Kh bdiy(mrfstfdis ch h< th wdr borcfic tmofr ndftm dil pdtrfhtfsb sficfic 0tmo hrfcfid` whrlfic hntmo gdttò ?ybi9, =$s ?o lfol th bdjo boi mh`y, òt us lfo th bdjo boi nroo.6

EfJ "my shbotmfic sh hgvfhus smhu`l mdvo osadpol sorfhus did`ytfad` dttoitfhi fs ftso`n difitorostfic prhgòb. !drt hn tmo rodshi fs prhgdg`y tmo ahitrhvorsfd` idturo hn tmo sugeoat.6

'omfil tmo afvf` ro`fcfhi dt ovory phfit `fo gfg`fad` dramotypos xhlus, (mhsoi !ohpò,!rhbfsol Idil, :ow @orusdòb, dil Kdarfafd` Godtm dil Dogfrtm. 'ut ft fs d`sh coiufio`y$borfadi dil coiufio`y iow. 3t mds fts hwi prhpmots dil fts hwi bdrtyrs, fts hwi sdarolovoits dil sdarol p`daos, fts hwi shòbi rftud`s dil sybgh`s. 3t fs ahiaoriol tmdt $borfadgo d shafoty ds pornoat`y fi daahrl wftm tmo wf`` hn 7hl ds boi adi bdjo ft, dil d `fcmt th d`ìdtfhis.

Adrh`yi +drvfi. Ldvfl icò. >mfam &hl fs ftHur chl[hur idtfhi[bust go =fioxprossfgò, uisdydgò, uijihwdgò, goyhil `dicudco.6'ut tmfs chl bdy =iht go ronusol wmoi ft ad``s nhr sdarfao.6 "moi tmo chl ahbbdils ft, wobust pornhrb tmo =rftud` sdarfao[wdr[tmdt sustdfis tmo crhup.

Ahr, wmoro tmoro fs ro`fcfhi, ft fs odsy th todam boi th uso drbs,



8/46

Nwdr fs th boi ds bdtorifty fs th whboi. bussh`fif tmfs whrj


gut wmoro tmoro dro drbs, gut ih ro`fcfhi, ft fs wftm lf>au`ty tmdtft adi go fitrhluaol.=faah`G +damfdvo``f. Lfsahrsf shprd `d prfbd load lf \fth

ustfnyfic tmo 5`tfbdto my Afvf` 7o`fcfhiKhafoty mds d`wdys roahcifsol tmo fbphrtdiao hn ro`fcfhi fi rocdrl th tmo nu`` fitocrdtfhi hnfts bobgors. Khardtos wds ahilobiol th lodtm hi tmo daausdtfhi tmdt iht hi`y wds mo =dlhor hn ovf`, dil ahrruptor hn tmo yhutm6, gut d`sh goaduso mo, d`òcol`y, lfl =iht go`fovo fitmo chls hn tmo stdto6 dil mdl =htmor iow lfvfiftfos hn mfs hwi % ?fsthrfdis hntoi ronor thtmo stdto au`ts hn diafoit $tmois dil Dhbo ds fistdiaos hn afvfa ro`fcfhi, wmorods afvf`ro`fcfhi fs usol th sfcifny d spoafad``y bhlori, dil pug`fa, pmoihboihi.

3i mfs ossdy =/wh Tfils hn /wh Tfils hn (fvf` Do`fcfhi6 042F59 &drty obpmdsfsos tmdt cfvoitmo ndat tmdt idtfhis ahistftuto vory phwornu` shafd` sybgh`s, tmoy bdy rop`dao tmo nuiatfhishn ro`fcfhi prhpor.

/mo =afvf` ro`fcfhi6 fs bhro `fjo`y th go sooi ds d au`turd` atfhi th tmo oxtoit tmdt tmo idtfhiftso`n soobs th go boro`y di droid nhr tmo ahifatfic dil ahhpordtfvo datfvftfos hn tmoa`dssos, otmifa crhups, `drco ahrphrdtfhis, dil vdrfhus hrcdifdtfhis wmfam pursuo tmofrflod`s dil tmofr bdtorfd` fitorosts uilor ruòs oiuiafdtol dil oinhraol gy tmo stdto. 0Aoii42FF O459 % Kdbo shrt hn arftf)uo mds gooi rdfsol gy /mhbds Iuajbdii, wmh drcuos tmdtd`` ro`fcfhis-fi-coiord` smdro hio nuildboitd` amdrdatorfstfa tmoy dro tmhrhucm`yfilfvflud`fsol. ?oiao, afvf` ro`fcfhi bdy go ovoi a`hsor th tmo Gurjmofbfdi =au`t hn tmofilfvflud`6 % tmdi datud``y dssubol gy 'o``dm fi tmo stulfos hn (fvf` Do`fcfhi.44

loitfty Nhrbdtfhi,^fhòiao, dil tmo =dtfhi!


9/46



whr`l-wflo trfubpm hn tmo idtfhi-stdto ds d nhaus hn ph`ftfad` dil bf`ftdry hrcdifsdtfhiB. $ilmo drcuos tmdt ft fs Wiht ioaossdry 0ihr fs ft òcftfbdto9 th supphso tmdt hio mds th uiodrtmmhw ft adbo th go tmdt adpftd`fsb 1ioolol1 tmo idtfhi!stdto nhr fts lovo`hpboit, hr fi wmfam,

por ahitrd, tmo idtfhi-stdto 1ioolol1 adpftd`fsbB. :hr fs idtfhid`fsb tmo lfroat prhluat hnidtfhi-stdtos 0stf`` oss hn adpftd`fsb9 tmfs thh iools th go spoafad``y oxp`dfiol, pormdps dsd rosu`t hn wdr. "dr-bhgf`fdtfhi lfsrupts tmo shafd` ndgrfa - Wtmo ro`dtfvo`y nrdcfò ndgrfa hn

hith`hcfad` soaurfty bdy goahbo grhjoi. 3i suam ahilftfhis rocrossfvo nhrbs hn hgeoat-floitfadtfhi Eidtfhid`fsbJ toil th ahbo th tmo nhro.B

!rhgdg`y, ih idtfhifs rfam oihucmth pdynhr ghtm wdrdil afvf`fdtfhi."o bust bdjo hur amhfao: wo adiiht mdvo ghtm.

DgrdmdbNòxior.

Hi`y d loop uilorstdilfic hn hur prhpoisfty th rotrodtth bfshcyiy fi tfbo hn arfsfs adi mo`p us trdisaoil tmfs pdttori.

Lfdio hito!"dao.

>frol nhr wdr 1f`òr amfbps nuo` logdto hi mhw wdr gocdi.hr`l


10/46

4Qwdr fs th boi ds bdtorifty fs th whboi. bussh`fif tmfs whrj


Dhussodu fi tmo bfl-4FQQs, cht d ghhst fi +QQ+, wmoi iow rosodram succostol :dtfvo$borfadis mdl gooi bhro podaonu` gonhro urhpodis `dilol fi $borfad tmdi dntorwdrl.

$itmrhph`hcfsts dt tmo Cifvorsfty hn (d`fnhrifd dt Kditd 'drgdrd dil Hmfh Ktdto Cifvorsftyoxdbfiol bhro tmdi O,QQQ :dtfvo $borfadi sjoòthis dil nhuil tmdt tmhso nrhb dntor(mrfsthpmor (hùbgus `dilol fi tmo :ow "hr`l smhwol d rdto hn trdubdtfa fieurfos bhro

tmdi OQ poraoit mfcmor tmdi tmhso nrhb gonhro. Khbo rosodramors spoau`dtol tmdt tmofiarodsol vfhòiao ovfloit fi tmo ghios bfcmt mdvo stobbol nrhb suam ndathrs ds lfsputoshvor daaoss th "ostori chhls dil wodphis, dil "mfto pohpòBs oxpdisfhi nhrafic hiao-sopdrdto crhups hn idtfvos thcotmor.

Docdrlòss hn tmoso ilfics, amfbpdioo rosodramors lfsputo tmo a`dfb tmdt bhlori bdiBsfitrusfhis dro tmo bdfi au`prfts fi amfbp ficmtfic.

g`hhl!òttfic,floitfty, idtfhi dil ard2y!bd$fic.hi tmo trdcoly hn idtfhi!bd$fic.

=$il tmo bfil tmdt mds ahiaofvol d p`di hn `fvfic bust iovor `hso sfcmt hntmo amdhs dcdfist wmfam tmdt pdttori wds ahiaofvol. Ahr shafotfos dil nhr filfvflud`s tmdtchos nhr shafotfos ds wo`` ds nhr filfvflud`s. =%6$borfad fs whvoi hn bdiy strdils. 3 whu`lroahcifo tmob dil òt ft sh robdfi. Hur ndto fs th goahbo hio, dil yot bdiy.6 =$il tmobfil tmdt mds ahiaofvol d p`di hn `fvfic bust iovor `hso sfcmt hn tmo amdhs dcdfist wmfamtmdt pdttori wds ahiaofvol. /mdt chos nhr shafotfos ds wo`` ds nhr filfvflud`s.6ivfsfgò +di. 7d`pm K``fshi.

=dtfhid`fsb, tmo phstah`hifd` stdto, dil vfhòiao. O. Qdi E_DI Er.No``hw, Aoitor nhr tmo 'ubdiftfos, >osòydi 5ifvorsfty% amhfic `fo Tolhurfo, !drtmd (mdttoreoo, dil htmors, $`nrol (hggdi 042259 go`fovos tmdt

tmo tmohry hn idtfhid`fsb mds prhvol hio hn tmo bhst phtoit dcoiafos hn lostruatfhi fi tmobhlori whr`l. 3i aortdfi adsos, idtfhid`fsb bhgf`fol gy stdtos ahbpotfic dcdfist htmorstdtos mds goahbo syihiybhus wftm thtd`ftdrfdifsb dil ndsafsb.(mdròs /f``y 042FO9, &famdo` ?hwdrl 042249, dil htmor mfsthrfdis ahiaur fi tmo tmo hpfifhitmdt wdr dil tmo bf`ftdry bdamfio dro prfiafpd` lotorbfidits fi tmo smdpfic hn idtfhi stdtos.. 3i \mo dtfhi!"tdto dil fhòiao, $itmhiy 7fllois loios idtfhid`fsb ds 1tmo au`turd`soisfgf`fty hn shvorofcity1 0ihto tmo nusfhi hn au`turo dil ph`ftfas9 tmdt uiòdsmosdlbfifstrdtfvo phwor wftmfi d aòdr`y lobdradtol torrfthry, 1tmo ghuilol idtfhi-stdto1042NO, +429. $`tmhucm ft fs d`òcol`y goahbfic hgshòto uilor tmo prossuro hn c`hgd`fdtfhi0nhr )ud`fadtfhis, soo Kdssoi 0422N9, tmo idtfhi-stdto fs ahisflorol gy 1òcd` bhlorifsts10'orbdi 422O9 ds tmo prfbo shurao hn vfhòiao dcdfist aftfois dil oitfro pohpòs.

% ?oiao, nrhb tmfs hrtmhlhx phstah`hifd` porspoatfvo, tmo idtfhi-stdto dil fts floh`hcy hn

idtfhid`fsb dro d`òcol th mdvo goahbo tmo amfon shurao hn vfhòiao dil ahifat sfiao tmoAroiam Dovhùtfhi.&dfistrodb shafd` safoiao rocdrls vfhòiao ds d spoafos hn nhrao wmfam vfh`dtos,grod$s, hr lostrhys d ihrbdtfvo stdto hn ddfrs. t fs ahorafhi thut ahurt. ^fhòiaofs hntoi usol th losfcidto phwor lovhfl hn òcftfbdayhr òcd``y sdiatfhiol dutmhrfty.Kmhu`l vfhòiao ds di oxprossfhi hn pmysfad` nhrao d`wdys go eustfol gy ph`ftfad` rodshi fihrlor th go bodificnu` dil tmoronhro daaoptdgòL 3n suam d nhrao fs usol gy d stdto, difimorftol ph`ftfad` hrcdi ocftfbfol gy 1tmo pohpò1 hr 1tmo idtfhi,1 smhu`l wo ihtlfstficufsm gotwooi stdto-loiol purphsos dil fi wmdt spoafa wdy idtfhid`fsb hr idtfhi-



11/46



bdjfic floitfty fs fivh`vol fi tmhso stdto datfhisL Ktdto vfhòiao dil dssortfhi hn idtfhid`floitfty iool iht go duthbdtfad``y ahidtol sh ds th fbp`fadto idtfhid`fsb--wmhsoidtfhid`fsbL-- fi d`` a`dssstdto datfhis fi ovory mfsthrfad` porfhl, nhr suam d bhvo whu`l godi dgshùtfst aoisuro hn vfhòiao goront hn fitoitfhid`fty--fi hrlor whrls, vfhòiao ahistruolds boro`y pmysfad` nhrao djfi th tfld` wdvos, odrtm)udjos, vhàdifa oruptfhis, dil sh hi .

$aahrlfic th $itmhiy 7fllois, 1wmdt bdjos tmo WidtfhiB fitocrd` th tmo idtfhi-stdto%fs ihttmo oxfstoiao hn soitfboits hn idtfhid`fsb gut tmo uifadtfhi hn di dlbfifstrdtfvo dppdrdtushvor proafso`y loiol torrfthrfd` ghuildrfos fi d ahbpòx hn htmor idtfhi-stdtos1 042NF,4F+9. %mdt fs wmy tmo rfso hn idtfhi!stdtos ahfiaflol wftm wdrs dil tmoostdg`fsmboithn tmo bf`ftdry guroduardtfa bdamfio. 3i tmfs ahistrud`, tmo stdto ronors thtmo ph`ftfad` fistftutfhi wftm aoitrd`fol dutmhrfty dil bhihph`y hn ahorafvo dcoiafos ahovd`wftm tmo rfso hn c`hgd` adpftd`fsb, wmfò idtfhid fsb loihtos tmo lfvorso ahicurdtfhi hnpohpòs gdsol hi tmo ahbbhid`fty hn sybgh`s, go`fons, trdlftfhis, dil sh hi.


12/46

4+wdr fs th boi ds bdtorifty fs th whboi. bussh`fif tmfs whrj



13/46

4;wdr fs th boi ds bdtorifty fs th whboi. bussh`fif tmfs whrj


*%h go pug`fsmol fi tmo hurid` hn tmo Dborfadi Dadloby hn 7o`fcfhi. >fitor,-)4

%mo rhò hn vfhòiao fi hrcdif2fic dil bdfitdfific oilurfic crhups.t fs aòdr tmdt mubdi gofics suor crodt`y nrhb vfhòiao.

4. /mo purphso hn rftud` fs th sustdfi tmo crhup gy ropodtfic 0dt vdrfhus òvo`s hn fitoisfty9tmo dat hn crhup arodtfhi. $ suaaossnu` rftud` sthps tfbo dt tmo pornoat arodtfhi bhboit. 3tropodts dil nrooos tmo rotrhspoatfvo`y ch`loi bhboit wmoi tmo crhup wds arodtol hut hnsdarfao. 3i tmfs bhboit tmo logt th tmo g`hhltmfrsty chl wds pdfl. /mo crhup wds prfstfio.

/mfs wds tmo bhboit wmoi sdarfao wds tru`y oihucm, wmoi wo woro lo`fvorol nrhb tfbodil lodtm.+. Dftud`s bdy go ahitrfvol hr hpphrtuifstfa. /mo bhst phwornu` rftud`s hn idtfhi-crhupsh`fldrfty dro hpphrtuifstfa rosphisos, suam ds wdr, th crhup tmrodt. 'ut hpphrtuifstfa rftud`sdro uiprolfatdgò fi tmofr haaurroiao dil oxpoisfvo fi tmofr prhsoautfhi. /mofr bdcfa fscrodt proafso`y goaduso tmoy dro rfsjy dil ahst`y. (hitrfvol hr pro-p`diiol sodshid` rftud`s`` fi tmo fitorvd`s gotwooi hpphrtuifstfa crhup-nhrcfic rftud`s gy romodrsfic tmo lrdbd hnsdarfao dil rocoiordtfhi.

;. Dftud`s mdvo twh bdehr lyidbfas. /moy arodto tmo whr`l gy trdisnhrbfic amdhs fithahsbhs, th uso &fraod `fdlo8s torbs, hr tmoy robhlo` dil road`` tmo trdisnhrbdtfhi hn amdhsfith ahsbhs. $`` rftud`s bhlo` dil trdisnhrb th hio locroo hr dihtmor, gut rftud`s bdy goa`dssfol gy wmotmor tmoy dro prfbdrf`y trdisnhrbfic ahbbobhrdtfvo. Hi tmo prfiafpò tmdttmo shafd` fs ahistruatol hut hn tmo ghly, tmo bhst phwornu` rftud`s trdisnhrb ghlfos lfroat`y.3i ro`dtfhi th tmob bolfd rftud`s dro roprosoitdtfhid` dil ahbbobhrdtfvo. /moy lh iht mdvotmo phwor hn g`hhl sdarfao, gut tmoy lh mdvo d arftfad` nuiatfhi. /moy ro-prosoit g`hhlsdarfao tmdt mds haaurrol hr fs haaurrfic dil sadi tmo oivfrhiboit nhr ovoits tmdt oiltmobso`vos th nuturo g`hhl sdarfao. &olfd prohaaupdtfhi wftm vfhòiao spodjs th tmofr rhòfi tmo rftud` systob hn g`hhl sdarfao."o stdy fi smdpo ds d crhup gy fbphsfic rftud` nhrb hi ovoits hn tmo whr`l, `drco dil sbd``,ds tmoy hmdt fs d idtfhi

1$ crodt dccrocdtfhi hn boi, wftm d mod`tmy spfrft dil wdrbtm hn modrt, arodtos d bhrdàhisafoiao wmfam fsad`òl d idtfhi. "moi tmfs bhrd` ahisafoiao prhvos fts stroictm gy sdarfaos tmdt lobdildglfadtfhi hn tmofilfvflud` nhr tmo goiot hn tmo ahbbuifty, ft fs òcftfbdto, dil ft mds d rfcmt th oxfst10Doidi 42254N9.

% tmo sdarfaos di filfvflud` adi bdjo nhr tmo chhl hn tmo ahbbuifty th tmo ostdg`fsmboithn d idtfhi. Doidi drcuol tmdt tmo bobhry hn tmo g`hhl tmdt mds gooi smol fs ndr bhro



14/46



fbphrtdit th idtfhid`fsb tmdi tmo g`hhl hn d WrdaoB pohp`o uilorstdil hio dihtmor fn tmoymdvo whrjol dil su


15/46

4Owdr fs th boi ds bdtorifty fs th whboi. bussh`fif tmfs whrj


=$il tmo bfil tmdt mds ahiaofvol d p`di hn `fvfic bust iovor `hso sfcmt hntmo amdhs dcdfist wmfam tmdt pdttori wds ahiaofvol. Ahr shafotfos dil nhr filfvflud`s tmdtchos nhr shafotfos ds wo`` ds nhr filfvflud`s. =%6$borfad fs whvoi hn bdiy strdils. 3 whu`lroahcifo tmob dil òt ft sh robdfi. Hur ndto fs th goahbo hio, dil yot bdiy.6 =$il tmo

bfil tmdt mds ahiaofvol d p`di hn `fvfic bust iovor `hso sfcmt hn tmo amdhs dcdfist wmfamtmdt pdttori wds ahiaofvol. /mdt chos nhr shafotfos ds wo`` ds nhr filfvflud`s.6ivfsfgò +di. 7d`pm K``fshi.

itrhluafic Ldhfsb. Ahsbhs, &hls, dil &hvoridiao. Tfvfd 1hmi(rodtfic hrlor fi tmo uifvorso daahrlfic`y bodit bdtamfic tmo ahsbfa pmdsos dil pdafnyfictmo vdrfhus chls dil lobhis, d`fcific so`n dil shafoty fi d drcor ahitoxt tmdt fiaùlolovorytmfic nrhb tmo stdrs tmrhucm tmo chls th tmo `hw`y arodturos hn drtm. /mo vfsfhi hnu`tfbdto mdrbhiy, tmoi, wds losarfgol fi torbs hn 7rodt !odao, d stdto hn ahbpòtohpoiioss dil porvdsfhi hn d``.

#i Drtdul. #i tmo "rfbhrlfd`,

tmo &rodt Amdhs dil nhrb th nhrbòssioss.% tmdt fs wmy d`` tmo crodt &ytms dro ldrj, sh tmdt hio adiiht fbdco, sdvo fi di dtbhspmoro

hn adridco, thrturo, dil g`hhlsmol, d`` tmo bdcifaoit Adgòs wmfam roahuit th tmobu`tftulos tmo rst soxud` lfvfsfhi dil tmo rst adridco hn ossoiaos tmdt dppodrol fi

arodtfhi.

%mo amdhtfa hrfcfis hn +di. Ahsbfa lrdbd. Ds dghvo sh ft fs go`hw.#i Drtdul. #i %modtro dil fts Lhugò. Tfno fs tmo tmodtro hn tmo chls.

=/mo phh` hn oiorcfos wmfam ahistftuto &ytms, wmfam bdi ih hicor obghlfos, fs obghlfolgy tmo tmodtro. 'y tmfs lhugò, 3 bodi tmo crodt bdcfad` dcoit hn wmfam tmodtro, tmrhucm ftsnhrbs, fs hi`y tmo curdtfhi hi fts wdy th goahbfic tmo trdiscurdtfhi. 3t fs hi tmo stdco

tmdt tmo uifhi hn tmhucmt, costuro dil datfhi fs roahistruatol. $il tmo lhugò hn tmo /modtrofs rod`fty uithuamol gy tmo boi hn thldy.6Drtdul, Tottor th odi "du`mdi.8;tm diudry, -/). *


16/46

4Mwdr fs th boi ds bdtorifty fs th whboi. bussh`fif tmfs whrj


Hstoisfg`y nhucmt th 1bdjo tmo whr`l sdno nhr lobharday,1 tmo Afrst "hr`l "dr grhucmt mhbotmdt wdr fs filool mfcm`y ahitrdlfathry fi tmdt ft oiahurdcos sh`lfors th jf`` odam htmor sh dsth prosorvo tmo jfil hn afvf`fol shafoty tmdt wds fitoilol proafso`y th provoit suam burlor.3whu`l fjo th oxdbfio di hntoi uidajihwòlcol dixfoty dghut tmo ahitrdlfatfhi hn wdr ds1òcd`fol burlor,1 gy trdafic d smfnt fi dttftulo thwdrl tmo dat hn jf``fic fi idrrdtfvos dghuttmo Afrst "hr`l "dr dil dghut *fotidb. /h tmfs oil, 3 wf`` lfsauss vfhòiao ds d a`dssfa

fistdiao hn DoiM 7frdrl8s `hcfa hn sdarfao, smhwfic tmdt Afrst "hr`l "drwrftors rdtfhid`fo tmofr pdrtfafpdtfhi fi dats hn dccrossfhi gy ahistruatfic tmo sh`lfor ds dsdarfafd` vfatfb hn nhraos goyhil mfs phwor. 3i *fotidb idrrdtfvos, mhwovor, tmo sh`lfor fsahistruatol ds d ardol jf`òr, succostfic tmdt vfhòiao oxaools tmo ahistrdfits hn tmo odr`forrftud` obghlfboit dil fs ihw d``hwol th hpordto ds di oil fi fts hwi rfcmt.

%mo


17/46

4Fwdr fs th boi ds bdtorifty fs th whboi. bussh`fif tmfs whrj


Kdarfafic d vfatfb fs d rftud` tmdt sorvos tmo fitorosts hn tmo shafd` wmhò. $ curo hndutmhrfty losfcidtos di fiihaoit bobgor hn tmo crhup th tdjo uphi mfbso`n tmo sfis hn tmhsowmh vfatfbfo mfb.

3n, ds 'rhyòs dajihwòlcos, wdr sthrfos dro d`wdys `fos, gut `fos tmdt 1mdvo d bhrd`, ovoi dbytmfa, trutm, rdtmor tmdi d `ftord` hio1 0M49, tmoi tmo prhcrossfhi fi tmo ahistruatfhi hn tmo

sh`lfor nrhb sdarfafd` vfatfb th fithxfadtol jf`òr roprosoits d smfnt fi dttftulo wftm ndr-rodamfic fbp`fadtfhis.

%mo hrfcfis hn NroulWs ph`ftfad` psyamh`hcy"mf`fp 7fo3 mdvo lrdwi tmfs grfon hut`fio hn tmo oihrbhus s`ducmtor prhluaol gy tmo fisdio wdrbdamfio hn tmo Afrst "hr`l "dr, rst, th road`` tmo smoor sfo hn tmo bdssdaro dil tmoprhnhuil o


18/46

4Nwdr fs th boi ds bdtorifty fs th whboi. bussh`fif tmfs whrj


% 3t dgsh`vos ftso`n nrhb tmo cudrditoos dil trodtfos gy wmfam ft wds ghuil th htmor stdtos,dil ahinossos smdboòss`y th fts hwi rdpdafty dil ust nhr phwor, wmfam tmo prfvdtofilfvflud` mds tmoi th sdiatfhi fi tmo idbo hn pdtrfhtfsb. E+F2-NQJ

"o pronor so`n-loaoptfhi th dlbfttfic tmdt tmo mubdi ahilftfhi fs diytmfic gut bhrd``ysdtfsnyfic.

/wh tmfics mdvo gooi `dfl gdro fi tmfs wdr, sdys Aroul rst, tmo ahbpòto `daj hn bhrd`ftyoxmfgftol gy tmo stdto, wmfam mypharftfad``y phsos ds tmo cudrlfdi hn bhrd` stdildrls, dilsoahil, tmo grutd`fty smhwi gy filfvflud`s go`hicfic th tmo mfcmost mubdi afvf`fdtfhi 0Aroulwhu`l iht `fvo th òdri tmo bdciftulo hn tmo :df stdto8s dtrhaftfos dil tmo oihrbhusloprdvfty hn tmo Kmhdm9. %mhucmts nhrtmo %fbos hi >dr dil Lodtm *--;4hr`l >dr .


19/46



Dcifos2$d dr dil =dtfhid` 7oiowd`6Afvf` 7o`fcfhi dil 3`hhl


20/46

+Qwdr fs th boi ds bdtorifty fs th whboi. bussh`fif tmfs whrj


Ditmhi" Qdbpshi. #i &fhrcfh Dcdbgoi./mo uiidturdìoss hn mubdi vfhòiao, wftm ih ahbbhi bodsuro wftm rocdrl th idturd`vfhòiao[fs d mfsthrfad` prhluatfhi hn bdi dil ds suam fs fbp`faft fi tmo ahiaoptfhi ftso`n hntmo ro`dtfhi gotwooi idturo dil au`turo, gotwooi tmo `fvfic gofic dil `hchs, fi wmfam bdinhuils mfs hwi mubdifty. /mo nuildboit hn vfhòiao fs tmo vfhòiao hn tmo nuildboit6EIdicudco dil Godtm 4QMJ.

7fhrcfh $cdbgoi, iodr tmo oil hn mfs ghhj ?hbh sdaor, hgsorvos tmdt tmo rst hn mfs id`ftso`n hn tmo ro`dtfhi gotwooi idturo dil au`turo, gotwooi tmo `fvfic gofic dil `hchs, fiwmfam bdi nhuils mfs hwi mubdifty. /mo nuildboit hn vfhòiao fs tmo vfhòiao hn tmonuildboit6 EIdicudco dil Godtm 4QMJ.

7fhrcfh $cdbgoi, iodr tmo oil hn mfs ghhj ?hbh sdaor, hgsorvos tmdt tmo rst hn mfs id`tmosos =ad``s fith )uostfhi ovory tmohry hn tmo ahitrdatud` hrfcfi hn stdto phwor dil, d`hicwftm ft, ovory dttobpt th crhuil ph`ftfad` ahbbuiftfos fi shbotmfic fjo d Wgo`hicficB6 E4N4J.

=?hw aruo` dro tmo p`diots tmdt stdy tmoro dil ahispfro ovf` fi tmofr rdco %. . . tmo p`diots ahispfro fi rdco dcdfist us.6D +dildodi toxt.

ustfnyfic tmo 5`tfbdto dr dil Fustf?adtfhi"o bdy gowdf` ft, gut dpdrt nrhb ro`fcfhi, now au`turd` pmoihboid mdvo prhvoi th go dsahistdit ds wdrndro. % &uam `fjo ro`fcfhus rftud`s, wdr tmoronhro ahistftutos d shafd``yfistftutfhid`fol grodam hn shafd` ihrbs. /mfs ro)ufros eustfadtfhis. /mo shafd` stdgf`fty hn tmopmoihboihi hn wdrndro lrdws tmo uifvorsd`fty hn tmo a`dfb dghut tmo nuiatfhis hn sdarfaofith )uostfhi. 3n tmdt a`dfb fs th go roilorol uifvorsd``y truo, tmoi, rst, tmo dtoit nuiatfhihn tmo sh`lforBs lodtm bust mdvo d`wdys gooi th sorvo ds d prhhn tmdt shbotmfic fs whrtm

lyfic nhr, dil, soahil`y, tmo sh`lfors, ds vfatfbs, bust d`wdys mdvo dcrool wftm tmobytmh`hcy loific tmofr lodtm ds d sdarfao nhr tmdt pdrtfau`dr aduso. :oolòss th sdy, tmdtmds iht gooi tmo adso.7rditol, fi trfgd` nouls dil drbol ahifats gotwooi sbd`òr shafd` oitftfos, porshid` dilcrhup bhtfvdtfhi prosubdg`y fitordat wftm hio dihtmor.

3`hhl sdarf?ao dil tmo idtfhi6 7ovfsftfic afvf` ro`fcfhiIAdrh`yi +drvfi dil Ldvfl >. icò$`` fbphrtdit tmfics fi shafoty dro rftud`fol. /mo prhthtypo rftud` hn idtfhi-stdto ahmosfhi fsphpu`dr wdr, tmhucm htmor rftud`s ahuit. /moso fiaùlo prosfloitfd` oòatfhis, soilficsh`lfors h< th wdr, dil woàhbfic tmob mhbo dcdfi. /moso idtfhid` rftud`s d`sh hrcdifodil oxpross crhup floitfty, gut g`hhl sdarfao fs tmo bhst phtoit. /mfs fs goaduso ft fs ghly-trdisnhrbfic. 3i tmo systob hn idtfhid`fsb bdss bolfd pornhrb tmo sdbo nuiatfhis tmdt

sdarol dil prfost`y toxts pornhrb fi htmor ro`fcfhus systobs. /moy road`` aoitrd` bhboits hncrhup floitfty, romodrso rftud` dil bytmfa struaturos nhr go`fovors, dil pu`` nrhb tmo ux hnldf`y `fno wmdt fs crfst nhr tmo bf`` hn ro`fcfhus idtfhid`fsb. /mo vfow tmdt bolfd dro d roluaolhr ahrruptol rftud` nhrb fs bfstdjoi fishndr ds tmfs fs d a`dfb tmdt bolfd rftud`s mdvorop`daol, gdl`y, shbotmfic o`so. /mo shbotmfic o`so fs g`hhl sdarfao, tmo aoitrd` rfto hnidtfhi-crhups.&olfd dro fistruboitd` fi rophrtfic g`hhl sdarfao dil dssobg`fic ahicrocdtfhis wmhda)ufro jihwòlco hn crhup tmrodts dil sdarfafd` haadsfhis, dil dro shafd`fol fith tmoprhpor oxoautfhi hn rftud` nhrbs gy bolfd. :dtfhid`fsb fs tmo ro`fcfhi# dbhic tmo vomfaòs



21/46

+4wdr fs th boi ds bdtorifty fs th whboi. bussh`fif tmfs whrj


dvdf`dgò th rftud`fo ft dro bolfd. Hur aoitrd` phfits dghut rftud` ds ft portdfis th idtfhid`fsbdro tmoso

/moso idtfhid` rftud`s d`sh hrcdifo dil oxpross crhup floitfty, gut g`hhl sdarfao fs tmobhst phtoit. /mfs fs goaduso ft fs ghly-trdisnhrbfic% 3i tmo systob hn idtfhid`fsb bdssbolfd pornhrb tmo sdbo nuiatfhis tmdt sdarol dil prfost`y toxts pornhrb fi htmor ro`fcfhus

systobs. /moy road`` aoitrd` bhboits hn crhup floitfty, romodrso rftud` dil bytmfastruaturos nhr go`fovors, dil pu`` nrhb tmo ux hn ldf`y `fno wmdt fs crfst nhr tmo bf`` hnro`fcfhus idtfhid`fsb.

/mo purphso hn rftud` fs th sustdfi tmo crhup gy ropodtfic 0dt vdrfhus òvo`s hn fitoisfty9 tmodat hn crhup arodtfhi. $ suaaossnu` rftud` sthps tfbo dt tmo pornoat arodtfhi bhboit. 3tropodts dil nrooos tmo rotrhspoatfvo`y ch`loi ovoit wmoi tmo crhup wds arodtol hut hnsdarfao. 3i tmfs bhboit tmo logt th tmo g`hhltmfrsty chl wds pdfl. /mo crhup wds prfstfio.

/mfs wds tmo bhboit wmoi sdarfao wds tru`y oihucm, wmoi wo woro lo`fvorol nrhb tfbodil lodtm.

Dftud`s bdy go ahitrfvol hr hpphrtuifstfa. /mo bhst phwornu` rftud`s hn idtfhi-crhupsh`fldrfty dro hpphrtuifstfa rosphisos, suam ds wdr, th crhup tmrodt. 'ut hpphrtuifstfa rftud`sdro uiro`fdgò fi tmofr haaurroiao dil oxpoisfvo fi tmofr prhsoautfhi. /mofr bdcfa fs crodtproafso`y goaduso tmoy dro rfsjy dil ahst`y. (hitrfvol hr pro-p`diiol sodshid` rftud`s `` fitmo fitorvd`s gotwooi hpphrtuifstfa crhup-nhrcfic rftud`s gy romodrsfic tmo lrdbd hnsdarfao dil rocoiordtfhi. $borfadi prosfloitfd` oòatfhis dro prhthtypfa ahitrfvol rftud`s hnsdarfao dil rocoiordtfhi.

(hmosfhi fi oilurfic crhups fs daahbp`fsmol wftmfi d nrdbowhrj hn vfhòiao ds d struaturd`rdtmor tmdi ahitficoit shafd` nhrao, ro`fcfhi ds tmo trutm tmdt wo dro wf``fic th lfo nhr, dil tmoro-prosoitdtfhi hn shafoty th ftso`n tmrhucm g`hhl sdarfao rftud`s pornhrbol hi tmo ghlfos hnsupp`fadits. /mo bhst phwornu` oxprossfhi hn tmfs ro`fcfhus nrdbowhrj fi tmo Ciftol Ktdtos,dil pormdps iht hi`y tmoro, fs idtfhid`fsb. Hi tmo surndao, wo loiy idtfhid`fsb8s ro`fcfhusdttrfgutos dil nuiatfhis fi hrlor th joop tmo jf``fic dutmhrfty hn tmo crhup nrhb goficamd`òicol gy soatdrfdi ndftms tmdt mdvo gooi strfppol hn tmo phwor th sdarfao tmo `fvos hnlovhtoos. "moi tmoso ndftms hr htmors lh amd`òico thtob phwor, d thtob tmdt wfsmos thoiluro bust noil tmob h< loafsfvo`y. /mfs bodis gy jf``fic fts hwi, fn ioaossdry. 3n ft lhosiht dat, d iow oinhraor bdy hvortmrhw ft.

Hur did`ysfs fs iht d grfon fi ndvhr hn vfhòiao hr dcdfist ft. 3t fs di drcuboit dghut tmostruaturd` rhò hn vfhòiao fi hrcdiffic dil bdfitdfific oilurfic crhups. 3t fs aòdr tmdtmubdi gofics su


22/46

++wdr fs th boi ds bdtorifty fs th whboi. bussh`fif tmfs whrj


hi wmdt wo wdit nrhb tmo chls dil wmdt tmoy wdit nrhb us fi roturi.hi tmo vfhòiao fimoroit fi tmo ghly dil tmo ghly ph`ftfa.

tmo chls, difbd` dil mubdi sdarfao.g`hhlòttfic, musgdilry dil shvorofcity

dil fi chl wo trust.

g`hhl-òttfic,



'y tmo adid`fsdtfhi hn vfhòiao nhr prhtoatfic d pdrtfau`dr shafd` oitfty, tmo oxfstoiao hn tmdtoitfty fs bdlo ocftfbdto. :ht gy ronoroiao th d uilor`yfic prfiafpò hn eustfao, gut sfbp`y gy

tmo ndat tmdt d`` ocftfbday fs nhuilol hi tmo lfstfiatfhi gotwooi ocftfbdto dil f`òcftfbdtovfhòiao. ustfnyfic tmo 5`tfbdto


23/46

+;wdr fs th boi ds bdtorifty fs th whboi. bussh`fif tmfs whrj


Koahil dro tmo afvf`fdis wmhso whrj hr afraubstdiaos mdvo p`daol tmob wmoro tmoy dro`fjo`y th go tdrcots hn ghbgfic hr hn htmor bf`ftdry hr 1torrhrfst1 dssdu`ts. /mfrl dro tmofilfroat vfatfbs hn tmo rfto hn wdr, tmhso wmh wf`` lfo hn bdìhurfsmboit hr sfajioss whr`l.

Hi *fathr /urior.

"moi sdarfafd` lostruatfhi fs sooi ds tmo oxprossfhi hn d pdrtfau`dr ph`ftfas, fi wmfam wmhòcrhups dro adtochrfol ds oxpoildgò wmfò htmors dro losfcidtol ds goioafdrfos, tmo bhrocoiorhus dspoats hn tmo rfto gocfi th lfsdppodr. :h bdttor mhw nu``y adbhudcol ft fs gy dguroduardtfol rhò fi d bhlori systob hn oxamdico, rocdrlòss hn tmo ahitoxt fi wmfam ft

dppodrs, sdarfafd` tmfijfic fivdrfdg`y roluaos dt shbo phfits th fts nuildboitd`floitfadtfhi wftm rftud` vfhòiao.

?or bdfi phfit hi strfat`y tmohrotfad` crhuils[tmdt sdarfao mh`ls shafotfos thcotmor gyvfatfbffic hio adtochry hn arodturos hr pohpò th tmo goiot hn tmo ah`òatfvo[fs

uivdrifsmol Gurjmofbfdifsb. %mo


24/46




25/46

+Owdr fs th boi ds bdtorifty fs th whboi. bussh`fif tmfs whrj


dil ro`fcfhi, d`sh stdtos dil idtfhis dil tmonuiatfhi hn lobharday dil chvoriboit.

afoit, mhwovor, th ahvor upjoop hn tmosdiatudry dil tmo nuilfic hn nostfvd`s. /mus, ft wds ahivoitfhid` nhr aftfos th d``hadto pdrt hntmofr hwi afvfa nuils th lonrdy pdrt hn tmo ahst hn nostfvd`s 0fiaùlfic tmo sdarfaos9 dil thpdy tobpò porshiio`.

$. ?. &. @hios eulcol tmdt tmo bdehrfty hn sdarfaos dt tmo nostfvd`s woro pdfl nhr hut hn

pug`fa nuils.52 /mfs ahbgfidtfhi hn afvfa dil sdarol nuils, mhwovor, stf`` no`` smhrt hn tmosubs ioaossdry th stdco tmo o`dghrdto nostfvd`s hntoi ahiioatol wftm tmo bhst prhbfioitsmrfios dil aftfos.

/mo ro`fcfhus `fno hn tmo aftfos ro`fol modvf`y hi prfvdto goiondatfhi, pdrtfau`dr`y hi tmoouorcotfsb hn tmo prfosts tmobso`vos.OQ 'y tmo ?o`òifstfa dil Dhbdi porfhls, prfostmhhlsfi 7rooj aftfos, ds dt Dhbo, mdl goahbo dssfbf`dtol th afvfa bdcfstrdafos.O4 Khafd` prostfcodil di dgf`fty th smhu`lor tmo ahisflordgò idiafd` gurlois woro tmo bhst fbphrtditarftorfd fi tmo soòatfhi hn pdcdi prfosts, wmh usud``y sorvol nhr d yodr, shbotfbos nhr dxol iubgor hn yodrs. !rfostmhhls 1nhr `fno1 woro iht uiahbbhi, dil d now woro morolftdry,oftmor gy diafoit austhb hr goaduso tmo sdbo ndbf`y mo`l tmo prfostmhhl tmrhucmsuaaossfvocoiordtfhis. $s wo ihtol dghvo, dbhic tmo shuraos hn afvfa rovoiuo, sdarol nuils worouiusud` nhr tmofr stdgf`fty dil ro`fdgf`fty. 3i tmohry tmoso nuils woro tmo prhporty hn tmo chl,gut aftfos nro)uoit`y nhuil arodtfvo wdys th tdp tmob. :h prdatfao rovod`s bhro aòdr`y tmooahihbfa dspoats hn prfost`y dpphfitboits tmdi tmo hutrfcmt sdò hn prfostmhhls, dttostol fi$sfd &fihr 0pdrtfau`dr`y 3hifd9 nrhb tmo nhurtm aoitury '.(. th tmo soahil aoitury $.G. 'yso``fic d prfostmhhl dil tmoi dwdrlfic tmo prfost8s sd`dry nrhb d ahbgfidtfhi hn afvfa dilsdarol nuils, aftfos bfcmt o


26/46

+Mwdr fs th boi ds bdtorifty fs th whboi. bussh`fif tmfs whrj


nuilfic hn sdarfaos gy robfttfic th tmo afty hr prfvdto whrsmfppors tmo mflos, difbd` pdrts,tdxos, dil noos rfcmtnu``y hwol th tmo prfost# tmo nodstfic hn tmo bdcfstrdtos hr, fi shboadsos, tmo wmhò aftfoiry# tmo prhvfsfhi hn oitortdfiboit, suam ds sficors, dathrs, mhrsordaos, dil c`dlfdthrfd` ahbgdts.O5 !rfosts dil prfostossos lorfvol ahispfauhus goiot nrhbtmo phssossfhi hn prfostmhhls, sfiao dvfsm oxpoilfturo hi tmo chls wds trdlftfhid`, ft guf`tup tmo ro`fcfhus dil shafd` `fno hn tmo ahbbuifty, dil, ds !otor 'rhwi mds phfitol hut, ft wds

wo`` suftol th looat tmo oivy hn hio8s poors.OO

&hrohvor, tmo prfost ds sdarfaor mdl d ahispfauhus rhò fi tmo ro`fcfhus `fno hn tmo odr`yobpfro. :uborhus ro`fons hn tmo porfhl lopfat tmo Dhbdi obporhr oicdcol fi d ahivoitfhid`sdarfafd` rftud`. $s Dfamdrl 7hrlhi mds drcuol, tmo nhaus hn tmo ro`fons fs iht tmo dat hnsdarfafd` jf``fic, gut tmo obporhr mfbso`n lrossol ds d prfost dil oicdcol fi tmo aorobhiyhn sdarfao. /mo nhaus fs tmus hi tmo obporhr fi d aorobhifd` rhò ds sdarfaor dilgoiondathr. /mo sdarfaos lopfatol hi tmoso ro`fons, drcuos 7hrlhi, goahbo 1pdrdlfcbs hroxobp`drs hn pug`fa sdarfao tmrhucmhut tmo obpfro .... OM 3i tmfs floh`hcy hn goiondatfhi,tmo obporhr8s dat hn sdarfao fs tmo dat hn goiondatfhi pdr oxao`òiao, fi fbftdtfhi hn wmfamprhvfiafd` o`ftos bdjo tmofr hwi sdarfaos dil goiondatfhis.3n shafd` prostfco mdl gooi tmo hi`y goiot th daaruo th afvfa ihtdgòs, prfostmhhls bfcmtihiotmoòss mdvo gooi oss dttrdatfvo sfiao tmoy ahu`l fivh`vo muco oxpoilfturos.$aahrlfic`y, aftfos bdlo ahisflordgò o


27/46

+Fwdr fs th boi ds bdtorifty fs th whboi. bussh`fif tmfs whrj


Nrdiafsah Lfo2 lo ô`dsahL#i tmo ro`dtfhismfp gotwooi vfhòiao dil ro`fcfhi.

/mo mfsthrfa oxdbpòs, tdjoi bdfi`y nrhb tmo ?fspdifa whr`l, dfb th smhw tmdt ovoi fnvfhòiao fs di mdgftud` ahbphioit fi ro`fcfhis, ft fs iht dt d`` d ioaossdry ahbgfidtfhi, oftmorfi rocdrls th ro`fcfhi fi coiord` hr th diy ro`fcfhi fi pdrtfau`dr. Ahr tmfs purphso, nhur dspoatswf`` go grhucmt up fi wmfam tmo gfihbfd` ro`fcfhi!vfhòiao fs bdifnostol fi d bhro

amdrdatorfstfa wdy. /mo rst mds th lh wftm floitfty ro`fcfhi ds d sfci hn floitfty adi d``hw nhrd systobdtfa dil ro`fcfhus`y ahrroat roshurao nhr vfhòiao. /mo soahil dspoat lod`s wftm tmoro`dtfhismfp gotwooi phwor dil ro`fcfhi, fi pdrtfau`dr fi fts ro`dtfhi th tmo ro`fcfhusòcftfbfdtfhi hn phwor dil tmo vfhòiao tmdt chos d`hic wftm fts prdatfao.

/mo tmfrl dspoat ronors th prfvfòco,coiordthr hn vfhòiao fi d iubgor hn hrlors 0gotwooimubdis dil difbd`s, boi dil whboi, phwornu` dil sugeoatol, aoitor dil porfpmory,ro`fcfhus òdlors dil tmofr nh``hwors, ota.9. /mo `dst dspoat ronors th lf


28/46

+Nwdr fs th boi ds bdtorifty fs th whboi. bussh`fif tmfs whrj


tmoy dro `ocftfbdto jf``ors, oftmor ds muitors hr ds pornhrbors hn sdarfao, wmotmor gy mdvficdi fbdcfidry porbfssfhi nrhb tmo prhtoatfvo spfrfts hn difbd`s hr d sybgh`fa rfcmt th bdjodi h


29/46



rowdrlol rdtmor tmdi puifsmol.

$ ro`fcfhus ahistruatfhi hn floitfty dil htmorioss adi turi tmo lf


30/46

;Qwdr fs th boi ds bdtorifty fs th whboi. bussh`fif tmfs whrj


/mo prosoitdtfhi hn $borfadi afvf` ro`fcfhi ds lobhardtfa ndftm fs nhuil fi tmo wrftfics hnpmf`hshpmors dil tmoh`hcfdis wmh mdvo dttobptol th ahistruat d mubdifstfa pmf`hshpmygdsol hi tmo $borfadi flod`s hn `fgorty, o)ud`fty, dil eustfao.

Kflioy &odl8s 042M;, 42FO9 1ro`fcfhi hn tmo ropug`fa,1 losarfgol ds d syitmosfs hn lobhardtfadil lofstfa vdùos amd`òicfic ghtm soatdrfdifsb dil idtfhid` so`n-whrsmfp, fs di f`ùstrdtfhihn trdisaoiloit uifvorsd` ro`fcfhi hn tmo idtfhi.

$borfadi afvf` ro`fcfhi fs spoafad``y tmo fistftutfhid`fol ah`òatfhi hn sdarol go`fons dghuttmo $borfadi idtfhi, prhvflfic ahmosfhi tmrhucm idtfhid` tfbos hn arfsfs 0'o``dm, 42F5d +29.

/mo sybgh`s hn $borfadi afvf` ro`fcfhi dil tmofr fistftutfhid`fdtfhi fi $borfadi shafoty bdygo hgsorvol tmrhucm systobdtfa oxdbfidtfhi hn idtfhid` lhauboits suam ds tmo Goa`drdtfhihn 3ilopoiloiao dil tmo fiducurd` dllrossos hn $borfadi prosfloits. (oitrd` th tmo$borfadi afvf` go`fon systob dro go`fons fi tmo oxfstoiao hn 7hl, fi tmo $borfadi idtfhi8sgofic sugeoat th 7hl8s `dws, dil fi tmo lfvfio cufldiao dil prhtoatfhi hn tmo idtfhi 0'o``dm,42F5d +M-+F9.

%htob dil %dghh dil tmo Ahistftutfvo Nuiatfhi hn


31/46

;4wdr fs th boi ds bdtorifty fs th whboi. bussh`fif tmfs whrj


suprobo hvor d``,1 1!dtrhi hn Hrlor,1 1Ahuitdfi hn @ustfao,1 dil 1!rhtoathr fi d`` dcos hn tmowhr`l hn vfrtuhus `fgorty.1 @oau`ty tmdtft adi go fitrhluaol.=faah`G +damfdvo``f. Lfsahrsf shprd `d prfbd load lf \fth

ustfnyfic tmo 5`tfbdto my Afvf` 7o`fcfhiKhafoty mds d`wdys roahcifsol tmo fbphrtdiao hn ro`fcfhi fi rocdrl th tmo nu`` fitocrdtfhi hnfts bobgors. Khardtos wds ahilobiol th lodtm hi tmo daausdtfhi tmdt iht hi`y wds mo =dlhor hn ovf`, dil ahrruptor hn tmo yhutm6, gut d`sh goaduso mo, d`òcol`y, lfl =iht go`fovo fitmo chls hn tmo stdto6 dil mdl =htmor iow lfvfiftfos hn mfs hwi % ?fsthrfdis hntoi ronor thtmo stdto au`ts hn diafoit $tmois dil Dhbo ds fistdiaos hn afvfa ro`fcfhi, wmorods afvf`ro`fcfhi fs usol th sfcifny d spoafad``y bhlori, dil pug`fa, pmoihboihi.

=dtfhid`fsb, tmo phstah`hifd` stdto, dil vfhòiao. O. Qdi E_DI Er.No``hw, Aoitor nhr tmo 'ubdiftfos, >osòydi 5ifvorsfty

"o gocfi th uilorstdil tmdt tmo stdto8s mfordramfad` struaturo fs bdlo phssfgò goaduso hntmo fistftutfhid`fol vfhòiao tmdt prfvfòcos tmo mocobhiy 0bhrd` dil fito`òatud` odlorsmfp

ardntol vfd iochtfdtfic ahbprhbfsos9 hn d g`ha hn a`dssos hvor ahbpotfic g`has dil tmofrd`toridtfvo prhcrdbs. ?ocobhiy fs d`wdys uilorwrfttoi gy ahorafhi 0hpoi hr ahvort, sugtòhr arulo9 fi vdryfic prhphrtfhis dil ahitficoiafos. /mo lobdradtol torrfthry a`dfbol gy dstdto fi rfvd`ry wftm htmor stdtos goahbos nhr &dx "ogor hio bdehr protoxt nhr tmo stdtobhihph`y hn ocftfbdto vfhòiao fi hrlor th lonoil prfvdto prhporty dil prhbhto tmohvorsods fitorosts hn tmo lhbostfa gusfioss a`dss 0Trdlor 42MN9.

&ohrcos


32/46

;+wdr fs th boi ds bdtorifty fs th whboi. bussh`fif tmfs whrj


/mo ahitfiuol oxfstoiao hn diy shafotd` crhup, daahrlfic th tmo dutmhrs, lopoils dt òdstpdrt`y hi tmo wf``ficioss hn fts bobgors th sdarfao tmobso`vos nhr ft. \ot, tmo arodtfhi hnidtfhid` soitfboit ro)ufros tmdt bobgors robdfi uidwdro hn tmo boamdifsb tmdt bdfitdfistmo crhup. /mo jihwòlco tmdt tmo =uilor`yfic ahst hn shafoty fs tmo vfhòit lodtm hn shbophrtfhi hn fts bobgors6 bust robdfi soarot.

i hrlor th oiluro ds d sdarol hgFoat, tmo idtfhi ro9ufros tmdt pohpò $f`` dil lfofi fts idbo. ?hwovor, nhr tmo rftud` hn wdr th robdfi odrndro fs tmo

fistftutfhi tmdt oidats tmfs mh`y rftud`. >mdt ahistftutos tmo idtfhi dt diy bhboit



33/46

;;wdr fs th boi ds bdtorifty fs th whboi. bussh`fif tmfs whrj


fs tmo bobhry hn tmo C`dst suaaossnu` g`hhl sdarf?ao tmdt ahuits nhr `fvfic crhupbobgors.M

&drvfi dil 3icò stdto tmdt tmofr did`ysfs fs =iht d grfon fi ndvhr hn vfhòiao hr dcdfist ft.6Ddtmor, tmoy sooj th f`ùbfidto tmo =struaturd` rhò hn vfhòiao fi hrcdiffic dil bdfitdfific

oilurfic crhups.6 3i smhrt[wftmfi tmo nrdbowhrj hn tmo ro`fcfhi hn idtfhid`fsb[ftBs iht d)uostfhi hn cmtfic tmfs hr tmdt wdr hr hn lonodtfic tmfs hr tmdt oioby. Ddtmor, vfhòit datspornhrbol gy shafoty dro fimoroit th tmo idturo hn tmo idtfhi-stdto.

/mo dutmhrs ahiaùlo tmdt ahmosfhi fi oilurfic crhups ro)ufros vfhòiao ds d =struaturd`rdtmor tmdi ahitficoit shafd` nhrao.6 (hitdfiol wftmfi odam idtfhi fs d sdarol flod hr flod`.

/mo trutm hn tmfs sdarol flod` fs ostdg`fsmol wmoi bobgors hn shafoty lfo 0hr dro bdfbol9nhr ft. "drndro ahistftutos d =roprosoitdtfhi hn shafoty th ftso`n.6 Kdarol trutm ahbos fithgofic tmrhucm d =g`hhl sdarfao rftud` pornhrbol hi tmo ghlfos hn supp`fadits.6

Kmhu`l wo oxpoat wodj`y ghuil pùrd`fstfa idtfhis, `fjo tmo Ciftol Ktdtos, th ro`y hi iodr`yahistdit oicdcoboit fi wdrndro th gfil tmo phpu`dtfhi tmdt fs htmorwfso nrdcboitol dil, dttfbos, loop`y dil vfhòit`y dt hlls wftm ftso`nL

"hu`l yhu suspoat tmdt tmfs rodshific fs bhst mo`pnu` nhr oxp`dfific wmy bf`ftdry sorvfao fsusol ds d )ufaj pdtm th aftfoismfp nhr nhrofci idtfhid`sL

D`` ro`fcfhis hrcdif2o O$f``fic oiorcy,O tmoy to`` us, dil idtfhid`fsb fs ih oxaoptfhi&drvfi8s dil 3icòs psyamh`hcfad` porspoatfvo oamhos tmo h`lor tmoh`hcfad` fisfcmts hn

?orgort Dfamdrlshi, wmh ad`òl wdr d 1afvf` rftud`1 dil floitfol 1mubdi sdarfao fi wdrndro1ds tmo 1gdsfa au`tfa rfto hn afvf` ro`fcfhi.1

1/hldy wo ih `hicor sdarfao hur amf`lroi th idturo,1 Dfamdrlshi wrhto, 1gut wo nool tmobth tmo stdto1 04F59. 'ut tmo &drvfi-3icò rooatfhi hi tmoso tmobos fioats tmob fi torbs hn

tmo vfhòit soarot tmdt Doio 7frdrl mds a`dssfad``y oxp`hrol $il tmo &drvfi-3icò rooatfhid`sh sugvorts tmo us-dil-tmob hn dadlobfa 1prfbftfvo -afvf`fol1 lfsahurso fi tmo

diihuiaoboit hn ah`òatfvo sfi hr soarot.

/mrhucm d systob hn crhup-nhrbfic rftud`s, d bytm hn g`hhl sdarfao hrcdifos tmo bodifichn vfhòit ovoits dntor tmo ndat. /mfs rotrhspoatfvo arodtfhi- sdarfao sthry fs tmo thtob bytm.&ytm trdisnhrbs lfshrlorol vfhòiao fith hrlorol vfhòiao tmdt oicoilors tmo crhup. Toyoòboits fiaùlo tmo trdisnhrbdtfvo vfhòiao tmdt arodtos d ghrlor, tmo dc tmdt sfcifostmfs trdisnhrbdtfhi, dil tmo ghrlor sh oicoilorol. % 7rhup-nhrbfic opfshlos fiaùlo tmosdarfafd` arfsfs tmdt sots fi bhtfhi d )uost nhr ghuildrfos, tmo rftud` ehurioy th lodtmBsghrlor, tmo arhssfic wmoro fisflors dil hutsflors oxamdico floitftfos, dil tmo roshùtfhi hntmo arfsfs. /mo suaaoss hn tmoso opfshlos lopoils hi d wf``fic sdarfao wmh joops tmo soarottmdt tmo thtob odts fts hwi th `fvo. % ilòss`y ro-oidatol, tmo thtob bytm ahinors d )ud`ftyhn rdlfdiao hi d`` tmo p`dyors fi fts lrdbd, fiaùlfic tmo dc, wmfam tmus da)ufros dlfstfiatfvo durd nhr aoògrdits. 3t goahbos phtoit, =sdturdtol wftm gofic,6 fi &fraod `fdloBspmrdso.+/mo trdisnhrbol dc sots fi bhtfhi nurtmor datfics-hut hn tmo thtob bytm. /mosoahinor bhro rdlfdiao hi tmo dc, wmfam arodtos bhro haadsfhis nhr bytmfa trdisnhrbdtfhi.

/moso bdy go ahbbobhrdtfvo hr bfssfhi-hrfoitol.

>mdt mh`ls shafoty thcotmor 3`hhl sdarf?ao

*fhòiao fs tmo coiordtfvo modrt hn tmo thtob bytm, fts nuo`. % Dhgort $rlroy ahbpdros ft thd `dyor hn bh`toi bdcbd gurfol goiodtm d`` mubdi thphcrdpmy, nhrovor soojfic oxprossfhi.=/h loiy fts fiafloiao fi d`` mubdi crhups[bdò, nobdò, h`l, yhuic, tmo fbbdturo[fs tmobhst dcrdit hn lfsarfbfidthry dttftulos.6 *fhòiao fs lfsarfbfidthry. 3t shrts crhup bobgorsgy trdisnhrbfic tmob. % 3t a`dssfos Cs dil /mob. Kfiao ft adrrfos rfsjs ds wo`` ds rowdrlsnhr tmhso ft loios, ft bust go bhifthrol. /mfs fs hio hn tmo amfon nuiatfhis hn pdtrfhtfsb. %.



34/46



"mdt wo ad`` prfbftfvo fs tmdt vfhòiao nrhb wmfam wo sooj th lfstdiao hurso`vos. FGoiolgy vfhòiao, a`dssfol ds prfbftfvo, tmo Htmor fs iht us. % (d``fic htmors prfbftfvo, tmo`dgoòrs purfny tmobso`vos.

>dr dil =dtfhid` 7oiowd`6Afvf` 7o`fcfhi dil 3`hhl


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;Owdr fs th boi ds bdtorifty fs th whboi. bussh`fif tmfs whrj


bdehrfty soatdrfdi ndftm, dil d`tmhucm coiord`fdtfhi fs rfsjy, tmo prfiafpòs wo losarfgo drogrhdl`y dpp`fadgò th htmor oilurfic crhups, loiol ds crhups nhr wmfam bobgors drowf``fic th cfvo tmofr `fvos.'y 1ro`fcfhi1 wo bodi d systob hn ahsbh`hcfad` prhphsftfhis crhuilol fi d go`fon fi dtrdisaoildit phwor oxprossol tmrhucm d au`t hn lfvfio gofic dil cfvfic rfso th d sot hnotmfad` prosarfptfhis.0;9 3i tmo bhrd` whr`l smdrol gy bdiy rodlors, tmoso prosarfptfhis

lop`hro vfhòiao dil rocdrl diy uso hn ft ds prfbd ndafo prhndio.

>moro ro`fcfhus lovhtoos uidph`hcotfad``y obgrdao vfhòiao, tmo ndftms th wmfamtmoy sugsarfgo bdy go Fulcol ds bhrd``y [dwol. #r, ft bdy go a`dfbol tmdtprdatftfhiors hn vfhòiao wmh dat fi tmo idbo hn ro`fcfhi mdvo bfstd$oi tmo truoprosarfptfhis hn tmofr ndftm./mo ndbf`fdr a`dfb tmdt d ro fcfhus vfow hn tmo whr`l fsamdrdatorfol gy d bhrd` hpphsftfhi th vfhòiao fcihros d bhro ahbpòx rod`fty fi wmfamndftms tmdt bhst loop`y gfil tmo ahbbftboit hn lovhtoos dro struaturos nhr hrcdifficjf``fic oiorcy. /mfs fs truo ghtm nhr ro`fcfhis tmdt dccrossfvo`y jf`` tmo Htmor fi tmo idbo hn dlofty hr loftfos dil tmhso tmdt pòlco tmofr lovhtoos th so`n-sdarfao wmoi ahinrhitol wftmvfhòiao. "o smd`` drcuo tmdt vfhòit dil sh-ad`òl ihi-vfhòit ro`fcfhis dro struaturd``yfilfstficufsmdgò nrhb d aortdfi porspoatfvo.

/mo sh`lfor adrrfos mfs dc fith gdttò ds d sfci hn mfs wf``ficioss th lfo, eust ds @osus adrrfolmfs arhss th smhw mfs wf``ficioss th lfo. 'htm tmo arhss dil tmo dc bdrj tmo ghrlor, tmotrdisnhrbdtfvo phfit dt wmfam tmo go`fovor arhssos hvor fith lodtm. 3i ghtm (mrfstfdifty dilidtfhid`fsb tmo vfhòit`y sdarfaol ghly goahbos tmo chl roiowol--fi Gurjmofbfdi torbs,tmo trdisnhrbol thtob. 3i (mrfstfdifty tmo rovfvfol thtob fs tmo rfsoi (mrfst. 3i $borfadiidtfhid`fsb tmo trdisnhrbol thtob fs tmo sh`lfor rosurroatol fi tmo rdfsol dc. Hi tmo gdsfshn mfs sdarfao tmo idtfhi fs roeuvoidtol. $s tmo obghlfboit hn sdarfao, tmo dc mdstrdisnhrbfic phwor. (ortdfi dats adiiht go pornhrbol oxaopt fi fts prosoiao. 3t bust gojopt wmhò dil pornoat, ds mh`y tmfics dro, dil aorobhifd``y lfsphsol hn wmoi ft fs ih `hicort th pornhrb tmo nuiatfhis hn tmo thtob hgeoat.

Khbo aftfois hpoi`y spodj hn tmo $borfadi dc ds sdarol. % /mfs fs wmdt crhupbdfitoidiao ro)ufros tmdt wo pug`fa`y oxoauto hur hg`fcdtfhis. /mo sdiatfty hn idtfhid`sybgh`s fs prhtoatol gy trodtfic tmob costurd``y ds sdarol, ovoi wmfò wo fisfst fi `dicudcotmdt tmoy dro iht. $il wmoi tmo chl ahbbdils ft, wo bust pornhrb tmo rftud` sdarfao, wdr,tmdt sustdfis tmo crhup.

/h uilorstdil mhw wdr fs rftud` sdarfao, road`` tmdt tmo rdw bdtorfd` hn shafoty fs ghlfos.Hrcdiffic dil lfsphsfic hn tmob fs tmo nuildboitd` tdsj hn d`` shafotfos. /mo shafd` fs )ufto`ftord``y ahistruatol nrhb tmo ghly dil nrhb spoafa ghlfos tmdt dro lolfadtol dil usol upnhr tmo purphso. /mo oilurficioss hn diy crhup lopoils dt òdst pdrt`y hi tmo wf``ficioss hnfts bobgors th sdarfao tmobso`vos nhr tmo ahitfiufic fno hn tmo crhup. /mo arodtfhi hnidtfhid` hr soatdrfdi ro`fcfhus soitfboit lopoils hi d ahbbhi soarot, wmfam fs tmdt tmouilor`yfic ahst hn d`` shafoty fs tmo vfhòit lodtm hn shbo phrtfhi hn fts bobgors. /moro fsbhro. Hur loopost soarot, tmo ah`òatfvo crhup tdghh, fs tmo jihwòlco tmdt shafoty lopoilshi tmo lodtm hn tmfs sdarfafd` crhup dt tmo mdils hn tmo crhup ftso`n. /mfs fs tmo thtobprfiafpò ahiarotfol. $aahrlfic th Gurjmofb, tmo crhup goahbos d crhup gy dcroofic iht th

lfsdcroo dghut tmo crhup-bdjfic prfiafpò. Hi wmdt uilorstdilfic hn tmo crhup fs tmfs pdatbdloL Gurjmofb iovor disworol tmfs )uostfhi lfroat`y. Hur diswor fs tmdt tmo thtobprfiafpò gy wmfam tmo crhup ahistftutos ftso`n fs bdifnostol fi ah`òatfvo vfatfbdco.% Kugbfssfhi fs tmo sdarfafd` prfiafpò. /h joop vfhòiao nrhb osad`dtfic dil jf``fic ovorybobgor hn tmo crhup, oftmor gy fivdsfhi nrhb wftmhut hr ahitdcfhi wftmfi, crhup bobgorsdcroo th sugbft th d vfhòit dutmhrfty wmh puifsmos d`` wmh lh iht mhihr tmo thtob8soxaùsfvo rfcmt th jf`` fts hwi.0O9 voi wmoi tmo oioby jf``s us, mfs trdiscrossfhi fs iht shbuam tmdt mo jf``s ds tmdt mo jf``s us. Hi`y thtob dutmhrfty--tmo crhup lofty fi soatdrfditorbs, tmo crhup ftso`n fi Gurjmofbfdi torbs--fs sh oitftòl.



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3n tmo thtob bdy jf`` us, wo dro d`` dt rfsj dil d`` jf`òrs. /mfs jihwòlco bust go sot dpdrtnrhb tmo crhup, nhr ft succosts tmo nrdf`ty hn crhup ahmosfhi. "o uso tmo torb tdghh thlosarfgo tmo toisfhi gotwooi tmo vfhòit sdarfafd` boamdifsb tmdt sustdfis oilurficcrhups dil tmo roùatdiao hn crhup bobgors th daaopt rosphisfgf`fty nhr oidatfic ft. /hprhtoat tmobso`vos nrhb dajihwòlcfic tmo shurao hn crhup uifty, aftfois roilor thtob

vfhòiao dil fts sybgh`s sdarol. /mo jihwòlco tmdt tmo crhup bust sdarfao fts hwi thsurvfvo fs d soarot. "o joop ft gy trodtfic vfhòiao ds prfbftfvo dil bhrd``y suspoat, d ndfùrohn shafd` struaturo rdtmor tmdi di oòboitd` ahbphioit.0M9 "moro vfhòiao oxfsts, ft fsprosoitol ds d `dst roshrt, d amd`òico th afvf`fol bhlorifty ds tmo md``bdrj hn tmo idtfhi-stdto. /mus, wo dvhfl dajihwòlcfic fi d tmhusdil wdys tmo truo idturo dil hgeoat hn thtobphwor.

Ahr oxdbpò, wo to`` hurso`vos tmdt tmo purphso hn wdr fs th jf`` tmo oioby. $il ft fs. 'utwmdt joops tmo crhup thcotmor dil bdjos us noo` uifol fs iht tmo sdarfao hn tmo oiobygut tmo sdarfao hn hur hwi. 3n tmo rftud` purphso hn wdr woro boro`y th jf`` tmo oioby, tmolodtms hn shbo 5Q,QQQ hr bhro 3rd)fs whu`l mdvo bdlo d `dstfic ahitrfgutfhi th $borfadiidtfhid` uifty. Gurfic tmo !orsfdi 7u`n wdr, ihtdgò nhr tmo opmobord`fty hn fts uifnyfico


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cfvos us di daaoptdgò rodshi th jf`` hur hwi. /mo surrhcdto vfatfb fs ahistftutol fi tmophrtfhi hn hur crhup tmdt wo jf``. /mo prfost`y a`dss tmdt trdfis nhr sdarfao dt tmo mdils hn tmo$borfadi idtfhi-crhup fs tmo bf`ftdry. Kh`lfors `fvo dpdrt fi bhidstfa hrlors tmdt lfsafp`fiodil purfny tmobso`vos nhr u`tfbdto sdarfao. /mo jihwòlco tmdt tmo truo hgeoat hn sdarfafd`vfhòiao fs hurso`vos fs sopdrdtol nrhb lovhtoos, ds sdarol tmfics dro, wmoiovor fttmrodtois th surndao oxp`faft`y.

"mdt lhos suaaossnu` rftud` sdarfao daahbp`fsmL $ntor oihucm g`hhlòttfic, tmo s`dto hnfitorid` mhstf`ftfos fs wfpol aòdi. /mo crhup gocfis dcdfi. /mo oxtorid` tmrodt fs bot. Hurgdl noo`fics thwdrl hio dihtmor dro purcol. /fbo gocfis diow, spdao fs ro-ahisoardtol.

/mo crhup gdsjs nhr d wmfò fi tmo uidifbfty hn fts o


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'oirf 'ugort dil +drao` +duss. -CKssdf sur `d idturo ot `d nhiatfhi lu sdarf?aoM, loio d sdarfao ds di dat hnsdiatfadtfhi, di dat fi wmfam shbotmfic fs bdlo sdarol

ustfnyfic tmo 5`tfbdto au`t th floitfny. 3t adi go tmooioby wmh fifats tmo jf`` hr ft adi go tmo bf`ftdry, tmo phwor tmdt oxoautos tmo sdarfao gysoilfic tmo sh`lfors th lodtm. /mo lf>au`ty fi lfstficufsmfic gotwooi sdarfao dil sdarforfs, mhwovor, iht uiusud`. 3i ro`fcfhus bytmh`hcy wo soo oxdbpòs hn sdarfaos wmoro tmosdarfaor dil tmo sdarfor dro iht lfstficufsmdgò oftmor. :htdg`y, fi tmo sthry tmo sdarfao hn

3sdda 07oi +++-429, $grdmdb obghlfos ghtm, dil fi tmo soiso tmdt mo fs dsjol th sdarfaomfs hwi shi, mfs hwi osm dil g`hhl, mo adi fi ndat d`sh go sooi ds tmo hgeoat hn tmfssdarfafd` dat, ds =`d vfatfbo6.4

/mo vfatfb fs tmo ahiaroto hgeoat hn tmo sdarfao, tmdt porshi hr tmfic wmfam uilorchos drdlfad` amdico fi tmo dat ftso`n. ?hwovor, eust `fjo wo adi lfstficufsm gotwooi tmo ahiarotosugeoat 0tmo sdarfaor9 dil tmo datud` sugeoat 0tmo sdarfor9, wo bdy d`sh lfstficufsmgotwooi d ahiaroto dil di datud` hgeoat. /mo oxdbpò hn 3sddaBs sdarfao fs obgòbdtfa fitmdt rocdrl, goaduso luo th $grdmdbBs lovhtfhi, 7hl prhbfsos tmdt mo smd`` go tmo ndtmor hnd crodt pohpò 04F9 0%9 3 wf`` bu`tfp`y tmy sool ds tmo stdrs hn tmo modvoi, dil ds tmo sdilwmfam EfsJ uphi tmo sod smhro# dil tmy sool smd`` phssoss tmo cdto hn mfs oiobfos 04N9 $ilfi tmy sool smd`` d`` tmo idtfhis hn tmo odrtm go gòssol# goaduso tmhu mdst hgoyol by vhfao07oi ++ 4F-4N9.+

/mo aoitrd` phfit hn 7frdrlBs Id vfhòiao ot o sdarS fs tmdt vfhòiao fs tmo sdarol 07frdrl42F2 429. *fhòiao fs tmo ahitficoit nhrao wmfam dt hio tfbo fs d phwor hn phtoitfd`lostruatfhi dil d shurao nrhb wmfam shafd` fno ftso`n fs smdpol. &di fs nuildboitd``y vfhòit.:ht goaduso mo fs ruòl gy d Aroulfdi =lodtm lrfvo6 hr =/mdidths6 0coiord``y, 7frdrl pdys`fttò mool th a`dssfad` ihtfhis hn losfro, nuo`òl gy wdit9. :h, bdi fs vfhòit goadusovfhòiao fs d nuildboitd` ahilftfhi fi d`` shafd` ro`dtfhis 0fgfl 4F5-4FO9. icdcfic fi tmoshafd` fs oicdcfic fi d struccò nhr lhbfidiao, wmfam bdy iht go drtfau`dtol pmysfad``y, gutiovortmoòss amdrdatorfsos ds d prhnhuil`y vfhòit ro`dtfhi. $il, fn vfhòiao fs d``hwol thprovdf` filfsarfbfidto`y, shafoty wf`` porfsm 0fgfl 455-45O9. /moronhro, d`` `dstfic shafd`ro`dtfhis dro gdsol hi tmo lfsarfbfidtfhi hn vfhòiao Khafoty fs nhuilol hi tmo tmolfstfiatfhi gotwooi f`òcftfbdto dil ocftfbdto vfhòiao. 3`òcftfbdto vfhòiao fs rdilhbvfhòiao. Iocftfbdto vfhòiao fs vfhòiao tmdt tdjos p`dao wftmfi aortdfi ghuildrfos 0fgfl4O9. /mus, nhr shafoty th oxfst, tmo nuildboitd` vfhòiao hn shafd`fty bust go adid`fsol.

/mo ro`fcfhus sdarfao fs uilortdjoi wftm tmo purphso hn adid`fsfic vfhòiao, hn d``hwficvfhòiao th tdjo p`dao hi òcd` torbs. *fhòiao fs d``-lovhurfic. C`tfbdto`y ft wf`` ahisuboshafoty. /moronhro, ft fs ioaossdry th adid`fso vfhòiao gy sdarfafic d vfatfb fi `fou hnshafoty. ?hwovor, tmdt adid`fsdtfhi adi hi`y tdjo p`dao fn wo protoil tmdt tmo lfstfiatfhigotwooi ocftfbdto dil f`òcftfbdto vfhòiao fs iht drgftrdry 3n wo ahisflor tmo vfatfb ds tmoòcftfbdto hgeoat hn tmo vfhòiao tmdt fs gosthwol hi ft. /mfs fs tmo rodshi wmy 7frdrlobpmdsfsos tfbo dil dcdfi tmdt tmo vfatfb fs iht d sugstftuto nhr shafoty, gut d surrhcdto. $sugstftuto fs sfbp`y d rop`daoboit.



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$ surrhcdto, mhwovor, protoils th go tmo rod` tmfic. $il tmfs dat hn loaofvo, tmo ndat tmdt tmovfatfb fs iht hi`y lovhurol fistodl hn tmo datud` hgeoat, gut fs poraofvol ds tmo datud`hgeoat, fs rooatol fi d`` au`turos dt d`` tfbos 0fgfl 4Q4-4Q+9. /mfs fs tmo rodshi wmy tmo "h`nlfos tmfijfic tmdt tmo sthios fi mfs ghly rod``y dro tmo Ifttò Dol Dflfic ?hhl dil mor7rdilbhtmor. $il tmfs fs tmo rodshi wmy sh`lfors dro soit th lfo hi tmo gdttòo`l ds hur

òcftfbdto roprosoitdtfvos fi vfhòiao. /mus sooi, tmo sdarfao fs iht tmo sodby sflo hn tmobdttor. /mo sdarfao fs tmo bdttor. 'y lyfic nhr d pdrtfau`dr aduso, o.c. tmo shafoty, tmosdarfafd` lodtm sorvos ds prhhn tmdt tmdt aduso fs whrtm lyfic nhr. 'y tmo adid`fsdtfhi hnvfhòiao nhr prhtoatfic d pdrtfau`dr shafd` oitfty, tmo oxfstoiao hn tmdt oitfty fs bdloòcftfbdto. :ht gy ronoroiao th d uilor`yfic prfiafpò hn eustfao, gut sfbp`y gy tmo ndat tmdtd`` ocftfbday fs nhuilol hi tmo lfstfiatfhi gotwooi ocftfbdto dil f`òcftfbdto vfhòiao.

$pp`fol th tmo coiord` myphtmosfs hn tmfs prheoat, tmo datud` vfatfb fs $borfadi shafoty, diltmo surrhcdto vfatfb fs tmo $borfadi sh`lfor. Kooi fi `fcmt hn 7frdrlBs tmohry, tmo sh`lfor fssoit th wdr th cmt dil lfo nhr prhvfic tmdt $borfad fs whrtm lyfic nhr 0&drvfi ] 3icò422M9. /mo prheoatBs nhaus, mhwovor, fs hi tmo `dst adtochry, tmo rftud` vfatfb, f.o. hi tmofilfvflud` sh`lfors hi tmo gdttòo`l.

/wh aoitrd` hgeoatfhis adi go rdfsol dcdfist tmfs tmohry hn tmo fivortol `hcfa hn sdarfao.Afrst, fs ft rod``y sh tmdt sh`lfors cmt dil lfo fi hrlor th prhvo tmdt tmo idtfhi fs whrtm lyficnhrL $il, soahil, lhos ft datud``y bdttor wmdt tmo sh`lfors sdy fi tmfs rocdrlL Afcmtfic boidro jf`òl nhr iuborhus rodshis, gut prfbdrf`y goaduso tmoy ch th wdr, dil wdrs dro iht

eustfol gy ronoroiao th tmo fivortol `hcfa hn tmo sdarfao. 3istodl tmoy dro eustfol gyronoroiao th `dil, roshuraos, shvorofcity, dil rst dil `dst, th eustfao. 3 lh iht dssubo tmdt 3wf`` il obpfrfad` ovfloiao tmdt sh`lfors ahisflor tmobso`vos ds pdrtfafpdits fi tmo crodtshafd` loaoptfhi hn vfhòiao, goaduso tmohrotfad``y tmoro fs ih rodshi th dssubo tmdt tmoysmhu`l lh sh. Ahr tmo loaoptfhi hn tmo fivortol `hcfa hn sdarfao th robdfi fitdat, tmo vfatfbssmhu`l rocdrl tmo sdarfafd` floh`hcy ds rod` dil iht lrdw tmo ostdg`fsmboit hn whrtm, tmo`dtoit nuiatfhi hn tmo sdarfao, fith )uostfhi.

/mo fivortol hcfa hn tmo sdarfao lhos iht a`dfb tmdt htmor rodshis hn eustfadtfhi lh ihtoxfst, % wo smhu`l lfstficufsm gotwooi tmo bdifnost dil tmo dtoit nuiatfhis hn tmo sh`lforsdarfao. "morods eustfadtfhis bdlo wftm ronoroiao th `dil, roshuraos, shvorofcity dil

eustfao dro bdifnost nuiatfhis, tmo fivortol `hcfa gy bodis hn wmfam `dil, roshuraos,shvorofcity dil eustfao goahbo poraofvol ds adusos whrtm lyfic nhr, fs d `dtoit nuiatfhi.

$ ahitrhvorsfd` tmohry succosts tmdt pdtrfhtfsb, wdr, dil dlmoroiao th tmo dc drofiaftoboits th d lfscufsol nhrb hn sdarfao. 7oiord``y, tmo mhbfaflo rdto loarodsos wmoi didtfhi fs fivh`vol fi d phpu`dr wdr. $`tmhucm tmoro dro htmor wdys th fitorprot tmfs ndat, ft fs damd`òicfic tmhucmt tmdt pdtrfhtfsb bfcmt go rocdrlol ds 1d afvf` ro`fcfhi hn g`hhl sdarfao,wmfam porfhlfad``y jf``s fts amf`lroi th joop tmo crhup thcotmor1 0&drvfi dil 3icò 4222, p.;4O9.

ustfnyfic tmo 5`tfbdto


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wmoro tmo )uostfhi hn ph`ftfad` eustfadtfhi fs aruafd`, eustfadtfhi fs di dafd``y loific tmo sdarfao. $il tmdt floh`hcy adi hi`y gobdfitdfiol ds `hic ds ft fs d``hwol th ahiaod` tmo `dtoit nuiatfhi, hr tmo fivortol `hcfa hn tmo

sdarfao, sdyfic tmdt vfatfbs dro sdarfaol fi hrlor th prhvo tmdt shbotmfic fs whrtm lyficnhr. 3i tmo dghvo 3 mdvo nhausol hi mhw ahsts dil goiots dro ovdùdtol hi tmo sdbonhhtfic goaduso hn d aftS tmdt loios wmdt fs whrtm lyfic nhr. 3i tmo rost hn tmfs soatfhi 3 wf``nhaus hi mhw suam poraoptfhis hn whrtm dro ostdg`fsmol.

/mo a`dfb fs tmdt d`` pdrtfafpdits fi tmo sdarfao, fiaùlfic tmo vfatfbs, bust dcroo wftm tmoh>afd` sdarfafd` floh`hcy. Ahr fn tmo `dtoit rodshis dro rovodòl, tmo whrtm hn tmo sdarfaowf`` go grhucmt fith )uostfhis dil tmo h>afd` floh`hcy adiiht go bdfitdfiol. % 3n tmo lodtmhn tmo sh`lfor fs th go ahisflorol ds d vd`fl sdarfao, tmo sh`lfors bust mfbso`n ahisoit wftmtmo sdarfafd` floh`hcy. 3n mo lhos iht, mo bfcmt lrdw dttoitfhi th tmo `dtoit nuiatfhi hn tmosdarfao, tmdt sh`lfors lfo th prhvo tmdt shbotmfic fs whrtm lyfic nhr, dil `fjowfso =lordf`6tmo h>afd` bytmh`hcy hn tmo afvf` ro`fcfhus sdarfao.

% tmo flod hn di u`tfbdto sdarfao fbp`fos tmo oxfstoiao hn di u`tfbdto aduso, mhw lh woprhvo, shafd``y, tmdt tmfs pdrtfau`dr aduso, dil iht diy htmor aduso, fs su>afoit`y whrtmyL

/mdt prhhn adi hi`y go bdlo gy nhausfic hi tmo ahistftutfhi hn whrtm fistodl hn hi tmoeustfadtfhi hn lodtm. ?hw fs whrtm ostdg`fsmolL 3t fs ostdg`fsmol gy tmo fivortol `hcfa hnsdarfao. 3t fs fivortol goaduso ft lhos iht prhvo tmo whrtm hn lodtm, gut, hi tmo ahitrdry,usos lodtm ds d prhhn hn whrtm. /mo strdfcmtnhrwdrl ahstgoiot-`hcfa, losarfgol dghvo,drcuos tmdt tmo suafoit`y dssossol, wmhlfl dwdy wftm tmhso mhrrhrs 0bhistrd9, fi wmfam th jf`` d bdi wds tmo bhst ro`fcfhus hn dats0ro`fcfhsfssfbub9, dil th odt mfb tmo bhst sdùtdry8.ON !`fiy, mhwovor, hadtol 7d``fa ro`fcfhifi d vdcuo`y loiol ahbpòx hn go`fons dil prdatfaos tmdt mo dgo`s ds bdcfa. 'htm wrftorsuso tmo sthry hn 7d``fa mubdi sdarfao fi buam tmo sdbo wdy, th prhvo tmdt 7d``fa ro`fcfhi fslovfdit, tmdt fi sfcifadit rospoats ft lhos iht ahinhrb th tmo ihrbs hn prhpor ro`fcfhi.

=$il tmo bfil tmdt mds ahiaofvol d p`di hn `fvfic bust iovor `hso sfcmt hn

tmo amdhs dcdfist wmfam tmdt pdttori wds ahiaofvol. Ahr shafotfos dil nhr filfvflud`s tmdtchos nhr shafotfos ds wo`` ds nhr filfvflud`s. =%6$borfad fs whvoi hn bdiy strdils. 3 whu`lroahcifo tmob dil òt ft sh robdfi. Hur ndto fs th goahbo hio, dil yot bdiy.6 =$il tmobfil tmdt mds ahiaofvol d p`di hn `fvfic bust iovor `hso sfcmt hn tmo amdhs dcdfist wmfamtmdt pdttori wds ahiaofvol. /mdt chos nhr shafotfos ds wo`` ds nhr filfvflud`s.6ivfsfgò +di. 7d`pm K``fshi.



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1/moro fs ih ahisafhusioss wftmhut lfsarfbfidtfhi hn hpphsftos. % :htmfic adi oxfst wftmhutfts hpphsfto# tmo twh woro hio fi tmo gocfiific dil wf`` go hio dcdfi fi tmo oil1.%mo dramotypos dil tmo ah``oatfvo uiahisafhus.Nhur dramotypos6 bhtmor, rogfrtm, spfrft, trfa$stor. (dr` 7ustdv @uic.


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/mo pdfis dil su


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aortdfi bhlo`s hn adàuùs, gy wmfam tmfs wofcmfic hn ahsts dil goiots goahbosbodificnu`. 'ut wmy smhu`l ft go pdrtfau`dr`y fitorostfic th ahisflor mhw sh`lfors eustfny tmofrsdarfaosL

3i spfto hn tmo ndat tmdt 7frdrl lovhtos d crodt lod` hn mfs ghhj hi Id vfhòiao ot ò sdarS042F+9 th lfsshafdtfic mfbso`n nrhb ?ugortBs dil &dussB fitorprotdtfhi hn tmo sdarfao, tmoy

iovortmoòss smdro shbo ahbbhi trdfts.&hst fbphrtdit`y, 7frdrl thh mh`ls tmo vfow tmdt sdarfaos tdjo p`dao wftm tmo goiots hnshafoty ds tmofr id` purphso. /mo phfit fs, mhwovor, tmdt tmfs flod hn tmo sdarfao bdy d`shfbp`y tmdt tmo eustfadthry ahstgoiot-adàuùs fs smhrt-afrauftol. $s nhr tmo ahsts, tmofrrovorsfgf`fty hn lodtm bodis tmdt ft adi ndfr`y odsy go drcuol, otmfad``y, tmdt tmo prfao hn dsdarfao oxaools tmo goiots hn diy aduso. $il, rocdrlfic tmoso goiots, fn ft fs truo tmdttmo flod hn di u`tfbdto sdarfao fbp`fos tmo oxfstoiao hn di u`tfbdto aduso, mhw lh woprhvo, shafd``y, tmdt tmfs pdrtfau`dr aduso, dil iht diy htmor aduso, fs su>afoit`y whrtmyL

/moronhro, d`` `dstfic shafd` ro`dtfhis dro gdsol hi tmo lfsarfbfidtfhi hn vfhòiao Khafoty fsnhuilol hi tmo tmo lfstfiatfhi gotwooi f`òcftfbdto dil ocftfbdto vfhòiao. 3`òcftfbdtovfhòiao fs rdilhb vfhòiao. Iocftfbdto vfhòiao fs vfhòiao tmdt tdjos p`dao wftmfi aortdfighuildrfos 0fgfl 4O9. /mus, nhr shafoty th oxfst, tmo nuildboitd` vfhòiao hn shafd`fty bust

go adid`fsol. /mo ro`fcfhus sdarfao fs uilortdjoi wftm tmo purphso hn adid`fsfic vfhòiao, hnd``hwfic vfhòiao th tdjo p`dao hi òcd` torbs.*fhòiao fs d``-lovhurfic. C`tfbdto`y ft wf`` ahisubo shafoty. /moronhro, ft fs ioaossdry thadid`fso vfhòiao gy sdarfafic d vfatfb fi `fou hn shafoty. ?hwovor, tmdt adid`fsdtfhi adihi`y tdjo p`dao fn wo protoil tmdt tmo lfstfiatfhi gotwooi ocftfbdto dil f`òcftfbdtovfhòiao fs iht drgftrdry 3n wo ahisflor tmo vfatfb ds tmo ocftfbdto hgeoat hn tmo vfhòiaotmdt fs gosthwol hi ft. /mfs fs tmo rodshi wmy 7frdrl obpmdsfsos tfbo dil dcdfi tmdt tmovfatfb fs iht d sugstftuto nhr shafoty, gut d surrhcdto. $ sugstftuto fs sfbp`y d rop`daoboit.$ surrhcdto, mhwovor, protoils th go tmo rod` tmfic. $il tmfs dat hn loaofvo, tmo ndat tmdt tmovfatfb fs iht hi`y lovhurol fistodl hn tmo datud` hgeoat, gut fs poraofvol ds tmo datud`hgeoat, fs rooatol fi d`` au`turos dt d`` tfbos 0fgfl 4Q4-4Q+9. /mfs fs tmo rodshi wmy tmo "h`nlfos tmfijfic tmdt tmo sthios fi mfs ghly rod``y dro tmo Ifttò Dol Dflfic ?hhl dil mor7rdilbhtmor. $il tmfs fs tmo rodshi wmy sh`lfors dro soit th lfo hi tmo gdttòo`l ds huròcftfbdto roprosoitdtfvos fi vfhòiao.

/mus sooi, tmo sdarfao fs iht tmo sodby sflo hn tmo bdttor. /mo sdarfao fs tmo bdttor. 'ylyfic nhr d pdrtfau`dr aduso, o.c. tmo shafoty, tmo sdarfafd` lodtm sorvos ds prhhn tmdt tmdtaduso fs whrtm lyfic nhr. 'y tmo adid`fsdtfhi hn vfhòiao nhr prhtoatfic d pdrtfau`dr shafdòitfty, tmo oxfstoiao hn tmdt oitfty fs bdlo òcftfbdto. :ht gy ronoroiao th d uilor`yficprfiafpò hn eustfao, gut sfbp`y gy tmo ndat tmdt d`` òcftfbday fs nhuilol hi tmo lfstfiatfhigotwooi ocftfbdto dil f`òcftfbdto vfhòiao.



#i floitfty dil idtfhi!bd$fic. %mo #olfpus ahbpòx.$il hi wmy di dttftulo hn bhurific. $t tmo cdtos hn loi wo bhuri"o dro `hhjfic th roturi th tmo chls tmofr cfnt hn tmo och dil floitfty.Hi tmo cfnt hn tmo chls, sdarfao dil g`hhlòttfic. /mo fivortol `hcfa.



45/46

5Owdr fs th boi ds bdtorifty fs th whboi. bussh`fif tmfs whrj


'hbh =oadis6 %mo Ditmrhph`hcy hn Diafoit &roo$ d`tor 3ur$ort

/mo flod` hn tmo iow, ihi-vfhòit bdi fs d prhtost hn mhpo dcdfist tmo trdlftfhi hn vfhòiaodil dixfoty. 'ut ft fs mdrl th nhrosoo mhw tmo filfvflud`, ochaoitrfa fito``fcoiao adi gosughrlfidtol th tmo ah`òatfvo iool fi hrlor th bdjo phssfgò tmo ahitfiudiao hn bdijfilhvor tmo grodam gotwooi tmo coiordtfhis. 3i tmo oil, shafotd` nhrbs fi wmfam bdiBs dramdfa

psyamo wf`` go crditol fts rfcmts wf`` prosubdg`y dssort tmobso`vos. "o adi hi`y mhpo tmdtprfbftfvfsb dil vfhòiao wf`` iht go roòdsol uigrflòl. 3i diy adso, hur jihwòlco hn tmotrdlftfhis tmdt prhvol tmobso`vos fi tmo pdst dil tmus survfvol fi tmo vdrfhus oxporfboitshn mubdi lovo`hpboit smhu`l iht go `hst ds wo prhaool, gy trfd` dil orrhr, thwdrl diuiaortdfi nuturoB 'urjort, 42N; ... Kdarfao fs tmo rftud` dat wmfam strossos tmo strfvfic nhrpornoatfhi hn tmo difbd` spoafos. .... $aahrlfic th 7frdrl, Id vfhòiao ot ò sdaro, modttrfgutos sdarfafd` jf``fic th vfhòit noo`fics, gut mo ahisflors tmoso noo`fics th stob nrhbtmo vory modrt hn shafoty dil iht nrhb d robhto stdco hn tmo pdst. $aahrlfic th 7frdrl,vfhòiao fs ropodtol bfbotfad``y nrhb coiordtfhi th coiordtfhi, dil ro`fcfhi prhvflos tmobodis th ocftfbfo ft# tmus, vfhòiao rodamos fts a`fbdx fi tmo rftud` jf``fic hn d vfatfbsoòatol dt rdilhb. ... 'urjort tmfijs tmdt vfhòiao fs iht tmo joy th tmo oxp`didtfhi hn d``jfils hn sdarfao. Ahr 'urjort, hi`y tmo ihtfhi hn dixfoty whu`l mo`p th fitorprot d`` sdarfafd`dats, fiaùlfic tmhso iht nh``hwol gy nodsts. ...

&urlor 3s :ht di $ihbd`y fi "dr 'y (mrfs ?olcos

"dr fs ioarhpmf`fd. /mfs ioarhpmf`fd fs aoitrd` th sh`lforfic eust ds ft fs aoitrd` th tmo bdjoup

hn sufaflo ghbgors dil torrhrfsts. /mo ioarhpmf`fd fs mflloi uilor p`dtftulos dghut luty hr

ahbrdlosmfp. 3t fs uiòdsmol ospoafd``y fi bhboits wmoi wo soob th mdvo `fttò th `fvo nhr

dil ih mhpo, hr fi bhboits wmoi tmo fithxfadtfhi hn wdr fs dt fts mfcmost pftam. "moi wo

spoil `hic oihucm fi wdr, ft ahbos th us ds d jfil hn roòdso, d ndtd` dil soluatfvo obgrdao

tmdt adi ahisubbdto tmo hic frtdtfhi wftm hur hwi lostruatfhi.

3i mfs bobhfr ="drtfbo,6 dghut tmo pdrtfsdi wdr fi \uchs`dvfd, &f`hvdi Gef`ds wrhto hn tmo

oitfaoboit tmdt lodtm mo`l nhr tmo ahbgdtdits. ?o sthhl hvor tmo ghly hn mfs ahbrdlo, tmoahbbdilor Kdvd Thvdaovfa, dil nhuil =% lyfic lfl iht soob torrfgò hr uieust. /mfs wdstmo bhst oxtrdhrlfidry, tmo bhst oxd`tol bhboit hn by `fno. Godtm lfl iht soob strdico hruilosfrdgò. /mdt 3 rostrdfiol byso`n nrhb amdrcfic g`fil`y fith tmo nrdy dil lodtm wdspormdps luo th by soiso hn hg`fcdtfhi th tmo trhhps hr th shbo ahbrdloBs robfilorahiaorific tmo tdsjs dt mdil. 3i by bobhry, 3 roturiol th tmhso bhboits bdiy tfbos wftmtmo sdbo noo`fic hn fitfbday wftm lodtm dil losfro nhr ft wmfò 3 wds fi prfshi, ospoafd``ylurfic by rst fiadraordtfhi.6

"dr dsaoildit wfpos hut rhs. 3t wfpos hut lo`faday dil toilorioss. 3ts ahbbuid` phworsoojs th roilor tmo filfvflud` hgshòto, th mdil d`` pdssfhis, d`` amhfao, d`` vhfao th tmoarhwl.

Kpoil `hic oihucm dt wdr, dil yhu adiiht t fi diywmoro o`so. 3t id``y jf``s yhu. 3t fs iht diow sthry. 3t stdrts hut `fjo `hvo, gut ft fs lodtm.

"dr fs tmo godutfnu` yhuic iybpm fi tmo ndfry tdò tmdt, wmoi jfssol, oxmdòs tmo vdphrs hntmo uilorwhr`l.

/mo diafoit 7roojs mdl d whrl nhr suam d ndto o#p$rhsfs.3t bodis th go ahisubol gy d gd`` hn ro. /moy usol ft th losarfgo morhos.



46/46

5Mwdr fs th boi ds bdtorifty fs th whboi. bussh`fif tmfs whrj


%moro fs d rfvor, tmo strodbs wmorohn smd`` bd$o c`dl tmo afty hn &hl,tmo mh`y p`dao hn tmo tdgoridaòs hn tmo bhst 'fcm."sd`b () v. (

1Hur loopost soarot, tmo ah`òatfvo crhup tdghh, fs tmo jihwòlco tmdt shafoty lopoils hitmo lodtm hn sdarfafd` vfatfbs dt tmo mdils hn tmo crhup ftso`n8 0p. +4, obpmdsfs fi hrfcfid`9.

$ 1thtob soarot1 provoits hur roahciffic tmo truo idturo hn tmo shafoty fi wmfam wo `fvo. "odro vfatfbs hn d nd`so ahisafhusioss bhro fisflfhus tmdi diy provfhus`y fbdcfiol. /htobs,g`hhl sdarfao, ghrlor purfadtfhis-d`` dro rod`, gut fivfsfgò.Adrh`yi +drvfi. Ldvfl ico`

hi tmo cfnt hn tmo chls diltmo prfao wo pdy nhr `dw dil hrlor: `hchs.hi thtobfsb, floitfty dil afvf` ro`fcfhi.hi wmdt wo wdit nrhb tmo chls dil wmdt tmoy wdit nrhb us fi roturi.hi tmo vfhòiao fimoroit, tmo ghly dil tmo ghly ph`ftfa.



g`hhl-òttfic,



dbbd gfrdch!rhgdg`y,

ih idtfhi fs rfam oihucm th pdy nhr ghtm wdr dil afvf`fdtfhi."o bust bdjo hur amhfao# wo adiiht mdvo ghtm.

Dgrdmdb Nòxior

"o usol th whilor wmoro wdr `fvol, wmdt ft wds tmdt bdlo ft sh vfò.$il ihw wo rod`fo tmdt wo jihw wmoro ft `fvos... fisflo hurso`vos.

D`gort Adbus.



Lfdio hito!"dao

blood-letting, identity and the tragedy of nation-making

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